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Nebraska's Libraries at War

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Nebraska's Libraries at War Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: Nebraska's Libraries at War Full Citation: Oliver Pollak, "Nebraska's Libraries at War," Nebraska History 87 (2006): 120-132. URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH2006LibraryWar.pdf Date: 3/28/2012 Article Summary: In the First World War, Nebraska had the opportunity to share one million dollars that the War Council hoped to raise by October 1, 1917, to build, equip, and stock libraries for soldiers in thirty-two camps and cantonments. It was believed that the citizen army would be more effective and efficient if the troops lived clean, intelligent, and moral lives, and the American Library Association worked diligently to support the war effort by working toward that end. Cataloging Information: Names: Charlotte Templeton, Frederick P Keppel, Herbert Putnam, Newton D Baker, William H Powers, Frank Hill, Wright Morris, Fred Morrow Fling, Willa Cather, Edith Tobitt, Malcolm Glenn Wyer, James Wyer, Burton E Stevenson, Elizabeth O'Linn-Smith, Major Pole, Matthew Dudgeon, Joy E Morgan, Anna V Jennings, John A Kees, Weldon Kees, Father Carey, Harry Dixon, Raymond B Fosdick, Edward L Tilton, Frank A Vanderlip, A K Atkinson, Mrs Pauline Frank, Lottie Kotz, Mrs Glenn Babson, George Beardsley. Names of collected authors have been excluded from this listing. Place Names: This article has lists of towns and contributions made to the book campaign. No attempt has been made to include these extensive lists on this summary page. Keywords: War Council; American Library Association; New York State Library School; Commission on Training Camp Activities; Wisconsin Free Library Commission; Commercial Club [Lincoln]; ALA War Finance Committee; "Captains of Publicity" Photographs / Images: Bookplate, Headquarters Library, Fort Crook, Nebraska; Charlotte Templeton; James I Wyer; Campaign Poster, Library War Service; McDonald's Studio photograph of a goodbye kiss, Lincoln, Nebraska; Public Library Poster, American Library Association, May 1919; Malcolm Wyer; Camp Funston laundry chores; France tent encampment; poster promoting reading to the troops; Prepare Now for the Job You Want … poster; soldiers KP duty NEBRASKA S LIBRARIES y Oliver Pollak NSHSRG2841-4-3 I do not believe it an exaggeration to say that no army ever before assembled has had more conscientious and painstaking thought given to the protectionandstimulation of itsmental, moral, and physical manhood. Woodrow Wilson April 19, 1918 1917 - 1919 Bookplate. Headquarters Library, Ft. Crook, Nebr. 1confess that Ishould feel rather chagrined to have Nebraska ill short of its apportionment which, of course, it will if Omaha oes not do anything," wrote Charlotte Templeton to Edith Dbitt on September 29,1917. Templeton, in Lincoln, had been cecutive secretary of the Nebraska Public LibraryCommission 1909; Tobitt was a longtime Omaha librarian.1 N ORDINARY TIMES TEMPLETON ADVISED libraries around the state, managed the Travel ing Library, and supplied books to public institutions, including the BOOKS ARE State Penitentiary. But these were not ordinary times; six months earlier, on PROVIDED-BY April 6, 1917, the United States had declared war against Germany, THE-PEOPLE joining the Entente powers—Great Britain, France, Italy, and Russia—in OF-THE their struggle against the Central UNITED-STATES Powers. An indefatigable advocate of the library mission, Templeton was THROUGHTHE charged with organizing the response by Nebraska libraries to the war. AMERICAN The apportionment she was fretting about in her letter to Edith Tobitt was Nebraska's share of one LIBRARY million dollars—about one cent perAmerican—that the WarCouncil hoped to raise by October 1,1917,to ASSOCIATION build, equip, and stock libraries forsoldiers in thirty- FOR two camps and cantonments. The War Council wanted book donations as well. America had declared war on April 6; before the THE*USE-OF month had ended, Frederick P. Keppel, soon to be third assistant secretary of war, introduced THE-SOLDIERS Librarian of Congress Herbert Putnam to Secretary of War Newton D. Baker. They agreed the citizen army would be more effective and efficient if the troops AND-SAILORS lived clean, intelligent, and moral lives, and they discussed how a patriotic professional organization like the American Library Association could support the war effort by working toward that end. "WE HAVE BEEN RAISING FUNDS CONSTANTLY AND ARE RATHER GETTING USED TO IT NOW." In his 1919 report Putnam wrote, "That effort Edward L. Tilton, the architect who advised consisted not merely in the development of the Carnegie on library buildings, produced plans for fighting forces, and the training of these in the the thirty-two libraries, each measuring 40 by 120 technique of war, but in unprecedented measures feet, which could be built within ninety days. As for the education, improvement, and welfare of construction costs rose, however, the dimensions the individuals among them."2 shrank to 40 by 93 feet.1 The American Library Association met in Louis On August 14, 1917, about one hundred ALA ville, Kentucky, in June 1917. ALA President Walter members met in Washington, and on August 23, L. Brown formed a committee, chaired by James Newton D. Baker, the secretary of war, authorized Ingersoll Wyer, Jr., to assess ALA participation in the ALA to "provide adequate library facilities in the war effort. the thirty-two cantonments and National Guard Wyer, a Kansan by birth, received his library training camps." Baker appointed Frank A. science training in Minnesota and New York. Like Vanderlip, president of the City Bank of New York, Charlotte Templeton, he had Nebraska connections to head the Library War Council and raise funds. and played a significant national role in fostering Volunteers and stringent economy were required reading and literacyduring World War I.3 "so that every dollar that could possibly be saved ASpanish American War veteran, he served as for a book shall be applied to it."5 University of Nebraska librarian from 1898 to 1906 The fund-raising drive would take place the and as president of the Nebraska Library Associa last week of September 1917. Matthew S. Dudgeon tion in 1899 and 1900. He left Nebraska to become of the Wisconsin Free Library Commission, a reference librarian and vice-director of the New presidential appointee to the ALA's War Service York State Library School, made famous by Melvil Committee and manager of the camp libraries, Dewey, and became director of the NewYorkState outlined the mission for the state librarians in early Library in 1908. August 1917. In turn, Charlotte Templeton, execu Wyer's committee delivered its report on June tive secretary of the Nebraska Public Library 22, 1917. It included estimates of the funding Commission, wrote on August 31 to all Nebraska needed to supply books, libraries, equipment, and librarians and library board officials asking for library personnel for the American troops in train their help in meeting the goals. ing in the United States and on duty overseas. The Assessments were based on population: Ponca numbers grew steadily as the Department of War's and Wahoo would each raise $100, Friend $130, plans rose from sixteen to thirty-two and, ultimately, Clarks $135, Merna $134, Kearney $650, and to forty cantonments. Beatrice $936. President Wilson appointed Wyer chairman of Many towns quickly met the challenge. On the American Library Association's War Service September 3 Templeton wrote to Mr. A. K. Committee, which operated under the War Atkinson of Merna, "Thank you for your prompt Department's Commission on Training Camp and cheerful acceptance of the Merna chairman James I. Wyer, University ship to raise the war library fund." Mrs. Pauline of Nebraska Librarian. Activities. Raymond B. Fosdick, confidant of TheSombero, 1899 Woodrow Wilson, the Rockefellers, and General Frank of Kearney responded to Templeton's plea, John Pershing, chaired the commission. writing, "Will do all I can, as per request. Will write On July 5, 1917, Wyer, Librarian of Congress you results soon." Lottie Klotz of Wahoo, secretary Putnam, and Frank Hill, a Carnegie contact, of the Saunders County Red Cross, wrote, "We lunched with James Bertram, Andrew Carnegie's have been raising funds constantly since the 1st of secretary, and R. A. Franks, treasurer of the June, and are rather getting used to it now and Carnegie Corporation. Wyer and Putnam had come trust to raise much more than you apportioned to to ask for $320,000 to build thirty-two libraries. our little town." Many small towns exceeded their Carnegie agreed on September 14, contingent upon quotas. the ALA raising an equal amount. 122 NEBRASKA history bandages, made packages of toilet ries, and raised money. By the early twentieth century the YMCA exerted considerable moral authority and offered to provide library services to the troops. However, the YMCA de clined "to conduct its work on a nonsectarian basis," and several other religious groups volunteered to provide library services to their own adherents. On April 9, 1917, the Jew ish Welfare Board organized to serve the needs of Jews in the military, and the Knights of Columbus, founded in 1881, created the National Catholic War Council to serve Catholics in uniform/' In spite of that tradition of civilian assistance to the military, not all Ne braska libraries responded positively to Templeton's request.
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