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MERIP, Sari Hanafi PO Box 277, Hopewell, PA 16650-0277 MIDDLE EAST REPORT IMAGES, POLITICS, PARADOX WARWARW I T H O U T BORDERS Spring 2002 ■ Number 222 MIDDLE EAST RESEARCH & INFORMATION PROJECT Spring 2002 No. 222 Vol. 32 No. 1 Middle East Report (ISSN 0899-2851) is published four times a year (quarterly) by the Middle East Research and Information Project, 1500 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20005. POSTMASTER: Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC and UP FRONT 2 Opening the Debate on the Right of Return additional mailing offices. Send all address corrections to MERIP, Sari Hanafi PO Box 277, Hopewell, PA 16650-0277. 8 Controllable Democracy in Uzbekistan MAILING: The magazine is mailed periodicals class in North Alisher Ilkhamov America and IMEX to the rest of the world. Send address changes to MERIP, Subscriber Services, PO Box 277, Hopewell, PA 16650- 11 “Security Assistance” Bonanza After September 11 0277. Subscriptions are $37 per year for individuals, $76 for institutions. Overseas postage additional. Other rates on inside back cover. Middle East Report is available in microform from University Microfilms, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. WAR WITHOUT BORDERS Canadian Distribution: Doormouse Distribution, 55 Metcalfe Street, #6, Toronto, M4X-1R9. ARTICLES 12 Victims of Circumstance ADVERTISING: For details, contact MERIP, Tel 202-223-3677 Anthony Shadid Fax 202-223-3604. Email [email protected] Web www.merip.org 14 The Shape of Afghanistan to Come INDEXES AND ABSTRACTS: Abstracta Iranica, The Alternative Anthony Shadid Press Index, Index Islamicus, International Development Abstracts, International Political Science Abstracts, The Left Index, The Middle 18 Afghan Women: Bombed to Be Liberated? East Journal, Mideast File, Migration and Ethnizität, PAIS Bulletin, Saba Gul Khattak Universal Reference Systems. 24 Pakistan Between Afghanistan and India ELECTRONIC ARCHIVE: Available through JSTOR, www.jstor. Hamza Alavi com for participating institutions. 32 Gray Money, Corruption and the REVIEW BOOKS and other items for review should be sent Post-September 11 Middle East to MERIP Reviews, Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies, New York University, 50 Washington Square South, New York, John Sfakianakis NY 10012-1073. 34 Refugees in Their Own Country COPYRIGHT: All rights reserved. Reproduction, storage, or Maggy Zanger transmission of this work in any form or by any means beyond REVIEW ESSAY 44 Gender and Islamism in the 1990s that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the US Copyright Law is unlawful without prior permission in writing of the Publisher, or Mervat Hatem in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright EdITOR’S PICKS 48 New and Recommended Reading Clearance Center (CCC) and other organizations authorized by the publisher to administer reprographic reproduction rights. Pease note, however, that all institutions with a paid subscription to the PHOTOS/GRAPHICS Mohammed Baba/AFP, Piers Benatar/ magazine may make photocopies for teaching purposes free of charge provided they are not resold. For educational photocopying Panos Pictures, Tim dirven/Panos Pictures, Kamran Jebreili/ requests that do not originate from an institution with a paid AP Photo, Banaras Khan/AFP, Efrem Lukatsky/AP Photo, John subscription, please contact the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Moore/AP Photo, Tauseef Mustafa/AFP, Hiwa Osman, Philippe Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, phone: 978-750-8400. For Rekacewicz/Le Monde diplomatique, Jihad Seklawi/AFP. all other permissions inquiries, including requests to republish material in another work, please contact MERIP Editorial Offices, fax 202-223-3604. COVER PHOTO Afghan woman, 55, walks on her prosthetic FOR THE BLIND: Selected articles from this publication are leg at Red Cross center in Kabul, december 2001 (Jimin Lai/ available for blind and visually handicapped persons on audiotape AFP Photo). from Freedom Ideas International, 640 Bayside, Detroit. MI 48217. COVER DESIGN Geoff Hartman WE ENCOURAGE the submission of manuscripts, photographs and artwork relevant to our focus on the political economy of the contemporary Middle East and popular struggles there. This includes general theoretical contributions relevant to these issues and connecting developments elsewhere in the world with the Middle East. Letters to the Editor are also welcome. Please send manuscripts as attached files to: [email protected]. A style sheet is available on request, as well as on our website: www.merip.org. FROM THE EDITOR MIDDLE EAST REPORT utside the Pentagon, the smoking rubble left when one wing of the Defense Department was destroyed by a hijacked airliner last September 11 is long since cleared. A scoreboard-sized digital Oclock counts down the days and hours until this coming September 11, when the Pentagon Editor Chris Toensing expects to have fully repaired the damage. “Let’s roll”—George W. Bush’s cloying new motto—scrolls Outreach Editor Ian Urbina across the bottom, as the seconds tick off the furious pace of rebuilding. Inside the military-industrial establishment, at briefings and beery stag dinners, the generals and contractors know their hour has Consultant Barbara Neuwirth already arrived. Print/Web Design & Production James E. Bishara The hijackers’ attacks, and more so the rapid collapse of the Taliban under the weight of US bombs, Interns Rudeyna Babouder, Mariam Javanshir, have been a great boon to believers in global governance through US military power. Already ascendant Karin van der Tak hardline unilateralists in the Bush administration—the circles surrounding Vice President Dick Cheney Proofreaders Justin Hoffman, Sian MacAdam and Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld—have been boosted higher by the widely trumpeted successes of Operation Enduring Freedom. In the wartime deployments in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, which Reviews Shiva Balaghi, Rebecca L. Stein are taking on an air of permanence, the ultra-hawks are “pre-positioned” for containment of Russia and Printing McArdle Printing China, chief on their list of prospective challengers to US dominance. In the “axis of evil,” the hardliners find the necessary justification for throwing larger wads of taxpayer money at the continuously failing National Missile Defense program and for demanding from Congress a $48 billion jump in defense Contributing Editors Lila Abu-Lughod, spending over last year. There is lonely Congressional dissent as Special Forces contingents are dis- Mariano Aguirre, Asef Bayat, Joel Beinin, Azmi patched to the Philippines, Yemen and Georgia to help those governments quell Islamist insurgencies. Bishara, Dan Connell, Beshara Doumani, Kaveh Even the Pentagon’s missteps are rewarded. As Norman Solomon observed in his column for Fair- Ehsani, Selima Ghezali, Sarah Graham-Brown, ness and Accuracy in Reporting, the week-long flap over the Office of Strategic Influence—designed to Fred Halliday, Geoff Hartman, Rema Hammami, feed disinformation to the foreign press—has “actually reinforced the notion that the US government Deniz Kandiyoti, Isam al-Khafaji, Ann Lesch, has no rational motive for hiding truth, since its real endeavors can proudly stand the light of day.” Zachary Lockman, Tim Mitchell, Roger Owen, After Rumsfeld sheepishly disbanded the in-house spin unit, few news outlets noticed that a similar Reem Saad, Mohammed el-Sayed Said, Simona outfit called the Information Awareness Office will be headed by retired Adm. John Poindexter, that Sharoni, Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, Susan Slyomovics, Salim Tamari, Graham Usher, Oren paragon of official probity last sighted trying to explain the Iran-contra fiasco to a bewildered public. Yiftachel, Sami Zubaida. As the articles in this issue argue, the latest consolidation of the military-industrial complex has done little or nothing to enhance the security of people in the Middle East and Central Asia. Even as winter snows hinder the suddenly hotter war in Afghanistan, more US interventions appear certain. MERIP Board of Directors Bruce Dunne, David Renewed fighting in March has underscored the hollowness of the US victory in Afghanistan. At McMurray, Karen Pfeifer, Jillian Schwedler, Ted the hardliners’ urging, the US began its assault on the Taliban before a viable political alternative had Swedenburg, Sandra Tamari, Chris Toensing. been concocted. Anxious to avoid combat casualties, the administration could merely stand and watch when its proxies, the erstwhile Northern Alliance, rolled into Kabul considerably ahead of the agreed- Editorial Committee Kamran Ali, Shiva upon schedule. With Northern Alliance fighters in control of the capital and major cities, it was impos- Balaghi, Phyllis Bennis, James E. Bishara, Sheila sible not to include Abdul Rashid Dostum and other commanders accused of war crimes as ministers in Carapico, Elliott Colla, Deborah Gerner, Lisa Hamid Karzai’s interim government. The resulting return of warlord politics to Afghanistan promises Hajjar, Salah D. Hassan, Steve Hubbell, Vickie anything but stability. Already, it appears that warlords nominally friendly to the US presence and Langohr, David McMurray, Khalid Medani, Garay Karzai have at least twice misdirected US bombing and commando raids to eliminate their own rivals. Menicucci, Karen Pfeifer, Shahnaz Rouse, There are whispers that the crime wave in Kabul—supposedly the one place where Karzai’s authority Rebecca L. Stein, Ted Swedenburg, Chris holds firm—is perpetrated by armed gangs loyal to members of the government. Outside Kabul, Af- Toensing, Ian Urbina. ghan civilians are even more insecure. Karzai
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