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Socio-Economic Comparisons of Four Ethnic Groups in the State of São

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Socio-Economic Comparisons of Four Ethnic Groups in the State of São 74-3216 KAYAYAN, Hagop Karekin, 1943- SOC10-ECONOMIC COMPARISONS OF FOUR ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE STATE OF SAO PAULO, BRAZIL. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 Sociology, race question Name also appears as Agop Karekin Kayayan. University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan SOCIO-ECONOMIC COMPARISONS OF FOUR ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE STATE OF SAO PAULO, BRAZIL DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Hagop Karekin Kayayan, B.S., M.S. ****** The Ohio State University 1973 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Bruce W. Marion I \ Dr. J Robert Warmbrod \ \ Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank a number of persons who helped in the conduct of this dissertation at various stages. My advisor, Dr. David G. Francis, guided this research since its inception. He provided me with valuable advice from the early stage of developing the proposal until the final draft of the research. Above all, he created an atmosphere of stimulating academic discussion without ever attempting to impose ideas or views. The initial idea for this study sparked from a number of discussions with my former professor at the American University of Beirut, Dr. Hubert J. Mors ink. Dr. Bruce W. Marion had the patience and skill to introduce me to notions of economics with which I was unfamiliar. Without his assistance and his open mindedness toward interdisciplinary research a significant part of this research would have been impossible. I would like to thank Dr. J. Robert Warmbrod for having guided me patiently in the methodological aspects of the study. Dr. Richard L. Meyer spent countless hours in the conduct of the research in Brazil. He provided guidance in the planning and execution of the field work. His suggestions were extremely helpful in the successful completion of the research design and field work. My long-time friend and fellow graduate student, Zafar Yab Hussain, helped in "long distance" (United States to Brazil) bibliographical research. X owe many ideas developed in the present study to my friends and fellow graduate students Demisse Michael, Anne Chase, Douglas Dunkle, Susan Frye and James Gingerich. I had the opportunity to discuss with them through seminars and informal conversation some of the concepts included in this research. Without the constant help of the faculty at the Department of Applied Social Sciences of the Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ) this research would have been very difficult. Professors Jose and Maria Ignez Molina were very helpful in the design and conduct of this research. Professor Orionaldo Queda, through numerous discussions, provided excellent suggestions concerning the theoretical framework of the study. Professor Joaquim Engler, chairman of the department at ESALQ, facilitated the conduct of the entire research by clearing administrative problems. I had the pleasure of conducting this research with a tireless and cheerful team of Brazilian interviewers and coders. Mrs. Jo Ann Woolf had the difficult task of typing the manuscript with short notice at odd hours. My wife, Margaret Gilchrist Kayayan, critically discussed almost every aspect of this study with me. Her independent evaluation of my work resulted in some major modifications of the research. Her understanding, support, and love helped me complete my entire graduate work cheerfully. iii VITA May 16, 1943 Born - Beirut, Lebanon June 1962 Baccalaureat II, Lycee Francais de Beyrouth 1962-1965 B.S. in Agriculture and Ingenieur Agricole, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Summer 1965 International Exchange Student, Ecole Superieure U'Horticulture de Versailles, France 1965-1968 M.S. Rural Sociology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon 1965-1967 Graduate Assistant, Rural Sociology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon 1967-1970 Research Associate, United Nations Economic and Social Office in Beirut, Lebanon 1970-1973 Ph.D. Rural Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1970-1971 Research Assistant, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1971-1973 Research Associate, The Ohio State University, Piracicaba, Brazil, and Columbus, Ohio Publications With D. G. Francis "Mechanization and the Division of Labor: A Study of Farm Families in the Beqa's Plain of Lebanon". To appear in Inter­ national Journal of Comparative Sociology. Fields of Study Major Fields: Rural Sociology, Methodology Minor Fields: Sociological Theory, Urban Sociology, Sociology of the Family DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my parents, Karekin and Mariam Kayayan, who taught me to understand and love people. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................. ii VITA ......................................................... iv DEDICATION .................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................ vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ..... ....................................... xi LIST OF MAPS ................................................ xii Chapters I. INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 Purpose of the Study Importance of the Study Theoretical Implications Practical and Policy Implications A Note on Objectivity Scope of Study Overview II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .............................. 8 The Social Psychological Framework The Marginal Man Concept The Human Ecology School Human Ecological Processes Conflict Theory Forms of Conflict Sources of Social Conflict Outcome of Conflict Summary vi Page III. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ............................... 33 The Sao Paulo Economy and Early Immigrants The Major Role of Coffee Impace of Slavery on Immigration Italian Immigration Japanese Immigration Japanese Immigration to Brazil Distribution of the Japanese in Brazil The Japanese Immigrants and the Sao Paulo Bconomy Agricultural Patterns Sirio-Lebanese Immigration Summary IV. LOCATION OF THE STUDY ............................... 73 The State of Sao Paulo The Region under Study The Municipios V. METHODOLOGY .......................................... 84 The General Sample The Sample for the Sociological Study Specific Purpose Sample The Economic Questionnaire The Sociological Questionnaire Choice of the Interviewers Interviewing and Coding Hypotheses Definition of Variables Methods of Analysis VI. RESULTS _____ 94 Geographic Location of Farms Farm Size Type of Exploitation Economic Analyses Farm Data Production Data Value of Fixed Capital Farm Expenses Economic Analyses per Unit of Land Production Data Value of Fixed Capital Farm Expenses vii Page Return to Family Labor Summary and Conclusions Sociological Analyses Education Occupation and Residence Membership in Associations Political Awareness and Political Participation Geographic Mobility Family Size Wives 1 Ages Wives' Education Children's Educational Levels Propensity to have Business Relations with Relatives Work Ethic Knowledge about Fertilizers Use of Institutional Credit Summary and Conclusions VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 136 Limitations of the Study Theoretical Implications Policy Implications A Final Note APPENDIXES 144 BIBLIOGRAPHY 179 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Coffee Production in Brazil, 1836-1944 ............... 35 2 Coffee Imports by France and the United States, 1832-1875 ............................................. 39 3 Proportion of Immigrants by Nationality Entering the State of Sao Paulo: 1890-1899; 1908-1917; 1918-1927; 1928-1937 ......... 52 4 Population of Japan in Selected Years, 1888-1940 .... 53 5 Japanese Emigration by Destination and Period ........ 56 6 Japanese Immigration to Brazil, 1908-1956 ........... 59 7 Percentage Distribution of Japanese Immigrants by State (1923, 1939,1950,1958) ......................... 60 8 Patterns of Status Mobility for Prewar Japanese Immigration Family Heads Who Are Farmers or Non-farmers since Arrival by Employment Status at Present ....... 64 9 Employed Japanese Immigrants - Persons 10 Years Old and Over by Occupational Grouping and Percentage of Women in Each Occupation ............................. 65 10 Occupation of Japanese Immigrant Fathers and Sons, 1958 .................................................. 66 11 Area and Value of Property Owned by the Japanese Population By State 67 ' 12 Percentage Distribution of Principal Farm Products For Prewar Immigrant Farmers who are Family Heads Since Arrival by Period ..................................... 69 ix Table Page 13 Position of the State of Sao Paulo Relative to Other States in Brazil Relative to the Area Under Cultivation (in Hectares), Quantity of Production (tons or 1,000's of heads), and value of Crop or Animals Produced (in 1,000) in 1970............. 76 14 Some Demographic Characteristics of the Municinios Studied DIRA of Riberao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1970 ............................................... 79 15 Indicators of Social, Economic and Communications Conditions in Eight Municipios of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1970 ........................ 81 16 Geographic Distribution (by municipios) of 343 Respondents by Ethnic Group ...... 95 17 Size of Land Ownership by Ethnic Group ............. 98 18 Type of Farm Exploitation by Ethnic Group .......... 99 19 Results of Farm Data Economic Comparisons (Analysis of Variance) For Three Ethnic Groups of Annual Crop Farmers, Sao Paulo ...............................
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