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Article 27587 5Ecf8ee4ae0540 ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎ و ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ، ﺷﻤﺎره ﻳﺎزدﻫﻢ، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ 1393 ﺻﺺ -39 21 ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي و واﻛﺎوي ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ در ﻏﺮب دﺷﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي - زاﮔﺮس ﻓﺮاﻣﺮز ﺧﻮش اﺧﻼق1 - اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان ، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان ﻋﻠﻲ اﻛﺒﺮ ﺷﻤﺴﻲ ﭘﻮر- اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان ﻣﻬﺮان ﻣﻘﺼﻮدي- داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ژﺋﻮﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان ﻣﺤﻤﺪاﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺮاديﻣﻘﺪم- داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان ﻫﻤﺎ رﺳﺘﻤﻲ ﮔﻬﺮاز – ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ارﺷﺪ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : 24/12/ 1392 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ: 6/31/ 1393 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ازآن ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ از ﻫﻢ ﭘﺎﺷﻴﺪن و ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎ ، ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ( ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ آن ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آب، ﺑﺎد و ﻳﺦ و ﺑﺮف) ، ﻓﺮورﻳﺰش ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ، اﻳﺠﺎد اﺷﻜﺎل ﻧﺎﻫﻤﻮاري ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﺣﺘﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ و ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ و ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺧﺎك ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ، داراي اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﺳﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از رﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﻮ ه ﻫﺎي زاﮔﺮس و ﻏﺮب دﺷﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي اﻳﺮان ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻮﺋ ﻴﺰ ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ اراﺋﻪ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ . ازآﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲﻛﻪ دو ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ دﻣﺎ و ﺑ ﺎرش ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ در ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎي اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﻮع ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ در اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از داده ﻫﺎي 22 اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﻮاﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﺎرش ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ روش IDW در ﺳ ﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و دﻣﺎي ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ روش PRIMS ﺷﺪ. ﺳﭙﺲ اﻳﻦ دو ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮ ماﻓﺰار ENVI ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ دو ﺑﺎﻧﺪي ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮ ماﻓﺰار Matlab ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه آن ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﻳﻚ ﺧﺮوﺟﻲ از آن ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ Text ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﻲ اﻳﻦ داده ﻫﺎ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﺷﻜﺎل ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ در ﺳ ﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ ﻫﺎ را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﺷﻜﺎل ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ و اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺗ ﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﻫﺮ ﭘﻴﻜﺴﻞ و در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻏﺮب دﺷﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﺟﺰو ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺧﺸﻚ و ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺧﺸﻚ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﻲ در آن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ اﺳﺖ و ﻛﻮ ه ﻫﺎي زاﮔﺮس اﻏﻠﺐ ﺟﺰو ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺳﺎوان و ﻣﻌﺘﺪل اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ داراي ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﺳﺖ و ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ و ﺣﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﻮد هاي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻏﺮب دﺷﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي دارد . ﻛﻠﻴﺪواژه ﻫﺎ: ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ، ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎي ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ، ﻏﺮب دﺷﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي و زاﮔﺮس. -1 ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل : Email: [email protected] 09124851456 22 ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎ و ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺷﻤﺎره ﻳﺎزدﻫﻢ 1. ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ،ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺮد ﺷﺪن ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﺎدر در وﺿﻌﻴﺖ اﺻـﻠﻲ ﺧـﻮد در ﻣﺠـﺎورت ﺳـﻄﺢ زﻣـﻴﻦ ﻛـﻪ ﺑ ـﺎ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ، ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ رخ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎد ، آب و اﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨـﺪ . ﺗﻌﺮﻳـﻒ ﺷـﺪه اﺳﺖ (رﻳﭽﻪ1، 1950). ﭘﻴﺪورﻧﻲ2 (2006) ﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﻳـﺴ ﺪ: «ﻫـﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﻓﺮوﭘﺎﺷـﻴﺪن و دﮔﺮﺳـﺎﻧﻲ ﺳـﻨﮓ ﻫـﺎ و درﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﺳﻄﺢ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ زﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮدو آن ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ اﺟﺰاﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻌﺎ دل ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ اﻃـﺮاف ﺧـﻮد دارﻧﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺳﺎزد».راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻗﻠـﻴﻢ و ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﭼـﺸ ﻢ اﻧـﺪازﻫ ﺎ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻋﻲ ﺗﻔﻜﻴـﻚ ﻧـﺸﺪﻧﻲ اﺳـﺖ، ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜ ـﻪ ﻛﻮﻫﺮﻓﺖ و ﻫﺎﺑﺴﻴﺎري دﻳﮕﺮ از ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎيﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ در اﺛﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ رخ ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ (ﺳﺎري ﺻـﺮاف، 1389:در 8 ). ﺳﻄﺢ زﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار زﻳﺎدي ﺧﺎك و ﻗﻄ ﻌﺎت ﻣﺘﻼﺷﻲ ﺷﺪه اي از ﺳﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ وﺟـﻮد دارد ﻛـﻪ در واﻗـﻊ ﻣﺮاﺣـﻞ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪزﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎك در ﻧﺘﻴﺠـ ﻪ اﻋﻤـﺎل ﻓﺮاﻳﻨـﺪﻫﺎي ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜـﻲ ﺟـﻮ و ﻫﻴﺪروﺳﻔﺮ اﺳﺖ (ﺿﻴﺎﺋﻲ،1346: 85). ﺻﺪاﻗﺖ (1358، ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘـﻞ از ﺳـﺎري ﺻـﺮاف، 1389: 103) در ﺻـﻔﺤﻪ اول ﻛﺘﺎب ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﺮوﻧﻲ ﺗﻐ ﻴﻴﺮدﻫﻨﺪهزﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ: «ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ و ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺳـﻄﺢ زﻣﻴﻦ را ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻧﺮم و ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪو» در اداﻣﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﻳـﺴ ﺪ: ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮرﻛﻠﻲ ﻫـﻮازدﮔﻲ ﻋﺒـﺎرت اﺳـﺖ از ﺧﺮدﺷﺪن و ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﻨﮓ درﻫﺎ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﻮد، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات آب وﻫـﻮا و ﻣﻮﺟـﻮدات زﻧ ـﺪه». ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ازآن ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖﺑﺎﻋﺚ از ﻫﻢ ﭘﺎﺷﻴﺪن و ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ در ﺳﻄﺢ و ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ زﻣـﻴﻦ، ﺗـﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ (ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ آن ﻫﺎﺗﻮﺳﻂ آب، ﺑﺎد و ﻳ ﺦ، )ﻓﺮورﻳﺰش آن ﻫﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻴﺮوي ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ، اﻳﺠﺎد ﻟﻨﺪﻓﺮم ﻫﺎ و ﺣﺘﻲ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ و ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ و ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺧﺎك ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد، داراي اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﺳﺖ (ﺳﺎري ﺻﺮاف، 1389: 102). ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﮔﺎم ﻧﺨـﺴﺖ ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﻌـﺪاد ﻛﺜﻴـﺮي از ﻓﺮاﻳﻨـﺪﻫﺎي ژﺋﻮﻣﻮرﻓﻴـﻚ و ﺑﻴﻮژﺋﻮﺷـﻴﻤﻲ اﺳـﺖ . ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻐﺬي و ﻣﺤﻠﻮل در ﺧﺎك، رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎو اﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮس ﻫﺎ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ؛ ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﻳﻜـﻲ از ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎيﻣﻬﻢ در ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺑﻴﻮژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳ ﻲاﺳ ﺖ. ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺧﺎك، ﻣﺎﺳﻪ، ﺳﻴﻠﺖ و رس ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ و ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪي ﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻫﻴﺪروﺳﻔﺮ، ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺳﻔﺮ و ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻔﺮ در آن ﻧﻘﺶ اﻳﻔﺎ ﻣ ﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺧـﺎك ارﺗﺒـﺎط ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻲ ﺑـﺎ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ دارد، ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪداﻛﻮﭼﺎﻳﻒ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻧﮕﺬار ﻋﻠﻢ ﺧﺎ كﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺎك ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت و وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ و ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ اﺛﺮات ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻗﻠﻴﻢ، ﻣﻮاد ﻣـﺎدري، ﭘﻮﺷـﺶ ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ، ﻣﻮﺟﻮدات زﻧﺪه، ﭘﺴﺘ ﻲوﺑﻠﻨﺪي و زﻣﺎن اﺳ ﺖ. در ﻫﺮ ﻣﻜـﺎن ﻛـﻪ اﻳـﻦ ﭘـﻨﺞ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺛﺎﺑـﺖ و ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﺧـﺎك ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞﺷﺪه ﻫﻢ ﻳﻜﺴﺎن ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد. (ﻣﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﺮ،1389: 6). 1Reiche 2 Pidwirny ﺳﺎل ﺳﻮم ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي و واﻛﺎوي ﻓﺮاﻳ ﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ... 23 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻟﻴﺰ ﻮﺋﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﻛ ﻪ در ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻲ داﻧﺎن آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ 1 در ﺳـﺎل 1950 اراﺋﻪ ﻨﻮنداد ﺗﺎﻛﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ اﺳـ ﺖ . ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎت وي ﻣـﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ زﻣـﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎن ، وژﺋﻮﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮگ ﻫﺎﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻮم ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ آن ﻫﺎ ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﻫﻨﻮز از اﺷﻜﺎل و ﺗﻌﺎرﻳﻒ وي ﺑﺮاي ﺷـﺮح ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑ ﺮروي ﺳﻄﺢ زﻣﻴﻦ رخ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪاﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ( ﻓﻮﻟﺮ رل 2، 2003 ) . اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨـﺪ در ﺗﻤـﺎﻣﻲ ﺳﻄﻮح زﻣﻴﻦ از ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮﻳﻦﻗﻠﻞ ﺗﺎ دره ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻴﻖ رخ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ . دو ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﻛﻨﻨـﺪه دارﻧﺪ،ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ دﻣﺎ و ﺑﺎ ر شﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ .ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻳ ﻦ دو ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻫﻔﺖ ﻣﺪل ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﻜﻲ را اراﺋـ ﻪ ﻛـﺮد ﻛـﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ را ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ اﺷﻜﺎل ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻫـﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ، ﺗـﺄﺛﻴ ﺮ ﻳﺨﺒﻨـﺪان و اﻧﺠﻤـﺎد، ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒ ﻲ، ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ( ﻓﻠﻮوﻳﺎل)، ﺣﺮﻛﺎت ﺗﻮده اي، ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺎد و ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرﻓﻮژﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨ ﺪ . اﻳـﻦ اﺷﻜﺎل در ﺷﻜﻞ 1 و 2 ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. ﺷﻜﻞ 1 ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرﻓﻮژﻧﺘﻴﻚ ( ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ) ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس دو ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺎرش و دﻣﺎ ( ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ، 1950) 1AAA=Association of American Geographers 2 Fowler, Rell 24 ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎ و ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮات ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺷﻤﺎره ﻳﺎ زدﻫﻢ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ 2 ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي ﺷﺶ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ( از ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ ، 1950 ) ) 1 ﭼﺮﻧﻴﺎﺧﻮﻓﺴﻜﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( 1976 ) ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻛﺮه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ وﺿـﻌﻴﺖ آب ي وﻫﻮادوره ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻲ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨ ﺪ. آن ﻫﺎﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ را ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر ﻧﻮ ع; ﺑﺪون ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ، ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ، ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻳﺨﺒﻨﺪان2 (اﺛﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺑﺮف و ﻳﺦ ) ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ . ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت آن ﻫـﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪﺳﻄﺢ وﺳﻴﻌﻲ از ﻛﺮه زﻣﻴ ﻦ راﺳ ﻪ ﻧﻮع ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺿـﻌﻴﻒ، ﺑـﺪون ﻫـﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻳ ﺨ ﺒﻨﺪانﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪو در ﻣﻨﺎﻃ ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﻖ ﻣﺤـﺪودي ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ رش زﻳـﺎد و دﻣـﺎي ﺑـﺎﻻ دارﻧـﺪ ﻫـﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ از ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ در ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﺑـﺮاي ﻣﺜـﺎل اُردﻳ ـﺎ و ﺳ ﺎرﺑﻮن3 ( 1995 )ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ وﻳﮋﮔـ ﻲ ﻫـﺎ يﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻴـﻚ ﻛـﻮ ه ﻫـﺎي روﻣـﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨـﺪ و ﺑـﺮاي ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ 1 Chernyakhovsky 2 Non-leaching, weak periodic leaching, strong leaching and freezing 3 Urdea,P. Sarbovan.C ﺳﺎل ﺳﻮم ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي و واﻛﺎوي ﻓﺮاﻳ ﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ... 25 وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻄﻘﻪﻫﺎي ازﻣﻨ ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮدﻧ ﺪ. آن ﻫﺎ اﻳﻦ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎ را در 13 ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻫﺎ و ﻋﺮض ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﺑﺮاي وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﺎ ﻻﻧﻪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ ه ﻫﺎي ژاﻧﻮﻳﻪ، ژوﺋ ﻴﻪ، آورﻳﻞ و اﻛﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ. ﻓﻮﻟﺮ و ﭘﻴﺘﺮﺳﻮن 1 ( 2003) اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ را در اﻳﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪه ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻛـﺮده اﻧـﺪ . آن ﻫـﺎ از ﻫﻔـﺖ ﻧﻤـﻮدار ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳ ﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ دﻣـﺎ و ﺑـﺎر ش ﺳـﺎل ﻫـﺎي 1961 ﺗﺎ 1990 اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎر را اﻧﺠﺎم داده اﻧﺪ. آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ رﺳﻴﺪه اﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ اﻳـﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤـﺪه ﻫـﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ و ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ ﺎًﺑﺪون ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ و در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ از ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮﻗﻲ و ﭘﻬﻨـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ د ر ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻲ اﻟﻴﻪ ﻏﺮ اﻳﻦب ﻛﺸﻮر ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘ ﺎً ﺷﺪﻳﺪي ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ا ﺳﺖ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات آن ﻫـﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎًدر ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ازاي اﻳﺎﻻ تﻣﺘﺤﺪه ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﻳﺨﺒﻨﺪان و ﻳﺨﺰدﮔﻲ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد . ﻋﻤـﻞ ﺑﺎد در ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﺮاﮔﻴﺮﺗﺮ از ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ اﺳ ﺖ .در ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ آن ﻫـ ﺎ ﻧﻘـﺸﻪ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮﻓـﻮژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ را ﺑـﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻫﺎي ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ اراﺋﻪ دادﻧﺪ. ﻗﻬﺮ وديﺗﺎﻟﻲ ( 1384 ) ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪيﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ در ﻛﻞ ﭘﻬﻨـﻪ اﻳـﺮان را ﺑـﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳ ـ ﺎﻣﺎﻧﻪ اﻃﻼﻋـﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم داده اﺳ ﺖ . وي از ﺳﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ اﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ و ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛـﺮد . ﻣﻘﺼﻮدي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( 1389 ) در ﻣﻘﺎﻟ ﻪ اي ﺑﻪ ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي و واﻛـﺎوي ﻓﺮاﻳﻨـﺪﻫﺎي ﻫ ـ ﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺳـﻨﮓ ﻫـﺎ ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎيﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ در ﺷﻤﺎ لﻏﺮب اﻳﺮان اﻗﺪام ﻛﺮ دﻧﺪ. آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دو ﻣﺪل ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ وﺿـﻌﻴﺖ ﻫـﻮازدﮔﻲ و ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ ژﺋﻮﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟــﻮژﻳﻜﻲ را در اﻳــﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳــﻲ ﻛــﺮدهاﻧــﺪ . ﻧﺘــﺎﻳﺞ آن ﻫــﺎ ﻧــﺸﺎن داد ﻛــﻪ از 9 وﺿــﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻮرﻓﻮژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻣﺪل ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ، ﭘﻨﺞ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻗﻠﻴﻤـﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ وﺟـﻮد دار د، ﺑـ ﻪ ﻃـﻮري ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب ﻛﺸﻮر در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻗﺮار دارد، ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳ ـﺪ ﻛـﻪ در ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ، از ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻧﻮع ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ رخ ﻣـﻲ دﻫـﺪ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ در ﺳـﻮاﺣﻞ ﺟﻨـﻮب ﻏﺮﺑﻲ درﻳﺎي ﺧﺰر و داﻣﻨﻪ ﻫﺎيﻏﺮﺑﻲ ز اﮔﺮس در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻛﺮدﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻳﺨﺒﻨـﺪان ﺗـﺎ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ و ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ اﺗﻔـﺎق ﻣـ ﻲ اﻓﺘـ ﺪ. ﻳﻤـﺎﻧﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜـﺎران ( 1390) در ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﺣـﺪود ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻮرﻓﻮدﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ و ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻮاﺗﺮﻧﺮي در ﺣﻮﺿ ﻪ ﺟﺎﺟﺮود از ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ . ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي آن، در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ روﺷﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ دﻗﻴـﻖ ﺗـﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎي ﭘﻠﺘﻴﺮ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .
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    Chapter 24 The Role of Climatic Change in Alluvial Fan Development Ronald I. Dorn The Persistence of Climatic Change Hence, climate is an exclusive controlling factor of the in Alluvial-Fan Studies transition from periods of geomorphodynamic activity to periods of stability (Gunster and Skowronek, 2001: 27). The field evidence indicates that the Tabernas fan/lake Alluvial fans develop at the base of drainages system responded to regional tectonics, but that the fan sediment sequences were primarily climatically driven where feeder channels release their solid load (Blair (Harvey et al., 2003: 160). and McPherson, 2009; Leeder et al., 1998; Har- It is probably no coincidence that the first major vey et al., 2005). A classic fan-shape forms where episode of fan sedimentation occurred in MIS 5, the there is a well-defined topographic apex. Multiple longest and more severe episode of cold and arid climates during the Pleistocene... (Pope and Wilkinson, 2005: feeder channels, however, often blur the fan-shape 148). resulting in a merged bajada. Alluvial fans can be found in almost all terrestrial settings. These include Even along Dead Sea, climatic changes appear to be alpine (Beaudoin and King, 1994), humid tropical more important in fan development than base level or (Iriondo, 1994; Thomas, 2003), humid mid-latitude tectonic changes (Bowman, 1988; Klinger et al., 2003). (Bettis, 2003; Mills, 2005), Mediterranean (Ro- A persistent return to the importance of variable bustelli et al., 2005; Thorndrycraft and Benito, 2006), climate may result, in some small part, to the his- periglacial (Lehmkuhl and Haselein, 2000), and tory of geomorphic thought where climatic change different paraglacial settings (Ballantyne, 2002).
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  • A Theoretical Framework for Discussion of Climatological Geomorphology
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 910.72 lUloo ^'-fs^-;^^^-^;;^- lYini nTwmmmmm The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. -^^'5 --^i-^OO Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN " D€C -^WS 7^ 4^^£La4Jg 'S<B* AUG 2 7 |S80 StPllZ i960 NOV 8 1189 NHV R I9J9 APR 2 ym MAY 9 L161 — O-1096 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/theoreticalframe01numnn OCCASIONAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR DISCUSSION OF CLIMATOLOGICAL GEOMORPHOLOGY by DAG NllMMEDAL 23.2 71 1002 87 -zr^^-a V ^^ 39.4 .29 996 9.2 •^ o <9. ^> 51.3 .31 1294 3.1 ^ • • • • • • • • 1.00 .98 .41 .89 1.00 .63.76 28.6 .66 764 2.0 1.00.64 1.00 APRIL 1972 PAPER NUMBER 1 l'\n. IKKDKKIC nnd JIDII H I' \HMIl KST. .diiois GEOGRAPHY GRADUATE STUDENT ASSOCIATION UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS at URBANA - CHAMPAIGN o 0-7^ 1 f], ^ vl«^ A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR DISCUSSION OF CLIMATOLOGICAL GEOMORPHOLOGY Dag Nummedal ABSTRACT The paper outlines a theoretical structure for the synthesis of experimental data on weathering processes into a predictive model for rates of denudation in nature.
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  • Francisco Gutiérrez
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  • The Basics of Geomorphology: Key Concepts
    THE BASICS OF GEOMORPHOLOGY: KEY CONCEPTS Supporting Website Material This website provides material to supplement the text and is organized by chapter with the complete reference list given at the end. Diagrams and tables that are essential for understanding the text are contained in the book. For each chapter the synopsis is given together with additional material, which includes figures and tables, compiled to amplify the dis- cussion in the text, relevant articles in Progress in Physical Geography, which is an excellent resource to pursue particular themes, and a list of the concepts given in bold from the index (together with the references cited in each chapter). The complete reference list is given at the end. 1 Introduction: Concepts and Geomorphology Any discipline has concepts that are key for its progress. For geomorphol- ogy these need to be explicitly stated and consistently understood for what they are. We set them within the evolving history of geomorphology and the changing techniques and understanding that have been involved. This demonstrates the fashioning surges that have characterized the discipline and which complicate identification of those concepts which endure and which remain basic to the present and future study of geomorphology. Figure 1.1 Grand Canyon (from near Powell Memorial) Table 1.1 Some developments in constructing geomorphology (years in italics refer to use of the word ‘geomorphology’) Year Contribution 1674 Pierre Perrault’s (1608–1680) published book on De l’origine des fontaines, showing precipitation sufficient to sustain the flow of rivers in the Seine basin: probably a foundation for understanding of the hydrological cycle.
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  • GLOBAL MEGAGEOMORPHOLOGY Ian Douglas University Of
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  • Climate-Driven Landformof the Ejina Basin (NW China) in Central Asia and Its Paleoenvironmental Implications
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  • Climatic Geomorphology
    Developments in Earth Surface Processes, 8 CLIMATIC GEOMORPHOLOGY MATEO GUTIERREZ PROFESSOR OF GEOMORPHOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF ZARAGOZA, SPAIN Translated by G. Benito, G. Desir, J.M. Garcia-Ruiz, J. Gracia, F. Gutierrez, J. Lopez-Martinez, C. Marti, J. Remondo, P. Silva and B. Valero ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Boston - Heidelberg - London - New York - Oxford Paris - San Diego - San Francisco - Singapore - Sydney - Tokyo Contents Preface ix Preface to the English language edition xiii FIRST PART Introduction and concepts 1 1 Climatic geomorphology 3 SECOND PART Geomorphology of glacial zones 33 2 Glaciers - 35 3 Glacial erosion 61 4 Glacial transport and sedimentation 91 5 Fluvioglacial erosion and sedimentation 105 6 Geomorphology applied to glacial regions 125 THIRD PART Geomorphology of periglacial zones 143 7 The periglacial environment 145 8 Periglacial landforms 171 9 Some aspects on applied geomorphology in periglacial regions 209 FOURTH PART Geomorphology of arid regions 227 10 The arid zones 229 11 Weathering processes and resulting forms 241 viii Contents 12 Desert surfaces: pavements, patterned ground, varnishes and crusts 259 13 The action of water in arid regions 285 14 Slopes in arid zones 317 15 The arid region piedmonts: glacis and alluvial fans 343 16 Desert lakes: playa lakes and sebkhas 383 FIFTH PART Aeolian geomorphology 407 17 Aeolian processes and erosive landforms 409 18 Aeolian accumulations 429 SIXTH PART Applied geomorphology and arid regions 459 19 Applied geomorphology and arid regions 461 SEVENTH PART Geomorphology of tropical zones 499 20 The humid tropics: weathering and laterites 501 21 Tropical landforms 533 22 Applied geomorphology in tropical regions 583 EIGHTH PART Geomorphology and climate change 599 23 Environmental change 601 24 Climate change in glacial and periglacial regions 615 25 Climate change in arid and tropical humid regions 643 References 697 Subject Index 753.
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  • Land-Use/-Cover Changes and Their Effect on Soil Erosion and River Suspended Sediment Load in Different Landscape Zones of European Russia During 1970–2017
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  • Provided for Non-Commercial Research and Educational Use Only. Not for Reproduction, Distribution Or Commercial Use
    Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This chapter was originally published in the Treatise on Geomorphology, the copy attached is provided by Elsevier for the author’s benefit and for the benefit of the author’s institution, for non-commercial research and educational use. This includes without limitation use in instruction at your institution, distribution to specific colleagues, and providing a copy to your institution’s administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution’s website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier’s permissions site at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissionusematerial Pope G.A. (2013) Weathering in the Tropics, and Related Extratropical Processes. In: John F. Shroder (ed.) Treatise on Geomorphology, Volume 4, pp. 179-196. San Diego: Academic Press. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Author's personal copy 4.11 Weathering in the Tropics, and Related Extratropical Processes GA Pope, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA r 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4.11.1 Overview 180 4.11.1.1 Heritage 180 4.11.1.2 The Tropical Geomorphic Region: Defining ‘Tropical’ in Geography and Time 183 4.11.2 Weathering Processes and Their Relation to Tropical Conditions 184 4.11.2.1 Factors 184 4.11.2.2 The
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  • Climatic Geomorphology the Geographical Readings Series Published Rivers and River Terraces G
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  • Geography 347 Climatic Geomorphology
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  • Geomorphology: Definition, Nature and Scope: a Review Ankit Mital Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, R.K.S.D ( P.G) College Kaithal
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