DOCSLIB.ORG

Protists in the Cold

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Protists in the Cold Protist community structure in Atlantic Arctic through the year as revealed by high throughput sequencing Elianne Egge, Daniel Vaulot, Aud Larsen, Gunnar Bratbak, Uwe John, Bente Edvardsen University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences Pelagic food web Size Meso- phytoplankton zooplankton Protists = unicellular Micro- eukaryotes JT, UiO Nano- Pico- bacteria plankton Dissolved organic material Modified from Paasche 2005 The MicroPolar project “Processes and Players in Arctic Marine Pelagic Food Webs - Biogeochemistry, Environment and Climate Change” Microbes in the Artic: Who are they? How are they distributed through the year and by depth? What do they do? How do they respond to environmental factors? How do they interact with each other? Sampling campaigns in 2014 R/V Helmer Hanssen Sampling for protist metabarcoding 50L water per depth Size fractionation at 4 depths: 1, 15-25, 500, 1000 m Methods Metabarcoding data • 155 samples • Illumina HiSeq, 76 million reads (DNA sequences) after filtering • Avg. 490.000 reads per sample • Clustering at 98% similarity to operational taxonomic unites (OTUs) • OTUs classified to taxonomy against PR2 database • Obtained 37 000 OTUs estimating species Who are the picoplankton? (0.4-3 µm) Proportional read abundance Richness (# OTUs of in total 7729) Picobilizoa Who are the plankton of 10-50µm? Proportional read abundance Richness (# OTUs of in total 7879) Bacillariophyta The most abundant genotypes (OTUs) OTU Total # reads Supergroup Division Class Order Species OTU 1 288187 Alveolata Dinophyta Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Uncultured sp. OTU 2 261795 Stramenopiles Bacillariophyta Mediophyceae Chaetocerotales Chaetoceros gelidus OTU 3 194740 Alveolata Dinophyta Dinophyceae Dinophyceae sp. Uncultured sp. OTU 4 183788 Hacrobia Haptophyta Prymnesiophyceae Phaeocystales Phaeocystis pouchetii OTU 5 144912 Alveolata Dinophyta Dinophyceae Syndiniales Uncultured sp. OTU 6 127291 Stramenopiles Ochrophyta Mediophyceae Thalassiosirales Uncultured sp. OTU 7 126854 Alveolata Dinophyta Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Uncultured sp. OTU 8 114634 Alveolata Dinophyta Dinophyceae Dinophyceae sp. Uncultured sp. OTU 9 102582 Hacrobia Picobilizoa Picomonadea Picomonadida Uncultured sp. OTU 10 76110 Alveolata Dinophyta Dinophyceae Syndiniales Uncultured sp. OTU 11 71039 Alveolata Dinophyta Dinophyceae Syndiniales Uncultured sp. OTU 12 63158 Alveolata Dinophyta Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Gyrodinium fusiforme OTU 13 62576 Alveolata Dinophyta Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Uncultured sp. OTU 14 62299 Alveolata Dinophyta Dinophyceae Peridiniales Uncultured sp. OTU 15 58223 Hacrobia Picobilizoa Picomonadea Picomonadida Uncultured sp. OTU 16 57760 Alveolata Dinophyta Dinophyceae Syndiniales Uncultured sp. OTU 17 56452 Stramenopiles Stramenopiles MAST MAST-1 Uncultured sp. OTU 18 55403 Alveolata Dinophyta Dinophyceae Syndiniales Uncultured sp. OTU 19 48828 Hacrobia Picobilizoa Picomonadea Picomonadida Uncultured sp. OTU 20 46808 Archaeplastida Chlorophyta Mamiellophyceae Mamiellales Micromonas pusilla Most represented protist taxa Micromonas Photo:W Eikrem Chaetoceros decipiens Chaetoceros gelidus Syndiniales Thalassiosira Gymnodiniales Photo: L. Guillou Phaeocystis In addition to Phaeocystis pouchetii, P. cordata, P. jahnii, P. globosa and P. cf. antarctica and several unknown species in this genus were detected. What are the abundant picoplankton Summer May + Aug surface (1-20m) May + Aug deep (200-1000m) 1. Micromonas pusilla 1. Dinophyceae, Syndiniales 2. Phaeocystis pouchetii 2. Phaeocystis_pouchetii 3. Bathycoccus prasinos 3. Dinophyceae, Syndiniales 4. Micromonas sp. 4. Dinophyceae, Syndiniales 5. Dinophyceae, Syndiniales 5. Dinophyceae, Syndiniales 6. Chaetoceros_gelidus 6. Dinophyceae, Syndiniales 7. Dinophyceae unclassified 7. Dinophyceae, Syndiniales 8. Dinophyceae unclassified 8. Dinophyceae, unclassified 9. Dinophyceae_unclassified 9. Dinophyceae, Syndiniales 10. Ciliophora, Sciurothamnion 10. Dinophyceae, Syndiniales 11. Ciliophora, Strombidiidae 11. Bathycoccus_prasinos 12. Ciliophora, Nassellarida 12. Dinophyceae, unclassified 13. Dinophyceae, Syndiniales 13. Micromonas sp. Accumulated frequency Accumulated 14. Stramenopila, MAST sp. 15. Picozoa, Picomonadidae sp. Green: Phototrophs Red: Putative parasites Surface samples dominated by phototrophs, deep samples contain more heterotrophs and parasites What are the abundant picoplankton? Winter Jan, Mar, Nov surface (1-20m) Jan, Mar, Nov deep (200-1000m) Top 15 most abundant OTUs Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Picozoa, Picomonadidae Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Picozoa, Picomonadidae Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Dinophyceae, Syndiniales . Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Picozoa, Picomonadidae Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Stramenopila, MAST-1 Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Picozoa, Picomonadidae Dinophyceae, unclassified Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Amoebophrya_sp. Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Accumulated frequency Accumulated Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Dinophyceae, Syndiniales Picozoa, Picomonadidae Dinophyceae, unclassified Green: Phototrophs Red: Putative parasites Heterotrophs and putative parasites dominate completely in winter. In deep water parasites dominate. Richness through the season Jan March May Aug Nov Stramenopiles incl. the diatoms Number of OTUs Alveolates= dinoflagellates and ciliates Lowest diversity is found in May in the surface during the spring bloom. In the summer the diversity is higher in deep water than surface Taxonomic distribution of reads through the year 100% Proportion of of reads Proportion 0% SW: Surface water AW: Atlantic water IW: Intermediate Arctic water ArW: Arctic water NH: Net haul Vertical and seasonal distribution of dominant taxa Jan March May Aug Nov Jan March May Aug Nov 25000 30000 OTU 1 Dinophyceae uncultured OTU 4 Phaeocystis pouchetii 25000 20000 20000 15000 15000 10000 10000 5000 5000 0 0 50000 50000 OTU 2 Chaetoceros gelidus (diatom) OTU 5 Syndiniales uncultured 40000 40000 (parasitic dinoflagellate) 30000 30000 20000 20000 10000 10000 0 0 16000 OTU 3 Dinophyceae uncultured 14000 10000 OTU 21 Micromonas pusilla (Chlorophyta) 12000 9000 8000 10000 7000 8000 6000 5000 6000 4000 4000 3000 2000 2000 1000 0 0 OTU community composition t = surface (mostly 1m and 20m) Summer surface samples different from deep b = deep samples (below 200m) summer and all winter samples that seems rather similar Summary & conclusions • The protist community composition differed significantly between the dark and light seasons and between surface water and below the photic zone. • Dinoflagellates dominated both in OTU richness and relative read abundance in all samples except in May, when diatoms dominated. • For the pico- and small nanoplankton the community composition was similar in deep summer samples and all winter samples, but differed to shallow summer samples, when phototrophs were dominant and the diversity was lower. • During winter heterotrophic and parasitic dinoflagellates dominate the picoplankton community. • Metabarcoding reveal a huge diversity and a large number of new records for the Arctic and taxa that may be unique to the Arctic. • Most OTUs have best match with an uncultured environmental sequence and we need more DNA reference sequences for more precise identification. Acknowledgements Micropolar’s participants: AWI, Germany University of Bergen Uwe John Gunnar Bratbak Stephanie Westphal Aud Larsen Lise Øvreås CNRS/UMPC, Roscoff, France Bryan Wilson Ian Probert Jessica Ray Daniel Vaulot Jorun Egge Ruth-Anne Sandaa Hilde Stabell CNRS/UMPC, Banyuls sur Mer Hilde Armo Hervé Moureau University of Oslo Elianne Dunthorn Egge Bente Edvardsen Wenche Eikrem Thank you for your attention! Rita Amundsen.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Molecular Data and the Evolutionary History of Dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Un
    Molecular data and the evolutionary history of dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg, 1993 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Botany We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November 2003 © Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria, 2003 ABSTRACT New sequences of ribosomal and protein genes were combined with available morphological and paleontological data to produce a phylogenetic framework for dinoflagellates. The evolutionary history of some of the major morphological features of the group was then investigated in the light of that framework. Phylogenetic trees of dinoflagellates based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU) are generally poorly resolved but include many well- supported clades, and while combined analyses of SSU and LSU (large subunit ribosomal RNA) improve the support for several nodes, they are still generally unsatisfactory. Protein-gene based trees lack the degree of species representation necessary for meaningful in-group phylogenetic analyses, but do provide important insights to the phylogenetic position of dinoflagellates as a whole and on the identity of their close relatives. Molecular data agree with paleontology in suggesting an early evolutionary radiation of the group, but whereas paleontological data include only taxa with fossilizable cysts, the new data examined here establish that this radiation event included all dinokaryotic lineages, including athecate forms. Plastids were lost and replaced many times in dinoflagellates, a situation entirely unique for this group. Histones could well have been lost earlier in the lineage than previously assumed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Planktonic Protist Interactome: Where Do We Stand After a Century of Research?
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/587352; this version posted May 2, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Bjorbækmo et al., 23.03.2019 – preprint copy - BioRxiv The planktonic protist interactome: where do we stand after a century of research? Marit F. Markussen Bjorbækmo1*, Andreas Evenstad1* and Line Lieblein Røsæg1*, Anders K. Krabberød1**, and Ramiro Logares2,1** 1 University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (Evogene), Blindernv. 31, N- 0316 Oslo, Norway 2 Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, ES-08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain * The three authors contributed equally ** Corresponding authors: Ramiro Logares: Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Phone: 34-93-2309500; Fax: 34-93-2309555. [email protected] Anders K. Krabberød: University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology (Evogene), Blindernv. 31, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. Phone +47 22845986, Fax: +47 22854726. [email protected] Abstract Microbial interactions are crucial for Earth ecosystem function, yet our knowledge about them is limited and has so far mainly existed as scattered records. Here, we have surveyed the literature involving planktonic protist interactions and gathered the information in a manually curated Protist Interaction DAtabase (PIDA). In total, we have registered ~2,500 ecological interactions from ~500 publications, spanning the last 150 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Is a Ubiquitous, Ancient, and Inherent Attribute of Eukaryotic Life
    PAPER Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of COLLOQUIUM eukaryotic life Dave Speijera,1, Julius Lukešb,c, and Marek Eliášd,1 aDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; bInstitute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic; cCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1Z8; and dDepartment of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic Edited by John C. Avise, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved April 8, 2015 (received for review February 14, 2015) Sexual reproduction and clonality in eukaryotes are mostly Sex in Eukaryotic Microorganisms: More Voyeurs Needed seen as exclusive, the latter being rather exceptional. This view Whereas absence of sex is considered as something scandalous for might be biased by focusing almost exclusively on metazoans. a zoologist, scientists studying protists, which represent the ma- We analyze and discuss reproduction in the context of extant jority of extant eukaryotic diversity (2), are much more ready to eukaryotic diversity, paying special attention to protists. We accept that a particular eukaryotic group has not shown any evi- present results of phylogenetically extended searches for ho- dence of sexual processes. Although sex is very well documented mologs of two proteins functioning in cell and nuclear fusion, in many protist groups, and members of some taxa, such as ciliates respectively (HAP2 and GEX1), providing indirect evidence for (Alveolata), diatoms (Stramenopiles), or green algae (Chlor- these processes in several eukaryotic lineages where sex has oplastida), even serve as models to study various aspects of sex- – not been observed yet.
    [Show full text]
  • Metagenomic Characterization of Unicellular Eukaryotes in the Urban Thessaloniki Bay
    Metagenomic characterization of unicellular eukaryotes in the urban Thessaloniki Bay George Tsipas SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION & LEGAL STUDIES A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science (MSc) in Bioeconomy Law, Regulation and Management May, 2019 Thessaloniki – Greece George Tsipas ’’Metagenomic characterization of unicellular eukaryotes in the urban Thessaloniki Bay’’ Student Name: George Tsipas SID: 268186037282 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Savvas Genitsaris I hereby declare that the work submitted is mine and that where I have made use of another’s work, I have attributed the source(s) according to the Regulations set in the Student’s Handbook. May, 2019 Thessaloniki - Greece Page 2 of 63 George Tsipas ’’Metagenomic characterization of unicellular eukaryotes in the urban Thessaloniki Bay’’ 1. Abstract The present research investigates through metagenomics sequencing the unicellular protistan communities in Thermaikos Gulf. This research analyzes the diversity, composition and abundance in this marine environment. Water samples were collected monthly from April 2017 to February 2018 in the port of Thessaloniki (Harbor site, 40o 37’ 55 N, 22o 56’ 09 E). The extraction of DNA was completed as well as the sequencing was performed, before the downstream read processing and the taxonomic classification that was assigned using PR2 database. A total of 1248 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were detected but only 700 unicellular eukaryotes were analyzed, excluding unclassified OTUs, Metazoa and Streptophyta. In this research-based study the most abundant and diverse taxonomic groups were Dinoflagellata and Protalveolata. Specifically, the most abundant groups of all samples are Dinoflagellata with 190 OTUs (27.70%), Protalveolata with 139 OTUs (20.26%) Ochrophyta with 73 OTUs (10.64%), Cercozoa with 67 OTUs (9.77%) and Ciliophora with 64 OTUs (9.33%).
    [Show full text]
  • Predatory Flagellates – the New Recently Discovered Deep Branches of the Eukaryotic Tree and Their Evolutionary and Ecological Significance
    Protistology 14 (1), 15–22 (2020) Protistology Predatory flagellates – the new recently discovered deep branches of the eukaryotic tree and their evolutionary and ecological significance Denis V. Tikhonenkov Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, 152742, Russia | Submitted March 20, 2020 | Accepted April 6, 2020 | Summary Predatory protists are poorly studied, although they are often representing important deep-branching evolutionary lineages and new eukaryotic supergroups. This short review/opinion paper is inspired by the recent discoveries of various predatory flagellates, which form sister groups of the giant eukaryotic clusters on phylogenetic trees, and illustrate an ancestral state of one or another supergroup of eukaryotes. Here we discuss their evolutionary and ecological relevance and show that the study of such protists may be essential in addressing previously puzzling evolutionary problems, such as the origin of multicellular animals, the plastid spread trajectory, origins of photosynthesis and parasitism, evolution of mitochondrial genomes. Key words: evolution of eukaryotes, heterotrophic flagellates, mitochondrial genome, origin of animals, photosynthesis, predatory protists, tree of life Predatory flagellates and diversity of eu- of the hidden diversity of protists (Moon-van der karyotes Staay et al., 2000; López-García et al., 2001; Edg- comb et al., 2002; Massana et al., 2004; Richards The well-studied multicellular animals, plants and Bass, 2005; Tarbe et al., 2011; de Vargas et al., and fungi immediately come to mind when we hear 2015). In particular, several prevailing and very abun- the term “eukaryotes”. However, these groups of dant ribogroups such as MALV, MAST, MAOP, organisms represent a minority in the real diversity MAFO (marine alveolates, stramenopiles, opistho- of evolutionary lineages of eukaryotes.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Figure 1 Multicenter Randomised Control Trial 2746 Randomised
    Supplementary Figure 1 Multicenter randomised control trial 2746 randomised 947 control 910 MNP without zinc 889 MNP with zinc 223 lost to follow up 219 lost to follow up 183 lost to follow up 34 refused 29 refused 37 refused 16 died 12 died 9 died 3 excluded 4 excluded 1 excluded 671 in follow-up 646 in follow-up 659 in follow-up at 24mo of age at 24mo of age at 24mo of age Selection for Microbiome sequencing 516 paired samples unavailable 469 paired samples unavailable 497 paired samples unavailable 69 antibiotic use 63 antibiotic use 67 antibiotic use 31 outside of WLZ criteria 37 outside of WLZ criteria 34 outside of WLZ criteria 6 diarrhea last 7 days 2 diarrhea last 7 days 7 diarrhea last 7 days 39 WLZ > -1 at 24 mo 10 WLZ < -2 at 24mo 58 WLZ > -1 at 24 mo 17 WLZ < -2 at 24mo 48 WLZ > -1 at 24 mo 8 WLZ < -2 at 24mo available for selection available for selection available for selection available for selection available for selection1 available for selection1 14 selected 10 selected 15 selected 14 selected 20 selected1 7 selected1 1 Two subjects (one in the reference WLZ group and one undernourished) had, at 12 months, no diarrhea within 1 day of stool collection but reported diarrhea within 7 days prior. Length, cm kg Weight, Supplementary Figure 2. Length (left) and weight (right) z-scores of children recruited into clinical trial NCT00705445 during the first 24 months of life. Median and quantile values are shown, with medians for participants profiled in current study indicated by red (undernourished) and black (reference WLZ) lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    PLASTID-TARGETED PROTEINS ARE ABSENT FROM THE PROTEOMES OF ACHLYA HYPOGYNA AND THRAUSTOTHECA CLAVATA (OOMYCOTA, STRAMENOPILA): IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORIGIN OF CHROMALVEOLATE PLASTIDS AND THE ‘GREEN GENE’ HYPOTHESIS Lindsay Rukenbrod A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Center for Marine Science University of North Carolina Wilmington 2012 Approved by Advisory Committee D. Wilson Freshwater Jeremy Morgan Allison Taylor J. Craig Bailey Chair Accepted by Dean, Graduate School This thesis has been prepared in the style and format consistent with the Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................vi DEDICATION ................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................................ix CHAPTER 1: Implications for the origin of chromalveolate plastids ............................... X INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 METHODS...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • New Phylogenomic Analysis of the Enigmatic Phylum Telonemia Further Resolves the Eukaryote Tree of Life
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/403329; this version posted August 30, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. New phylogenomic analysis of the enigmatic phylum Telonemia further resolves the eukaryote tree of life Jürgen F. H. Strassert1, Mahwash Jamy1, Alexander P. Mylnikov2, Denis V. Tikhonenkov2, Fabien Burki1,* 1Department of Organismal Biology, Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 2Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslavl Region, Russia *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: TSAR, Telonemia, phylogenomics, eukaryotes, tree of life, protists bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/403329; this version posted August 30, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract The broad-scale tree of eukaryotes is constantly improving, but the evolutionary origin of several major groups remains unknown. Resolving the phylogenetic position of these ‘orphan’ groups is important, especially those that originated early in evolution, because they represent missing evolutionary links between established groups. Telonemia is one such orphan taxon for which little is known. The group is composed of molecularly diverse biflagellated protists, often prevalent although not abundant in aquatic environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Ellobiopsids of the Genus Thalassomyces Are Alveolates
    J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 51(2), 2004 pp. 246±252 q 2004 by the Society of Protozoologists Ellobiopsids of the Genus Thalassomyces are Alveolates JEFFREY D. SILBERMAN,a,b1 ALLEN G. COLLINS,c,2 LISA-ANN GERSHWIN,d,3 PATRICIA J. JOHNSONa and ANDREW J. ROGERe aDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, California, USA, and bInstitute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California at Los Angeles, California, USA, and cEcology, Behavior and Evolution Section, Division of Biology, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA, and dDepartment of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA, and eCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Genome Atlantic, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada ABSTRACT. Ellobiopsids are multinucleate protist parasites of aquatic crustaceans that possess a nutrient absorbing `root' inside the host and reproductive structures that protrude through the carapace. Ellobiopsids have variously been af®liated with fungi, `colorless algae', and dino¯agellates, although no morphological character has been identi®ed that de®nitively allies them with any particular eukaryotic lineage. The arrangement of the trailing and circumferential ¯agella of the rarely observed bi-¯agellated `zoospore' is reminiscent of dino¯agellate ¯agellation, but a well-organized `dinokaryotic nucleus' has never been observed. Using small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences from two species of Thalassomyces, phylogenetic analyses robustly place these ellobiopsid species among the alveolates (ciliates, apicomplexans, dino¯agellates and relatives) though without a clear af®liation to any established alveolate lineage. Our trees demonstrate that Thalassomyces fall within a dino¯agellate 1 apicomplexa 1 Perkinsidae 1 ``marine alveolate group 1'' clade, clustering most closely with dino¯agellates.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabarcoding Analysis of Prey Composition of the Copepod Calanus Finmarchicus in Regions of the North Atlantic Ocean Heidi Yeh [email protected]
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OpenCommons at University of Connecticut University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Master's Theses University of Connecticut Graduate School 7-16-2018 Metabarcoding Analysis of Prey Composition of the Copepod Calanus finmarchicus in Regions of the North Atlantic Ocean Heidi Yeh [email protected] Recommended Citation Yeh, Heidi, "Metabarcoding Analysis of Prey Composition of the Copepod Calanus finmarchicus in Regions of the North Atlantic Ocean" (2018). Master's Theses. 1257. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/1257 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Connecticut Graduate School at OpenCommons@UConn. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of OpenCommons@UConn. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Metabarcoding Analysis of Prey Composition of the Copepod Calanus finmarchicus in Regions of the North Atlantic Ocean Heidi Yeh B.A., Barnard College, Columbia University, 2014 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science At the University of Connecticut 2018 Copyright by Heidi Yeh 2018 ii APPROVAL PAGE Masters of Science Thesis Metabarcoding Analysis of Prey Composition of the Copepod Calanus finmarchicus in Regions of the North Atlantic Ocean Presented by Heidi Yeh, B.A. Major Advisor________________________________________________________________ Ann Bucklin Associate Advisor_______________________________________________________________ Senjie Lin Associate Advisor_______________________________________________________________ George McManus University of Connecticut 2018 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have provided support and encouragement over the course of this research project. I would like to thank my advisor, Ann Bucklin.
    [Show full text]
  • "Plastid Originand Evolution". In: Encyclopedia of Life
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Queensland eSpace Plastid Origin and Advanced article Evolution Article Contents . Introduction Cheong Xin Chan, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA . Primary Plastids and Endosymbiosis . Secondary (and Tertiary) Plastids Debashish Bhattacharya, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA . Nonphotosynthetic Plastids . Plastid Theft . Plastid Origin and Eukaryote Evolution . Concluding Remarks Online posting date: 15th November 2011 Plastids (or chloroplasts in plants) are organelles within organisms that emerged ca. 2.8 billion years ago (Olson, which photosynthesis takes place in eukaryotes. The ori- 2006), followed by the evolution of eukaryotic algae ca. 1.5 gin of the widespread plastid traces back to a cyano- billion years ago (Yoon et al., 2004) and finally by the rise of bacterium that was engulfed and retained by a plants ca. 500 million years ago (Taylor, 1988). Photosynthetic reactions occur within the cytosol in heterotrophic protist through a process termed primary prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, however, the reaction takes endosymbiosis. Subsequent (serial) events of endo- place in the organelle, plastid (e.g. chloroplast in plants). symbiosis, involving red and green algae and potentially The plastid also houses many other reactions that are other eukaryotes, yielded the so-called ‘complex’ plastids essential for growth and development in algae and plants; found in photosynthetic taxa such as diatoms, dino- for example, the
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity and Habitats of Two Enigmatic Marine Alveolate Lineages
    AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Vol. 42: 277–291, 2006 Published March 29 Aquat Microb Ecol Genetic diversity and habitats of two enigmatic marine alveolate lineages Agnès Groisillier1, Ramon Massana2, Klaus Valentin3, Daniel Vaulot1, Laure Guillou1,* 1Station Biologique, UMR 7144, CNRS, and Université Pierre & Marie Curie, BP74, 29682 Roscoff Cedex, France 2Department de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar, CMIMA, CSIC. Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain 3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany ABSTRACT: Systematic sequencing of environmental SSU rDNA genes amplified from different marine ecosystems has uncovered novel eukaryotic lineages, in particular within the alveolate and stramenopile radiations. The ecological and geographic distribution of 2 novel alveolate lineages (called Group I and II in previous papers) is inferred from the analysis of 62 different environmental clone libraries from freshwater and marine habitats. These 2 lineages have been, up to now, retrieved exclusively from marine ecosystems, including oceanic and coastal waters, sediments, hydrothermal vents, and perma- nent anoxic deep waters and usually represent the most abundant eukaryotic lineages in environmen- tal genetic libraries. While Group I is only composed of environmental sequences (118 clones), Group II contains, besides environmental sequences (158 clones), sequences from described genera (8) (Hema- todinium and Amoebophrya) that belong to the Syndiniales, an atypical order of dinoflagellates exclu- sively composed of marine parasites. This suggests that Group II could correspond to Syndiniales, al- though this should be confirmed in the future by examining the morphology of cells from Group II. Group II appears to be abundant in coastal and oceanic ecosystems, whereas permanent anoxic waters and hy- drothermal ecosystems are usually dominated by Group I.
    [Show full text]