DOCSLIB.ORG

Complex Female Mate Choice in a Terrestrial Breeding Amphibian: Importance of Direct and Indirect Benefits

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Complex Female Mate Choice in a Terrestrial Breeding Amphibian: Importance of Direct and Indirect Benefits University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 2017+ University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2020 Complex female mate choice in a terrestrial breeding amphibian: importance of direct and indirect benefits Daniel Michael O’Brien Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1 University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Complex female mate choice in a terrestrial breeding amphibian: importance of direct and indirect benefits Daniel Michael O’Brien Supervisors: Associate Professor Phillip Gregory Byrne Dr Aimee Jade Silla Professor J. Scott Keogh This thesis is presented as part of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Wollongong. This research has been conducted with the support of the Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship The University of Wollongong School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences December 2020 “I am intoxicated by animals” Sir David Attenborough 1 Abstract Female mate choice is a powerful evolutionary force that can drive the diversification of reproductive traits. Despite female mate choice being pervasive among sexually reproducing animals, we still have a limited understanding of the mechanisms that underpin mate choice. Generally, direct material benefits of mate choice are well supported whereby choosy females gain immediate fitness benefits through increased fertilisation/fecundity, superior parental care, provision of resources or by promoting offspring quality and survival. Alternatively, females stand to gain from indirect genetic benefits of mate choice, which are derived from the contribution of genes alone. Despite sexual selection being a research focus over the past four decades, the importance of indirect genetic benefits remains unclear and highly controversial, in part due to a lack of robust empirical testing required to draw firm conclusions. Major criticisms of past studies have centred on there being limited attempt to; i) consider population-wide variation in breeding behaviours throughout breeding seasons, ii) use genetic approaches to elucidate the mating success of individuals (and resolve the genetic mating system), and iii) simultaneously test competing indirect benefit hypotheses for mate choice. These limitations have inhibited our ability to discern the relative importance of indirect benefits and its prevalence among animals, impeding our understanding of sexual selection. As such, the general aim of this thesis was to employ a comprehensive, bottom-up approach to investigate the breeding biology and mating system of the red-backed toadlet (Pseudophryne coriacea), with a view towards unravelling patterns and benefits of female mate choice. My systematic approach aimed to; 1) gain fundamental insights into the species’ breeding ecology, 2) determine the species’ genetic mating system, 3) explore the potential for direct benefits of mate choice and 4) test competing hypotheses for indirect benefits of mate choice. Critically, this study focused on an entire population of P. coriacea, that spanned multiple reproductive events over a prolonged breeding season (115 days). In Chapter two, I used a multivariate approach to explore the social and climatic correlates of breeding, and to gain a general understanding of the species’ reproductive ecology. This work revealed that males respond strongly to climatic cues, while females were found to predominately use male calling activity (a social cue), in conjunction with climatic conditions, to inform breeding decisions. Accordingly, I developed an understanding of the specific environmental conditions that promote opportunities for mate choice in P. coriacea. In Chapter three, I quantified the genetic mating system of the population using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to assign parentage to offspring among all adults in the population. Females predominately mated with a single male, providing evidence for 2 genetic monandry (one of only two cases in an amphibian), highlighting the potential for female mate choice. In support of this inference, mating success was skewed towards a subset of males, with only one third securing multiple females. Importantly, genetic analysis also revealed evidence for male nest-takeover, male sneaking, and the occurrence of hybridisation within the population. Considered together, chapters two and three demonstrated that there are strong opportunities for sexual selection in the system, and provided the foundations for teasing apart the specific mechanisms driving choice. Subsequently, my investigations in Chapter four focused on female preferences for nest-sites using a multivariate analysis which accounted for the inter-relationship between nest traits on male sexual display. Females were found to preferentially deposit eggs in nests with wetter, less acidic substrates, conditions that are known to improve embryonic survival (indicative of a direct reproductive benefit) in toadlets. The same nest characteristics also influenced the capacity of resident males to acoustically advertise and defend nests. Together, these findings highlight the importance of male defended resources (nests) to both male-male competition and female mate choice. Only at this point, with a thorough understanding of the model system, was it appropriate to test for indirect genetic benefit hypotheses, and place my findings in an ecological context. In Chapter five, I conducted a simultaneous test of two competing indirect benefit hypotheses for the evolution of mate choice. I found that females were significantly more related to their mates than expected under random mating during the main breeding event, drawing attention to the possibility that mate choice for genetic compatibility serves to reduce fitness costs associated with outbreeding. While this result provides the first population-wide evidence for non-random preferential inbreeding in a wild amphibian, there are multiple lines of inquiry which indicate that mate choice for genetic compatibility may be widespread among amphibians. This finding also calls into question the long-standing belief that mating with closely related mates should be avoided and promotes consideration that inbreeding might actually yield significant fitness benefits in certain animal groups. Overall, my findings indicate that females may benefit from mate choice both directly and indirectly, which provides evidence that multiple mechanisms may be simultaneously driving mate choice in this system. In conclusion, my research highlights the value of combining observational and genetic approaches to elucidate a species mating system, and comprehensively testing multiple, competing hypotheses for the evolution of mate choice. Moreover, it contributes to a rapidly growing body of evidence that female mate choice is highly complex. 3 Acknowledgments Going back to university to start a PhD was not a decision I took lightly. But I knew I would regret passing up the opportunity to truly challenge myself, despite not knowing if I really had what it takes. Sure enough, this was one of the most difficult, yet rewarding ventures I’ve ever undertaken. Of course, I could not have achieved this without the continued support of my supervisors, particularly Phil. Thank you, Phil, for providing much needed direction throughout my research and for regularly consolidating my, sometimes, chaotic thought process. Your genuine interest in my PhD and excitement over my findings provided more positive reinforcement that any student could ask for. I think I speak for everyone in the lab in saying you’ve been a great mentor to all of us and have been instrumental in our development as scientists. I have no doubt that your daughter is going to achieve great things. Thank you, Aimee, for your guidance and valuable advice throughout the many phases of my PhD. Your perspective and suggestions on my chapters, outside the ‘Dan-Phil bubble’, were extremely helpful. PS, it was nice to see Phil get shutdown every once in a while. I also appreciate the time you and Phil dedicated to elements of my project requiring you to be away from home, particularly since both of you had family commitments.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/05/2021 09:34:25AM Via Free Access © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2017
    Amphibia-Reptilia 38 (2017): 483-502 Resurrection of genus Nidirana (Anura: Ranidae) and synonymizing N. caldwelli with N. adenopleura, with description of a new species from China Zhi-Tong Lyu, Zhao-Chi Zeng, Jian Wang, Chao-Yu Lin, Zu-Yao Liu, Ying-Yong Wang∗ Abstract. The taxonomy of Babina sensu lato was controversial in the past decades. In this study, the phylogeny of genus Babina sensu lato was re-constructed based on genetic analysis, morphological comparison and advertisement call analysis. We found that Babina sensu stricto and previous subgenus Nidirana should be two distinct genera in the family Ranidae. N. caldwelli is confirmed to be a synonym of N. adenopleura because of the small genetic divergence and the lack of distinct morphological differences. A new species, Nidirana nankunensis sp. nov. is described based on a series of specimens collected from Mt. Nankun, Guangdong Province, China, which can be distinguished from other known congeners by having a behavior of nest construction, distinctive advertisement calls, significant divergence in the mitochondrial genes, and a combination of morphological characters. Currently, the genus Babina contains two species and the genus Nidirana contains eight species. Keywords: Babina, bioacoustic, mitochondrial DNA, morphology, Nidirana nankunensis sp. nov., phylogeny. Introduction folds (Dubois, 1992). Subsequently, Nidirana was recognized as a separate genus by Chen The ranid genus Babina was established and de- et al. (2005), based on a molecular phyloge- scribed on the basis of Rana holsti Boulenger, netic tree of Southeast Asian ranids that only 1892 (type species) and Rana subaspera Bar- included one Nidirana species – R. (N.) cha- bour, 1908 by Thompson (1912).
    [Show full text]
  • Furness, Mcdiarmid, Heyer, Zug.Indd
    south american Journal of Herpetology, 5(1), 2010, 13-29 © 2010 brazilian society of herpetology Oviduct MOdificatiOns in fOaM-nesting frOgs, with eMphasis On the genus LeptodactyLus (aMphibia, LeptOdactyLidae) Andrew I. Furness1, roy w. McdIArMId2, w. ronAld Heyer3,5, And GeorGe r. ZuG4 1 department of Biology, university of california, Riverside, ca 92501, usa. e‑mail: [email protected] 2 us Geological survey, patuxent Wildlife Research center, National Museum of Natural History, MRc 111, po Box 37012, smithsonian Institution, Washington, dc 20013‑7012, usa. e‑mail: [email protected] 3 National Museum of Natural History, MRc 162, po Box 37012, smithsonian Institution, Washington, dc 20013‑7012. e‑mail: [email protected] 4 National Museum of Natural History, MRc 162, po Box 37012, smithsonian Institution, Washington, dc 20013‑7012. e‑mail: [email protected] 5 corresponding author. AbstrAct. various species of frogs produce foam nests that hold their eggs during development. we examined the external morphology and histology of structures associated with foam nest production in frogs of the genus Leptodactylus and a few other taxa. we found that the posterior convolutions of the oviducts in all mature female foam-nesting frogs that we examined were enlarged and compressed into globular structures. this organ-like portion of the oviduct has been called a “foam gland” and these structures almost certainly produce the secretion that is beaten by rhythmic limb movements into foam that forms the nest. however, the label “foam gland” is a misnomer because the structures are simply enlarged and tightly folded regions of the pars convoluta of the oviduct, rather than a separate structure; we suggest the name pars convoluta dilata (pcd) for this feature.
    [Show full text]
  • Helminths of the Frog Pleurodema Diplolister
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.08513 Notes and Comments Helminths of the frog Pleurodema diplolister (Anura, Leiuperidae) from the Caatingain Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil Teles, DA.a, Sousa, JGG.a*, Teixeira, AAM.a, Silva, MC.a, Oliveira, RH.a, Silva, MRM.a and Ávila, RW.b aPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Bioprospecção Molecular, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri – URCA, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz, 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil bDepartamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional do Cariri – URCA, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz, 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil *e-mail: [email protected] Received: May 22, 2013 – Accepted: December 12, 2013 – Distributed: March 31, 2015 1. Introduction The leiuperid genus Pleurodema (Tshudi, 1838) Voucher specimens were deposited at Coleção Herpetológica currently comprises 15 species widely distributed in the da Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato municipality, Neotropical region (Frost, 2011), mainly in dry forests and Ceará State (URCA-H: 2855-2858, 2866-2870). open areas (Ferraro and Casagranda, 2009; Kolenc et al., Lungs, gall bladder and digestive tract were examined 2009). Pleurodema diplolister (Peters, 1870) is the only under a stereomicroscope for parasites. For identification, species in the genus known to inhabit the Caatinga biome nematodes were cleared in lactophenol, and the cestodes (shrub-like vegetation) (Cardoso and Arzabe, 1993). The were stained with carmine, dehydrated in an increasing species is also found in the Brazilian Cerrado and Cerrado- alcohol series and cleared in creosote, where they were Caatinga transition zones (Andrade and Vaz-Silva, 2012). subsequently mounted on temporary slides and identified Pleurodema diplolister is a fossorial and omnivorous frog, under a light microscope.
    [Show full text]
  • Foam Nest Construction and First Report of Agonistic Behaviour In
    Neotropical Biology and Conservation 14(1): 117–128 (2019) doi: 10.3897/neotropical.14.e34841 SHORT COMMUNICATION Foam nest construction and first report of agonistic behaviour in Pleurodema tucumanum (Anura, Leptodactylidae) Melina J. Rodriguez Muñoz1,2, Tomás A. Martínez1,2, Juan Carlos Acosta1, Graciela M. Blanco1 1 Gabinete DIBIOVA (Diversidad y Biología de Vertebrados del Árido). Departamento de Biología, FCEFN, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Avenida Ignacio de la Roza 590, Rivadavia J5400DCS, San Juan, Argentina 2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires Argentina Corresponding author: Melina J. Rodriguez Muñoz ([email protected]) Academic editor: A. M. Leal-Zanchet | Received 21 May 2018 | Accepted 27 December 2018 | Published 11 April 2019 Citation: Rodriguez Muñoz MJ, Martínez TA, Acosta JC, Blanco GM (2019) Foam nest construction and first report of agonistic behaviour in Pleurodema tucumanum (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Neotropical Biology and Conservation, 14(1): 117–128. https://doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.14.e34841 Abstract Reproductive strategies are the combination of physiological, morphological, and behavioural traits interacting to increase species reproductive success within a set of environmental conditions. While the reproductive strategies of Leiuperinae are known, few studies have been conducted regarding the reproductive behaviour that underlies them. The aim of this study was to document the structural characteristics of nesting microsites, to describe the process of foam nest construction, and to explore the presence of male agonistic and chorus behaviour in Pleurodema tucumanum. Nests were found close to the edge of a temporary pond and the mean temperature of the foam nests was always close to the mean temperature of the pond water.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Native Small Terrestrial Vertebrates in the Galapagos 2 3 Diego F
    1 Non-Native Small Terrestrial Vertebrates in the Galapagos 2 3 Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia 4 5 Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Zoología 6 Terrestre & Museo de Zoología, Quito 170901, Ecuador 7 8 King’s College London, Department of Geography, London, UK 9 10 Email address: [email protected] 11 12 13 14 Introduction 15 Movement of propagules of a species from its current range to a new area—i.e., extra-range 16 dispersal—is a natural process that has been fundamental to the development of biogeographic 17 patterns throughout Earth’s history (Wilson et al. 2009). Individuals moving to new areas usually 18 confront a different set of biotic and abiotic variables, and most dispersed individuals do not 19 survive. However, if they are capable of surviving and adapting to the new conditions, they may 20 establish self-sufficient populations, colonise the new areas, and even spread into nearby 21 locations (Mack et al. 2000). In doing so, they will produce ecological transformations in the 22 new areas, which may lead to changes in other species’ populations and communities, speciation 23 and the formation of new ecosystems (Wilson et al. 2009). 24 25 Human extra-range dispersals since the Pleistocene have produced important distribution 26 changes across species of all taxonomic groups. Along our prehistory and history, we have aided 27 other species’ extra-range dispersals either by deliberate translocations or by ecological 28 facilitation due to habitat changes or modification of ecological relationships (Boivin et al. 29 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Diet of Leptodactylus Spixi (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from a Cacao Plantation in Southern Bahia, Brazil
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333995570 Diet of Leptodactylus spixi (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from a cacao plantation in southern Bahia, Brazil Article in North-Western Journal of Zoology · June 2019 CITATIONS READS 9 367 6 authors, including: Mirco Solé Iuri Ribeiro Dias Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz 190 PUBLICATIONS 1,714 CITATIONS 57 PUBLICATIONS 366 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Euvaldo Marciano Jr Dennis Rödder Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Leibniz Institute for Biodiversity Change Analysis (LIB) - Research Museum Alexan… 29 PUBLICATIONS 194 CITATIONS 328 PUBLICATIONS 5,874 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Diet of Phyllodytes melanomystax from southern Bahia View project Evolution and Diversity in Phyllomedusinae Günther, 1858 (Amphibia, Anura): an evolutionary approach of genotype and phenotype View project All content following this page was uploaded by Mirco Solé on 25 June 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 15 (1): 62-66 ©NWJZ, Oradea, Romania, 2019 Article No.: e181501 http://biozoojournals.ro/nwjz/index.html Diet of Leptodactylus spixi (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from a cacao plantation in southern Bahia, Brazil Mirco SOLÉ1,2*, Iuri R. DIAS1, Erika A. S. RODRIGUES1, Euvaldo MARCIANO-JR1, Samuel M. J. BRANCO1 and Dennis RÖDDER2 1. Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-000 Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. 2. Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Section of Herpetology, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproduction and Spawning Behavior in the Frog, Engystomops Pustulatus (Shreve 1941)
    Copyright: © 2014 Ron et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License, Amphibian & Reptile Conservation which permits unrestricted use for non-commercial and education purposes only provided [Special Section] 8(1): 25–32. the original author and source are credited. The official publication credit source:Amphib - ian & Reptile Conservation at: amphibian-reptile-conservation.org Reproduction and spawning behavior in the frog, Engystomops pustulatus (Shreve 1941) 1Santiago R. Ron, 1,2Andrea E. Narváez, 3Giovanna E. Romero 1Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Roca, Aptdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, ECUADOR 2La Trobe University, Department of Zoology, Bundoora VIC 3086, AUSTRALIA 3Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Herbario Nacional del Ecuador, Av. Río Coca E6-115 e Isla Fernandina, Quito, ECUADOR Abstract.—The study of reproductive strategies is central to understand the demography of populations and the energetic relationships of the species with their ecosystem. Documenting the reproductive natural history of the species is pressing in groups, like amphibians, that are threatened with extinction at a global scale. Herein, we describe the reproductive ecology and spawning behavior of the leptodactylid frog Engystomops pustulatus. In addition, we report observations that suggest the existence of an alternative mating strategy. Our results show that reproduction in E. pustulatus is characterized by high maternal investment (15% egg mass relative to body mass). We found evidence of size-assortative mating with a tendency of larger females to mate with larger males. Clutch size was correlated with female weight, female condition and male size.
    [Show full text]
  • Rampant Tooth Loss Across 200 Million Years of Frog Evolution
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.04.429809; this version posted February 6, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Rampant tooth loss across 200 million years of frog evolution 2 3 4 Daniel J. Paluh1,2, Karina Riddell1, Catherine M. Early1,3, Maggie M. Hantak1, Gregory F.M. 5 Jongsma1,2, Rachel M. Keeffe1,2, Fernanda Magalhães Silva1,4, Stuart V. Nielsen1, María Camila 6 Vallejo-Pareja1,2, Edward L. Stanley1, David C. Blackburn1 7 8 1Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 9 Gainesville, Florida USA 32611 10 2Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida USA 32611 11 3Biology Department, Science Museum of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota USA 55102 12 4Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense 13 Emilio Goeldi, Belém, Pará Brazil 14 15 *Corresponding author: Daniel J. Paluh, [email protected], +1 814-602-3764 16 17 Key words: Anura; teeth; edentulism; toothlessness; trait lability; comparative methods 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.04.429809; this version posted February 6, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]
  • (Riparian, Agricultural and Residential) Along the River of Barangay Mananum, Bag-O, Medina, Misamis Oriental, Philippines
    J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2017 Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 11, No. 5, p. 274-286, 2017 http://www.innspub.net RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS Diversity of anuran of the three different habitat types (Riparian, Agricultural and Residential) along the River of Barangay Mananum, Bag-o, Medina, Misamis Oriental, Philippines Naomi J. Cero, Edelyn B. Gonzales, Lord Elgin J. Ladera, Cordulo P. Ascano II, Gina C. Lacang* Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines Article published on November 30, 2017 Key words: Anurans, Habitat, Diversity, Canonical correspondence analysis Abstract Anuran belongs to the group of amphibians that are sensitive to the alterations of their environment and they could be used as bio-indicator organisms to follow changes in their habitats. The diversity of anurans was studied in the three sites located along the river of Mananum, Bag-o, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Visual encounter survey was used to capture the target species. Diversity indices such as species richness, relative abundance, Shannon-Weiner function, evenness, similarity index were analyzed. Environmental variables were measured to know the species-habitat relationships using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Results of the study revealed that the area is composed of 6 species of anurans namely: Rana magna, Hylarana signata, Polypedates leucomystax, Occidozyga laevis, Limnonectes leytensis and Rhinella marina. It was found out that riparian area has the highest species richness and showed higher diversity index compared from the two areas. Based from CCA, it was found out that the area is composed of three (3) habitat types namely: forested; shrub land; and rocky area.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeography of Two Andean Frogs: Test of Vicariance Versus Elevational
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/819557; this version posted October 25, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 1 Running title: Phylogeography of Andean frogs 2 3 4 5 Phylogeography of two Andean frogs: Test of vicariance versus elevational 6 gradient models of diversification 7 8 Daria Koscinski1, Paul Handford1, Pablo L. Tubaro2, Peiwen Li3, Stephen C. Lougheed4* 9 10 11 12 1 Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada 13 2 División Ornitología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Avda, 14 Argentina 15 3 Department of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada 16 * Corresponding author 17 E-mail: [email protected] 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/819557; this version posted October 25, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 2 26 ABSTRACT 27 The tropical and subtropical Andes have among the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. 28 Understanding the forces that underlie speciation and diversification in the Andes is a major 29 focus of research. Here we tested two hypotheses of species origins in the Andes: 1. Vicariance 30 mediated by orogenesis or shifting habitat distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • (Anura, Cycloramphidae) Diadema 2019 Gustavo Gabriele De Gaspari
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SÃO PAULO Campus de Diadema GUSTAVO GABRIELE DE GASPARI USO DE HABITAT E REPRODUÇÃO DE CYCLORAMPHUS BORACEIENSIS (ANURA, CYCLORAMPHIDAE) DIADEMA 2019 GUSTAVO GABRIELE DE GASPARI USO DE HABITAT E REPRODUÇÃO DE CYCLORAMPHUS BORACEIENSIS (ANURA, CYCLORAMPHIDAE) Dissertação apresentada, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ecologia e Evolução, ao Programa de Pós- Graduação Stricto Sensu do Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas da Universidade Federal de São Paulo – Campus Diadema. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Cinthia Aguirre Brasileiro DIADEMA 2019 Gaspari, Gustavo Gabriele de Uso de habitat e reprodução de Cycloramphus boraceiensis (Anura, Cycloramphidae) /Gustavo Gabriele de Gaspari. – – Diadema, 2019 53 f. Dissertação de Mestrado (Pós-Graduação em Ecologia & Evolução) - Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Campus Diadema, 2019. Orientadora: Cinthia Aguirre Brasileiro 1.Amphibia 2. Mata Atlântica 3. Riacho 4. Investimento reprodutivo 5. Sitio de ocorrência. I. Título. CDD 597.8 Agradecimento Gostaria de agradecer primeiramente a minha orientadora profa. Dra. Cinthia Aguirre Brasileiro pela oportunidade de realizar o mestrado e pelo enorme aprendizado e paciência durante esses dois anos. Um agradecimento mais do que especial a CAPES pela bolsa de mestrado, sem essa bolsa não seria possível realizar esta etapa tão importante em minha formação, muito obrigado por investir em tópicos tão importantes para o desenvolvimento da nação. Outra pessoa que foi fundamental para a realização deste trabalho foi o prof. Dr. Celio Haddad com o auxílio financeiro juntamente com a FAPESP, que proporcionaram minhas idas a campo para realizar as coletas. Um abraço especial a todos os funcionários do PESM Caraguatatuba pelo excelente trabalho de proteção e conservação da biodiversidade e pela oportunidade de utilizar as dependências para realizar minhas coletas e me abrigar durante este período, em especial ao Miguel Nema, gestor do parque.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biological Significance of Acoustic Stimuli Determines Ear
    © 2015. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | The Journal of Experimental Biology (2015) 00, 1-8 doi:10.1242/jeb.114694 1 RESEARCH ARTICLE 63 2 64 3 65 4 The biological significance of acoustic stimuli determines ear 66 5 67 6 preference in the music frog 68 7 69 8 Fei Xue1,2, Guangzhan Fang2,*, Ping Yang2, Ermi Zhao1,2, Steven E. Brauth3 and Yezhong Tang2,* 70 9 71 10 72 11 73 12 ABSTRACT prey, predator activities and conspecific behaviors (Rogers et al., 2013; 74 13 Behavioral and neurophysiological studies support the idea that Vallortigara, 2006). 75 Macaca fuscata 14 right ear advantage (REA) exists for perception of conspecific vocal It has been reported that Japanese macaques ( ) 76 15 signals in birds and mammals. Nevertheless, few studies have best discriminate conspecific vocalizations using the right ear 77 16 focused on anuran species that typically communicate through (Petersen et al., 1978). Similarly, mice best discriminate conspecific 78 17 vocalization. The present study examined the direction and ultrasonic communication calls presented to the right ear (Ehret, 79 Macaca mulatta 18 latencies of orientation behaviors in Emei music frogs (Babina 1987). Perhaps for this reason, rhesus monkeys ( ) 80 19 daunchina) produced in response to six auditory stimuli emitted preferentially orient their heads to the right side when conspecific 81 20 by a speaker placed directly behind the subjects. The stimuli calls are presented from a position directly behind the subjects, 82 21 included male advertisement calls produced from within burrow while turning to the left when presented with interspecific sounds 83 22 nests, which have been shown to be highly sexually attractive (Hauser and Andersson, 1994).
    [Show full text]