Appendix A. Information Sources for Watershed Users

Website addresses current as of January 2009.

Watersheds Stream Care Guide, Landowner’s Guide to Healthy Watersheds in Lake County. This booklet, prepared in 2001 by the East Lake and West Lake Resource Conservation Districts provides a wealth of information and suggested resources for landowners. It is available at the NRCS office and Lake County Public Works Department.

California Forest Stewardship Program, Information for Landowners. This site contains information under the headings assistance, conservation easements, fire info, general interest to forest land owners, management practices, noxious weeds, pest management, planning, planting, resources, roads, species spotlight, taxes, watersheds and wildlife. http://www.ceres.ca.gov/foreststeward/html/landowners.html

Know Your Watershed website has a primer on the connectivity between the watershed and the lake and the ways in which watershed residents affect the lake and vice versa. http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/KYW/Brochures/ReflectingLakes.html

A brief understanding of a watershed and watershed management for the lay person can be found at http://conservation.ca.gov/dlrp/wp/Documents/California%20Watershed%20Program.pdf

California Watershed Assessment Manual, Volumes I and II. Provides information and guidance on conducting a watershed assessment so that some standardization is possible across different watersheds. Volume I gives excellent background on watershed processes, and discusses a watershed assessment approach. Volume II covers how and what to monitor, and how to analyze data for a watershed assessment. http://www.cwam.ucdavis.edu/

Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Protect Our Waters. Published by the EPA in March 2008 this book helps communities, watershed organizations, and state, local, tribal and federal environmental agencies develop and implement watershed plans to meet water quality standards and protect water resources. This book supplements the California guide, CWAM. http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/watershed_handbook

EPA online training in watershed management. This site offers information on watershed management, watershed processes, and much more. http://www.epa.gov/watertrain/

Fire and Fire Safety The California Forest Stewardship Program has a website with a range of information for landowners including fire safety, forest management, invasive weeds and more at http://www.ceres.ca.gov/foreststeward/html/landowners.html

CalFire Fire and Resource Assessment Program (FRAP). FRAP provides extensive technical and public information for statewide fire threat, fire hazard, watersheds, socio-economic conditions, environmental indicators, and forest-related climate change.

A-1 This site gives access to maps and GIS data on fire and natural resources that are related to fire hazard. http://frap.fire.ca.gov/ Cal Fire General Guidelines for Creating Defensible Space. This document describes defensible space requirements for buildings as required by Public Resources Code 4291. http://www.fire.ca.gov/cdfbofdb/pdfs/4291finalguidelines2_23_06.pdf Public Resources Code with respect to defensible space can be found at http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=prc&group=04001-05000&file=4291- 4299 CalFire Wildland hazard and building codes web page. This site gives information on building code requirements in fire hazard areas. http://www.fire.ca.gov/fire_prevention/fire_prevention_wildland.php

Geology One of the more comprehensive web sources for geology information is http://geology.usgs.gov/index.htm . USGS Geology efforts characterize and map the geological landscape in terms of geochemical and geophysical data to address major societal issues that involve geologic hazards and disasters, climate variability and change, energy and mineral resources, ecosystem and human health, and ground-water availability.

Soils The Soil Survey of Lake County, California prepared by the USDA, Soil Conservation Service is the detailed source for mapped and descriptive soil information for farmers or ranchers, homebuyers, planners, community decision makers, engineers, developers, builders, conservationists, recreationists, agronomists, and specialists in wildlife management, waste disposal and pollution control. The map scale is 1mile = 2.625”.

The Soil Conservation Service is now known as the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS), a division of USDA. This agency is a wealth of information for web-based soil information and Farm Bill programs that can give financial assistance to farmers and ranchers for resource conservation management practices. http://soils.usda.gov

Hydrology and Water Quality and Quantity The USGS is a good source for water resource information, on surface water, http://water.usgs.gov/osw, and ground water, http://water.usgs.gov/ogw.

From the Know Your Watershed website coordinated by the Conservation Technology Information Center a number of guides have been written to aid watershed partnerships understand the basics. One such guide is, Groundwater and Surface Water: Understanding the Interaction. http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/KYW/Brochures/GroundSurface.html

Best management practices to control erosion, sedimentation and stormwater pollution can be found at the California Stormwater Quality Association website. http://www.cabmphandbooks.com/Construction.asp

A-2 , wildlife and fish The California Department of Fish and Game has descriptions of habitat types at http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cwhr/wildlife_habitats.asp#Tree For botanists at every educational level, wanting information on wild California plants for conservation, education and appreciation this site has it all. It includes a “What Grows Here” database where users select a place in California, can be a town, zip code, etc., and find what plants have been observed growing there. http://www.calflora.org

For a current listing of special status plants and animals in California go to this website: http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/species/list.html

The California Native Society is one source for Lake County’s rare and endangered plant species. The California Department of Fish and Game website has current lists of all sensitive species, animals and plants, indexed in many different ways. http://cnps.web.aplus.net/cgi-bin/inv/inventory.cgi http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/species/t_e_spp/index.html

Tules, Scirpus spp., is a protected species according to Lake County law, http://municipalcodes.lexisnexis.com/codes/lakeco/

Information on Clearlake Hitch can be found on the Chi Council website http://lakelive.info/chicouncil/index.html

California Partners in Flight (CalPIF) has information on birds and conservation of important bird habitat at http://www.prbo.org/calpif/plans.html

Invasive Species Global Invasive Species Team (GIST). Associated with The Nature Conservancy, GIST implemented a webipedia in 2008 on non-native, invasive species (animals and plants) in terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems (invasipedia). It allows anyone to identify noxious species in your area and learn how to control, eradicate and prevent invasions. http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/

National Invasive Species Council Information Center is the gateway to invasive species information; covering Federal, State, local, and international sources. http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/index.shtml/

CDFA Plant Health and Pest Prevention Services has a variety of information on exotic plant pests and diseases. http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/

One invasive plant, hydrilla that was introduced to in the early 1990s has been under a mandatory CDFA eradication program since 1994. http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/hydrilla_hp.htm

A-3 CDFA’s noxious weeds site can be queried by scientific and common name, country of origin, or CDFA pest rating. http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/encycloweedia/encycloweedia_hp.htm

California Invasive Plant Council is a non-profit organization that maintains an invasive plant inventory database of approximately 200 species. Cal-IPC assigns its own pest rating system (separate from CDFA) reflecting the level of each species negative ecological impact in CA: http://www.cal-ipc.org/

USDA NRCS noxious plants database is similar but older than the CDFA site: http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxiousDriver

California DFG has a website on nuisance and exotic (not native to CA) wildlife species http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/species/nuis_exo/

For more information on aquatic species the USGS site on nonindigenous aquatic species is the web reference site for the Florida Integrated Science Center, the central repository for non-native aquatic species: http://nas.er.usgs.gov/default.asp

The aquatic species that Lake County is determined to keep out of all waterbodies in the county are the zebra and quagga mussel. http://www.dfg.ca.gov/invasives/quaggamussel/

Land Use The best source of land use information is the Lake County General Plan: http://www.co.lake.ca.us/Government/Directory/Community_Development/2008FinGP.htm

Soil Conservation, Erosion Control, Road Building Handbook for Forest and Ranch Roads, A Guide for planning, designing, constructing, reconstructing, maintaining, and closing wildland roads. Mendocino County Resource Conservation District, 1994.

NRCS has a website titled water related best management practices in the landscape. It is not just for urban areas as the website address implies. http://www.wsi.nrcs.usda.gov/products/UrbanBMPs/

A-4 Appendix B. Erosion hazard analysis methods

Summary of Metadata from Soil Erosion Analysis performed by James Komar, NRCS. This analysis was received April 3, 2009.

Surface erosion risk following land disturbance, or the hazard of soil loss from off- road and off-trail activities on disturbed sites, was determined with criteria based on the USDA- NRCS National Forestry Manual. Ratings were made for sites where disturbance was defined as 50-75% of the surface exposed by logging, grazing, mining or other activities. The NRCS Soil Surveys describe soil conditions based on map units, mapped areas of similar soil. Ratings of slight, moderate, severe, and very severe were created based on a combination of soil erodiblity factor, Kw, and the percent slope. Kw represents both how susceptible soil particles are to detachment and how rapidly run-off occurs from the soil. The soil erodibility factor for the thickest mineral horizon in the 0-15 cm range for each map unit was used. Many map units include a range of slopes (e.g. 2-5% slopes). For this analysis, the percent slope used is the average value for the map unit.

A rating of "slight" indicates that erosion is unlikely under ordinary climatic conditions; "moderate" indicates that some erosion is likely and that erosion-control measures may be needed; "severe" indicates that erosion is very likely and that erosion-control measures, including revegetation of bare areas, are advised; and "very severe" indicates that significant erosion is expected, loss of soil productivity and off-site damage are likely, and erosion-control measures are costly and generally impractical. The ratings are summarized below in Table 1.

Table 1. K factor and slope combinations for determination of hazard of surface erosion from off-road and off-trail activities on disturbed sites. Slope % Soil Erodibility Factor Kw < 0.35 0-14 15-35 36-50 >50 Soil Erodibility Factor Kw > 0.35 0-9 10-25 26-40 >40 Resulting Erosion Hazard Rating SLIGHT MODERATE SEVERE VERY for Off-Road and Off-Trail Travel SEVERE

The following factors were combined to define overall soil slippage risk where:

Overall slippage risk = (climate value*slope)/SSR

Climate value = 100 year, 24 hour precip. * average annual precipitation

The 100 year 24 hour precipitation intensity (100 year, 24 hour precip.) layer comes from the most recent PRISM climatological data available through NOAA for the area of Lake County, CA.

NOAA Data is available http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hdsc/PF_documents/Atlas2_Volume11.pdf.

A-5 The NRCS PRISM data program can be reviewed here http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/climate/prism.html

Storm event data was originally in raster feature data, but was converted from polygons to raster grid cells on 500 meter square raster grids base on precipitation ranges.

The average annual precipitation data is the most recent climatological data available through NOAA for the area of Lake County, CA.

Slope is the average value for the slope for a soil map unit that most overlays a grid cell.

SSR (soil slippage rating) is a rating of 1, unstable, 2, moderately unstable or 3 slightly unstable based on parent material, slope range and geomorphic position/modifier as guided by NSSH part 618 exhibit 17 soil slippage rating guidance.

It is acknowledged that the SSR values of 1,2,3 are somewhat arbitrary; however the approach is reasonable as long as the focus remains on gradients of risk rather than specific index assignments of risk.

Definition. Soil slippage hazard is the possibility that a mass of soil will slip when these conditions are met: 1) vegetation is removed, 2) soil water is at or near saturation, and 3) other normal practices are applied. Increasing the hazard of slippage but not generally considered in this rating are: 1) undercutting lower portions or loading the upper parts of a slope or 2) altering the drainage or offsite water contribution to the site such as through irrigation. See http://soils.usda.gov/technical/handbook/contents/part618ex.html#ex17

The specific assignments are as follows:

A-6 Specific Assignments

Soil Slippage Slope Geom Rating Parent Materials Group Rv Geomorphic Position Modifier Assignment

S and Residuum Sandstone Shale Mountains West 2 Residuum Sandstone Shale Mountains N and E 2 N and E Residuum Sandstone Shale Mountains on 2 Residuum Sedimentary Rock Mountains, Hills 2 Int and Resid Sandstone Shale Mountains Lower 1 Residuum Sandstone Shale Mountains E and N 2 Slope Hills, Terraces RV Alluvium >= 5% Slope >= 5% Dissected 1 < 5% RV Floodplains, Terraces < Alluvium Slope 5% RV Slope 3 Alluvium Derived from Mixed Floodplains 3 Alluvium Derived from Sandstone and Shale Floodplains, Terraces 3 Lacustrine Floodplain/Basin 3 Residuum Rhyolite Mountains 2 Residuum Andesite Mountains 2 Residuum Basalt Mountains 1 Residuum Graywacke Mountains Unstable 1 Resid Ig Met Sed 1 Resid Metavolcanics Hills 2 Resid Obsidian Hills 1 Residuum Sandstone Mountains Unstable 1 Resid Serpentine Mountains 1 Resid Shale and Siltstone Hills 2 Sands and Gravels Floodplains 3 Volcanic Ash Hills 2

All layers were projected to UTM zone 10, NAD 1983.

A-7 Appendix C. Photos of selected areas where stream channelization has occurred.

N

Benmore Valley 7-3-1952. Channel straightened in central portion of valley.

Benmore Valley 2-8-2006. Additional channel straightening to north and south.

A-8 N

Eight Mile Valley 07-02-1940. Small arrows indicate possible channelization.

1

2

Eight Mile Valley, 07-02-1970. Arrows indicate diversion and channelization (1), gully (2).

A-9 Eight Mile Valley, 02-08-2006. Ponds for restoration project and gully erosion are visible.

A-10 Scotts Creek through Scotts Valley, July 2, 1940. Note channelized creek. Pool Creek also already straightened (left side of valley). (Bottom of picture is intersection with south end of Hendricks Rd.)

A-11 N

1940 Aerial photo of channelized portion (N) and meandering portion (S) of Scotts Creek. Highway 20 and Laurel Dell Rd. at top of photo.

A-12 Appendix D. Aerial Photographs of the Confluence of Scotts Creek with the South Fork of Scotts Creek (enters lower left corner of each photo). Arrow indicates area which appears to be floodplain in 1940, and where adjacent stream channel appears to be lower by 1970.

07-02-1940

07-03-1952

A-13 Arrow indicates terrace that is no longer present in 2006.

05-03-1970

02-08-2006

A-14 Appendix E. Clear Lake Water Quality.

Nutrients, algae and plants

Clear Lake is naturally eutrophic (high in nutrients, algae and plant growth), and studies of lake sediment cores indicate that it has supported abundant algal populations for approximately the past 15,000 years (Bradbury, 1988). Because Clear Lake has abundant algae and plant life it supports large invertebrate and fish populations in the lake, which in turn feed water fowl and other animals that live around the lake.

Although it is not likely that Clear Lake was ever “crystal clear”, it was apparently relatively clear prior to major impacts from land use activities of European settlers. Sediment cores indicate that sedimentation rates to the lake increased dramatically in about 1930 as heavy earth-moving equipment became available (Richerson et al. 1994, 2000, In Press). By 1938, severe blue-green algal blooms and insufficient water transparency for rooted aquatic plant growth were documented (Richerson et al. 2000). Starting in the 1990s, water clarity improved, and rooted aquatic plants increased in Clear Lake.

Suspended algae, the tiny photosynthetic organisms floating in the water column, belong to two major groups. One is the true plants, and the other is blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria. Blue-green algae are bacteria with the capacity for photosynthesis, and they create the most noxious algal blooms.

When severe blue-green algae blooms occur “the water becomes completely opaque, and the scums resemble thick olive drab paint covering entire beaches and sometimes creating patches thousands of square meters in size in open water” (Richerson et al. 1994).

The noxious algal blooms prompted Lake County to seek funding for two major research efforts. The Clear Lake Algal Research Unit, directed by Alexander J. Horne from 1969 to 1976, and the Clean Lakes Study and Clear Lake Environmental Research Center headed by Peter J. Richerson and Thomas H. Suchanek from 1991 to 2002 investigated the causes and potential controls of nuisance algal blooms.

The researchers focused on what mineral elements are contributing to the high algal biomass. They found that Clear Lake has high phosphorus availability and that most of this phosphorus is transported into the lake attached to sediments. Desirable forms of algae do not grow to high levels because they do not have sufficient nitrogen in the forms they require (nitrate and ammonium). Several common species of blue-green algae, however, can use nitrogen gas present in the atmosphere, and therefore can grow to high levels when phosphorus availability is high. Researchers also found evidence that growth of blue-green algae was sometimes limited by the availability of iron. The main source of iron entering the lake is also in sediments.

Because of nuisance algal blooms caused by excess nutrients, Clear Lake was identified as impaired due to nutrients in 1986 under Section 303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act. This required the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board (CVRWQCB) to establish a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program to manage the pollutant and ensure the beneficial

A-15 uses of Clear Lake (CVRWQCB 2006). The nutrient TMDL sets a numeric target for algae levels based on the amount of chlorophyll a, a pigment found in algae. It also mandates a phosphorus load reduction of 40% in order to achieve water quality objectives.

Beginning in the 1990s, lake transparency improved leading to an increase in submerged aquatic plant growth. The reasons for this improvement are not well understood because phosphorus levels in the lake have remained high. However, there have been important changes in regulations and land use practices that have reduced soil erosion in recent decades. Lake County adopted a grading ordinance in 1982 which has been updated and improved several times, most recently in 2007. In 1981 the County adopted a Creek Management Plan to regulate in-stream gravel mining. This plan was updated in 1994 with the Aggregate Resource Management Plan. Significant reductions in in-stream gravel mining began in the late 1980s, and today there are no significant in-stream gravel operations.

The shift from algal to rooted aquatic plant growth has brought new challenges as the plant growth creates congested conditions along the shoreline that restrict swimming, boating and other recreational activities. Lake County developed an Integrated Aquatic Plant Management Plan, approved in 2005 to support continued multiple uses of Clear Lake, identify environmentally sound and cost effective management approaches, and avoid adverse impacts on humans and non-target plants and animals (Jones & Stokes 2005). Lake County now manages a permit program for aquatic weed control that includes monitoring to insure the proper use of aquatic herbicides and monitor for their fate. Monitoring thus far has shown that herbicides are undetectable one week after application.

Mercury

Mercury is a significant contaminant of Clear Lake waters, however it is likely that the ` is a minor source of mercury. The CVRWQCB estimates that the Sulphur Bank Mine, an open pit mine located on the east end of the Oaks Arm, contributes approximately 97% of the mercury to the lake (CVRWQCB 2002). In 1987 the California Department of Health Services issued an advisory recommending limited consumption of fish from Clear Lake due to elevated mercury levels. Based on this advisory the CVRWQCB placed Clear Lake on the Federal Clean Water Act 303(d) list of impaired water bodies in 1988, thereby requiring a TMDL program, and the TMDL for Control of Mercury in Clear Lake was approved in December 2002.

As part of the mercury TMDL requirements, the Lake County Watershed Protection District1 began monitoring for mercury “hot spots” throughout the Clear Lake watershed in 2006. Both water and sediment samples are collected from streams to determine background levels for sub-watersheds such as Scotts Creek (SWRCB and LCFCWCD 2005). No elevated mercury levels were found in the Scotts Creek Watershed (Tom Smythe, personal communication).

1 Formerly known as the Lake County Flood Control and Water Conservation District.

A-16 Aquatic pesticides

Pesticides applied directly to Clear Lake affect the adjacent watershed through effects on fish and wildlife that inhabit both places. Pesticides were applied to Clear Lake in the past to control the Clear Lake gnat (Chaoborus astictopus) and currently to control aquatic weeds.

The effort to control the gnat by chemical means was perhaps the “most serious single” human disturbance to the Clear Lake system (Richerson, P.J. and S.O. Richerson 2000) and gave Clear Lake the unfortunate distinction of being included in Rachel Carson’s environmental classic, Silent Spring (1962). The Clear Lake gnat, whose larvae live in the lake feeding on tiny crustaceans, once emerged as adults in huge numbers. Although the gnats do not bite they were present in such numbers as to present a nuisance. “Old-timers claim they sometimes accumulated under streetlights in Lakeport to depths of 3 feet” (Richerson, P.J. and S.O. Richerson 2000). After three lakewide applications of DDD to control the gnats in 1949, 1954 and 1957, the population of western grebes in Clear Lake nearly collapsed. Other pesticides were used to attempt to control the gnat, but it appears that biological control by the Mississippi silversides,a fish introduced in 1967, has significantly reduced gnat populations (Richerson, P.H. and S.O. Richerson 2000).

Aquatic herbicides are currently used to control Hydrilla verticillata, an aggressive, non- native aquatic plant found in Clear Lake in 1994. Immediately after its discovery, the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) began a Hydrilla monitoring and eradication program in Clear Lake because if left uncontrolled, Hydrilla could fill the water body, preventing boating and clogging water intakes. Mechanical weed control spreads Hydrilla, so chemical control is required. Herbicides are also used by lakefront property owners to control aquatic weeds. Herbicide use by both CDFA and private property owners requires use permits and pesticide fate monitoring.

A-17 Appendix F. Bioassessment Results.

A-18 A-19 A-20 Upper Cache Creek – Biometric Data Sheet

Sample Numbers: SC-DS1-028; SC-MS2-029; SC-US3-030

Sample Date and Time: 17 June 2006; 0950

Site Description: Scotts Creek

Physical Habitat Score: 127

Notes: Slow moving; 1000s of shad

Lat: 39.14815 Long: -122.99833

Water Temperature: 18C Specific Conductance: 230 pH: 7.7 Dissolved Oxygen: 5.5

Metrics Sample Sample Sample Mean Russian River Score Taxa Richness 10 12 17 13 1 % Dominant Taxa 87.7 76.2 70.6 78 1 EPT Taxa 4 8 6 6 1 Modified EPT Index 7.64 9 22.04 13 1 Shannon Diversity .59 1.01 1.07 .9 1 Tolerance Value 5.60 5.17 5.05 5.3 1

Sum: 6

Rating: Poor

A-21 A-22 Appendix G. Agricultural Water Demand Scenarios from the Lake County Water Demand Forecast. (CDM and DWR 2006a)

Scenario One

Scenario One is indicative of the future if present trends continue. This scenario assumes that the majority of land with pears and walnuts will convert to wine grapes and housing. Wine grapes will also expand into areas of native vegetation. The growth of wine grapes will be driven by lower land prices in Lake County than those in neighboring Napa and Sonoma counties, where vineyards and the wine industry are well established. The increase in housing is assumed as ranchette development, with homes on acreage, irrigating pasture for domestic farm animals (horses, as well as FFA and 4-H livestock). Scenario One assumes: ■ Removal of 3,780 acres, or approximately 80 percent, of pears and walnuts. ■ Conversion of land where pears and walnuts are removed to 3,280 acres of wine grapes and 500 acres of ranchettes. ■ Conversion of 200 acres of native vegetation to 200 acres of new ranchette acreage. ■ Irrigated pasture on 50 percent of ranchette acreage. ■ Conversion of 10,320 acres of native vegetation to 10,320 acres of new wine grape acreage. If current trends continue, predicting the exact amounts that the crops will increase or decrease is somewhat speculative. Scenario One represents a high degree of potential changes to pear and walnut acreage and a somewhat high change to vineyard acreage.

As discussed below, Scenario Two reflects changes to crop acreages at varying levels relative to Scenario One. Including two scenarios provides a better range of how the trends could change future crop acreages.

Scenario Two

Scenario Two is similar to Scenario One, but reflects a smaller reduction in pears and walnuts, and a larger increase in wine grapes. Ranchette development occurs at the same levels as Scenario One. Relative to the current conditions, Scenario Two assumes: ■ Removal of 3,024 acres, or approximately 67 percent, of pears and walnuts. ■ Conversion of the land where pears and walnuts are removed to 2,524 acres of wine grapes and 500 acres of ranchettes. ■ Conversion of 200 acres of native vegetation to 200 acres of new ranchette acreage. ■ Irrigated pasture on 50 percent of ranchette acreage. ■ Conversion of 14,266 acres of native vegetation to 14,266 acres of new wine grape acreage.

Scenario Three

Scenario Three assumes that growers will keep their land in production by expanding their marketing efforts with value-added production and diversifying their crop choices to alternative

A-23 crops. Growers may shift to new crops that grow well in the soils and climatic conditions of Lake County. These new crops will likely be better for agritourism or will have “specialty” status. Chestnuts and pecans could replace the more common walnut, which may decrease competition within the economic market for walnuts, making walnut production more profitable. The fig and pomegranate are components of a Mediterranean diet, which has gained public interest for its health potential. Growers could also choose to plant Asian and heritage vegetables, which are perceived as gourmet foods (Tous and Ferguson, 1996; McGourty 2004; Ceran and Elkins 1997). Scenario Three includes: ■ Conversion of 3,240 acres pear acreage to 3,240 acres pomegranates and figs. ■ Conversion of 540 acres walnuts to 520 acres pecans and chestnuts. ■ Conversion of 250 acres of native vegetation to 250 acres of new heritage and Asian vegetable acreage. ■ Conversion of 13,600 acres of native vegetation to 13,600 acres of new wine grape acreage. ■ Conversion of 200 acres of native vegetation to 200 acres of new ranchette acreage. ■ Irrigated pasture on 50 percent of ranchette acreage.

A-24 Appendix H. Scotts Creek Watershed Overview

Cow Mountain

Upper Scotts Creek Watershed. The headwaters of Scotts Creek are below in this photo. Photo by Jared Hendricks, Jr.

Confluence of Scotts Creek (flowing from N at lower right-hand corner of photo) and South Fork of Scotts Creek. Photo by Jared Hendricks, Jr.

A-25 Scotts Valley viewed from the north. Photo by Jared Hendricks, Jr.

Blue Lakes viewed from the west. Photo by Jared Hendricks, Jr.

A-26 View from south, Tule Lake in foreground, Bachelor Valley to the north. Photo by Jared Hendricks, Jr.

A-27 Appendix I. Animal and plant list from 1984 BLM Cow Mountain Wildlife Habitat Management Plan. Grasses list updated 2009 by Frank Arriaza, BLM.

ANIMALS OF COW MOUNTAIN Common Name Scientific Name Occurrence AMPHIBIANS OF COW MOUNTAIN Common Pacific giant salamander Red- Dicamptodon ensatus Common bellied newt Taricha rivularis Common in key habitat Rough-skinned newt Taricha granulosa Common California newt Taricha torosa Common Bullfrog Rana Catesbeiana Abundant Foothill yellow-legged frog Rana boylei Pacific tree frog Hyla regilla Common in key habitat Western toad Bufo boreas Abundant REPTILES OF COW MOUNTAIN Common Common Western pond turtle Clemmys marmorata Common Western fence lizard Sceloporus occidentalis Uncommon Western skink Eumeces skiltonianus Common Western whiptail Cnemidophorus tigris Southern alligator lizard Gerrhonotus multicarinatus Common Ringneck snake Diadodhus punctatus Common Racer Coluber constrictor Common in key habitat Striped racer Masticophis lateralis Rare Gopher snake Pituophis melanoleucus Common Common kingsnake Lampropeltis getulus Common California mountain kingsnake Lampropeltis zonata Common Common garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis Common Western terrestrial garter snake Thamnophis elegans Western aquatic garter snake Thamnophis couchi Crotalus viridis Common Western rattlesnake Common MAMMALS OF COW MOUNTAIN Abundant Abundant Vagrant shrew Sorex vagrana Common Brush rabbit Sylvilagus bachmani Abundant Black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus Common in key habitat California ground squirrel Spermophilus beecheyi Abundant Sciurus griseus Common Botta's pocket gopher Thomomys bottae Common Heerman's kangaroo rat Dipodomys heermanni Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus Common B r u s h m o u s e Peromyscus boylii Common Pinon mouse Peromyscus truei Common Dusky-footed woodrat Neotoma fuscipes Common California vole Microtus californicus Uncommon Canis latrans Common Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Common Black bear Ursus americanus Rare Procyon lotor Common Striped skunk Mephitis mephitis Uncommon Mountain lion Felis concolor Common Felis rufus Wild pig Sus scrota Common Black-tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus columbianus Common in key habitat BIRDS OF COW MOUNTAIN Common Great blue heron Ardea herodeas Uncommon Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Uncommon Turkey vulture Cathartes aura Uncommon White-tailed kite Elanus leucurus Common Sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus Uncommon Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii Uncommon Red-tailed hawk Buteo iamaicensis Rare Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos Common Marsh hawk Circus cyaneus Common Merlin Falco columbarius Common in key habitat American kestrel Falco sparverius Rare California quail Lophortyx californicus Common Mountain quail Oreortyx pictus Common Turkey Meleagris gallopavo Common in key habitat Killdeer Charadrius vociferus Common Band-tailed pigeon Columba fasciata Uncommon Rock dove Columba livia Zenaida macroura Roadrunner Geococcyx californianus

Common in key habitat Common in key habitat

A-28 BIRDS OF COW MOUNTAIN (CONT'D.)

Barn owl Tyto alba Common in key habitat Screech owl Great Otus asio Common horned owl Pygmy Bubo virginianus Common owl Claucidium gnoma Common in key habitat Long-eared owl Asio otus Casual Anna’s hummingbird Calypte anna Common Rufous hummingbird Selasphorus rufus Common Allen’s hummingbird Selasphorus sasin Common Belted kingfisher Megaceryle alcvon Common in key habitat Common flicker Coloptes auratus Common Acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus Common Western kingbird Tyrannus verticalis Common Ash-throated flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascens Common in key habitat Black phoebe Sayornis nigricans Common Western flycatcher Empidonax difficilis Common Steller's jay Cyanocitta stelleri Common Scrub jay Aphelocoma coerulescens Common Common raven Corvus corax Common Common crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Common Chestnut-backed chickadee Parus rufescens Common Plain titmouse Parus inornatus Common Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus Common White-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis Common in key habitat Brown creeper Certhia familiaris Common in key habitat Wrentit Chamaea fasciata Common Dipper Cinclus mexicanus Uncommon Bewick's wren Thryomanes bewickii Common California thrasher Toxostoma redivivum Common in key habitat American robin Turdus migratorius Common Varied thrush Ixoreus naeyius Common Western bluebird Sialia mexicana Common Blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris Abundant Yellow-rumped warbler Dendroica coronata Common House sparrow Passer domesticus Common Western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta Common Brewers blackbird Euphagus cyanotephalus Common Western tanager Piranga ludoviciana Common Purple finch Carpodacus purpureus Common House finch Carpodacus mexicanus Common American goldfinch Cardeulis tristis Common Lesser goldfinch Cardeulis psaltris Common Green-tailed towhee Pipilo chlorurus Uncommon Brown towhee Pipilo fuscus Common Savannah sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis Common Lark sparrow Chonodestes grammacus Common in key habitat Sage sparrow Amphispiza belli Casual Dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis Common White-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys Common Golden-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia atricapilla Common Song sparrow Melospiza melodia Common

A-29 PLANTS OF COW MOUNTAIN

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

TREES OF COW MOUNTAIN

Maple Acer elabrum California buckeye Aesculus californica Madrone Arbutus menziesii Golden chinquapin Castsnopsis chrysophylla minor California redbud Cercis occidentalis McNab cypress Cupressus macnabiania Sargent cypress Cupressus sargentii Privet Ligustrum avalifolium Tanoak Lithocarpus densiflora Incense cedar Libocedrus decurrens Knobcone pine Pinus attenuata Ponderosa pine Pinus zonderosa Digger pine Pinus sabiniana Douglas fir Psedotsuga menziesii Coast live oak Quercus agrifolia Canyon live oak Quercus chrysolepis Blue oak Quercus douglasii Black oak Quercus kelloggii Valley white oak Quercus lobata Willow Salix spp. Nutmeg Torreya californica California bay laurel Umbellularia californica SHRUBS OF COW MOUNTAIN Chamise Adenostoma fasciculatum Hoary manzanita Arctostaphylos canescens Eastwood manzanita Arctostaphylos glandulosa Common manzanita Arctostaphylos manzanita Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Piper mahonia Berberis piperiana Dwarf barberry Berberis pumila Mountain whitethorn Ceanothus cordulatus Buckbrush Ceanothus cuneatus Wavy leaf Ceanothus foliosus Coast whitethorn Ceanothus incanus Deerbrush Ceanothus intergerrimus Muskbrush Ceanothus iepsonii Snow flower Ceanothus ramulosus Jim brush Ceanothus sorediatus Blue blossom Ceanothus thrysiflorus Snowbush Ceanothus velutinus Birchleaf mahogany Cercocarpus betuloides Mountain misery Chamaebatia foliolosa Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus spp. Yerba santa Eriodictyon californicum Flannel bush Fremontodendron californicum napense Silk tassel Garrya fremontii Salal Gautheria shallon Coldenfleece Haplopappus arborescens Cream bush Holodiscus discolor Honeysuckle Lonicera spp. Mistletoe Phoradendron flavescens Toyon Heteromeles arbutifolia pea Pickeringia montana Scrub oak Quercus dumosa Leather oak Quercus durata Scrub interior live oak Quercus wislizenii frutescens Lichen Ramalina reticulata Coffeeberry Rhamnus californica California redberry Rhamnus corcea Poison oak Toxicodendron diversilobum Squawbush Rhus trilobata Wild rose Rosa spp. Currant Ribes spp. Blackberry Rubus spp. Elderberry Sambucus glauca Pitcher-sage Sphacele calycina Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus Snowberry Sumphoricarpos mollis California huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum Red huckleberry Vaccinium parvifolium A-30 • COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

FORBS OF COW MOUNTAIN

Wild onion Allium spp. Fiddleneck Amsinckih intermedia Locoweed Astragalis spp. Blue dick Brodiaea peduncularis Blue dick Brodiaea stellaris Blue dick Brodiaea capitata Yellow mariposa Calochomus luteus White mariposa Calochortus venustrus Bear tail grass Calochortus caeruleus Mariposa lily Calochortus umbellatus Mariposa lily Calochortus uniflorus Indian paintbrush Castilleja stenantha Scarlet cup Castilleda affinis Yellow star thistle Centaurea exaltatum Napa thistle Centaurea melitensis Soap plant Chlorogalum spp. Western water hemlock Cicuta californica Bull thistle Cirsium lancelatum Farewell-to-spring Clarkia breweri Red ribbons Clarkia concinna Chinese houses Collinsia spp. Morning glory Convolvulus arvensis Poison hemlock Conium spp. Rock lettuce Cotyledon laxa Larkspur Delphinium spp. Shooting star Dodecatheon spp. Turkey mullein Eremocarpus setigerus Buckwheat Eriogonum spp. Lizard tail Eriophyllum spp. Red-stem filaree Erodium cicutarium White-stem filaree Erodium moschatum Poppy Eschscholtzia spp. Bedstraw Galium californicum Gilia Gilia spp. Summer's darling Godetia amoena Tarweed Hemizonia clevelandii Tarweed Hemizonia congesta Fitch's spikeweed Hemizonia fitchii Tarweed Hemizonia luzulaefolia Hayfield tarweed Hemizonia virgata Mint Monardella spp. Pea Lathyrus spp. Tidytips Layia spp. Hog-fennel Lomatium spp. Birdsfoot trefoil Lutus spp. Lupine Lupinus (annual) spp. Lupine Lupinus (perennial) spp. Tarweed Madia citriodora Gumweed Madia dissitiflora Tarweed Madia elegans Pineapple weed Matricaria suaveolens Bur clover Medicago hispida Monkey flower Mimulus spp. Indian lettuce Montia perfoliata Phlot Navarretia mellita Sword fern Nephrolipis exaltata Primrose Oenothera spp. Popcorn flower Plagiobothrys spp. Plantain Plantago spp. Figwarr Penstemon corymbosus Brush breadtongue Penstemon lemmonii Figwart Penstemon purpusii Indian warrior Pedicularis densiflora Scorpion weed Phacelia spp. Spanish moss Ramalina reticulata Buttercup Ranunculus spp. Dock Rumex spp. Catchfly Silene spp. Blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchium bellum Chickweed Stellaria media

A-31 •

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME FORBS OF COW

MOUNTAIN (CONT’D.)

Nightshade Solanum spp. Common dandelion Taraxacum vulgare Fringepod Thysanocarpus radians Blue curls Trichostema spp. Clover Trifolium spp. Common mullein Verbascum thapsus American vetch Vicia americana Giant vetch Vicia gigantea Violet Viola spp. Wild grape Vitis californica Chain fern Woodwardii fimbriata Mule ears Wyethia americana Mule ears Wyethia glabra Mule ears Wyethia longicaulis

GRASSES AND GRASS-LIKE PLANTS

Letterman’s needlegrass Achnatherum lettermani Silver hairgrass Aira caryophyllea Three-awn Aristida spp. Slender oat Avena barbata Wild oat Avena fatua Little quakinggrass Briza minor California brome Bromus carinatus Compact brome Bromus madritensis Soft chess Bromus hordeaceous ssp. hordeaceus Ripgut brome Bromus diandrus ssp. diandrus Red brome Bromus rubens Cheatgrass Bromus tectorum Pinegrass Calamagrostis rubescens Sedge Carex spp. (dry) Sedge Carex spp. (wet) California oatgrass Danthonia californica Blue wild rye Elymus glaucus Giant horsetail Equisetum telmateia California fescue Festuca californica Rat-tail fescue Vulpia myuros Western fescue Festuca occidentalis Pacific fescue Vulpia microstachys Nit grass Gastridium phleoides Mediterranean barley Hordeum hystrix Hare barley Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum Perennial rye Lolium perenne California melicgrass Melica californica Foothill needlegrass Nassella lepida Purple needle and thread Nassella pulchra Bulbous canarygrass Phalaris aquatica Annual bluegrass Poa annua Sandberg bluegrass Poa secunda Annual rabbitsfoot grass Polypogon monspeliensis Big squirreltail Elymus multisetus Medusa head Taeniatherum caput-medusae

A-32 Appendix J. Vertebrate animals potentially found in the Scotts Creek Watershed (from search of the California Wildlife Habitat Relationships Database version 8.1). CONSERVATION ANIMAL NAME STATUS

AMPHIBIANS CALIFORNIA GIANT SALAMANDER 7 ROUGH-SKINNED NEWT CALIFORNIA NEWT 7 RED-BELLIED NEWT ENSATINA 7 CALIFORNIA SLENDER SALAMANDER BLACK SALAMANDER ARBOREAL SALAMANDER WESTERN TOAD PACIFIC TREEFROG RED-LEGGED FROG 2, 7 FOOTHILL YELLOW-LEGGED FROG 7, 8 BULLFROG PACIFIC GIANT SALAMANDER REPTILES WESTERN POND TURTLE 7 WESTERN FENCE LIZARD SAGEBRUSH LIZARD WESTERN SKINK 7 WESTERN WHIPTAIL SOUTHERN ALLIGATOR LIZARD NORTHERN ALLIGATOR LIZARD RUBBER BOA 4 RING-NECKED SNAKE SHARP-TAILED SNAKE RACER CALIFORNIA WHIPSNAKE(STRIPED RACER) 2,4 GOPHER SNAKE 7 COMMON KINGSNAKE CALIFORNIA MOUNTAIN KINGSNAKE 7 LONG-NOSED SNAKE COMMON GARTER SNAKE WESTERN TERRESTRIAL GARTER SNAKE NIGHT SNAKE WESTERN RATTLESNAKE AQUATIC GARTER SNAKE MAMMALS VIRGINIA OPOSSUM ORNATE SHREW 1,7 TROWBRIDGE'S SHREW

A-33 SHREW-MOLE BROAD-FOOTED MOLE 7 LITTLE BROWN MYOTIS 8 YUMA MYOTIS 8 LONG-EARED MYOTIS 8 FRINGED MYOTIS 8 LONG-LEGGED MYOTIS CALIFORNIA MYOTIS SILVER-HAIRED BAT WESTERN PIPISTRELLE BIG BROWN BAT WESTERN RED BAT HOARY BAT TOWNSEND'S BIG-EARED BAT 7,8 PALLID BAT 7,8 BRAZILIAN FREE-TAILED BAT BRUSH RABBIT 1,3 DESERT COTTONTAIL BLACK-TAILED JACKRABBIT 7 ALLEN'S CHIPMUNK SONOMA CHIPMUNK CALIFORNIA GROUND SQUIRREL GOLDEN-MANTLED GROUND SQUIRREL WESTERN GRAY SQUIRREL EASTERN FOX SQUIRREL DOUGLAS' SQUIRREL NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL 7 BOTTA'S POCKET GOPHER SAN JOAQUIN POCKET MOUSE 7,8 CALIFORNIA KANGAROO RAT 7,8 AMERICAN BEAVER WESTERN HARVEST MOUSE DEER MOUSE 7 BRUSH MOUSE PINYON MOUSE DUSKY-FOOTED WOODRAT 1,7 WESTERN RED-BACKED VOLE CALIFORNIA VOLE 1,3,7 COMMON MUSKRAT NORWAY RAT HOUSE MOUSE COMMON PORCUPINE COYOTE RED FOX 4 GRAY FOX BLACK BEAR RINGTAIL 5 RACCOON AMERICAN MARTEN 7 FISHER 7

A-34 ERMINE LONG-TAILED WEASEL AMERICAN MINK AMERICAN BADGER 7 WESTERN SPOTTED SKUNK STRIPED SKUNK NORTHERN RIVER OTTER MOUNTAIN LION 7 BOBCAT WILD PIG ELK BLACK-TAILED DEER BIRDS PIED-BILLED GREBE EARED GREBE WESTERN GREBE AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN 7 DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT 7 AMERICAN BITTERN GREAT BLUE HERON GREAT EGRET SNOWY EGRET GREEN HERON BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON 8 TUNDRA SWAN GREATER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE SNOW GOOSE CANADA GOOSE WOOD DUCK GREEN-WINGED TEAL MALLARD NORTHERN PINTAIL CINNAMON TEAL NORTHERN SHOVELER GADWALL EURASIAN WIGEON AMERICAN WIGEON CANVASBACK RING-NECKED DUCK LESSER SCAUP BUFFLEHEAD HOODED MERGANSER COMMON MERGANSER RUDDY DUCK TURKEY VULTURE OSPREY 7 WHITE-TAILED KITE 5 BALD EAGLE 2,3,5 NORTHERN HARRIER 7 SHARP-SHINNED HAWK 7

A-35 COOPER'S HAWK 7 NORTHERN GOSHAWK 7 RED-SHOULDERED HAWK RED-TAILED HAWK FERRUGINOUS HAWK 7 ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK GOLDEN EAGLE 5,7 AMERICAN KESTREL MERLIN 7 PEREGRINE FALCON 3,5 PRAIRIE FALCON 7 RING-NECKED PHEASANT BLUE GROUSE CALIFORNIA QUAIL MOUNTAIN QUAIL VIRGINIA RAIL SORA COMMON MOORHEN AMERICAN COOT SEMIPALMATED PLOVER KILLDEER GREATER YELLOWLEGS LESSER YELLOWLEGS SPOTTED SANDPIPER WESTERN SANDPIPER LEAST SANDPIPER DUNLIN SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER WILSON'S SNIPE WILSON'S PHALAROPE BONAPARTE'S GULL MEW GULL RING-BILLED GULL CALIFORNIA GULL 7 HERRING GULL THAYER'S GULL GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULL CASPIAN TERN FORSTER'S TERN ROCK PIGEON BAND-TAILED PIGEON MOURNING DOVE YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO 3 GREATER ROADRUNNER BARN OWL FLAMMULATED OWL WESTERN SCREECH OWL GREAT HORNED OWL

A-36 NORTHERN PYGMY OWL BURROWING OWL 7 SPOTTED OWL 2,7 LONG-EARED OWL 7 SHORT-EARED OWL 7 NORTHERN SAW-WHET OWL COMMON POORWILL VAUX'S SWIFT 7 WHITE-THROATED SWIFT ANNA'S HUMMINGBIRD RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD ALLEN'S HUMMINGBIRD BELTED KINGFISHER LEWIS' S WOODPECKER ACORN WOODPECKER RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER NUTTALL'S WOODPECKER DOWNY WOODPECKER HAIRY WOODPECKER WHITE-HEADED WOODPECKER NORTHERN FLICKER PILEATED WOODPECKER OLIVE-SIDED FLYCATCHER WESTERN WOOD-PEWEE HAMMOND'S FLYCATCHER DUSKY FLYCATCHER PACIFIC-SLOPE FLYCATCHER BLACK PHOEBE SAY'S PHOEBE ASH-THROATED FLYCATCHER WESTERN KINGBIRD HORNED LARK 7 PURPLE MARTIN 7 TREE SWALLOW VIOLET-GREEN SWALLOW NORTHERN ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW BANK SWALLOW 4 CLIFF SWALLOW BARN SWALLOW STELLER'S JAY WESTERN SCRUB-JAY 7 CLARK'S NUTCRACKER YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE AMERICAN CROW COMMON RAVEN MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICKADEE OAK TITMOUSE BUSHTIT RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH

A-37 WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH PYGMY NUTHATCH BROWN CREEPER ROCK WREN CANYON WREN BEWICK'S WREN HOUSE WREN WINTER WREN MARSH WREN AMERICAN DIPPER GOLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER WESTERN BLUEBIRD MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD TOWNSEND'S SOLITAIRE SWAINSON'S THRUSH HERMIT THRUSH AMERICAN ROBIN VARIED THRUSH WRENTIT NORTHERN MOCKINGBIRD CALIFORNIA THRASHER AMERICAN PIPIT CEDAR WAXWING PHAINOPEPLA LOGGERHEAD SHRIKE 1,7 EUROPEAN STARLING CASSIN'S VIREO HUTTON'S VIREO WARBLING VIREO ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER NASHVILLE WARBLER YELLOW WARBLER 7 YELLOW-RUMPED WARBLER BLACK-THROATED GRAY WARBLER TOWNSEND'S WARBLER HERMIT WARBLER MACGILLIVRAY'S WARBLER COMMON YELLOWTHROAT 7 WILSON'S WARBLER WESTERN TANAGER BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK LAZULI BUNTING GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE SPOTTED TOWHEE 7 CALIFORNIA TOWHEE 2,3 RUFOUS-CROWNED SPARROW 7 CHIPPING SPARROW BLACK-CHINNED SPARROW

A-38 LARK SPARROW SAGE SPARROW 2,7 SAVANNAH SPARROW 3,7 GRASSHOPPER SPARROW FOX SPARROW SONG SPARROW 7 LINCOLN'S SPARROW GOLDEN-CROWNED SPARROW WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW DARK-EYED JUNCO 7 RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD TRICOLORED BLACKBIRD 7,8 WESTERN MEADOWLARK YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD BREWER'S BLACKBIRD BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD BULLOCK'S ORIOLE PURPLE FINCH CASSIN'S FINCH HOUSE FINCH RED CROSSBILL PINE SISKIN LESSER GOLDFINCH LAWRENCE'S GOLDFINCH AMERICAN GOLDFINCH EVENING GROSBEAK HOUSE SPARROW CLARK'S GREBE PLUMBEOUS VIREO BAIRD'S SANDPIPER PECTORAL SANDPIPER RED-NECKED PHALAROPE RED PHALAROPE AMERICAN REDSTART WHITE-THROATED SPARROW HARRIS'S SPARROW INDIGO BUNTING 1=Federal endangered, 2=Federal threatened, 3=California endangered 4=California threatened, 5=California fully protected, 6=California protected 7=California species of special concern, 8=BLM sensitive

A-39 Appendix K. Sensitive species found in Lake County as of 2008.

Rare, threatened, and endangered species in Lake County (CNDDB 2008). California Scientific Name Common Name Federal Status1 Status2 CDFG3 CNPS Rank4 Amphibians Rana boylii foothill yellow-legged frog None None SC Reptiles Actinemys marmorata marmorata northwestern pond turtle None None SC Fish Lavinia exilicauda chi Clear Lake hitch None None SC Archoplites interruptus Sacramento perch None None SC Birds Phalacrocorax auritus double-crested cormorant None None Ardea herodias great blue heron None None Pandion haliaetus osprey None None Haliaeetus leucocephalus bald eagle Delisted Endangered Accipiter gentilis northern goshawk None None SC Aquila chrysaetos golden eagle None None Falco mexicanus prairie falcon None None Coccyzus americanus occidentalis western yellow-billed cuckoo Candidate Endangered Progne subis purple martin None None SC Amphispiza belli belli Bell's sage sparrow None None Agelaius tricolor tricolored blackbird None None SC Mammals Myotis evotis long-eared myotis None None Myotis thysanodes fringed myotis None None Lasionycteris noctivagans silver-haired bat None None Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat None None Lasiurus blossevillii western red bat None None SC Corynorhinus townsendii Townsend's big-eared bat None None SC Antrozous pallidus pallid bat None None SC Perognathus inornatus inornatus San Joaquin pocket mouse None None Martes americana humboldtensis Humboldt marten None None SC Martes pennanti (pacifica) DPS Pacific fisher Candidate None SC Gulo gulo California wolverine None Threatened

A-40 Taxidea taxus American badger None None SC Plants Didymodon norrisii Norris' beard moss None None 2.2 Mielichhoferia elongata elongate copper moss None None 2.2 Tortella alpicola alpine crisp moss None None 2.3 Trichodon cylindricus cylindrical trichodon None None 2.2 Eryngium constancei Loch Lomond button-celery Endangered Endangered 1B.1 Balsamorhiza macrolepis var. macrolepis big-scale balsamroot None None 1B.2 micrantha small-flowered calycadenia None None 1B.2 Erigeron angustatus Greene's narrow-leaved daisy None None 1B.2 Centromadia parryi ssp. parryi pappose tarplant None None 1B.2 Lasthenia burkei Burke's goldfields Endangered Endangered 1B.1 Layia septentrionalis Colusa layia None None 1B.2 Harmonia hallii Hall's harmonia None None 1B.2 Tracyina rostrata beaked tracyina None None 1B.2 Anisocarpus scabridus scabrid alpine tarplant None None 1B.3 Amsinckia lunaris bent-flowered fiddleneck None None 1B.2 Cryptantha clevelandii var. dissita serpentine cryptantha None None 1B.1 Plagiobothrys lithocaryus Mayacamas popcorn-flower None None 1A Streptanthus brachiatus ssp. hoffmanii Freed's jewel-flower None None 1B.2 Streptanthus breweri var. hesperidis green jewel-flower None None 1B.2 Streptanthus morrisonii see individual subspecies! None None Legenere limosa legenere None None 1B.1 Calystegia collina ssp. oxyphylla Mt. Saint Helena morning-glory None None 4.2 Calystegia collina ssp. tridactylosa coast range bindweed None None 1B.2 Calystegia purpurata ssp. saxicola coastal bluff morning-glory None None 1B.2 Sedella leiocarpa Lake County stonecrop Endangered Endangered 1B.1 Cuscuta jepsonii Jepson's dodder None None 3 Arctostaphylos canescens ssp. sonomensis Sonoma canescent manzanita None None 1B.2 Arctostaphylos stanfordiana ssp. raichei Raiche's manzanita None None 1B.1 Arctostaphylos manzanita ssp. elegans Konocti manzanita None None 1B.3 Astragalus rattanii var. jepsonianus Jepson's milk-vetch None None 1B.2 Lupinus antoninus Anthony Peak lupine None None 1B.3

A-41 Lupinus sericatus lupine None None 1B.2 California macrophylla round-leaved filaree None None 1B.1 Juglans hindsii Northern California black walnut None None 1B.1 Monardella villosa ssp. globosa robust monardella None None 1B.2 Hesperolinon adenophyllum glandular western flax None None 1B.2 Hesperolinon bicarpellatum two-carpellate western flax None None 1B.2 Hesperolinon didymocarpum Lake County western flax None Endangered 1B.2 Hesperolinon drymarioides drymaria-like western flax None None 1B.2 Hesperolinon sp. nov. serpentinum"" Napa western flax None None 1B.1 Sidalcea hickmanii ssp. viridis Marin checkerbloom None None 1B.3 Sidalcea oregana ssp. hydrophila marsh checkerbloom None None 1B.2 Epilobium nivium Snow Mountain willowherb None None 1B.2 Eriogonum nervulosum Snow Mountain buckwheat None None 1B.2 Eriastrum brandegeeae Brandegee's eriastrum None None 1B.2 Leptosiphon jepsonii Jepson's leptosiphon None None 1B.2 Navarretia leucocephala ssp. bakeri Baker's navarretia None None 1B.1 Navarretia leucocephala ssp. pauciflora few-flowered navarretia Endangered Threatened 1B.1 Navarretia leucocephala ssp. plieantha many-flowered navarretia Endangered Endangered 1B.2 Navarretia myersii ssp. deminuta small pincushion navarretia None None 1B.1 Ceanothus confusus Rincon Ridge ceanothus None None 1B.1 Ceanothus divergens Calistoga ceanothus None None 1B.2 Horkelia bolanderi Bolander's horkelia None None 1B.2 Castilleja rubicundula ssp. rubicundula pink creamsacs None None 1B.2 Gratiola heterosepala Boggs Lake hedge-hyssop None Endangered 1B.2 Penstemon newberryi var. sonomensis Sonoma beardtongue None None 1B.3 Antirrhinum subcordatum dimorphic snapdragon None None 4.3 Carex comosa bristly sedge None None 2.1 Carex hystericina porcupine sedge None None 2.1 Brodiaea californica var. leptandra narrow-anthered California brodiaea None None 1B.2 Brodiaea coronaria ssp. rosea Indian Valley brodiaea None Endangered 1B.1 Chlorogalum pomeridianum var. minus dwarf soaproot None None 1B.2 Fritillaria pluriflora adobe-lily None None 1B.2

A-42 Imperata brevifolia California satintail None None 2.1 Orcuttia tenuis slender orcutt grass Threatened Endangered 1B.1 Potamogeton zosteriformis eel-grass pondweed None None 2.2 1 Federal species status. 2 State of California species status. 3 California Department of Fish and Game. SC indicates species of special concern. 4 California Native Plant Society Ranking. 1A presumed extinct in California (CA), 1B rare, threatened, or endangered in CA or elsewhere; 2 rare, threatened, endangered in CA, more common elsewhere; 3 status uncertain, 4 limited Distribution; 0.1 seriously threatened in CA; 0.2 fairly threatened in CA; 0.3 not very threatened in CA.

A-43 Appendix L. Clear Lake hitch life cycle and status.

The Clear Lake hitch, Lavinia exilicauda chi, is a minnow species that reaches a fairly large size, up to 14 inches in length and over one pound in weight. The latin name is somewhat confusing as chi was the Native American name for the Clear Lake splittail. Hitch, however, was the native name for the Clear Lake hitch. While other subspecies of hitch exist in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River watersheds and Monterey Bay, Clear Lake hitch are found only in Clear Lake and its tributaries. They are adapted to lake conditions with deeper bodies and larger eyes than the other subspecies (Macedo R. 1994).

The hitch were a staple in native peoples’ diets. Fishing by native people focused on spring spawning runs when vast numbers of hitch, splittail, and pikeminnow could be readily caught. The abundant fish were dried, stored, and eaten throughout the year and were used for trade with people from surrounding regions (McLendon S. and M.J. Lowy 1978).

The hitch spawning run occurs between mid-February and mid-June, however, peak spawning usually occurs in March and April. Females seek out shallow gravelly areas, often near a stream bank, to deposit eggs. Several males coax a female into releasing eggs, and the males fertilize the eggs as they are released. Once fertilized, the eggs swell and sink into openings in the gravel bed. In 5-10 days the eggs hatch and after another 5-10 days the larval hitch can swim well enough to begin a gradual migration back to Clear Lake. Juvenile hitch remain along the shore of the lake feeding on aquatic insects and their eggs and larvae until they reach about two inches in length, which takes approximately 80 days. Then hitch leave the shoreline of the lake for open water where they feed primarily on Daphnia, tiny floating crustaceans. Male hitch mature in 1-2 years and females mature in 2-3 years, after which they begin the spring migrations upstream to spawn. Hitch can live to about 5 years of age, completing several spawning runs. Occasionally, hitch may spawn on gravel in shallow waters along the lakeshore (Macedo, R. 1994, Moyle P.B. et al. 1995).

There have been few studies of hitch populations in Clear Lake, and until the 2004 formation of the Chi Council, a local group dedicated to restoring hitch populations, there were no consistent records of hitch spawning runs. Historical records document streams literally packed with fish. Two of these records described spectacular runs that occurred prior to 1900 (Allison G.M. and W. R. McIntire 1949, Rideout, W.L. 1899). Other records described streams “choked” with fish in the past but indicated that populations had declined by the time of writing (Benson, H.W. and H. Mauldin 1974 and Murphy, G.I. 1948, 1951). A 1960s study, using a variety of fishing methods over several years, found that Hitch were the most abundant native fish in Clear Lake and considered their population to be secure (Cook, S.F. et al. 1966). The study did not investigate spawning runs, so it is not known how runs in the 1960s compared to previous years. This study noted that hitch populations were quite variable from year to year, possibly due to changing rainfall patterns. In dry years, early drying of streams may reduce the success of spawning runs.

A clear indication of declining hitch populations is the lack of spawning runs from several creeks that historically had consistent runs. Volunteer monitors observed hitch in Clover and Middle Creeks in 2004 and 2005, but not in 2006 and 2007. Hitch were observed in Middle Creek in 2008 but not in 2009, and in Clover Creek in 2009, but not in 2008. No hitch have been

A-44 observed in Seigler Canyon and Schindler Creeks since the start of the volunteer monitoring program in 2004, although these creeks had previously supported hitch spawning runs (Windrem, P. F. 2008). Seigler Canyon Creek was considered one of the important spawning streams for hitch with excellent runs in 1990 and reduced runs in following years (Moyle, P.B. et al. 1995).

Loss of spawning habitat and stream nursery areas is thought to be a major contributor to the decline in the hitch population. Lower reaches of spawning streams dry up earlier than in the past, reducing the period of time for adult migration upstream and return of juvenile hitch to Clear Lake. Earlier drying is due to water diversion, groundwater pumping, and a lower groundwater level from stream channel modifications. Sedimentation of gravel beds due to in- stream activities such as gravel mining and erosion from the surrounding watershed may also have been detrimental to the success of hitch spawning.

Clear Lake hitch are not strong swimmers or jumpers, and bridge footings, road crossings, and other structures that create waterfalls of one or more feet can slow or obstruct upstream migration. Below these barriers, spawning activity can become crowded. Under crowded conditions, suffocation of eggs and juveniles due to lack of oxygen or high concentrations of nitrogenous wastes may occur (Macedo, R. 1994).

Changes in Clear Lake have also contributed to the decline in the hitch population. Introduced fish species prey on and may compete with the Clear Lake hitch. Largemouth bass and channel catfish both prey on adult hitch (Moyle, P.B. 1995). Several fish species, including bass, crappie, and bluegill feed on young hitch. The young of many fish species in Clear Lake and adults of several species are planktivores, competing with the hitch for food. Threadfin shad are an introduced species that may present the greatest competition with hitch because of their ability to reach extremely high populations.

Wetland habitat surrounding Clear Lake is important for the survival of juvenile hitch, and this habitat has declined significantly due to wetland reclamation and clearing of shoreline vegetation. An estimate made in 1982 found that 79% of the original marshlands had been lost (Week 1982). Wetland vegetation around the shoreline of Clear Lake is now protected by County ordinance (Lake County Code, Section 23-15).

In the spring of 2004, the Lake County Group of the Sierra Club organized a program to monitor the hitch migration. Volunteers participated by stopping at bridges and recording the absence, presence, and approximate number of hitch. In August 2004, the Chi Council for the Clear Lake Hitch (Chi Council), a Coordinated Resource Management and Planning (CRMP) group, was formed by Sierra Club members, local landowners, local Tribes, and representatives of government agencies. The goals of this group were to study, protect, restore, and maintain the watershed ecosystem to restore the population of Clear Lake hitch (Chi Council, 1994). This group has continued the volunteer monitoring program up to the present and continues to pursue contacts with government agencies and academic institutions to encourage study of the hitch and improvement of their habitat. Local Tribes have received grant funds for a tag and release study that began in 2009. They are preparing an adaptive management plan for the hitch that will be completed in 2010.

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