An Exploration of the Experiences of Female Pornography
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Dancing in the Shadows of the Outer Limits: An Exploration of the Experiences of Female Pornography Performers and Feminist Discourses on Their Experiences A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Presented to Dublin City University By Caroline West Masters Degree in Sexuality Studies, Higher Diploma in Psychoanalysis, Bachelor's Degree in Social Science Supervisor: Mr Jean-Philippe Imbert, Dublin City University Secondary Supervisor: Dr. Debbie Ging, Dublin City University Dublin City University School of Applied Language and Intercultural Studies January 2020 Declaration I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Doctor of Philosophy is entirely my own work, that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed: ID: 10122249 Date: 13/01/2020 Acknowledgements I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the women who agreed to take part in this research project. I hope that I have represented their experiences faithfully and I am thankful for their trust and their time. I am beyond grateful for the support of my supervisor Mr. Jean-Philippe Imbert who has been my supporter throughout my Master’s Degree and continuously throughout this PhD. Thank you for your belief in me, your enduring support, and your endless patience with my procrastination. I couldn't have asked for a better supervisor, supporter, and mentor. My thanks also to Dr. Debbie Ging for acting as Secondary Supervisor. I also wish to thank the School of Applied Languages and Intercultural Studies (SALIS) for supporting me and awarding me the scholarship that facilitated this research. I must also extend gratitude to Caroline Whitson and Paula Smith, the secretaries of SALIS, who offered many kind words and support over the years and displayed many moments of kindness. I also extend thanks to Dr. Mel Duffy who supported me through the difficult moments in my Master’s Degree which gave me the courage to continue on my academic journey. I would also like to thank DCU for providing me a space to thrive and find myself. I also wish to thank the external examiners for taking the time to examine this thesis. I wish to thank my husband Michael for his support, care and nurturing love throughout this process, not forgetting his patience. It's been a rollercoaster and I can't wait for our next adventure together. I am grateful for the support of wonderful people I am honoured to call friends who supported me through this process, and who offered advice and encouragement along the way: Louise Walsh, Amanda Gareis, Arpita Chakaborty, Annabel Loh, Sarah Sproule, Beth Kilkenny, Linnea Dunne, Grace Kelly, Robbie Lawlor, Rowan Holiday, Kate Dawson, Carol Conway, Jen Machado Flynn, Charlotte Machado Flynn, Sophie Blakemore. Your kind words kept me going. To Mae: ‘You only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough’. You were right. Thank you. K, thank you for the rainbow. To Dublin North West Repeal- you are a true collective of change makers. Thank you for allowing me to be a part of history and for being the best kind of procrastination. 73.1%! It is a cliche to say this has been a journey, but it really has. I am thankful to all the people I met through this process who shared kind words, wisdom, support, funny stories, adventures, and many a glass of wine at events, conferences, film festivals, and expos around the world that I never imagined would be a part of my life. I am thankful to those who allowed me to write an article, speak on a podcast, or at a conference, and who helped me to find my voice. I'm looking forward to the next chapter already. Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview ................................................................................1 The Research Journey: an Introduction ..................................................................................1 Aim, Purpose, and Research Question...................................................................................1 Overview of Study....................................................................................................................2 Choice of Topic and Proposed Contribution............................................................................3 Context....................................................................................................................................4 Chapter 2: History, Violence, and Objectification Discourse………………………………8 Victimhood and Celebrity…………………………………………………………………………..12 Pornography research- Violence and Objectification.............................................................20 Methodological Concerns in Content Analyses…………………………………………………..35 Pornography and Objectification through Discourse…………………………………….….......43 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….……………………..61 Chapter Three: Methodology……………………………………………………...…………….63 The Principles of Foucauldian Discourse Analysis………………………………...……………63 Ontological and Epistemological Concerns Within Methodology………………………...……74 Methods………………………………………………………………………………………..…....82 Performer Profiles…………………………………………………………………………………..88 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………...94 Chapter 4: Power, Knowledge and Violence through Discourse…………………………95 Power, Violence and Knowledge in Discourse of Abuse…………………………..………....101 The Need for Confession……………………………………………………………………..….113 Expert Status……………………………………………………………………………………....115 Language………………………………………………………………………………………......121 The Hierarchy of Privilege………………………………………………………………………..126 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………….139 Chapter 5:Stigma...……………………………………………………………………………....141 Stigma in Pornography……………………………………………………………………….......142 Stigma and Relationships……………………………………………………………………......159 Infra-Trade Stigma……………………………………………………………………………......172 Societal Stigma…………………………………………………………………………………....190 Resistance to Stigma…………………………………………………………………………......195 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………….204 Chapter Six: Sex on the Set: Safety, Sex and Saviours………………………………......207 Rough Sex and Fear………………………………………………………………………………208 Experiences on Set………………………………………………………………………………..217 Body Punishing…………………………………………………………………………………….232 Fans, Protesters and Saviours…………………………………………………………………..259 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………266 Chapter 7: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….....269 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….…..269 Research Findings……………………..………………………………………………….….…..270 Limitations of the research……………………………………………………………….….…...277 Contributions to Existing Literature……………………...………………………………....….279 Implications for Future Research…………………………………………………………...….281 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………..284 Appendix 1 AVN journal……………………………………………………………..………...323 Appendix 2 Plain Language Statement……………………………………………………..327 Appendix 3 Informed Consent Form………………………………………………………...329 Appendix 4 DCU Ethics Committee Form…………………………………………….....….331 List of tables and images Fig.1. Performer profiles…………………………………………………………………….......88 Fig. 2. Hierarchy of Privilege…………………………………………………………………...127 Fig. 3. Rubin's Charmed Circle…………………………………………………………………144 Fig. 4. Division of Knowledge………………………………………………………………….149 Abstract Dancing in the Shadows of the Outer Limits: An Exploration of Experiences of Female Pornography Performers and Feminist Discourse on Their Experiences By Caroline West This research project will examine the subjective realities experienced by female pornography performers, working in the American mainstream pornography industry. The aim of this research is to situate these lived experiences within the international feminist debate on pornography. This research will use the narratives of the participants, as owners of their experiences, as a tool to assess the opposing feminist perspectives and theories addressing the presence and role of female performers in the work they do. Feminism has long held a debate with pornography, from Andrea Dworkin (1981) to sex- positive third and fourth-wave feminism, featuring theorists such as Gayle Rubin (2011), Laura Kipnis (1999), and Nadine Strossen (2000). As we move further into the 21st century pornography has undergone significant metamorphosis. In conjunction, feminism has also undergone significant changes since the time of Dworkin's campaigns against pornography, and now, with the advent of social media, a greater number of perspectives are being heard. One perspective that is sorely lacking is a coherent collection of the voices of the actresses themselves; a gap that has implications for ethical discourse and research on pornography. Interviews with female performers will be analysed utilising a Foucauldian Discourse Analysis framework. Acknowledging a paucity of studies that focus on performer experiences, this research will build on established work such as James D. Griffin et al., (2012) to construct a more accurate analysis of the experiences of working in pornography. Many assumptions exist about pornography; such as claims that the women are coerced or abused (Levy, 2005).These claims need to be explored with the perspectives of the women included, and this research will explore these alongside experiences of stigma and violence.