DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolutionary Pattern and Process

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Transitions Between Marine and Freshwaters in Fishes: Evolutionary Pattern and Process by Devin D. Bloom A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto © Copyright by Devin D. Bloom 2013 ii Transitions Between Marine and Freshwaters in Fishes: Evolutionary Pattern and Process Devin D. Bloom Doctorate of Philosophy Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 2013 Abstract Evolutionary transitions between marine and freshwater habitats are rare events that can have profound impacts on aquatic biodiversity. The main goal of my thesis is determining the processes involved in transitions between marine and freshwater biomes, and the resulting patterns of diversity using phylogenetic approaches. To test hypotheses regarding the geography, timing, frequency, and mechanisms regulating biome transitions I generated multi-locus time- calibrated molecular phylogenies for groups of fishes that include both exclusively marine and freshwater species. My analysis of anchovies demonstrated that Neotropical freshwater anchovies represent a monophyletic radiation with a single origin in South American freshwaters. I used a phylogeny of herring and allies (Clupeiformes) to investigate the evolution of diadromy, a migratory behavior in which individuals move between oceans and freshwater habitats for reproduction and feeding. These analyses do not support the hypothesis that differences in productivity between marine and freshwater explain the origins of diadromous lineages. Diadromy has been considered an evolutionary pathway for permanent biome transitions, however I found that diadromy almost never produces a fully marine or freshwater clade. Marine lineages often invade continental freshwaters during episodes of marine incursion. In South America, the rich diversity of marine derived fish lineages invaded during Eocene marine incursions from either the Pacific or the Caribbean, and Oligocene marine incursions from the Caribbean. I falsified the highly cited Miocene marine incursion hypothesis, but found that the Pebas Mega-Wetland catalyzed diversification in some marine derived lineages. Using diversification analyses, I investigated the evolutionary processes that have generated disparate ii iii patterns of diversity between continents and oceans. I found that freshwater silversides have higher speciation and extinction rates than marine silversides. Lineages accumulation plots suggest ecological limits are not regulating clade growth in either marine or freshwater biomes. Overall, biome conservatism is a widespread pattern among fishes, and this pattern is largely driven by competition in clades that are physiologically capable of biome transitions. Biome transitions are facilitated by rare paleogeographic events, such as marine incursions. Finally, a difference in net diversification rate is the macroevolutionary mechanism that best explains the difference in diversity between continents and oceans. iii iv This thesis is dedicated to the memories of Dr. Irwin and Lisa Bloom—whose unwavering devotion to education and the pursuit of knowledge started it all. iv v Acknowledgments Over the course of past five years I have been the beneficiary of an amazing support system— from friends, family, colleagues, and mentors. Many people fall into multiple categories. There were far too many people that had an important influence on my young career to mention here. I would like to acknowledge those that played integral roles. First and foremost, thanks go to my advisor Dr. Nathan (Nate) Lovejoy. Nate was everything I needed in an advisor. He granted me the autonomy necessary to become an independent researcher, but was always available as a sounding board for ideas. When the University of Toronto and EEB decided to no longer fund PhD students past four years, Nate didn’t hesitate to provide financial support. Nate patiently taught me the art of crafting a well-written manuscript and developing my ideas in a broad scientific context. There is no doubt I am a far better scientist thanks to his guidance. It was also fortuitous and a joy to work with someone that enjoys sarcasm as much as I do! But perhaps I am most grateful that Nate cared deeply about his students as people, and would do everything in his power to see them succeed. I would like to thank my advisory committee: Allan Baker, Belinda Chang, and Hernán López- Fernández. Their collective expertise, critical feedback and often animated discussion improved my research considerably. Dr. Phil Cochran from Saint Mary’s University is thanked for recognizing and cultivating the enthusiasm of a young ichthyologist. Dr. C opened the door to the amazing world of scientific research. His endless pranks (fishing lures in my shoes, frozen rattlesnakes in the biology building parking lot) were a reminder to have fun along the way. I would like to thank Dr. Kyle Piller for an immensely rewarding collaboration. As my master’s advisor, Kyle introduced me to Silversides, phylogenetics, DNA sequencing, international field and so much more. Kyle gave me an opportunity to go to graduate school when few others would. This is not something I will ever forget. Dr. Hernán López-Fernández (Royal Ontario Museum) graciously took me on my first collecting expedition to South America (perhaps foolishly). This was the starting point of a friendship and v vi collaboration that I certainly hope lasts the remainder of my career. The hours spent discussing science, fishes, and life over good food, beer, and scotch are some of favorite moments of the past five years. Dr. Brian Sidlauskas (Oregon State University) brought me on a collecting trip to the Cuyuni River in Guyana. This not only was a great adventure and collecting opportunity, but started a collaboration that will expand my entire research program. I had the great pleasure to share the Lovejoy lab with some awesome people: Eric Lewallen, Javiar Maldonado-Ocampo, Kristen Brochu, Megan McCusker, and Shawna Kjartanson. There were far to many undergraduates that helped out to name, but their contributions are not overlooked. Fellow graduate students in the department made my time here much more enjoyable, particularly, Emily MacLeod, Maria Modanu, Caroline Tucker, Julie Helson, and Catherine Febria. My nest of newfies (and honorary newfies) were the best friends I could possibly ask for. Stephen Pynn, David Andrews, Luke Barry, and Danielle Rhode are simply amazing people and no words here will convey my gratitude for these friendships. Boys, I will miss the ice and the locker room. Finally, I owe the biggest thanks to Tiffany Anne Schriever and Tiktaalik (Teek) Bloom. I am eternally grateful that you are in my life. The contributions to each individual study are acknowledged at the end of each data chapter. vi vii Table of Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. x List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. xii List of Appendices ...................................................................................................................... xiv 1 General Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 2 Molecular phylogenetics reveals a pattern of biome conservatism in New World Anchovies (Family Engraulidae) ................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 9 2.3.1 Taxon sampling ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.3.2 DNA extraction, PCR, sequence acquisition .......................................................................... 10 2.3.3 Alignment ............................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.4 Data analysis ........................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.5 Habitat reconstruction ............................................................................................................ 13 2.4 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 14 2.4.1 Molecular data ........................................................................................................................ 14 2.4.2 Phylogenetic relationships .....................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • The Freshwater Herring of Lake Tanganyika Are the Product of a Marine Invasion Into West Africa

    The Freshwater Herring of Lake Tanganyika Are the Product of a Marine Invasion Into West Africa

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Open Marine Archive Marine Incursion: The Freshwater Herring of Lake Tanganyika Are the Product of a Marine Invasion into West Africa Anthony B. Wilson1,2¤*, Guy G. Teugels3, Axel Meyer1 1 Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany, 2 Zoological Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 3 Ichthyology Laboratory, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium Abstract The spectacular marine-like diversity of the endemic fauna of Lake Tanganyika, the oldest of the African Great Lakes, led early researchers to suggest that the lake must have once been connected to the ocean. Recent geophysical reconstructions clearly indicate that Lake Tanganyika formed by rifting in the African subcontinent and was never directly linked to the sea. Although the Lake has a high proportion of specialized endemics, the absence of close relatives outside Tanganyika has complicated phylogeographic reconstructions of the timing of lake colonization and intralacustrine diversification. The freshwater herring of Lake Tanganyika are members of a large group of pellonuline herring found in western and southern Africa, offering one of the best opportunities to trace the evolutionary history of members of Tanganyika’s biota. Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions indicate that herring colonized West Africa 25–50MYA, at the end of a major marine incursion in the region. Pellonuline herring subsequently experienced an evolutionary radiation in West Africa, spreading across the continent and reaching East Africa’s Lake Tanganyika during its early formation. While Lake Tanganyika has never been directly connected with the sea, the endemic freshwater herring of the lake are the descendents of an ancient marine incursion, a scenario which may also explain the origin of other Tanganyikan endemics.
  • Bibliography Database of Living/Fossil Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii, Holocephali) Papers of the Year 2016

    Bibliography Database of Living/Fossil Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii, Holocephali) Papers of the Year 2016

    www.shark-references.com Version 13.01.2017 Bibliography database of living/fossil sharks, rays and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii, Holocephali) Papers of the year 2016 published by Jürgen Pollerspöck, Benediktinerring 34, 94569 Stephansposching, Germany and Nicolas Straube, Munich, Germany ISSN: 2195-6499 copyright by the authors 1 please inform us about missing papers: [email protected] www.shark-references.com Version 13.01.2017 Abstract: This paper contains a collection of 803 citations (no conference abstracts) on topics related to extant and extinct Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, and chimaeras) as well as a list of Chondrichthyan species and hosted parasites newly described in 2016. The list is the result of regular queries in numerous journals, books and online publications. It provides a complete list of publication citations as well as a database report containing rearranged subsets of the list sorted by the keyword statistics, extant and extinct genera and species descriptions from the years 2000 to 2016, list of descriptions of extinct and extant species from 2016, parasitology, reproduction, distribution, diet, conservation, and taxonomy. The paper is intended to be consulted for information. In addition, we provide information on the geographic and depth distribution of newly described species, i.e. the type specimens from the year 1990- 2016 in a hot spot analysis. Please note that the content of this paper has been compiled to the best of our abilities based on current knowledge and practice, however,
  • Argulus Ambystoma, a New Species Parasitic on the Salamander Ambystoma Dumerilii from Mexico (Crustacea: Branchiura: Argulidae)1

    Argulus Ambystoma, a New Species Parasitic on the Salamander Ambystoma Dumerilii from Mexico (Crustacea: Branchiura: Argulidae)1

    Argulus ambystoma, a New Species Parasitic on the Salamander Ambystoma dumerilii from Mexico (Crustacea: Branchiura: Argulidae)1 WILLIAM J. POLY2, Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6501 ABSTRACT. A new species of Argulus is described based on 18 specimens taken from the salamander ("achoque" or "ajolote") Ambystoma dumerilii Duges, collected in Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico. Diagnostic characters include the shape of the respiratory areas, number of sclerites in suction cup rods, and structures on the legs of males. Females are heavily stippled, whereas males have a very distinctive pigment pattern consisting of abundant melanophores covering the testes dors ally and two dark, inverted triangular patches on the carapace dorsally. The new species is similar to the North American species, A versicolor,A. americanus, A. maculosus, and A diversus. A single, dorsal pore was observed on each caudal ramus using scanning electron microscopy; these pores have not been reported previously in the Branchiura. OHIO J SCI 103 (3>52-6l, 2003 INTRODUCTION 1991; Osorio-Sarabia and others 1986; Perez-Ponce de Ten species of Argulus Miiller have been collected in Leon and others 1994; Peresbarbosa-Rojas and others Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. The wide- 1994; Espinosa-Huerta and others 1996; Peresbarbosa- spread exotic, Argulus japonicus Thiele, was found on Rojas and others 1997). A number of endemic taxa exist aquarium fishes, Carassius auratus (Linne) and Astro- in Lake Patzcuaro including several fishes (Cbirostoma notus ocellatus (Agassiz), in Puerto Rico (Bunkley-Williams patzcuaro Meek, C. e. estor Jordan, C. a. attenuatum and Williams 1994), and Vargas and Fallas (1976) found Meek), a crayfish (Cambarellus patzcuarensis Villa- A.
  • Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean Volume

    Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean Volume

    ISBN 0-9689167-4-x Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean (Davis Strait, Southern Greenland and Flemish Cap to Cape Hatteras) Volume One Acipenseriformes through Syngnathiformes Michael P. Fahay ii Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean iii Dedication This monograph is dedicated to those highly skilled larval fish illustrators whose talents and efforts have greatly facilitated the study of fish ontogeny. The works of many of those fine illustrators grace these pages. iv Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean v Preface The contents of this monograph are a revision and update of an earlier atlas describing the eggs and larvae of western Atlantic marine fishes occurring between the Scotian Shelf and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (Fahay, 1983). The three-fold increase in the total num- ber of species covered in the current compilation is the result of both a larger study area and a recent increase in published ontogenetic studies of fishes by many authors and students of the morphology of early stages of marine fishes. It is a tribute to the efforts of those authors that the ontogeny of greater than 70% of species known from the western North Atlantic Ocean is now well described. Michael Fahay 241 Sabino Road West Bath, Maine 04530 U.S.A. vi Acknowledgements I greatly appreciate the help provided by a number of very knowledgeable friends and colleagues dur- ing the preparation of this monograph. Jon Hare undertook a painstakingly critical review of the entire monograph, corrected omissions, inconsistencies, and errors of fact, and made suggestions which markedly improved its organization and presentation.
  • ABSTRACT Anchoviella Vaillanti

    ABSTRACT Anchoviella Vaillanti

    Volume 45(esp.):33‑40, 2014 REDESCRIPTION OF THE FRESHWATER ANCHOVY ANCHOVIELLA VAILLANTI (STEINDACHNER, 1908) (CLUPEIFORMES: ENGRAULIDAE) WITH NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF ESTUARINE CONGENERS IN THE RIO SÃO FRANCISCO BASIN, BRAZIL 1,2 MARINA VIANNA LOEB 1,3 JOSÉ LIMA DE FIGUEIREDO ABSTRACT Anchoviella vaillanti (Steindachner, 1908) was described based on few specimens from the middle Rio São Francisco; however, several specimens of the species have been collected in recent decades. The range of morphological variation of A. vaillanti could thus be reassessed based on a larger number of specimens currently available in fish collections, and the species redescribed. Anchoviella vaillanti can be recognized among freshwater congeners by the relative position of the pelvic, dorsal and anal fins. Records of the species in ichthyological collections are restricted to the upper and middle portions of the Rio São Francisco basin, but the species might also occur in the lower Rio São Francisco. Comments on the distribution of the marine species of Anchoviella from the lower Rio São Francisco basin and an identification key including those species and A. vaillanti are provided. Key-Words: Ichthyology; Taxonomy; Neotropical; Rio São Francisco basin; Anchovy. INTRODUCTION coast and can extend distances up the lower portions of rivers. In a recent study of the Brazilian freshwater Anchoviella is one of the most species-rich gen- species of Anchoviella, Loeb (2009) recognized seven era of the Engraulidae, with about 17 valid marine, different Amazonian species (two of them still unde- estuarine and freshwater species distributed in South scribed) and one single species from the Rio São Fran- American rivers and along the Atlantic and Pacific cisco basin, Anchoviella vaillanti (Steindachner, 1908).
  • Cop17 Doc. 87

    Cop17 Doc. 87

    Original language: English CoP17 Doc. 87 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Seventeenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Johannesburg (South Africa), 24 September - 5 October 2016 Species specific matters Maintenance of the Appendices FRESHWATER STINGRAYS (POTAMOTRYGONIDAE SPP.) 1. This document has been submitted by the Animals Committee.* Background 2. At its 16th meeting (CoP16, Bangkok, 2013), the Conference of the Parties adopted the following interrelated decisions on freshwater stingrays: Directed to the Secretariat 16.130 The Secretariat shall issue a Notification requesting the range States of freshwater stingrays (Family Potamotrygonidae) to report on the conservation status and management of, and domestic and international trade in the species. Directed to the Animals Committee 16.131 The Animals Committee shall establish a working group comprising the range States of freshwater stingrays in order to evaluate and duly prioritize the species for inclusion in CITES Appendix II. 16.132 The Animals Committee shall consider all information submitted on freshwater stingrays in response to the request made under Decision 16.131 above, and shall: a) identify species of priority concern, including those species that meet the criteria for inclusion in Appendix II of the Convention; b) provide specific recommendations to the range States of freshwater stingrays; and c) submit a report at the 17th meeting of the Conference of the Parties on the progress made by the working group, and its recommendations and conclusions. * The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the CITES Secretariat (or the United Nations Environment Programme) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
  • Amorphometric and Meristic Study of the Halfbeak, Hyporhamphus

    Amorphometric and Meristic Study of the Halfbeak, Hyporhamphus

    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1993 Amorphometric and Meristic Study of the Halfbeak, Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Teleostei: Hemiramphidae) from the Western Atlantic, with the Description of a New Species Heidi M. Banford College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography Commons Recommended Citation Banford, Heidi M., "Amorphometric and Meristic Study of the Halfbeak, Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Teleostei: Hemiramphidae) from the Western Atlantic, with the Description of a New Species" (1993). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539617658. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-pbsc-sy52 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A MORPHOMETRIC AND MERISTIC STUDY OF THE HALFBEAK, HYPORHAMPHUS UNIFASCIATUS (TELEOSTEI: HEMIRAMPHIDAE) FROM THE WESTERN ATLANTIC, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Heidi M. Banford 1993 This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Heidi M. Banford Approved, July 1993 Jojm A. Musick,' Ph.D. flmittee Chairman/Advisor ~ t M . ^ Herbert M. Austin, Ph.D.
  • Ambush Predator’ Guild – Are There Developmental Rules Underlying Body Shape Evolution in Ray-Finned Fishes? Erin E Maxwell1* and Laura AB Wilson2

    Ambush Predator’ Guild – Are There Developmental Rules Underlying Body Shape Evolution in Ray-Finned Fishes? Erin E Maxwell1* and Laura AB Wilson2

    Maxwell and Wilson BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:265 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/265 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Regionalization of the axial skeleton in the ‘ambush predator’ guild – are there developmental rules underlying body shape evolution in ray-finned fishes? Erin E Maxwell1* and Laura AB Wilson2 Abstract Background: A long, slender body plan characterized by an elongate antorbital region and posterior displacement of the unpaired fins has evolved multiple times within ray-finned fishes, and is associated with ambush predation. The axial skeleton of ray-finned fishes is divided into abdominal and caudal regions, considered to be evolutionary modules. In this study, we test whether the convergent evolution of the ambush predator body plan is associated with predictable, regional changes in the axial skeleton, specifically whether the abdominal region is preferentially lengthened relative to the caudal region through the addition of vertebrae. We test this hypothesis in seven clades showing convergent evolution of this body plan, examining abdominal and caudal vertebral counts in over 300 living and fossil species. In four of these clades, we also examined the relationship between the fineness ratio and vertebral regionalization using phylogenetic independent contrasts. Results: We report that in five of the clades surveyed, Lepisosteidae, Esocidae, Belonidae, Sphyraenidae and Fistulariidae, vertebrae are added preferentially to the abdominal region. In Lepisosteidae, Esocidae, and Belonidae, increasing abdominal vertebral count was also significantly related to increasing fineness ratio, a measure of elongation. Two clades did not preferentially add abdominal vertebrae: Saurichthyidae and Aulostomidae. Both of these groups show the development of a novel caudal region anterior to the insertion of the anal fin, morphologically differentiated from more posterior caudal vertebrae.
  • Genome Composition Plasticity in Marine Organisms

    Genome Composition Plasticity in Marine Organisms

    Genome Composition Plasticity in Marine Organisms A Thesis submitted to University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHYLOSOPHY in “Applied Biology” XXVIII cycle by Andrea Tarallo March, 2016 1 University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy Research Doctorate in Applied Biology XXVIII cycle The research activities described in this Thesis were performed at the Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy and at the Fishery Research Laboratory, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan from April 2013 to March 2016. Supervisor Dr. Giuseppe D’Onofrio Tutor Doctoral Coordinator Prof. Claudio Agnisola Prof. Ezio Ricca Candidate Andrea Tarallo Examination pannel Prof. Maria Moreno, Università del Sannio Prof. Roberto De Philippis, Università di Firenze Prof. Mariorosario Masullo, Università degli Studi Parthenope 2 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 1. On the genome base composition of teleosts: the effect of environment and lifestyle A Tarallo, C Angelini, R Sanges, M Yagi, C Agnisola, G D’Onofrio BMC Genomics 17 (173) 2016 2. Length and GC Content Variability of Introns among Teleostean Genomes in the Light of the Metabolic Rate Hypothesis A Chaurasia, A Tarallo, L Bernà, M Yagi, C Agnisola, G D’Onofrio PloS one 9 (8), e103889 2014 3. The shifting and the transition mode of vertebrate genome evolution in the light of the metabolic rate hypothesis: a review L Bernà, A Chaurasia, A Tarallo, C Agnisola, G D'Onofrio Advances in Zoology Research 5, 65-93 2013 4. An evolutionary acquired functional domain confers neuronal fate specification properties to the Dbx1 transcription factor S Karaz, M Courgeon, H Lepetit, E Bruno, R Pannone, A Tarallo, F Thouzé, P Kerner, M Vervoort, F Causeret, A Pierani and G D’Onofrio EvoDevo, Submitted 5.
  • Final EIS, Donlin Gold Project

    Final EIS, Donlin Gold Project

    Donlin Gold Project Chapter 3: Environmental Analysis Final Environmental Impact Statement 3.13 Fish and Aquatic Resources 3.13 FISH AND AQUATIC RESOURCES SYNOPSIS This section describes conditions and evaluates potential impacts to fish and aquatic resources from the proposed action and alternatives. Each alternative is examined by major project component (Mine Site; Transportation Corridor; and Pipeline) by project phase (Construction, Operations, and Closure). An Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) Assessment is provided in Appendix Q. EXISTING CONDITION SUMMARY Fish and aquatic resources are of central importance to the livelihood of residents of the proposed project area. While other chapter sections (Section 3.5, Surface Water Hydrology, Section 3.7, Water Quality, and Section 3.21, Subsistence) discuss topics associated with fish and aquatic resources, this section characterizes aquatic habitat and the diversity, abundance, and distribution of fish in the Kuskokwim River and the drainages affected by the proposed project. The section also describes the regulatory framework associated with the management and protection of area fisheries and aquatic habitats and presents an analysis of expected consequences of the proposed project and alternatives. Both federal and state laws protect fish and aquatic resources that would be affected by components of the proposed project. Key laws and regulations include: the Clean Water Act (CWA), including Sections 402 and 404, which govern discharges to waters of the U.S.; the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson- Stevens Act), which governs protection of EFH; and state regulation of mining and water use and discharge permits as well as fish habitat protection requirements. The Kuskokwim River and many of its tributaries, including tributaries in the Crooked Creek drainage, are designated as EFH for Pacific salmon.
  • Biodiversity of Arctic Marine Fishes: Taxonomy and Zoogeography

    Biodiversity of Arctic Marine Fishes: Taxonomy and Zoogeography

    Mar Biodiv DOI 10.1007/s12526-010-0070-z ARCTIC OCEAN DIVERSITY SYNTHESIS Biodiversity of arctic marine fishes: taxonomy and zoogeography Catherine W. Mecklenburg & Peter Rask Møller & Dirk Steinke Received: 3 June 2010 /Revised: 23 September 2010 /Accepted: 1 November 2010 # Senckenberg, Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and Springer 2010 Abstract Taxonomic and distributional information on each Six families in Cottoidei with 72 species and five in fish species found in arctic marine waters is reviewed, and a Zoarcoidei with 55 species account for more than half list of families and species with commentary on distributional (52.5%) the species. This study produced CO1 sequences for records is presented. The list incorporates results from 106 of the 242 species. Sequence variability in the barcode examination of museum collections of arctic marine fishes region permits discrimination of all species. The average dating back to the 1830s. It also incorporates results from sequence variation within species was 0.3% (range 0–3.5%), DNA barcoding, used to complement morphological charac- while the average genetic distance between congeners was ters in evaluating problematic taxa and to assist in identifica- 4.7% (range 3.7–13.3%). The CO1 sequences support tion of specimens collected in recent expeditions. Barcoding taxonomic separation of some species, such as Osmerus results are depicted in a neighbor-joining tree of 880 CO1 dentex and O. mordax and Liparis bathyarcticus and L. (cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene) sequences distributed among gibbus; and synonymy of others, like Myoxocephalus 165 species from the arctic region and adjacent waters, and verrucosus in M. scorpius and Gymnelus knipowitschi in discussed in the family reviews.
  • The History and Future of the Biological Resources of the Caspian and the Aral Seas*

    The History and Future of the Biological Resources of the Caspian and the Aral Seas*

    Journal of Oceanology and Limnology Vol. 36 No. 6, P. 2061-2084, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-018-8189-z The history and future of the biological resources of the Caspian and the Aral Seas* N. V. ALADIN 1, ** , T. CHIDA 2 , Yu. S. CHUIKOV 3 , Z. K. ERMAKHANOV 4 , Y. KAWABATA 5 , J. KUBOTA 6 , P. MICKLIN 7 , I. S. PLOTNIKOV 1 , A. O. SMUROV 1 , V. F. ZAITZEV 8 1 Zoological Institute RAS, St.-Petersburg 199034, Russia 2 Nagoya University of Foreign Studies, Nisshin 470-0197, Japan 3 Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan 414056, Russia 4 Aral Branch of Kazakh Research Institute of Fishery, Aralsk 120100, Kazakhstan 5 Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu Tokyo 183-8509, Japan 6 National Institutes for the Humanities, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan 7 Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo 49008, USA 8 Astrakhan State Technical University, Astrakhan 414056, Russia Received Jul. 11, 2018; accepted in principle Aug. 16, 2018; accepted for publication Sep. 10, 2018 © Chinese Society for Oceanology and Limnology, Science Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract The term ‘biological resources’ here means a set of organisms that can be used by man directly or indirectly for consumption. They are involved in economic activities and represent an important part of a country’s raw material potential. Many other organisms are also subject to rational use and protection. They can be associated with true resource species through interspecifi c relationships. The Caspian and Aral Seas are continental water bodies, giant saline lakes. Both categories of species are represented in the benthic and pelagic communities of the Caspian and Aral Seas and are involved in human economic activities.