Espectros De Lo Real. Virtualidad Y Mundos Posibles En La Literatura Y El

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Espectros De Lo Real. Virtualidad Y Mundos Posibles En La Literatura Y El Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Departamento de Filología Española Programa de Doctorado en Teoría de la Literatura y Literatura Comparada ESPECTROS DE LO REAL. VIRTUALIDAD Y MUNDOS POSIBLES EN LA LITERATURA Y EL CINE POSMODERNOS Tesis doctoral Presentada por: HAMZA BOULAGHZALATE Dirigida por: DR. EDUARD VILELLA DR. DAVID ROAS Barcelona, 2014 2 AGRADECIMIENTOS Quisiera manifestar mis más sinceros agradecimientos al Dr. Eduard Vilella y al Dr. David Roas, directores de mi tesis, por su dedicación, su enseñanza y su constante apoyo. Asimismo, debo agradecer de manera especial a todos los profesores y teóricos de la literatura que me enviaron material precioso, referencias relevantes relativas a mis intereses y me brindaron nuevas pistas de reflexión: Marie-Laure Ryan, Thomas Pavel, Philippe Fuchs, García Thibaut, Dominique Noel y Olivier Nannipieri. Finalmente, me gustaría expresar mi gratitud hacia mi familia por su paciencia y apoyo incondicionales y hacia mis amigos Abdelilah Benali y Abdelmoghit Benomar por su especial ayuda. 3 Resumen: la presente tesis pretende estudiar el concepto de la virtualidad, sus poéticas, su estética, su estilo y sus modalidades. En una sociedad en que predominan los ideales de inmersión, presenciae interactividad, la virtualidad se convierte en un «estilo posmoderno intermediático» donde la noción de lo virtual es un elemento temático integrado en una estética cuya principal articulación es la oposición de lo virtual a lo real. Los procesos de virtualización que se operan en nuestras vidas cotidianas apoyados por el avance de la tecnología digital traducen no sólo una bifurcación de lo real en un conjunto de «posibles», sino también la «creación» o «actualización» de un real nuevo, autónomo, capaz de producir «simulacros» y «espectros» de lo real. Como herramienta que revoluciona las estrategias de creación artística y modifica nuestra manera de simbolizar y aprehender lo real, la virtualidad «amplía» el campo de acción de la ficción en un momento en que se acentúa la tendencia a la sofisticación de los productos de la imaginación. La emergencia de una literatura y de un cine que han hecho de lo virtual el modo idóneo para generar lo ficticio, lo plural, lo posible y lo híbrido se manifiesta cada vez más en la capacidad que ofrece el texto literario y la imagen cinematográfica de transportar al lector y al espectador a un territorio virtual, accesible, manejable, inmersivo e interactivo, a un mundo posible situado entre lo utópico y lo distópico, lo verdadero y lo falso, lo real y lo ilusorio,en fin, a una «realidad virtual». Palabras claves: virtual, realidad virtual, mundos posibles, mundos virtuales, realidades alternativas, inmersión, presencia, interactividad. 4 Summary: The present thesis aims to study the concept of virtuality, its poetics, aesthetics, style and its modes. In a society where the ideals of immersion, presence and interactivity predominate, virtuality has become a «cross-media postmodern style» where the notion of the virtual is a thematic element integrated in aesthetics whose primary articulation is the opposition from the virtual to the real. The processes of virtualization taking place in our everyday lives supported by the advance of digital technology not only translate a bifurcation of reality into a set of «possible» but also the «creation» or «update» of a new real, autonomous, capable of producing «simulacra» and «specters» of the real. As a tool which revolutionizes the strategies of artistic creation and changes our way of symbolizing and apprehending the real, virtuality broadens the scope of action of the fiction in a moment when the trend is emphasized to the sophistication of the products of the imagination. The emergence of a literature and a cinema, which have made the virtual an ideal mode to generate the fictitious, the plural, the possible and the hybrid, is manifested increasingly in the capacity offered by the literary text and the cinematographic image to transport the reader and the viewer in a virtual, accessible, manageable, immersive and interactive territory, in a possible world situated between the utopian and the dystopian, the true and the false, the real and the illusory,finally, in a «virtual reality». Key words: virtual, virtual reality, possible worlds, virtual worlds, alternative realities, immersion, presence, interactivity. 5 ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL: DE LA ILUSIÓN A LO VIRTUAL ....................... 9 PRIMERA PARTE.VIRTUALIDAD 1. De lo etimológico a lo ontológico..................................................................... 18 1.1. Etimología de lo virtual .............................................................................. 18 Vĭrtus ...................................................................................................................... 19 Virtualis .................................................................................................................. 22 Virtualidad ............................................................................................................ 24 Realidad virtual .................................................................................................... 25 Imagen virtual ....................................................................................................... 34 1.2. Ontología de lo virtual ................................................................................ 40 Lo virtual frente a lo actual o lo virtual como fragmento ................................... 40 Lo virtual frente a lo posible o lo virtual como posibilidad ................................ 43 2. De lo cosmológico a lo estructural ................................................................... 49 2.1. Cosmologías de lo virtual ........................................................................... 49 Los mundos virtuales .......................................................................................... 49 Los mundos posibles ........................................................................................... 51 2.2. Arquitecturas de lo virtual .......................................................................... 58 3. De lo virtual utópico a lo virtual distópico .................................................... 63 3.1. Lo virtual utópico o lo virtual como potencia ............................................... 63 3.2. Lo virtual distópico o lo virtual como falsificación ...................................... 69 Conclusiones ................................................................................................................ 77 6 SEGUNDA PARTE. POÉTICAS DE LA VIRTUALIDAD 4. Modalidades de lo virtual .................................................................................. 82 4.1. Lo virtual como discurso promotor y omnipresente ............................... 82 4.2. Exclusión e inclusión o sociocrítica de lo virtual ......................................... 86 5. Estilos de lo virtual en cine o las fábulas de lo visible ................................. 92 5.1. La realidad virtual y el cine ......................................................................... 92 5.2. Temáticas de lo virtual en el cine posmoderno o las huellas de un mundo suplantado ................................................................................................................... 97 El mundo como «gran juego virtual» ................................................................ 97 El mundo como «ficción-espectáculo» ............................................................ 100 El mundo como «representación de lo invisible y de lo espectral» ............ 103 El mundo como «Matriz» o la noción totalitaria del mundo administrado ...... 107 5.3. Estilos de lo virtual en cine ...................................................................... 110 6. Experiencias de lo virtual ..................................................................................... 115 6.1. Inmersión ......................................................................................................... 115 Inmersión en el texto .......................................................................................... 125 Inmersión en la imagen ..................................................................................... 141 6.2. Presencia ........................................................................................................... 153 Presencia y realidad virtual .............................................................................. 153 «Presencia» en las artes del espectáculo ......................................................... 163 6.3. Interactividad .................................................................................................. 181 Definición(es) ...................................................................................................... 181 Génesis de un concepto ..................................................................................... 183 La literatura ergódica o los universos de ficción interactiva ............................. 188 El cine interactivo ............................................................................................... 193 La interactividad narrativa o la ruptura de la linealidad ................................. 194 La interactividad selectiva o el espectador que elige y vota .............................. 200 Conclusiones .............................................................................................................
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