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Geographia Polonica Vol. 75 No. 1 (2002)

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Geographia Polonica Vol. 75 No. 1 (2002) Vol. 75 No.l Spring 2002 GEOGRAPHIA POLONICA POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION EDITORS EWA NOWOSIELSKA (Editor-in-Chief), BRONISŁAW CZYŻ, ANNA KOZŁOWSKA, MAGDALENA KUCHCIK EDITORIAL BOARD BOLESŁAW DOMAŃSKI (Jagiellonian University, Kraków), JERZY DZIECIUCHOWICZ (University of Łódź), PIOTR KORCELLI (Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa), MAŁGORZATA GUTRY-KORYCKA (University of Warszawa), JAN ŁOBODA (University of Wroclaw), PIOTR MIGOŃ (University of Wroclaw), JERZY PARYSEK (Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań and University of Gdańsk), ZOFIA RĄCZKOWSKA (Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków) INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD JOHN S. ADAMS - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA ZBYSZKO CHOJNICKI - Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland PAUL CLAVAL - University of Paris IV, France BERARDO CORI - University of Pisa, Italy RYSZARD DOMAŃSKI - Poznań University of Economics, Poland KENNETH J. GREGORY - University of London, UK ZDZISŁAW KACZMAREK - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland VERNON MEENTEMEYER - University of Georgia, Athens, USA EMIL NABORCZYK - Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland JOHN B. PARR - University of Glasgow, UK LESZEK STARKEL - Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, Poland OLOF WARNERYD - Lund University, Sweden MICHAEL WEGENER - University of Dortmund, Germany MASATOSHI YOSHINO - University of Toshiba, Japan COVER: Map of Storms and Winds from Atlas Świata (World Atlas), 1962, reproduced courtesy of the Publisher: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN (Polish Scientific Publishers - PWN), Warszawa http://rcin.org.pl Vol. 75 No.l Spring 2002 GEOGRAPHIA POLONICA POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION http://rcin.org.pl WARSZAWA PUBLISHED by the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland EDITORIAL OFFICE: Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland, Tel. (48 22) 6978-841, Fax (48 22) 620-62-21 COPYRIGHT by Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION: Geographia Polonica (ISSN 0016-7282) is published twice a year in Spring and Autumn by the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences. CONTRIBUTIONS and CORRESPONDENCE related to editorial matters should be sent to the Editor or e-mailed to Ewa Nowosielska: [email protected] OPINIONS expressed in individual papers are the sole responsibility of the authors. SUBSCRIPTION ORDERS for Geographia Polonica can be placed with: ARS POLONA, Krakowskie Przedmieście 7, 00-068 Warszawa Poland ORPAN BOOKSHOP, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland (including single past and current issues) Information on the content (from 1999) and forthcoming issues are available at: www. igipz.pan.pl/wydaw/polonica..htm ISSN 0016-7282 PREPARED FOR PRINT BY KWADRAT Wolska Izabela 01-926 http://rcin.org.plWarszawa, ul. Maszewska 33 m. 26 CONTENTS RESEARCH MEMORANDUM ANTONI KUKLIŃSKI - The development of the Knowledge-Based Economy in Europe: The regional trajectory 3 ARTICLES TERESA CZYŻ - Application of the potential model to the analysis of regional differences in Poland 13 JERZY PARYSEK - Metropolises and the processes of metropolitanisation 25 LESZEK STARKEL, SURRENDRA SINGH, ROMAN SOJA, WOJCIECH FROEHLICH, HIAMBOK SYIEMLIEH, PAWEŁ PROKOP - Rainfall, runoff and soil erosion in the extremely humid area around Cherrapunji, India (preliminary observations) 43 ELŻBIETA BIELECKA, ANDRZEJ CIOŁKOSZ - Land use changes during the 19th and 20th century. The case of the Odra River catchment area 67 EWA NOWOSIELSKA - Higher education and the urban system. The case of Poland in the 1990s 85 RESEARCH NOTES TAKASHI OGUCHI, KYOJI SAITO, MIDORI HARA, MICHAEL GROSSMAN, SHIGERU YAMAMOTO - An online database of Polish towns and historical landscapes using an Internet map server Ill BOOK REVIEW Rains, Landslides and Floods in the Darjeeling Himalaya by L.Starkel and S.Basu (eds), Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, India 2000, 168pp - MASATOSHI YOSHINO 119 http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl GEOGRAPHIA POLONICA, 75, 1, 3-11, Spring 2002, PL ISSN 0016-7282 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY IN EUROPE: THE REGIONAL TRAJECTORY ANTONI KUKLIŃSKI Warszaw University, Krakowskie Przedmieście 30,00-927 Warszawa, Poland e-mail: [email protected] INTRODUCTION The best definition of the Knowledge-Based Economy (the KBE) was formulated in a recent OECD and World Bank publication (OECD and .... 2001): "This book defines a knowledge-based economy as one where knowledge is created, acquired, transmitted and used effectively by enterprises, organizations, individuals and communities. It does not focus narrowly on high-technology industries or on information and communications technologies, but rather presents a frame- work for analyzing a range of policy options in education, information infrastructure and innovation systems that can help usher in the knowledge economy. It also makes the case for better co-ordination among the government, the private sector and civil society to enhance competitiveness and advance economic and social development." There are many visions of Europe of the 21st century (Bertrand 1999). The KBE is an important element of these visions (Kukliński 2000). Within this framework a very bold statement was formulated (Blair... 2000): "We are committed to help Europe become the most dynamic knowledge-based eco- nomy in the world by 2010 through reforms in capital, product and labour markets." This prospective political judgement and obligation was formulated by the Prime Ministers of Great Britain, The Netherlands and Sweden and by the German Chancellor. This is a very optimistic interpretation of the power of Europe in the strategic global triangle of the 21st century - Europe-America- -Asia. Even if we accept a less-optimistic interpretation, that Europe will not be the most dynamic - but only a very dynamic - Knowledge-Based Economy in the world by 2010 - the challenge for our continent is still immense. At the present http://rcin.org.pl 4 Antoni Kukliński moment there are only five or six countries in Europe (OECD 1999), where tne KBE is already a prevailing phenomenon. We can anticipate that, by 2010, this set of countries will have grown to number 15 or 20. The development of the KBE in Europe is a dramatic and multidimensional challenge. In this paper we will concentrate our attention on the regional trajec- tory, which to our mind is one of the leading trajectories in the development of the KBE. In this context I have chosen the following thematic construction of this paper: • Why a regional trajectory? • The dilemma of spontaneous versus guided development. • The six dimensions of the regional trajectory: the KBE enterprise, the capital market, the labour market, the system of education, the R&D system, the re- gional governance system. • A European Research Programme. • The four inspirations of the Programme. • Towards a new vision of a KBE in Europe. • Towards a new vision of regional policy in Europe. • The role of the Regional Studies Association. WHY A REGIONAL TRAJECTORY? In the ground-breaking paper of G. Eliasson (Eliasson 2001), we find the following intriguing generalization: "Economic growth can be described at the macro level, but it can never be explained at that level To understand economic growth, and to design policy we have to take the analysis down to the micro market level where individuals live and firms behave and new innovative technologies are created. " I think that the macro-versus micro-level dilemma reflects a failure to grasp the complicated nature of the real world. We need to see a third level - the me- so-level - i.e. the regional level. This level is creating a powerful framework for the development and promotion of the KBE. Within this framework the most important item is the strategic triangle - the KBE enterprise - the R & D institu- tions - and Regional Governance. In the conditions of the 21st century, the competitive and innovative region is a direct actor on the global scene (Kukliński 1999). This region can have the capacity and will to develop a strong regional KBE. It is worthwhile analyzing from this point of view the list of 46 regions and cities presented as global hubs of technological innovation (UNDP 2001). Naturally - the concept of the global hub of technological innovation is a much more restrictive concept than the concept of a European KBE region which will emerge in the course of the empirical studies proposed in this paper. http://rcin.org.pl The development of the Knowledge-Based Economy in Europe: The regional trajectory 5 THE DILEMMA OF SPONTANEOUS VERSUS GUIDED DEVELOPMENT The term "regional trajectory" implies the integration of software and hardware approaches and the integration of guided and spontaneous change. We accept the following definition (Freeman 1992): "Trajectories are self-fulfilling prophesies based on the 'actors'\ decisions and expec- tations of the future. Like any institutions, they are sustained, not by 'naturalness but by the interest that develops in their continuance and the belief that they will continue". In the global perspective we see two types of emerging regional KBEs. There is a laissez-faire type - accepting the mechanisms of spontaneous change as the most important driving force behind development with California being presen- ted as the most illustrious example (Scott 1998). We have to remember, however, that the case of California was created
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