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Women of the French Revolution 1 07 839 WOMEN OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION WOMEN OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION BY WINIFRED STEPHENS~ Author of "Madame Adam," "The France I Know," etc., and Editor of "The Book of France" NEW YORK E. P. DUTTON & CO. 1922 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE NORTHUMBERLAND PRBSS LTD., THORNTON STREET, HBWCASTLB-UFOH-TYNB FOREWORD THE Women of the French Revolution is so vast a theme that hitherto, even in France, it has not yet met with anything like exhaustive treatment. Michelet himself -admits that the title of his book, Le$ Femmes 1 de la Revolution, is misleading, and that he has written of a few heroines rather than of the mass of revolutionary women. A much later writer, M. Adrien Lasserre, in his work on Women's Participa- 2 tion in the Revolution says that he has found it impossible to cover completely a field so extensive. The attempt which M. Lasserre has renounced cannot be made here. All I hope to do is to give some idea of the rank and file of revolutionary women and of their famous leaders, during little more than a brief period of five memorable years. That period extends from May, 1789, until July, 1794, with some glances now and then, before and after. One aspect of this subject of revolutionary women their connection with the secret societies of the day I have purposely ignored. It is obscure and highly controversial. Unfortunately, though these societies have been much, written about, and especially of late, it has often been in a partisan spirit. This book will constantly deal with parties, but I trust not in the spirit of a partisan. Of the three methods of treating this subject, the strictly chronological method, the biographical, and a 1 Edition definitive revue et corrigie (CEuvres Completes de Michelet), Ernest Flammarion. q La Participation Collective de$ Femmes & la Revolution Franfaise (1906), D FOREWORD classification according to the play of ideas and the modes and fields of action, I have chosen the last. Though it has its drawbacks, one of which is some slight repetition, it seems to me that this method gives the clearest impression of tjie movement as a whole, and of the part women played in it. I have spent some time in the Bibliothque Nationale consulting pamphlets published during the Revolution, and in the Galerie des Estampes looking through portfolios of contemporary prints. Otherwise I can lay no claim to having made any original research. I have where others reaped have sown ; and gladly do I here acknowledge my debt and record my gratitude first to Professor Aulard for the interest he has taken in this book and the help he has given me in writing it, and then to the works of Professor Albert Mathiez, M. Louis Madelin, M. Adrien Lasserre, M. Leopold Lacour, M. L6on Abensour, Le Baron Marc de Villiers, and other living writers on the Revolution, as well as to their predecessors, who are no longer with us. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS PACK FOREWORD . t ... 5 INTRODUCTION Woman's part in the Revolution . .13 CHAPTER I WOMEN AGITATORS Mme Legros succeeds in delivering the prisoner, Latude Women at the taking of the Bastille Women and the food scarcity The women's procession to Versailles The orderly and disorderly elements in the procession and throughout the Revolution Origin of the term Tricoteuse The leaders of the procession Th&roigne de M6ricourt Her previous story Her part in the proces- sionLa Reine Audu Her trial by the Chatelet Law Court Her imprisonment and subsequent history The result of women's d6but in the Revolution . .21 CHAPTER II SALONS AND SALONNI^RES The new seriousness Political influence of the Revolution salon Marat at Mme Talma's Mme de Condorcet Her early life Marriage Her salon at 1'Hdtel des Monnaies The Lyc6e The salon of Mme Helv6tius at Auteuil The Condorcets at Auteuil Condorcet proscribed and in hid- ingHis wife's poverty His death Auteuil after Thermidor Bonaparte at the salon of Mme Helv6tius Her death Mme de Condorcet as a salonniere compared with Mme de Stael The salon of Mme de Stael . 52 7 CONTENTS PACK CHAPTER III CLUBS AND CUJB WOMEN The origin of tlie club habit At first discouraged by the Government As soon as the Government's opposition is removed, the clubmania breaks out Three main kinds of for clubs : (i) for men only, (2) for men and women, (3) women only The importance of the clubs The origin of the Jacobins Their attitude towards women Women address the club Theroigne de M6ricourt receives an ovation from the club on her return from prison in Austria Her speeches at the club Those of Claire Lacombe Origin and character of the Cordeliers Club Did they admit women as members ? Women address the club Throigne's speech to the Cordeliers District Mme de Genlis visits the Cordeliers Le Cercle Social Its origin and character Its newspaper, Bouche de Per Women members The Fraternal or Popular Societies Societies of both sexes The Jacobin Fraternal the earliest of these societies Its founder The Society's increasing importance The foundation of similar societies in other parts of Paris and throughout France Admission of children The varied activities of the societies Their tendency to become Women's Clubs The foundation of clubs for women The "only Lyons Women's Club The earliest at Paris les Amies de la Verite "Its foundress, Etta Palm d'^Elders Club of Les Citoyennes Republicaines Rvolutionnaires Their association with the Ultra Terrorists, les Enrag6$lts presidents Its activities Its disorderliness Th&roigne de M&ricourt's attempt to found a Women's Club Her denunciation in the Jacobin Club Inquiry into the question of Women's Clubs Suppression of Women's Clubs Of all clubs . .80 CHAPTER IV WOMEN WRITERS MADAME ROUND Mme Roland as a writer and maker of the Revolution Comparison with Mme de Stael Their relations with one another Their temperaments contrasted Both disciples of Jean Jacques Rousseau The early life of Mme Roland Her marriage She com- mences author She comes to ParisHer salon Her husband Minister of the Interior Her share in her husband's work Her influence in founding and directing the Girondist Party Her opinion of the King Roland's to tlle Kin Roland's 1? i g second Ministry The Rolands' growing unpopularity Roland's resignation Mme Roland's arrest Her fate linked with Charlotte Corday's Her prison life She writes her Memoirs Her trial Her execution Her love . mysterious story . 107 o PAGE CHAPTER V THE STORY OF THE REVOLUTION TOLD BY ITS WOMEN WRITERS Mme de Stael, Mme Roland, Mme de Genlis, Mme Jullien, Louise Fusil and Charlotte Robespierre Their varying objects, political points of view, and the periods during which they wrote Mme de Stael describes the meeting of the States-General Her portraits of Mirabeau and Necker Mme de Genlis makes the Revolution begin on her own birthday Mme de Stael describes the events leading to the fall of the Bastille Mme de Genlis watches the destruction of the fortress Mine de Stael tells of her father's return from exile and of his popularity Louise Fusil describes the preparations for the Festival of the Federation Mme de StaeTs account of the Festival Louise Fusil on the death of Mirabeau Mme de Genlis narrowly escapes arrest Mme Jullien on the war On disturbances in the Paris streets On Roland's Ministry On the eve of the aoth of June attack on the Tuileries At the assembly In the Palace Mme Jullien and Louise Fusil on the loth of August Mme Jullien writes of -the prison massacres She describes the Robespierre family Charlotte Robespierre on the Duplay family Mme de Genlis spends a night in Paris Her life at Tournay Her travels She hears of Robespierre's death Charlotte Robespierre's story of Thermidor Mme de Genlis' impression of France and Frenchwomen after the Revolution . , , , . .138 CHAPTER VI MINOR WOMEN WRITERS OF THE REVOLUTION Playwrights Julie Candeille and Olympe de Gouges Pamphleteers and political writers Olympe as a pam- Her career phleteerHer adventurous youth political Her proposal to defend the King at his trial Women journalists and editors Women's newspapers Louise de Kralio Women printers . .160 CHAPTER VII WOMEN AT ARMS Women Militarists Olympe, Pauline L6on, and Throigne de Mricourt attempt to organise bands of Amazons Claire Lacombe and others offer their military services in to the Legislative Assembly The Fernig sisters serve Dumouriez's Army The Convention recognises their valour Their subsequent story . .176 9 CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER VIII CHARLOTTE CORDAY Her blow struck in the wrong quarter Her descent from Corneille Her early life and education Her youthful Lives with a relative at Caen Her Republicanism ^ interest in the Revolution and in the Girondist insurrec- tion She attends Girondist meetings and is persuaded that Marat is ruining his country Preparations for her journey to Paris Her arrival on the nth of July, 1793 How she passed her time on the i2th and i3th Her letters to Marat Marat's home His precautions against assassination Charlotte admitted to his room Their conversation The blow is struck The scenes that followed Charlotte's cross-examination in the house Her transference to the Abbaye prison Letters written in prison Her portraits Her orderliness Her trial Her condemnation Last hours Her execution Her men admirers The infatuation of Adam Lux Charlotte's memory execrated by the majority of Revolu- tion women The effect of her deed on the Girondist ' Party . x86 CHAPTER IX WOMEN AND RELIGION The religious experiments of the Revolution How far women took part in them The religious opinions of Charlotte Corday, Mme Roland, Mme de Stael, and Mme A sermon at Julhen Saint
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