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Uvic Thesis Template EVALUATING THE CONSERVATION POTENTIAL OF URBAN AND RURAL ECOSYSTEMS FOR AQUATIC-BREEDING AMPHIBIANS: A CASE STUDY OF TWO NATIVE FROGS IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA by Jemma Green B.Sc., University of British Columbia, 2011 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the School of Environmental Studies Jemma Green, 2018 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Evaluating the Conservation Potential of Urban and Rural Ecosystems for Aquatic- breeding Amphibians: A Case Study of Two Native Frogs in Southwestern British Columbia by Jemma Green B.Sc., University of British Columbia, 2011 Supervisory Committee Dr. Purnima Govindarajulu, Co-Supervisor School of Environmental Studies Dr. Eric S. Higgs, Co-Supervisor School of Environmental Studies iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Purnima Govindarajulu, Co-Supervisor School of Environmental Studies Dr. Eric S. Higgs, Co-Supervisor School of Environmental Studies The conservation of aquatic-breeding amphibian populations and their habitats is increasingly challenged by urban and rural development, which is occurring more intensively and more rapidly than ever before. Some species are now impacted by development throughout their range. This has forced a re-evaluation of the potential of developed landscapes for providing habitat and contributing to regional conservation strategies. For many amphibians, little is known about the criteria necessary for persistence in a developed landscape. Considerable variation in the physiology, habitat requirements, and movement behaviour of amphibians suggests that responses to habitat loss, alteration, and fragmentation are species-specific. In this thesis, I investigate species-habitat relationships for the northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora) and the Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in a mixed urban-rural landscape in southwestern British Columbia to evaluate the potential for species persistence despite urban and rural development throughout their range. I used repeat auditory surveys of the species’ breeding chorus to determine presence or absence at potential breeding wetlands. I then related species occurrence and abundance to characteristics of the aquatic and terrestrial environment measured at multiple spatial scales. Both species were found to use rural and urban wetlands, though R. aurora were rarely detected while P. regilla were common. Occurrence was best explained by characteristics of the terrestrial environment, rather than within-wetland characteristics, though influential terrestrial characteristics and their scale of impact differed between species. Within the context of the developed landscape, I identify species-specific positive and negative habitat associations and suggest the spatial scales at which management of these habitat characteristics will be most effective. These criteria may help to explain the species’ current distribution, prioritize management iv strategies, predict the effectiveness of habitat conservation and restoration projects, and inform development in municipalities seeking to maintain or enhance amphibian diversity. v Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents .................................................................................................................v List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................x Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. xi Dedication ......................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 Introduction .........................................................................................................1 1.1 Amphibian conservation and restoration challenges ................................................ 1 1.2 Managing the whole landscape ................................................................................. 3 1.3 Thesis overview ........................................................................................................ 5 1.4 Study area.................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 2 Northern Red-legged Frog Auditory Survey and Assessment of Breeding Habitat in Urban and Rural Saanich, Vancouver Island ......................................................9 2.0 Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 10 2.2 Methods................................................................................................................... 13 2.2.1 Sampling design & site selection ..................................................................... 13 2.2.2 Site characterization ......................................................................................... 15 2.2.3 Auditory surveys .............................................................................................. 19 2.2.4 Statistical analysis ............................................................................................ 19 2.3 Results ..................................................................................................................... 20 2.3.1 Local and landscape characteristics of occupied ponds ................................... 20 2.3.2 Detection histories ........................................................................................... 23 2.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 25 2.4.1 Potential causes of non-detection at waterway sites ........................................ 26 2.4.2 Within-pond habitat considerations ................................................................. 27 2.4.3 A case for created ponds .................................................................................. 29 2.4.4 Terrestrial habitat availability and connectivity .............................................. 30 2.4.5 The limitations of auditory surveys for Rana aurora ...................................... 33 vi 2.4.6 The rarity of Rana aurora ............................................................................. 35 2.5 Conclusion and recommendations .......................................................................... 36 Chapter 3 Multiscale Determinants of Pacific Chorus Frog Occurrence and Relative Abundance in a Developed Landscape ..............................................................................38 3.1 Abstract ................................................................................................................... 38 3.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 38 3.3 Methods................................................................................................................... 41 3.3.1 Site selection .................................................................................................... 41 3.3.2 Data collection ................................................................................................. 42 3.3.3 Statistical analyses ........................................................................................... 46 3.4 Results ..................................................................................................................... 48 3.4.1 Occupancy........................................................................................................ 50 3.4.2 Calling index ................................................................................................... 54 3.4.3 Relative variable importance ........................................................................... 56 3.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 58 3.5.1 The terrestrial habitat hypothesis ..................................................................... 59 3.5.2 The habitat connectivity hypothesis................................................................. 62 3.5.3 The non-native predators hypothesis ............................................................... 66 3.5.4 The aquatic habitat hypothesis ......................................................................... 67 3.5.5 Detectability ..................................................................................................... 68 3.5.6 The absence of Pseudacris regilla from waterways ........................................ 70 3.5.7 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 4 Conclusion .........................................................................................................73
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