Sugar-Coated Fortress: Representations of the Us Military in Hawai'!
SUGAR-COATED FORTRESS: REPRESENTATIONS OF THE U. S. MILITARY IN HAWAI'!. A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AMERICAN STUDIES DECEl\1BER 2004 By Brian Ireland Dissertation Committee: David Stannard, Chairperson Floyd Matson Robert Perkinson Kathy Ferguson Ira Rohter ABSTRACT Hawai'i is the most militarized state in the nation. There has always been opposition to the U.S. military presence in Hawai'i. However, critics ofthe military face a difficult task in getting their message across. Militarism has been so ingrained in Hawai'i that, to a large extent, the U.S. military presence has come to be seen as "natural," necessary, and almost totally beneficial. A result ofthis is that it has become both easy and comfortable to view current militarism in Hawai'i as natural, normal, ordinary, and expected. This dissertation shows how this seemingly normal state of affairs came to be. By examining various representations ofthe U.S. military in Hawai'i - in newspapers, movies, memorials, museums, and military writing - I expose how, in forms ofrepresentation, places ofremembrance, and the construction ofhow we speak and write about the military, militarism becomes the norm and, in turn, silences counter narratives. The dissertation examines four distinct time periods, 1778 to 1898 (from Captain Cook to the annexation ofHawai'i by the U.S.), 1898-1927 (the period in which the U.S. consolidated its hold on Hawai'i through cultural imperialism and military build-up), 1927-1969 (which saw the growth ofmass tourism, the Massie Case, the attack on Pearl Harbor, martial law and Statehood), and 1965-present (covering the post-Statehood years, the Vietnam War, increasing militarization ofHawai'i, the Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement, and the Ehime Maru tragedy).
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