SOURCE CITATION IRISH GENEALOGY TIPS CLOUD BACKUPS: MADE EASY & RESOURCES 7 TOP TOOLS

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0615FT TOC.indd Sec1:4 3/18/15 2:37 PM contents feature articles 54 61 66

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20 Hidden in Plain 42 Making Cousin Sight Connections | By Maureen A. Taylor | By Shannon Combs-Bennett

Learn how to uncover eight kinds of Distant cousins can swap family sto- surprising new clues in your old fam- ries, share photos and add to your ily photos. family tree. How do you find them? Try these 10 techniques. 26 Gone With the Wind? | By Sunny Jane Morton 48 South-of-the- 54 Citation Elation Border Roots | By Rick Crume Did your Southern ancestors vanish | By David A. Fryxell in the social and economic upheaval Source citations need not be a source that followed the Civil War? We’ll Discover the bounty of records—with of misery. Learn how your genealogy show you the best records to track many coming online—that can help software can make it easy to track them down. you trace your family tree in Mexico. where you fi nd your family facts.

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0615FT TOC.indd Sec2:1 3/23/15 1:55 PM contents columns & departments

4 Out on a Limb | By Diane Haddad 8 Genealogy Insider A letter from our editor. | Edited by Diane Haddad

What’s new in discovering, preserving 6 Tree Talk and celebrating your family history: Readers respond to » Volunteers make information-rich Family Tree Magazine. obituaries easier to fi nd » Five questions with Ross Allred of GenealogyBank 12 History Matters » A look at death in our ancestors’ | By David A. Fryxell day Shedding light on the history of sunglasses.

17 Family Archivist | By Denise May Levenick How to preserve and display old WORKBOOK diplomas.

61 Now What? 33 Tax Records | By James M. Beidler | By David A. Fryxell Answers to your questions on Irish » Our Genealogy Workbooks series shows you what you need to know roots, early immigrants through New to research your ancestors in essential family history sources. York and Colonial censuses.

63 Research Roadmap Mapping tuberculosis deaths in 1870.

66 The Toolkit 64 Document Detective | Edited by Tyler Moss | By George G. Morgan Genealogy clues in alien registration Reviews and roundups of the latest applications. and greatest family history resources: » Resource Roundup: Cloud geneal- ogy tools 72 Photo Finish » Software Review: RootsMagic 7 Honoring the mothers in readers’ » Tutorial: Save and share photos on family trees. Famberry IN OUR NEXT ISSUE Family Tree Magazine (ISSN 1529-0298) is published seven times per year: January/February, March/April, May/June, July/ August, September, October/November and December by F+W, A Content + eCommerce Company, 10151 Carver Road, Suite » Reading your autosomal DNA map 200, Cincinnati, OH 45242; telephone (513) 531-2690. Copyright ©2015 F+W, A Content + eCommerce Company, Vol. 16, No. » Ancestral myths to ignore 3, May/June 2015. Subscription rates: one year, $36. Canadian subscriptions add $8 per year, other foreign subscriptions add $10 Guide to military draft records per year for surface mail or $35 per year for air mail and remit in US funds. Postmaster: Send all address changes to Family Tree » Magazine, Box 420235, Palm Coast, FL 32141; return undeliverable Canadian addresses to Box 1632, Windsor, Ontario N9A 7C9. Available June 23 on newsstands and Periodicals postage paid at Cincinnati, Ohio and additional mailing offi ces. Produced and printed in the USA. from ShopFamilyTree.com.

2 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0615FT TOC.indd Sec2:2 3/18/15 2:38 PM now @ familytreemagazine.com

Look for these icons throughout the magazine to fi nd related online articles, blog posts and resources. Free Web Content Family Tree Magazine Plus ShopFamilyTree.com FamilyTreeUniversity.com

PINTEREST FREE DOWNLOAD » JUST LIKE MOM USED TO MAKE Remember the moms and grandmas in your family tree by cooking » DEMYSTIFY DNA TESTING up something delicious the way they would’ve done it. Our Family DNA testing can connect you with your living cousins, Recipes board on Pinterest will give you plenty of great ideas. away from dead ends and give you promising new leads. Start your genetic genealogy journey with the tools in our free e-book download .

FAMILY TREE MAGAZINE PLUS PODCAST ONLINE COURSES » CIVIL WAR RESEARCH » PHOTO » SETTING This month 150 years ago, the American Civil War had just ended. FOCUS YOUR CITES Discover your ancestor’s part in that epic struggle with our nine- In celebration of National Let our Source Citations for step guide . Photo Month, host Lisa Regular People four-week Learn more about Plus membership at . photo preservation and of citing the sources of your organizing experts. Visit genealogy information. You’ll SHOPFAMILYTREE.COM . and create citations. Register at » HOW TO ARCHIVE . Are your digital photos languishing on diff erent devices? Our guide helps you organize and share your family’s visual legacy.

QUICK LINKS » SUBSCRIBE » FREE GENEALOGY » FREE EMAIL » CUSTOMER customerservice>

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0615FT TOC.indd Sec2:3 3/18/15 2:38 PM outonalimb

Blank Faces MAY/JUNE 2015 • VOLUME 16, ISSUE 3 3 I WANTED TO write here about an old family photo with hidden clues (see our article on page 20). But the truth Publisher and Community Leader » Allison Dolan is, beyond my grandparents’ genera- Editor » Diane Haddad tion, precious few family photos made Art Director » Julie Barnett their way to my line. Those I do have Online Community Editor » Tyler Moss are scans of photocopies of originals Contributing Editors » Lisa A. Alzo, Sharon DeBartolo Carmack, Rick Crume, David A. Fryxell, now in some unknown location. Editing Nancy Hendrickson, Sunny Jane Morton, articles about tintypes and daguerreo- Maureen A. Taylor types gives me pangs of jealousy. ••• Telling family stories was a major F+W, A CONTENT + ECOMMERCE COMPANY focus of February’s RootsTech/Fed- Chairman & CEO » David Nussbaum CFO » James Ogle joint conferences, with Does this mean my ancestors’ stories Chief Digital Offi cer » Chad Phelps photos an integral part of that process. won’t get any traffi c from relatives? VP, eCommerce » Lucas Hilbert Exhibitors off ered apps and services for It doesn’t have to. I look for other Senior VP, Operations » Phil Graham archiving and sharing photos and mem- types of images that can elucidate my VP, Communications » Stacie Berger ories about them. Presenters demoed ancestors’ lives: maps, old neighbor- ••• Advertising Sales Representative » Jill Ruesch cool ways to use photos in storytelling. hood scenes, their houses and grave- Advertising Services Assistant » Connie Kostrzewa Photos are the way to introduce your stones, and of course their historical Senior Online Marketing Manager » Austin Vosler relatives to their ancestors. I get it. records. I’ve been lucky to make several ••• There’s nothing like looking deep into newspaper fi nds with photos—however Circulation Director » Paul Rolnick the eyes of your great-great-grand- grainy—of my grandfather as a student Newsstand Sales » Scott Hill mother, studying the lines of her face in a Texas orphanage. A great-grand- ••• Family Tree Magazine, published in the United States, and trying to read her expression. My uncle was in his 1914 school yearbook. is not affi liated with the British Family Tree Magazine, tree is much more interesting with And I hold out hope that, as the outer or with Family Tree Maker software. EDITORIAL OFFICES: real faces instead of generic man and branches of my family tree grow (per- 10151 Carver Road, Suite 200, Blue Ash, OH 45242, woman silhouettes. It works the same haps with the tips on page 42), I’ll con- [email protected]. way in technology: Facebook posts with nect with cousins happy to share their ADVERTISING: Contact Jill Ruesch, (800) 726-9966 ext. 13223, [email protected]. pictures get more clicks. treasured pieces of the past. ■ SUBSCRIPTIONS: Box 421751, Palm Coast, FL 32142, (888) 403-9002 or internationally, (386) 246-3364, . Include your address with all inquiries. SINGLE COPIES, BACK ISSUES AND SHOPFAMILYTREE.COM: F+W, A Content +eCommerce Company, 4868 Innovation Drive (Building 2), Fort Collins, CO 80525, (855) 278- DIANE’S TOP 3 TIPS 0408, . NEWSSTAND AND INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTION: from this issue Curtis Circulation Co., 730 River Road, New Milford, NJ 07646, phone: (201) 634-7400, fax: (201) 634-7499. 1 Number copies of records in your paper files. Add a record’s PRIVACY PROMISE: Occasionally we make portions of our number to software source citations that reference that record. customer list available to other companies so they may contact you about products and services that may be of interest to you. If you prefer we withhold your name, simply 2 Local histories are full of migration clues. They often men- send a note with the magazine name to: List Manager, F+W, A Content + eCommerce Company, 10151 Carver Road, tion groups that migrated in and out, along with where they Suite 200, Blue Ash, OH 45242. came from or where they went. Copyright © 2015 F+W, A Content +eCommerce Company. All Rights Reserved. Family Tree Magazine is a registered trademark of F+W, A Content + eCommerce Company. 3 Don’t have a potential cousin’s email address? Try searching online for the person’s genealogy website username.

4 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

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0615FT ED LETTER.indd Sec1:5 3/18/15 2:08 PM treetalk Readers respond to Family Tree Magazine

One for the Books Years ago, probably at an antiques store, I spied a brown leather pocket journal, about 3x5 inches. I believe it was intended for tracking expenses and income; its pages have red rules down the side. But the owner of this particular journal used it as a place to record quotations from pro- fessors, preachers and writers, as well as occasional clippings from newspa- pers or magazines. Because I like small books and enjoy thought-provoking quotations, I decided to give this one a new home. Insider], about genealogists who’ve The owner of I was inspired by the January/Febru- reunited family Bibles, autograph ary 2015 Family Tree Magazine article books, photos and more with the fami- this particular journal “Heirloom Homecomings” [Genealogy lies of the original owners. I wondered if I could do the same for the little “used it as a place to BEHIND THE SCENES journal. I pulled it from the bookshelf and searched the pages for clues to the record quotations from original owner. On the inside cover was an inscribed name and date: “W.K. professors, preachers Groff , January 23, 1899.” Well, that was a start. And near the back were several and writers, as well as pages of subjects and grades. I opened Ancestry.com and typed in the initials and last name. I narrowed the results to the from newspapers or 1900 US census. Immediately, I clicked on the W. K. Groff result and found the magazines. transcribed name of 20-year-old W. K. Groff , along with many young men in a long list. The record image revealed a year, I looked for a Frank Groff , hop- that the men were students at Keystone ing he stayed in Pennsylvania. A vet- State Normal School in Maxatawny, Pa. eran’s burial card” listed a Frank Groff , Turning to the grades at the back of the born Aug. 17, 1914, and died July 28, journal, I noticed that one corner of a 1985. It also gave his wife’s name. This page bore the letters SNS. State Normal sounded possible. School? Very likely! Next I searched GenealogyBank The genealogy experts who Hoping W.K. had gone to school not for an obitu- contribute to Family Tree Magazine far from home, I kept my focus on Penn- ary. I found one for Frank, survived by and Family Tree University come from sylvania. I found a death certifi cate for the right wife, and it named a son and a far and wide, and we don’t often get Wilmer K. Groff , born Jan. 19, 1880, and daughter. Holding my breath and hop- to visit with them in person. The 2015 died April 5, 1941. I had a fi rst name. ing they’d stayed close to their roots, I joint RootsTech and Federation of Because he was alive during the 1940 ran a WhitePages.com search for the Genealogical Societies conferences census, I jumped to looking for descen- son. There was one result. in Salt Lake dants. Ta-da! There was Wilmer with The next day, I dialed the number. City afforded the rare—and fun— wife, Mary, and son, Frank, a 25-year- The phone rang and a recorded message opportunity to gather many of them old teacher living at home. came on. I gave my name and mentioned in one place. Now began the search for Frank. Frank and Wilmer. Then a woman’s With a birth year of 1915 plus or minus voice interrupted. Frank’s daughter-in-

6 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0615FT TREE TALK.indd 6 3/18/15 2:33 PM FACEBOOK FAN MAIL PHOTO FUN

Turkey was the topic when our Facebook WHAT’S YOUR BIGGEST GENEALOGY REGRET? fans came up with clever captions for this DNA. YDNA. Any DNA, before all my Organization! I know what I’m feathery photo. You, too, can join in the parents and grandparents died supposed to do, but it’s more fun photo-captioning fun at .

I wish I had asked my father more We should document our own lives, questions before he died. He was an because someday they will be history. only child, as was his mother. » Barbara Ravetti » Jim Dina Killen Not asking my Grandpa more about I worked on a badge in Girl Scouts in his family before he passed. Not the 1950s requiring an interview of scanning this giant white album that my grandma, who was born in 1883. his sister sent him before she got it I’ve never been able to fi nd the writ- back. » Chris Bergstrom ten report I did.» Karen Harrison I asked my dad plenty of who-what- [I wish I] would’ve gotten the names when-where questions, but I didn’t as to who were the people in old ask enough for stories. » Elizabeth pictures. » Mary Louise Keefe Raglin Wagner One day, you’ll have a neck like mine, too! » Sheila Warren Join our community at . What do you mean I look law had been listening, and picked up the statement “So many Californians nothing like my profile when I knew the family names. crossed the border [to be married or picture? On my fi rst try, I had found the grand- divorced], the California State Archives » Ronnie Bromm O’Rourke son of W.K. Groff , the man who’d com- maintains microfi che records of Nevada piled the quotations in the little brown marriages and divorces.” When I was told we were journal more than 110 years ago. After The California State Archives does having turkey for dinner, a pleasant conversation, it was agreed not have any records of marriages and this isn’t what I expected. that Wilmer’s small book will, after all divorces, or any other vital records, » Bob N Nancy Whisman these years, be returned to his grandson. from the state of Nevada. In fact, we While there’s little of purely genea- have few vital records even from Cali- logical value in the tiny journal, Wilm- fornia, as in this state most such records er’s recorded thoughts speak volumes are maintained at the county level. about the character of the young man. Jessica M. Herrick, Archivist II, husband’s genealogy from Norway, He did go on to become a teacher, as Reference Coordinator » and there was an article on this as well did his son, Frank, who also became a California State Archives [“Norse Nods”]. I love the magazine, school superintendent. and thanks for thinking of me. Kristin S. Everson » Marietta, Ga. Custom-made Anna Jacobson » via email I could swear you wrote your Editor’s note: The December 2014 California Correction December 2014 issue just for me. I was Family Tree Magazine is available from On page 20 of the January/ trying to fi nd divorce papers and there ShopFamilyTree.com .

TALK TO US We’d love to hear your research stories, family memories and thoughts about this issue. Email ftmedit@ fwmedia.com or leave us a note on Facebook . Letters may be edited for space and clarity.

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0615FT TREE TALK.indd 7 3/18/15 2:34 PM genealogyinsider Behind the scenes of family history news and trends {BY SUNNY JANE MORTON} Obituaries Online

Obituaries are getting easier to fi nd online—but the newest ones may disappear before descendants even start looking for them.

3 AS PART OF its “Year of the Obitu- “Only a small percentage of newspa- Those volunteers have already ary” in 2014, FamilySearch , the genealogy arm of the that is genealogically relevant [and]… GenealogyBank’s obituaries. Search the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day easily indexable,” says Devin Ashby, a free index on FamilySearch.org familysearch.org/search/collection/ digital newspapers subscription site And the results of keyword searching 2333694> (and eventually also on GenealogyBank to index a billion of the latter site’s great: Studies by universities including available in subscription collections at obituaries. FamilySearch called this “the Stanford and King’s College London GenealogyBank.com. The site’s obitu- largest—and perhaps most signifi cant— show only a 60- to 80-percent accuracy aries since 1977 are already “clipped” online US historical records access ini- rate when you search digitized old from the surrounding newspaper tiative yet.” That’s because obituaries newspapers that were transcribed with pages, simplifying the indexing pro- are familiar to a broad audience and OCR (optical character recognition) cess. That's why recent obituaries are deliver names (on average, eight to 10 software. The success rate is even lower being indexed fi rst; older ones will fol- per obituary), relationships and more in for capitalized words—bad news for low. Ashby estimates the project is cap- an easy-to-understand format. genealogists searching names. turing “90 percent of obituaries being But why index all those obituaries But human indexers, who can use published now and moving forward.” when we can already keyword-search context to figure out a hard-to-read Other major genealogy websites millions of digitized newspaper pages? word, generally do a better job than also are undertaking efforts to help Why not throw the considerable ener- software. “Most of what we index and searchers fi nd obituaries. Findmypast. gies of FamilySearch into digitizing publish on FamilySearch.org is above 98 com has a trea- more papers or indexing another type percent accuracy, thanks in large part to sure trove of British, Irish and Scottish of record that isn’t readily accessible? our volunteer indexers,” Ashby says. papers, which include an estimated

Where do you fi nd relatives' obituaries?

We have a ton of Not all of my GenealogyBank old scrapbooks. relatives had the and the local Our family was courtesy to live in papers (where my always cutting towns that have relatives resided out obituaries [obituary] collec- when they died). and saving them. tions online. I still Janet Duval Ruth Standiford » Cleveland, Ohio order a lot of newspapers on micro- Fortunato » Gardner, Mass. film via interlibrary loan. Kerry Scott » Albuquerque, NM,

8 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0615FT INSIDER.indd 8 3/18/15 2:24 PM 3 to 6 million obituaries. Product man- ager Ian Tester says the company is 5 Questions With working on projects to index them and to improve the recognition of names via ROSS ALLRED OCR. “We’ll be introducing more search features shortly to enable filtering by Meet Ross Allred. This genealogy industry vet- articles that have been specifi cally iden- eran worked for Ancestry.com tifi ed as family notices,” he says. and the WorldVitalRecords site before becoming director of com>, the search algorithm looks not content and business development for Genealo- only at the OCR content, but also at gyBank and its sister the location of the newspaper—a tech- site, ObitsArchive . nology called semantic analysis. The number of mismatches on an obituary You’ve been in this industry almost for Springfield, Ohio, will drop dra- your entire career. Why? matically if matches from a paper in 1It’s a fun and growing industry. I enjoy Springfi eld, Mo., can be eliminated. working in a business that benefits people, Modern obituaries, such as those rather than just selling goods and services. Hearing about people’s family dis- FamilySearch indexers are focusing on, coveries is so rich and rewarding. can link genealogical research to living relatives. But fewer current obituaries What do genealogists look like from where you sit? are appearing in newspapers as the I see people who are very passionate about what they do. The number expense proves too much for many 2of volunteers in this world—whether they’re indexing or helping other families. One source estimates the cost family historians in their genealogy communities—is fascinating and wonder- of an average newspaper obituary at ful to me. Helping genealogists make new discoveries directly or indirectly is $298 for 20 lines of copy and a photo. very satisfying. The rate can run as high as $600. Some families forgo an obituary Are we getting any younger? altogether. Others publish memorials I think so, but there are still barriers. I see people showing interest in online through funeral home websites 3their 30s and 40s. But diff erent seasons of life allow you to do diff erent and services such as Legacy.com or Tributes.com . These may be longer than traditional obituaries, and sometimes Are all these competing genealogy websites good for include images and allow mourners to consumers? post condolences. 4Yes. More and more sites have developed very strong niches. The overall But the staying power of these online competition is healthy, and as everyone gets better and better at what they’re memorials isn’t guaranteed. They may doing, it will give genealogists the very best products possible. be posted for a limited time, and web- sites can go offline without notice. Have you caught the “genealogy bug” yourself? Unless you could recover the obituary I didn’t have it at fi rst. Then we took a family trip to an ancestral home- in a cached version of an old website, it 5town in Illinois. My wife and I realized our ancestors lived within a few would be lost as a genealogical resource. blocks of each other and more than likely knew each other. As I was walking A savvy researcher will download these the land, it felt like my ancestors were there with me. There was a strong con- memorials for the family’s future refer- nection that I’ve never felt before. That’s why genealogy is growing at such a ence. Submitters of online memorials fast pace—other people are having these same kinds of experiences. (who own the copyright to the text) might consider adding them to the READ MORE of our interview with Ross Allred on the Genealogy Insider relative’s profi le on genealogy and cem- blog . etery inscription websites.

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0615FT INSIDER.indd 9 3/18/15 2:24 PM genealogyinsider

NUMBERS TO DIE FOR

How many years could our US ancestors expect to live?

BiBirth year 1850 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990

White men 38 42 50 59 66 68 73 White women 40 44 54 63 72 75 79 All other men N/A N/A 34 48 59 61 67 All other women N/A N/A 35 50 63 69 75

TOP 10 CAUSES OF DEATH, THEN AND NOW 1900 2010 Pneumonia or influenza Heart disease Tuberculosis Cancer Gastrointestinal infection Noninfectious airways diseases Heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Cerebrovascular disease (such as stroke) Accidents Nephropathies (kidney disease) Alzheimer’s Accidents Diabetes Cancer Nephropathies Senility Pneumonia or influenza Diphtheria Suicide

DID YOU A list of causes of death in Boston KNOW? in 1811 included “drinking cold water” DIEDEED (two cases), teething (11), "killed by 181118118 1 Between 1935 and 2010, lightning" (one), and “cramp in the the risk of dying for children stomach” (two). The most deaths by ages 1 through 4 dropped far were due to consumption (221). ■ 94 percent.

Sources: , , , ,

10 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

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0615FT INSIDER.indd 11 3/18/15 2:25 PM historymatters Innovations and trends that shaped your ancestors’ lives {BY DAVID A. FRYXELL} Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ppmsca-18466 and Photographs Prints of Congress Library Made in the Shades

3 FIFTY YEARS AGO, the Geer, Dubois advertising agency donned smoky-quartz panes—not for sun protection, but to fi rst asked the question, “Who’s behind those Foster Grants?” conceal any telltale expressions. The answers included such fi lm stars as Peter Sellers, Louis Eyeglasses for vision correction were invented in Italy Jordan and Claudia Cardinale, and sunglasses would never about 1284, possibly by a Florence experimenter named be the same. The campaign, ranked 66th in Advertising Age’s Salvino D’Armate (1258-1312). The story goes that D’Armate list of the greatest of the 20th century, made Foster Grant one had injured his eyes studying light refraction, and invented of America’s best-known brands. eyeglasses for his own use. Early eyeglasses helped only with But hardly anybody knows Sam Foster, the Aus- farsightedness; lenses to treat nearsightedness came trian immigrant who founded the company with Celebrities along in the 1400s, and astigmatism suff erers had William Grant in 1919 and first popularized featured in the to wait until 1825. sunglasses on the Atlantic City boardwalk in original Foster Grant ad More important to the future of sunglasses, 1929. The Foster Grant Co., which declared campaign included Woody however, was the invention of eyeglass frames bankruptcy in 1990 and has since had a long Allen, Raquel Welch, Peter with temple pieces that extended to the ears, succession of anonymous conglomerate own- Sellers, Anthony Quinn, by Spanish craftsmen in the 1600s. No longer ers, doesn’t even mention Sam Foster by name Mia Farrow and Elke did glasses have to perch only on the nose on its website. Sommer. (although this pince-nez—“pinch-nose”—style People had been shielding their eyes from made a comeback in the 1840s). An extreme varia- the sun’s glare for centuries, of course. Early Inuit tion, “wig spectacles,” became popular in the 1700s, people wore goggles of walrus ivory with only narrow slits to with temple pieces that extended far beyond the ears into admit the brilliant Arctic sun refl ecting off the snow. Roman men’s wigs. Perhaps in response, women who associated emperor Nero supposedly enjoyed watching gladiatorial eyeglasses with infi rmity and old age adopted the lorgnette, combat through polished green gems. In early China, judges a hand-held spectacle with a handle that could be employed

12 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0615FT HISTORY MATTERS.indd 12 3/18/15 2:02 PM The fi rst baseball player to wear sunglasses on the fi eld did so in 1882; Brooklyn Dodgers outfi elder Casey Stengel sported these shades in 1915. IN TIME

1752 | James Leominster, only as needed. By the mid-1800s, Ayscough invents Mass., where lorgnette designs also incorpo- green- and blue- Foster Grant sunglasses rated mechanical pencils, fans tinted lenses emerged from a plastics and ear trumpets. manufacturing business, is None of these innovations 1919 | Foster now home to the National did much to protect the eyes in Grant Co. founded Plastics Center and bright sunlight, however. Even Museum. the inventor commonly credited 1929 | Sam with developing tinted lenses, James Foster sells Ayscough in 1752, wasn’t interested in sunglasses on sun protection. He thought green- and blue-tinted lenses Atlantic City’s would correct impaired vision. boardwalk Along came Sam Foster, who had co-founded his fi rm in Leominster, Mass., to produce women’s hair accessories. It 1936 | Edwin H. turned out that the newfangled plastic injection molding Land introduces technology used in such products was also perfect for sun- polarized sunglass glasses’ frames. That breakthrough came in handy when a lenses trend toward shorter women’s hairstyles also abbreviated Foster Grant’s profi ts. 1937 | Ray-Ban According to genealogy research by Foster’s relative, launches Aviator Samuel L. Foster Jr. was born in Skala, Austria, a suburb of sunglasses, Vienna, on June 22, 1883, to an Ashkenazi Jewish family with later worn by Russian roots. His parents were Samuel Shmuel Carl Foster Gen. Douglas and Fanny (Frieda) Talchinsky, though “Foster” was prob- MacArthur ably not the family’s original name. According to the 1920 US census, which shows Sam Foster in the “celluloid” business, 1952 | Ray-Ban he immigrated in 1896 and was naturalized in 1915. debuts Wayfarers Foster’s first enterprise, producing fireworks, literally style blew up on him. After learning the plastics trade with the Viscoloid Co., he struck out on his own again with salesman 1961 | Audrey William Grant. That partnership lasted only a few months, Hepburn wears the story goes, but finances were so tight Foster couldn’t Manhattan aff ord to change the company name. A lucrative account pro- sunglasses by ducing plastic dice for Kresge stores saved the business until Oliver Goldsmith sunglasses came along. in Breakfast at In 1929, Foster convinced the Woolworth’s store on the Tiffany’s famous Atlantic City, NJ, boardwalk to sell 10-cent sun- glasses—the first to be sold over the counter, rather than 1965 | “Who’s ordered from an optician. Foster’s persistence soon got his behind those sunglasses into other stores that also sold the company’s Foster Grants?” hair accessories: “OK, let me dress up this window for you,” ad campaign he’d say, according to one account, “and if you don’t sell the launches glasses, I’ll pick them up.” Before long, stores from coast to coast were begging him 1983 | Tom for more sunglasses. By 1938, Life magazine reported that Cruise peers over 20 million sunglasses had been sold the previous year, call- his Wayfarers in ing them “a new fad for wear on city streets … a favorite Risky Business

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0615FT HISTORY MATTERS.indd 13 3/23/15 1:51 PM historymatters

Some accounts claim that syphilis patients affectation of thousands of women all over in the 19th century wore Angeles in 1966 at age 83, his passing little the US.” Movie stars donned them, either as amber-tinted glasses noticed even in that sunglasses-mad city. a disguise against paparazzi or to mask their because sensitivity to Foster Grant was no longer a family firm. red eyes from the harsh arc lights used on sets. light is a symptom of Goody Products, a New Jersey company also in The king of Egypt was seen sporting sunglasses. the disease. the hair-accessories business, had bought a half- A history published in Optician noted the sig- interest in the company the same year Foster Grant nifi cance of sunglasses’ rise to popularity in the depths introduced its sunglasses. Over the years, Goody kept of the Depression: “Sunglasses spelt glamour and wealth in selling its stock to fi nance its other businesses. In 1970, the years which had precious little of either.” United Brands conglomerate began buying up Foster Grant Sunglasses had increasingly practical benefi ts, too. In 1936, stock with an eye to a takeover. A battle for control ensued— Edwin H. Land began making lenses with his Polaroid fi l- until United Brands suff ered major losses when a 1974 hur- ter. The following year, as war loomed in Europe, Bausch & ricane wiped out its banana plantations in Honduras. Lomb created the fi rst Ray-Ban “Aviator” sunglasses for the By the time the dust settled, the German pharmaceuti- US Army Air Corps to protect pilots’ eyes from glare. cal fi rm Hoechst A.G. had bought both United Brands’ and But it was advertising—$1 million a year by the mid-1970s, Goody’s holdings. Foster Grant went through four more including sponsorship of the World Series—that made acquisitions (along with several aborted deals) and a bank- Foster Grant synonymous with sunglasses and glamour (even ruptcy by 1996. Today, however, the company is back on its though most of their products were moderately priced). feet. It even has launched a new campaign featuring model Sam Foster moved to California in 1942. While his son Cindy Crawford, race driver Jeff Gordon and actress Brooke Joseph took over the company, Sam turned his attention to Shields as the answers to the question, “Who’s behind those inventing an automatic car-parking device. He died in Los Foster Grants?” ■

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14 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

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0615FT ARCHIVIST.indd 16 3/18/15 2:04 PM familyarchivist Tools for taking care of your family’s legacy {BY DENISE LEVENICK}

FLAWLESSLY FRAMED 3 PERHAPS GRANDMA’S “OLD-SCHOOL” parchment diploma or the deed to the old family farm was proudly displayed in the house where you grew up—but now that framed certifi cate is in need of a little TLC. Let our short les- son in framing Grandma’s diploma and other old documents bring you to the head of the class. ASK ARCHIVIST

Q. How do I care for and display my grand- mother’s college diploma? It’s now in a wooden frame with a plain cardboard backing. A. Old frames are often wooden with simple cardboard mats or backings, materials that are high in wood pulp and acids harmful to paper and photos. You’ll want to replace these Your local art framer should be familiar with the use of materials with archival quality, acid-free and lignin-free conservation-quality framing materials, but expect to pay frames and mats to protect against deterioration caused by more than for standard materials. If you decide to try do- wood pulp products. Avoid using regular cardboard or poster it-yourself reframing, purchase acid-free mat board and board when reframing family history documents because backing board at a local art supply store and have the mat they can cause yellowing and brown spots. custom-cut. Use a metal or wood frame that has been sealed You’ll also want to protect your diploma from artificial with polyurethane. and natural light by displaying the framed work in a hallway Instead of a cardboard insert in the frame, use another or on a wall away from windows and direct lighting. Using piece of acid-free, lignin-free backing board cut to com- archival UV glass in the frame adds another layer of protec- pletely cover the back of the diploma. Old-fashioned frames tion against fading and light damage. Documents and photos often added a fi nal brown butcher-paper backing glued to the should always be mounted with a 100 percent rag, acid-free, frame to seal out dust. Be sure to use acid-free paper instead. lignin-free window mat next to the glass, allowing the item As an alternative, scan the diploma and order a print for room to “breathe.” framing, as described in the tip below.

Fake It Till You Make It Welcome Matsts

Could you tell the difference between an original document When it comes to displaying old docu-u- and a high-quality print or color photocopy? Probably not, at ments and photos, museum-quality win-- least without a close inspection. Add a frame, mat and glass dow mats are your best preservation bet. to the copy, and visitors can enjoy viewing it while you rest Archival suppliers such as University with the knowledge it is protected from light, dust and other Products , Holllinger Metal Edge and archival TIFF format and back up the file with your genealogy Gaylord Archival carry museum mats cut from Artcaretcare keeping. Then place the original in an acid-free, lignin-free Alpharag, a buffered four-ply white mat boboardard tthathat nneutral-eutral- folder or envelope and store in an archival box. Make a high- izes acidic gases. The heavy, cotton rag mat showcases the quality reproduction copy to frame as desired and display item in the window opening and provides support with a anywhere in your home or office. back mat mount.

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0615FT ARCHIVIST.indd 17 3/20/15 3:03 PM Project Idea: Wood-Mounted Certifi cate

Decorating with historical ephemera is 2. Print your document on matte paper a hot trend, and you won’t have to look of your desired size and color. If desired, further than your family archive for inex- tear and darken the edges with brown paint pensive and unique documents to work or carefully burn and scorch. with. Photo services such as Shutterfly 3. Cut a piece of wood to size (many hard- and Snapfish ware stores will do this for you). Stain the offer décor items edges and any border that will show around such as large posters, canvas-mounted the document. For best contrast, leave the prints, metal prints, pillows and more. wood light where your document will be. Or you can go the DIY route and create 4. Use a foam craft brush to evenly cover

unique, family history-minded wall art the board and the back of the print with Levenick Denise May with this decoupage-on-wood project: Mod Podge decoupage medium, smooth- For more family history projects, see 1. Select an antique or vintage diploma, ing it to avoid lumps. Carefully position the our Family Tree Pinspiration board certificate or deed with distinctive hand- print on the board. Let dry thoroughly. on Pinterest and ments. Scan it in full color at a high coats of Mod Podge to cover the front my book How to Archive Family Photos resolution, such as 1,200 dpi, for best of the print and all edges of the board. . ■

18 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

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0615FT ARCHIVIST.indd 19 3/18/15 2:05 PM Hidden In Plain Sight

Learn how to uncover eight kinds of surprising new clues in your old family photos.

BY MAUREEN A. TAYLOR

3 IT’S SO EASY to focus on just the faces and clothing person. These subtle details are in the jewelry your ances- that are prominently featured in your family photos, letting tors wore; in possessions such as cars and cameras; and in the other details fade into the background. But right there the backdrops, foliage and furniture behind them. Take, in plain view are clues you might be missing, clues that can for example, the eight photos on the next few pages. Their help you determine when and where a photo was taken, “hidden clues”—and what those clues say about each image— identify who’s in it, and understand something about that will help you take in new details in your own old pictures.

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0615FT HIDDEN CLUES FEATURE.indd 20 3/18/15 2:11 PM Refl ective mood Anna Borish, born in 1897 in Bessarabia, stands in front of her father’s store in Seattle about 1912. Her descendant Carol Oseran Starin found the store’s address in a city directory. Looking closely at the refl ection in the store window on the right, Starin was surprised to see a building she recognized. This clue pinpointed the exact location of the store across the street from Bikur Cholim Synagogue, a place central to the family’s life, in Seattle’s Yesler neighborhood. Check your photos for refl ections in windows, mirrors and picture frames. Even if your photo doesn’t have these things, look for a business name, street sign or noteworthy building, which you can look up in city directories. For more informa- tion on using these directories, see our guide . If you

know generally where the picture was taken, you may be able Starin Oseran of Carol Courtesy to use the free Google Earth to “walk” A street itself is another clue. Many local histories men- down the street and locate the buildings. Genealogy Gems’ tion when improvements such as paving and street lamps Lisa Louise Cooke of off ers a free video demo of this tech- occurred, as do town or city annual reports. Local papers nique at . tracks, fi re hydrants and bridges are similar clues.

Tools of the trade Susan Fleck’s grandmother Opal Marguerite Hoff man Jack- son holds a box camera in this photo. The appearance in a photo of cameras and other dateable gadgets—typewriters, binoculars, bicycles, etc.—can help you determine the begin- ning of your date range for when the picture was taken. Of course, a family might have held onto these items for years, so look at all the photo clues together as a whole. Running a Google search such as bicycle his- tory can tell you when a gadget was commercially available. Compare the item in your photo to image search results, too. Jackson’s camera is a Kodak Brownie, available from 1901 to 1935 in a variety of models; see them at . This camera closely resembles the Brownies pro- duced during the early 1920s, when Jackson was a college student. These dates agree with the clues in the style of hair and clothing the young women wear. In addition to a date, this camera provides a clue to Jackson’s hobbies.

TIP: Have a friend look at your stubborn mystery photos. Sometimes a person viewing a photo with fresh eyes will pick up on clues you’ve missed. Courtesy of Susan Fleck Courtesy

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0615FT HIDDEN CLUES FEATURE.indd 21 3/24/15 1:30 PM All that glitters Julie Monson’s great-grandmother Adelaide Louise Sander- son donned a fashionable pearl choker necklace to sit for her portrait in Milwaukee. Chokers became fashionable in the late 1800s after Alexandra, Princess of Wales, began wearing them, purportedly to conceal a scar on her neck. The style of this one, as well as the high collar on Sanderson’s dress and her curled bangs, support an estimated 1884 date for the picture. An earring or pin may seem like a tiny part of your picture puzzle, but changing trends in jewelry can help you date an image. In the 1850s, well-dressed women pinned hair jewelry to their coiff ures. In the 1860s, brooches worn at the collar were popular. Heavy-looking chains and crosses were stylish in the 1870s. Men and women of the 1880s wore fanciful col- lar and lapels pins. By 1900, watches were common on wom- en’s bodices. Compare jewelry in your photos to the pictures in Dressed for the Photographer by Joan Severa (Kent State University Press) and 20th Century Jewelry: The Complete Sourcebook by John Peacock (Thames & Hudson). Small accessories can open up new research avenues. A Courtesy of Julie Monson Courtesy lapel pin or tie clip might feature fraternal order insignia (three interconnected rings, for example, is the symbol for Jewelry might even hold a photo within your photo. Begin- the International Order of Odd Fellows) or military organiza- ning in the 1840s, pins, lockets, rings, cuffl inks, bracelets, tion, such as the Grand Army of the Republic. If you’re unsure keywinds (used to wind watches) and coat buttons with pho- which side of the family a photo belongs to, expensive jewels tos provided a way to include a deceased or absent loved one could point you to a prosperous branch. Ask relatives about in the picture. Get a closer look at the image by scanning the any inherited jewelry that may match what’s in a photo. photo at a high resolution and zooming in.

Leafy greens Trees, shrubs and fl owers might not date a photo to a spe- cifi c year, but they’re often overlooked as a seasonal clue and a part of a photo’s story. Marilyn Dunning’s great-grandun- cle Pieter Willemszoon Schagen (1850-1944) with his wife and daughters, posed in their Paterson, NJ, backyard. Cling- ing to the arbor behind Schagen’s head is a vine in full foli- age, telling us the photo was taken midsummer. Bare trees, of course, would mean late fall through early spring. You sometimes can use this type of detail with clothing clues and genealogical records to narrow a date of birth—for example, a baby who appears 6 months old in a summer photo was

probably born in late winter. of Marilyn Dunning Courtesy Take geography into account when looking at foliage clues. Spring’s daff odils and tulips bloom later the further north fi nd help from a local garden club. Note that not all plants you go. Consult gardening guides and historical weather visible in an old picture are necessarily still common in resources (such as the Old Farmer’s Almanac ) for information on growing seasons through breeding. The Victory Seed Co. online catalog can help you identify heirloom varieties. fi t, too: If your family lived in Vermont and they’re photo- Pictures with plants can inspire oral history questions. It’s graphed among tropical plants, they may have been on a trip. possible, for example, that Schagen’s garden was a point of If you’re not a master gardener, use a fi eld guide to fi gure pride. It might be a war-era Victory Garden. At the least, it out what kind of foliage you’re looking at. You also might indicated someone in the family had a green thumb.

22 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0615FT HIDDEN CLUES FEATURE.indd 22 3/24/15 1:30 PM Coming from behind What’s behind your relative in a photo could add to its story. In this image, for example, Helene Armstrong’s great-grand- mother Margaret E. Jordan Stephens (seated) posed with two other women in front of a bed covering. This blanket, though, is more than a way to hide an unattractive background. When I fi rst blogged about the photo below in 2007, a reader knowl- edgeable in textile arts explained this is a woven coverlet, either machine- or handmade. Notice behind the shoulders of the women standing, where the vertical columns of darker squares are misaligned? That’s where two pieces, woven on narrow looms, were sewn together to create the necessary width. As for quilts, woven coverlets might follow patterns characteristic of a place or time period—or the artist might have come up with her own pattern. A guide such as A Hand- weaver’s Pattern Book, revised edition, by Marguerite Porter Davison (Churchill & Dunn) could help date this pattern. Georgia women have a long tradition of producing beauti-

ful textiles. One or all of these women may have made the Stout of Sarah Courtesy blanket. Clues in Armstrong’s family history might reveal Counting the Clues whether anyone worked with textiles. On the other hand, the blanket might’ve been the photographer’s. Itinerant photog- Photo clues can tell you more than just when and where a raphers usually hung a plain white backdrop, but sometimes picture was taken, revealing the subjects’ interests and how they used whatever was handy. they lived. This image shows reader Sarah Stout’s third- Your photos may display other types of clue-fi lled back- great-grandparents Elizabeth Josephine McAuley and David drops. Beginning in the 1840s, studio photographers Harrison Russell. Compare your photo-sleuthing skills to employed artists to paint theatrical-style backdrops depict- those of our Photo Detective by answering these questions. ing parlors or local scenes. Photographers would sometimes Turn the page for the answers. enhance the setting with real props, such as picket fences or bicycles. Midwestern ancestors posed in front of a seaside 1. Did this home have electricity? backdrop might indicate a vacation or migration. a. Yes b. No c. Maybe or maybe not

2. True or false? The photographer of this image used a flash.

3. Which item in this room might appear in a probate file’s estate inventory? (Choose all that apply.) a. the convex framed mirror to the right of the door b. the poster above the man’s head c. the wicker rocking chair

4. The floor covering on the right side of this image is a. a rug b. wood parquet c. linoleum

5. What item of Russell’s clothing is associated with his roots as a frontiersman? a. his heavy sweater b. his jeans c. his collarless work shirt Courtesy of Helene Armstrong Courtesy

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0615FT HIDDEN CLUES FEATURE.indd 23 3/18/15 2:12 PM Quiz Answers Lean on me 1. c: Thomas Edison invented the first incandescent light Sitting for a portrait required our ancestors to hold a pose, bulbs in 1879, and by 1930, most homes in the United States sometimes for several minutes. Furniture, supports and had electric lighting. The oil lamp on the table in the corner braces aided them, as you can see in Jeff rey Deitchler’s pic- (visible behind David Harrison Russell’s head) indicates that ture (below). The subject leans on a potted urn—a common this home, located in Ekalaka, Mont., probably didn’t. posing device around 1880—and an adjustable metal brace with a clamp stands unused, off to the side. Information from 2. True: Starting in the late 1800s, a number of inventors Deitchler’s research will help narrow the time frame. obtained patents for artificial lighting for photography. Each decade saw diff erent devices employed to help the The centralized lighting on this couple shows that the studio capture a perfect portrait. In daguerreotypes from the photographer used “flash” photography, possibly a 1840s and 1850s, you’ll see arms resting on tables. Columns magnesium light. for leaning on became common in the 1860s. If you look 3. a and c: Researching this family’s probate records may closely at pictures from the 1860s and 1870s, you often can uncover a list of household items such as the Colonial revival- spot a wooden X behind the subjects’ feet. That’s the base of style mirror and the sturdy wicker rocker. a brace. Deitchler’s tintype was likely meant to be inserted in a mount, which would crop the brace out of the scene. 4. c: Created in the mid 1850s from linseed oil, pine rosin Posing chairs, available as early as 1864, proliferate in and wood powder, durable linoleum flooring was initially images later that decade. Some look like dining chairs with available in solid colors. By the early 1880s, it came in a high backs and curved wood arms; others were designed variety of patterns. especially for photography studios. Fringed chairs became popular starting in the mid-1860s. In the 1870s, women 5. b: German immigrant Levi Strauss and Reno, Nev., tailor would fold their arms and stand in profi le, resting against Jacob Davis patented riveted jeans in 1873. The sturdy rolled-back upholstered furniture, to show off their dresses trousers were a hit with Western cowboys, lumberjacks and with large bustles. Faux fences became common for support railroad workers. and decoration in the 1880s. In the 1890s and early 20th cen- tury, you’ll often see pale-colored wicker chairs and animal skin rugs. Furniture history books, such as Field Guide to American Antique Furniture by Joseph T. Butler (Henry Holt MORE ONLINE and Co.) can familiarize you with popular furniture designs over time. Because studios would keep equipment for several years, look at these items in the context of other clues. Free Web Content ■ Photo Detective blog ■ Finding clues in photos ■ Real-photo postcards

For Plus Members ■ Props in family photos ■ 11 photo success stories ■ Religious clues in photos

ShopFamilyTree.com ■ Guide to Daguerreotype Photos ■ Family Photo Detective ■ How to Archive Family Photos

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0615FT HIDDEN CLUES FEATURE.indd 24 3/18/15 2:12 PM Car talk Early in the 20th century, cars evolved from resembling horseless carriages to the vehicles we recognize today. Linda Lemon’s great-grandfather Peter Riess, from Bronx, NY, posed in this car around the turn of the century. According to Lemon, his fi rst car was an 1898 Winton. Is this the same car? Dating a photo based on a car is tricky. Our ancestors didn’t upgrade to a new model every year, plus there was a lot of variety: In 1900, Americans owned only 8,000 cars, but close to 200 manufacturers operated in the United States. There’s no comprehensive guide to all the makes and models, but paying attention to a car’s details—lights, running boards, tires, chassis and decorative elements—can help you identify it and determine when it was sold. That gives you a start date for the photo. Riess’ car, for example, has headlights and a center headlamp on the front bumper. If you search Google images for Winton automobiles 1898, you’ll see that this vehicle shares features of early Winton of Linda Lemon Courtesy models, but lacks the convertible top. In this image, you can If you don’t know those details, you can uploading the image see the crank starter in front of the rear wheel. The hand- to Google Images (just drag the image fi le onto the search operated brake is on the outside of the driver’s door. Early box) to see if there’s a match. Also check car collector maga- cars like this one lacked windshields. Some carmakers had zines like Hemmings Motor News and Classic Car. begun replacing the steering tiller, which Reiss’ car features, A license plate on a car can help you estimate when the with a steering wheel, but that change wasn’t complete until picture was taken based on license plate laws and designs, about 1910. Also watch for the length of the chassis. In the and even fi nd out who owned the vehicle. New York required 1930s, long, sleek automobiles were fashionable, but early plates as of 1901, but the owners of the cars created them. cars were short and somewhat boxy. These clues support In 1903, Massachusetts was the fi rst state to produce offi cial what Lemon has determined about the photo. license plates. Some states, like Rhode Island, published Compare automobiles in your family photos to those booklets of license plate numbers and the name of the person online by searching online for a make, model and time frame. to whom they were assigned.

Boxed in Our fi nal clue is hidden on the back of a photo: Starting in dates it to after 1907. March 1, 1907, it became legal to include the early 20th century, our relatives could have photos devel- both the address and a message on the back of a postcard. oped with a postcard back, suitable for mailing. The design AZO was a popular manufacturer of photo paper. of the back, particularly the stamp box, can date the image on The Playle auction website has a directory of stamp box the front. The divided design, with separate areas for address designs and the dates they were used . They’re organized by the fi rst letter of the paper manufacturer’s name (AZO, for example, produced the paper this photo was printed on). Picture clues can be tiny, visible only by enlarging an image, or they can dominate your photo. If you’re having trouble identifying a mystery photo or understanding the story of its people and places, try to see it with fresh eyes— or have a friend or relative take a look. Details you’ve been overlooking might become obvious. Then you can follow the pictorial bread crumbs to a new family history discovery. ■

Contributing editor Maureen A. Taylor is the author of guides including Family Photo Detective, available in Shop-

Courtesy of Maureen A. Taylor of Maureen Courtesy FamilyTree.com .

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0615FT HIDDEN CLUES FEATURE.indd 25 3/18/15 2:12 PM with the Wind? Did your Southern ancestors 3 THE END OF the Civil War—or the “late unpleasant- vanish in the social and economic ness,” as polite Southern society referred to it—saw the South in shambles. Nearly half of Confederate soldiers were killed, upheaval that followed the Civil wounded, captured or missing. Businesses were disrupted War? We’ll show you the best by war and many assets were destroyed by Union forces. An unjust, but deeply entrenched, social order was partially records to track them down. overturned but not yet replaced. Across the South, millions of African-Americans suddenly BY SUNNY JANE MORTON had freedom, but few resources. Many were stranded with- out family, friends or property. Business owners lost liveli- hoods and lifestyles that relied on unpaid labor. Black and white workers competed in an uncertain, often hostile job market that itself was going through hard times.

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0615FT SOUTHERN ANCESTORS FEATURE.indd 26 3/18/15 2:20 PM From rural areas to cities such as Charleston, SC (shown), post-Civil Many displaced black and white War social and economic upheaval compelled many Southern ancestors to relocate. Southerners moved to northern cities in search of work. The bottom line is that whether black or white, wealthy or without means, your ancestors in former slaveholding states likely experienced some turbulent times. This upheaval may be refl ected in the records you’re searching. Your ancestor may seem “gone with the wind”—either entirely missing or Several types of records can help you find missing or found inexplicably in an unfamiliar location. This guide will migrating Southern ancestors during the decades after the help you locate resources to fi nd your Southern ancestors Civil War. Most of these records aren’t as segregated as you after the Civil War. might think: They’re not just for blacks or whites, Southern or Northern sympathizers, the haves or the have-nots. So keep How the wind blew an open mind while researching in the following records. The end of the Civil War didn’t cause a whirlwind of sud- den, enormous outmigration from the defeated South. The Military records pressure on Southerners was more like a slow but persistent Thousands of Confederate soldiers never came home. They breeze that gradually grew stronger. For the fi rst several years were dead or too wounded to travel, or decided not to return. postwar, poverty, a sluggish economy and land ownership Sources listing deaths include the 14-volume series Deaths pinned many to their homes. Some former slaveholders made of Confederate Soldiers in Confederate Hospitals and the 28- labor contracts with former slaves, preserving a status quo of volume Confederate Burials, both by Raymond W. Watkins. sorts. Meanwhile, the civil rights efforts of Reconstruction For those who survived the war, records may off er clues caused modest, if temporary, gains in black civil rights. about where the soldier and/or his family ended up or (if During this time, Southern migration was mostly an inter- you’re working backward in time) where they lived before nally rotating system. Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas and the war. As you approach military research, don’t assume Tennessee lost a lot of black residents. Texas, Florida, Geor- that all Southerners fought for the South or that every Con- gia and North Carolina saw population surges, especially in federate soldier was white. Every state mustered at least cities, where destitute farm workers came to start over. one Union unit (the four from South Carolina were all US Some Southerners left the South during Reconstruction. Colored Troops). Some Confederate soldiers switched sides, Cheap land, made available by the Homestead Act of 1862, especially while prisoners of war. A few free blacks served the began drawing folks west. So did Western and Midwestern Confederate cause, and many enslaved blacks were forced to mining towns, logging camps, railroads and other industrial serve the Confederacy alongside or without their owners. meccas, though initial demand was mostly for white men. Start your research by fi rst confi rming your ancestor’s mil- Others flung themselves further away to places including itary service. Begin with the Civil War Soldiers and Sailors Brazil and Liberia. Database of all known soldiers from Union and Confederate

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, cwpb 03033 and Photographs Prints of Congress Library their eff orts by the 1870s, the South became a much worse forces. Another source is the Veterans Schedules of the 1890 place for African-Americans to live. New laws restricted US census, which enumerated surviving Union soldiers but freedom, entrenched discrimination and even forcibly inden- included some Confederates, too. Only schedules for half of tured the poor and unemployed. Meanwhile, the South’s Kentucky and states alphabetically following survive; search economy hadn’t risen from the ashes. By the early 1900s, the them at FamilySearch.org or Ancestry.com . lions of Southerners to Northern industrial cities. Next, use what you’ve learned to find compiled service records and records related to your ancestor’s service. Find digitized service records for both sides, as well as muster rolls, prison and hospital registers and more, on Fold3.com . You also can order compiled service records TIP: Civil War conflicts led to the burning of some Southern from the National Archives. See for details. 2013 Family Tree Magazine offers strategies to federate veterans or their families, but many Southern states help you trace ancestors from these “burned counties.” did. Start your search for Confederate pensions at state archives (a veteran could apply in his Confederate state of

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0615FT SOUTHERN ANCESTORS FEATURE.indd 27 3/18/15 2:20 PM Postwar constitutional amendments paved the way for freedmen to vote and occupy political offi ce. Jeremiah Harelson was the fi rst African-American elected to Alabama’s state legislature; he later served in Congress.

states rebuilt their fi nancial foundations. Relations with the North began to be mended. Initial progress was made toward basic civil rights for African-Americans. All of these created records in which ancestors may appear. ■ SOUTHERN CLAIMS COMMISSION RECORDS: In 1871, the federal government’s Southern Claims Commission began processing claims for reimbursement of Southern livestock and property taken by Union troops during the war. An esti- mated 10 percent of Southerners (black and white, rich and poor) appear in testimony or discussion of claims of their neighbors and relatives. You can search a master index to claims on Ancestry.com, as well as some states’ allowed, dis- allowed or barred claims. Fold3 has comparable data. Origi- nal records are at the National Archives; see . Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-cwpbh-04904 and Photographs Prints of Congress Library The Confederate Citizens’ File (1861-1865) named South- erners who supplied goods and services for the Confederate residence, even if he served from another state), or check cause, making them ineligible to apply with the Southern the FamilySearch online catalog for microfilmed records Claims Commission for reimbursement of wartime property (search by state, then losses. These records may shed light on ancestors’ circum- look under Military Records, Civil War, Pensions). You can stances and locations during the war. FamilySearch.org has rent fi lm to view at your local FamilySearch Center. Family- an index; record images are available by subscription to Fold3. Search.org also has digitized Confederate pension records ■ CONFEDERATE PARDONS: President Andrew Johnson for Arkansas, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Mis- pardoned many Confederates by proclamation; others had sissippi, North Carolina and Tennessee. These records aren’t to apply for amnesty and take oaths of allegiance. Applica- yet indexed, which means you’ll need to browse them as you tions for pardons include the petitioner’s residence, helping would microfilm reels, but your patience browsing them you locate an ancestor. Applications from 1865 to 1867 are could pay off . Pension records can be especially helpful for indexed on FamilySearch.org, with the record images on tracking down later residences of veterans and information Fold3 in the Confederate Amnesty Papers collection. about their widows and children. ■ VOTING REGISTRATIONS: Federal rules of Reconstruction A variety of other military-related resources may be avail- required that Southern states register black and white voters. able, too, depending on where your ancestor served. For Loyalty oaths were part of the qualifi cation process. Some of example, you may fi nd Confederate burial records, biogra- these registrations and/or signed oaths still exist. Alabama’s phies of local war heroes, or even unique record sets like the (1867) is searchable in an online database at its state archives 1864 Georgia census of white males (ages 16-60), taken to website ). Texas and reorganize the state militia. You can search this census on Georgia (both 1867-1869) are searchable on Ancestry.com. Ancestry.com and browse it in the Georgia Archives Virtual Registrations for Louisiana, Mississippi, North and South Vault . Carolina and Virginia are at their respective state archives; In military records, look for clues to help you fi nd the sol- some have been fi lmed or published. dier or family—or to help you recognize them if they pop up in unexpected places. Clues include name spelling variations, residences, relatives’ names and residences, evidence of imprisonment or hospitalization, discharge date and place, and death date and place (which is often the burial place). TIP: Look for migrating groups, not just individuals, if you think your ancestors left the South. Finding several familiar Reconstruction records names (including in-laws) clustered in a census column The federal government occupied and oversaw Southern or cemetery plot can confirm that this is your family in an life during the post-war period known as Reconstruction. unexpected place. During and beyond that time, families, towns and entire

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0615FT SOUTHERN ANCESTORS FEATURE.indd 28 3/18/15 2:21 PM Boston Chicago

New York

Philadelphia WestWest

Europe

Kansas

Oklahoma

Texas Africa

Outward Bound Brazil

In the years immediately following the Civil War, thousands of people left the South for friendlier or more prosperous skies. individuals datingdating back to 1810. Under Search Documents, enter Where did they go? Top destinations included northern cities, the a name and selectselect AnyAny State or narrow youryour search to a state American West, Brazil and Liberia. anandd countycounty. ClClickick on ddigitaligital iimagesmages of searcsearchh resuresults,lts bbecauseecause Many displaced black and white Southerners migrated the recipient’s residence, often named in the land patent, could to northern cities such as New York, Boston, Philadelphia help you identify an ancestor. You can then obtain the person’s and Chicago in search of work. State and federal censuses application for the homestead from the National Archives; see and city directories (available at libraries and on genealogy . Note that not everyone who data sites) can help you trace these moves. See our City applied for federal land secured a patent. Genealogy guides for specific cities at . Brazil, which still allowed slavery. The town of Americana (or Vila Your missing kin also may have gone west. The Homestead Act dos Americanos) near São Paulo is still known for its Confederate of 1862 offered the best-yet deal for unsettled federal lands in the roots, though many migrants eventually returned to the United Midwest and West. Only 15,000 claims were established by the States. Find a bilingual website about “Confederado” heritage end of the Civil War, but then things picked up. Americans claimed at . Several books and published more than 4.6 million acres in 1872 alone. Confederate veterans cemetery records exist, too; learn more at wiki>. Act starting in 1867. African-Americans became eligible when the Some wealthier white Southerners looking to rebuild their 14th amendment granted them citizenship in 1868. fortunes headed to Europe, particularly England and France. After the cotton market crashed in 1873 and then Reconstruction Though those countries were officially neutral during the Civil ended, African-Americans began fleeing the South in earnest. War, both had business ties to the South because of their reliance Black homesteaders most famously went to Kansas, Oklahoma on US cotton. A stay in Europe may not have been permanent. and Texas. Lured by word of mouth and newsprint, the “Kansas Check ship manifests, censuses, society sections of newspapers Exodusters” became a grassroots migration of at least 15,000 and other records for evidence of a return trip. black Americans by 1880. Thousands of black farmers also African-American colonization of Liberia, Africa, began in the headed to Oklahoma (“Indian Territory”) and Texas. By 1900, early 1800s under the auspices of the American Colonization African-American farmers owned more than 1.5 million acres. Society. Thousands of black Americans headed to this haven Finding ancestors on the western frontier may seem daunting if for refugees from the US slavery system. About a third of the you don’t know where to look, but a major resource can help: the Reconstruction-era emigrants were from the state of Georgia. The General Land Office (GLO) Records website . Here you can search federal land patents made to Society .

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0615FT SOUTHERN ANCESTORS FEATURE.indd 29 3/18/15 2:21 PM Many former slaveowners arranged labor contracts with freedmen. This sharecropping system would dominate Southern agriculture for decades.

at FamilySearch.org (FamilySearch’s 1880 census links to record images on Ancestry.com, where they’re free, although registration is required to view them). The 1890 census was almost entirely destroyed after a fi re in the building where they were stored, but you can view the remaining fragments at the sites mentioned above. Several Southern state censuses were taken during this time period, and the few surviving ones can help you pin- point your ancestors’ whereabouts: ■ An 1866 Alabama census is indexed on FamilySearch.org and Ancestry.com. ■ An 1876 Missouri census for several counties is on Ances-

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-DIG-stereo-1s02975 and Photographs Prints of Congress Library try.com. ■ South Carolina’s 1868 agricultural census and 1869 population census are fairly complete and include birthplace ■ FREEDMAN’S BANK REGISTERS: From 1865 to 1874, the and prior residence. Look for the 1869 census on microfi lm Freedman’s Bank served black clients in major (mostly through FamilySearch and the 1868 agricultural census at the Southern) US cities. Registers of depositors’ signatures often South Carolina state archives. include birthplaces, residences, former slaveholders’ and/or A handful of states, including Colorado, Nebraska and New plantation names, relatives’ names and other clues to where Mexico, took censuses in 1885. Some, such as New York, took someone lived or came from. Search Freedman’s Bank reg- censuses during years ending in fi ve throughout the second isters (with images) on Ancestry.com and FamilySearch.org. half of the 1800s. Find these digitized on FamilySearch. ■ FREEDMEN’S BUREAU RECORDS: For seven years after the org: Go to and war, the Bureau of Refugees, Freemen and Abandoned Lands either fi lter by place or type census in the Filter By Collection administered relief to the white and black poor and recorded Name box. Look for other state census records enumerat- black marriages, labor contracts, indentures (often between ing individual counties by searching online for the name of black workers and white employers) and more. Major the county and state, the word census and a date range (in research libraries have microfilmed records. Indexed and Google searches, use this format: 1865..1880). digitized records are gradually appearing on FamilySearch. org, organized by state. Records are also on Ancestry.com. Land and tax records The Mapping the Bureau website can help you fi nd Freedman’s Bank and they owned land, you may be able to trace its ownership for- Freedmen’s Bureau records of fi eld offi ces all over the South. ward or backward. You also may fi nd ancestral lands and per- sonal property assessed in tax records. These documents often Censuses hold clues about when, where and even why families moved. Federal censuses taken in 1870 and 1880 may fi nd your rela- First, try to determine whether an ancestor owned land. tive in their new places of residence. You can search these In his or her entry in the 1860 and/or 1870 federal census, censuses on Ancestry.com, MyHeritage and Findmypast.com , and free a number there? (Value of personal property is requested in

Free Web Content For Plus Members ShopFamilyTree.com ■ 75 best state genealogy websites ■ 10 best Civil War websites ■ The Family Tree Sourcebook eBook 10-best-civil-war-websites> sourcebook-ebook-y3259> MORE ■ Timeline of US slavery ■ Collecting pensions ■ Guide to land records timeline-of-us-slavery> collecting-pensions> ■ Reconstruction 101 for ■ Timeline of Southern US history ■ Land records guide African-Americans video class on-solid-ground-land-records> reconstructn-101-afr-amer>

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0615FT SOUTHERN ANCESTORS FEATURE.indd 30 3/18/15 2:22 PM TOOLKIT another column; that generally meant portable property and in 1860, included slaves.) Websites State or local tax records can give you a year-by-year ■ The African-American Migration Experience accounting of your ancestor’s property ownership. You may fi nd someone’s real estate tax dropping dramatically one year ■ The African-American Mosaic: Colonization or a landowner disappearing altogether, indicating you should look for a land sale or disposal around that time in county ■ Ancestry.com deed records. When a landowner died, tax records might con- ■ Civil War Soldiers and Sailors Database the estate was in probate, sometimes for many years. In that ■ FamilySearch.org case, your next stop would be county probate fi les. ■ Fold3.com Some state and local tax records have been digitized and ■ Freedmen’s Bureau Online are increasingly available online. For example, a large col- ■ General Land Offi ce Records lection of digitized Texas county tax rolls (1846-1910) is on ■ Mapping the Freedmen’s Bureau FamilySearch. Also, direct federal taxes were levied from 1861 to 1872 (only enforced in areas under federal control ■ Os Confederados during the war). Ancestry.com has a lot of these covering the 1860s (many are also available on microfi lm). In addition, FamilySearch has digitized the 1865 tax on Louisianans (look Books for it in the digitized FamilySearch Books collection). ■ Courthouse Research for Family Historians by Christine Rose Start your search for tax records at state or regional (CR Publications) archives or libraries, or at county offices. To find records ■ A Genealogist’s Guide to Discovering Your African-American FamilySearch has microfilmed, search its online catalog Ancestors by Franklin Carter Smith and Emily Anne Croom for both the state and county, and look under Taxation. (Genealogical Publishing Co.) WorldCat will help you fi nd microfi lmed ■ Life in Civil War America by Michael O. Varhola (Family Tree records in many libraries, but keyword searches by location Books) and dates with taxes will yield a lot of irrelevant results. If ■ The Ordeal of the Reunion: A New History of Reconstruction by you know exactly what year(s) and locations you’re looking Mark Wahlgren Summers (University of North Carolina Press) for, WorldCat is an excellent place to search for collections ■ The Southern Diaspora: How the Great Migrations of Black held at repositories other than the Family History Library. and White Southerners Transformed America by James Noble Armed with what you learn about land ownership from Gregory (University of North Carolina Press) census and tax records, search county deed indexes of both buyers (grantees) and sellers (grantors) for the landowner’s name. This research can be time-consuming and often has Finally, remember that a lot of farmers didn’t own the to be done in person. But it can be worth it: Deeds may give land they worked. They were wage laborers, sharecroppers a buyer’s or seller’s current residence, as well as the names, or tenant farmers. Sharecropping or land tenancy contracts relationships and residences of other relatives involved in may have been fi led at county offi ces, with or without the the transaction (such as heirs or co-owners). You may fi nd assistance of the Freedmen’s Bureau. Search both county a death date in deeds disposing of a deceased person’s land. court records and Freedmen’s Bureau records for evidence Deeds weren’t always recorded immediately—or some- of these contracts. Also look for family papers of the hir- times, at all. Review the indexes for several years before and ing family in regional archival collections. To help you fi nd after you think your ancestor owned land. If you don’t fi nd these, run a keyword search of the WorldCat and Archive- a deed, look for probate or estate records that might show Grid online catalogs with that land transferring to an heir without deed fi ling. Check deed family’s surname, county of residence and the word papers indexes for other family members who owned land in that or similar terms. area, too (including in-laws). Their land dealings and migra- All these records and search strategies may not apply to tions may contain clues about your closer kin. every post-Civil War Southern ancestor. But chances are Many Southern landowners declared bankruptcy in the pretty good that, with some digging, you’ll fi nd documents years following the Civil War. Search for related land sales pointing like a weather vane in whatever direction the winds in county sheriff ’s sales, which may have been announced in of change may have blown them. ■ the newspaper (try searching for the address). Bankruptcy proceedings, usually among federal district or circuit court Contributing editor Sunny Jane Morton is a genealogy records, may divulge more clues about family migrations. writer and speaker with a website at .

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0615FT SOUTHERN ANCESTORS FEATURE.indd 31 3/18/15 2:22 PM ENJOY 10% OFF educational products, resources, projects and more – EXCLUSIVE enter code FAMILYPUB10 at check-out and save 10% off select products. OFFER now at ShopFamilyTree.com

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0615FT SOUTHERN ANCESTORS FEATURE.indd 32 3/18/15 2:22 PM WORKBOOK Tax Records

BY JAMES M. BEIDLER

3 IT’S OFTEN A pain to fi le your individual taxes with the of most wealth. This tax, importantly, was sometimes lev- government (unless you’re getting a refund). But the fact that ied not on the actual owner of the real property but upon various levels of government in the United States have kept the person who was using it. For example, a farmer rent- records of our taxes turns to pleasure for genealogists: Tax ing a piece of land would be responsible for paying the tax records let you anchor your ancestors in a particular place because he, as the tenant, was reaping the profi ts from the and discover in detail their economic situations over time. use of that land. Tax lists are especially welcome as a replacement for records Certain classes of personal property also were valued and in “burned counties” and areas that have suffered census subject to taxes. The types of property diff ered by area but losses. And even when census records are complete, you included farm animals and carriages, as well as enslaved often can use tax records to fi ll the decade between enumera- persons. On some tax returns, landless men whose personal tions, especially for rural ancestors who may not appear in property was of high enough value to owe tax are identifi ed annual city directories. on separate lists of “inmates,” which in this connotation While the current version of the federal income tax (as means tenants or renters and doesn’t signify trouble with well as the state income levies introduced mostly during the the law. second half of the 20th century) is off -limits due to privacy, In parts of Colonial America, levies called quitrents were a you’ll see that’s generally not the case with such taxes his- remnant of feudal times when individuals owed taxes or ser- torically. Even the fi rst federal income tax, used to pay for vice to their lords. The Mid-Atlantic and Southern colonies the Civil War in the 1860s, is publicly available. Here’s how often had this sort of annual tax on landowners that went to you can make tax records pay off for your genealogy research. the proprietor or the English crown, depending on the area; it ended with American independence. Town founders also Types of tax records might place quitrents upon town lots as a sort of early form One of the most widespread taxes in Colonial times was of homeowners association fee to fund common projects. As a fl at assessment for each adult male in a household. This these areas incorporated as governments, those quitrents was variously called a poll, tithable or head tax. The age at morphed into taxes. which one was considered a taxable adult varied with the As the nation acquired a degree of fi nancial sophistication jurisdiction, and older men often could “age out” of the tax, in the mid-19th century, some states expanded the reach of usually between 50 and 60. Exceptions were made in some their personal property taxes to include the value of invest- areas for veterans, ministers and those deemed “paupers” ments such as stocks, bonds and money lent out at interest. (that is, too poor to pay the tax). In some cases, these levies would exempt, for example, The other typical tax in the early days was on the value values in corporations or banks headquartered within the of land, because real estate (“real property”) was the source taxpayer’s home state.

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0615FT WORKBOOK TEMPLATE.indd 33 3/18/15 2:34 PM Colonial-era tax lists often are entirely handwritten. They’re usually arranged in a columnar format, but some- times the headings for those columns are obscure. Usually Research in tax records aff ords you can check the fi rst page of the list for headings describ- ing what’s listed in the columns. You’ll see forms with pre- genealogists the opportunity printed headings starting generally in the 19th century. As far as generating tax reports with genealogically use- to trace ancestors from ful information, the federal government was pretty much a nonplayer until the 20th century. In its early days, the United adulthood into old age. States generated the lion’s share of its revenues with tariff s on imported goods. A constitutional debate about what con- stituted a “direct tax” resulted in the federal income tax being declared unlawful by the US Supreme Court in 1895. (Note to any would-be tax protesters out there: The enactment of the 16th Amendment in 1913 has superseded this decision.) Only historical background, as well as research examples on for a few discreet periods of time were taxes with individual various taxes, is The Genealogist’s Guide to Researching Tax data levied and collected; some, which we’ll tell you about Records (see the toolkit box). later, have created interesting economic snapshots for the short spans they were in eff ect. An excellent book for more Finding tax lists While the specifi cs vary from state to state (and even from one county or local unit to another within states), some rules FAST FACTS of thumb when it comes to taxes will help you ferret out the most information from the various levels. ■ COVERAGE: Tax records date to colonial times. Since the ■ LOCAL (CITIES, BOROUGHS, TOWNS AND TOWNSHIPS): American Revolution, residents have been taxed on local, Most New England states keep their tax records by the town county, state and (sporadically until the 20th century) unit. In other states with townships, the lists may be labeled federal levels. Most 20th-century income taxes are covered with those municipal names but most likely were kept on the by privacy restrictions; property levies are generally public county level. Of the purely local tax lists, records retention information. (as well as microfi lming of documents) is likely to be the low- ■ JURISDICTION WHERE KEPT: Record locations generally est of any governmental level. follow the layer of government levying the tax: towns or ■ COUNTY: Almost all these records—be they head taxes, municipalities for city taxes, courthouse or county archives for real or personal property levies—was originally in the cus- county taxes, state archives (which may include microfilms of tody of a county courthouse offi ce. Some are still there, in local records) for state taxes and the National Archives for their dusty ledger books, while others have been transferred federal taxes. to a countywide archive, a state repository or a county his- ■ PRIMARY SOURCE DETAILS: names of individual taxpayers; torical or genealogical society. description of land or personal property being taxed ■ STATE: Before the 20th century, most states collected ■ SECONDARY SOURCE DETAILS: neighbors’ names and taxes similar in form to those on the county level and utilized property; shifts in ownership of property; estimated birth the county structures for collection of statewide taxes. In dates of single men; death of ancestor; whether an ancestor many cases, one tax collector gathered the head and property moved taxes and split them between the levels of government. See ■ SEARCH TERMS: name of the government unit issuing the Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources for a tax (such as Pennsylvania state) plus “tax lists” or “tax records” summary of tax records for each US state. or taxation ■ FEDERAL: Although federal taxes on individuals were ■ HOW TO FIND IN THE FAMILYSEARCH CATALOG: Go to on-again, off -again before the income tax began in 1913, the and run a Places times they were collected generated interesting records. search for the names of the state, county and/or town of The fi rst such tax was the 1798 US Direct Tax, nicknamed interest, then look for the Taxation category. If you search for the Window Tax because the valuation of homes was just the state, you may miss some potentially helpful entries. based in part on the number of windows. This tax created ■ ALTERNATE AND SUBSTITUTE RECORDS: city and county a listing of properties (acreages, construction material of directories; federal and state censuses; probate records; land homes and barns, structure sizes, etc.) that is unmatched records for detail in this time period. Pennsylvania has the most complete listings (searchable on the subscription website

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0615FT WORKBOOK TEMPLATE.indd 34 3/18/15 2:35 PM AT A GLANCE: PROPERTY TAX RECORD

1 The beginning of this 1754 list for Bern Township, Berks County, Pa., shows name of the township and the name of the tax collector.

2 This list values the individual’s land (in Pennsylvania pounds) and shows the tax (with columns for pounds, shillings and pence).

3 One occupation (miller) is noted, while the others in this rural township are likely farmers.

4 A rare woman, Widow Leib, is listed, likely because she was the beneficiary of a life estate from her late husband.

5 The name crossed out, Jacob Conrad, is a clue that he has moved or died.

6 The list isn’t alphabetized, so individuals next to each other are also likely to be next- door neighbors.

CITATION FOR THIS RECORD: Mary Ellen G. Heckman, indexer, Berks County Taxables, 1754 (Reading, Pa.: Berks County Genealogical Society, 1900), p. 24. Family History Library call no. 974.816 R4h. Includes photocopy of original records and typescript index.

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0615FT WORKBOOK TEMPLATE.indd 35 3/18/15 2:35 PM AT A GLANCE: REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY TAX LIST

1 The top of the 2 The first three 3 Other columns 4 When 5 This 1839 tax page identifies the columns after the listed “school land” extracting list is alphabetized, place as “District taxpayer’s name list (set aside for future information watch so no clues for TIP: Many tax 1” of Campbell acres, value and tax schools but leased for bleed through neighbors can be lists are created County, Tenn. on land. out for farming), from marks on the gleaned. by assessors, lots, slaves, “Car.” other side of the leading to (carriages), white page. spelling polls and total state variations in tax. your ancestors’ names from year CITATION FOR THIS RECORD: “Tennessee, Early Tax List Records, 1783-1895,” digital images, Ancestry.com to year. Think (http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2883 : accessed 15 January 2015); citing Early Tax Lists of phonetically. Tennessee, microfilm, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville, Tennessee.

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0615FT WORKBOOK TEMPLATE.indd 36 3/18/15 2:35 PM TOOLKIT

Ancestry.com at ) but fragments have survived from some ■ Cyndi’s List: Taxes Locality Specifi c other states. An online article from the National Archives and Record Administration’s (NARA’s) Prologue magazine ■ Ending the Poll Tax publications/prologue/2007/spring/tax-lists-extant.html>. ■ The Good News About Taxes: Finding and Using A similar direct tax was levied in the 1810s to fund the War Tax Records in Your Genealogical Research of 1812, but states had the option to pay their share of the them). The Civil War led to another direct tax in 1861 (which ■ Income Tax Records of the Civil War Years was also levied on the rebellious Confederate states; records well as the nation’s fi rst income tax in 1862. ■ Known, Extant 1798 Direct Tax Lists Probably the most fertile sources of historical tax lists are become the custodians of whatever county or local tax lists ■ The Quit-Rent System in the American Colonies have been retained. It’s essential, however, to also check with lower governmental levels because in some areas they may ■ Red Book: American State, County and Town be the only source of extant tax lists. Sources tions were responsible for collecting state taxes, which ■ Tax History Museum: Tax History Project means that you can look for “origination” copies of tax lists Ancestry.com has at least 84 US databases dealing with taxes (a subset of its Tax, Criminal, Land & Wills category), many from partnerships with state archives Publications and Resources around the country and with NARA, the custodian of federal ■ The Beginner’s Guide to Using Tax Lists by Cornelius records. Among these are NARA’s income tax records from Carroll (Genealogical Publishing Co.) the Civil War era, also available through the free website ■ Courthouse Research for Family Historians by Christine FamilySearch.org . Rose (CR Publications) In addition, some digitized original tax records for Mas- ■ Federal Taxation in America by W. Elliot Brownlee sachusetts, Ohio and Texas are available through Family- (Woodrow Wilson Center Press) Search.org. FamilySearch also has some microfi lmed records, ■ The Genealogist’s Guide to Researching Tax Records by Carol but its traditional microfilming policies have placed tax Cooke Darrow and Susan Winchester (Heritage Books) records at a lower priority (compared to vital records and, ■ Genealogy and the Law: A Guide to Legal Sources for the secondarily, land and probate records). To fi nd these, search Family Historian by Kay Haviland Freilich and William B. the FamilySearch online catalog by county or town and look Freilich (National Genealogical Society) for a taxation heading. You can click to rent these records ■ Map Guide to the U.S. Federal Censuses, 1790-1920 by for viewing at a branch FamilySearch Center near you (see William Thorndale and William Dollarhide (Genealogical to fi nd one). Publishing Co.) Many of the tax records FamilySearch has sought to ■ The Source: A Guidebook of American Genealogy, 3rd microfilm are those needed to substitute for missing or edition, edited by Loretto Dennis Szucs and Sandra destroyed federal census records, according to David Dilts, Hargreaves Luebking (Ancestry Publishing) a senior research specialist at the Family History Library ■ Tax Records: A Common Source with an Uncommon Value (FHL) in Salt Lake City, part of FamilySearch. The FHL’s by Arlene H. Eakle (Genealogical Institute) book collection (both at the library and digitized online at ) contains thousands of abstracted and indexed tax lists from across the country. In fact, some Organizations and Archives books labeled censuses may actually be tax lists used to ■ Council of State Archivists, Box 2508, Albany, NY create census substitutes. Many of these are the products 12220, of local compilers and may also be available in the his- ■ National Archives and Records Administration, torical and genealogical libraries of counties where you’re 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740, (866) researching. 272-6272,

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0615FT WORKBOOK TEMPLATE.indd 37 3/18/15 2:35 PM Put It Into Practice

1. In the records of what government levels might you find tax Understanding tax lists records for your ancestor? First and foremost, tax lists tie your ancestor to a particular place, either where he actually lived or sometimes where ______he owned or used property. The data in some lists also show the person’s occupation, descriptions of real estate being 2. Which of the following is the tax LEAST likely to reveal taxed, descriptions of certain forms of personal property genealogically useful information about your ancestor (including farm animals), the number of taxable males in a. poll taxes the household, the number of schoolchildren and the num- b. personal property taxes ber of enslaved people. c. income taxes Even the simplest of lists can be useful because they often d. cigarette taxes diff erentiate between men of the same name by adding extra information the tax collector or assessor would use to make 3. The general trend in taxation by local, county and state units sure he could tell which man owed what tax. Examples of was from: this added data might be the fi rst names of the fathers of two a. income to tariffs same-named men, the men’s occupations (even when not b. wealth to income required by the form) or some geographic locator such as “by c. tariffs to real property the Bow Creek.” d. real property to personal property When seeking out tax lists, consider your ancestor’s time and place like a cross-hairs to look at the most appropriate EXERCISE A: Go to FamilySearch’s database of US Internal lists and to interpret their data correctly. If you haven’t tied Revenue Assessment Lists (1862-1874), and look for Colorado, a tax list for a particular county in 1850, that his land still lies Arapahoe County from 1862 to 1863. Find image 14. in that county. Instead, records might be in a county created from the parent county later, after the date of the tax list. 1. What are the names of the top two listed individuals? Likewise, as cities grew, they annexed land from neighboring townships or unincorporated areas of counties, so an area ______that’s a city today might well have been county when your ancestor lived there. 2. Where did they reside? In public land states, real estate taxes were usually orga- nized by township and range, with the section coordinates ______given right in the tax register, making it easier to identify the land on the modern landscape. In state-land states, on the 3. What were their occupations and how much tax did they owe other hand, landowners’ holdings are usually identifi ed only for licenses? by a number of acres, which a fair amount of the time only roughly corresponds with reality. Those acreages, however, ______usually stay consistent unless a change in use or owner hap- pened, so they’re good markers for shifts in ancestors’ status. ______As Judy G. Russell points out on her Legal Genealogist blog , eff ectively researching any 4. Write a citation for this record. record set is contingent upon exploring background informa- tion about how those listings came to be created. Tax records ______are no diff erent. Researching the laws behind the tax lists sometimes can be as easy as reading imprinted information ______

EXERCISE B: Pick an ancestor whose tax records you want to find using an online database of your choice. Use the worksheet and extraction form in the back of this workbook to record your TIP: Like other secondary sources, published tax lists may results. “edit out” some details in the original lists, and they are subject to copying errors. Once you find your relative in a ______compilation, use the details to look for the original tax record.

______

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0615FT WORKBOOK TEMPLATE.indd 38 3/18/15 2:36 PM Free Web Content For Plus Members ShopFamilyTree.com  Eight hints and hacks for searching  Finding your family’s fi nancial  Courthouse Research Crash Course FamilySearch.org com/courthouse-research-crash- MORE hacks-familysearch>  Researching ancestors who course-ondemand-webinar>  10 easy tips for using Ancestry.com were poor guide-to-ancestry-com-t1814-t1818- ancestry-com>  Tracing Irish ancestors in Griffi th’s grouped>  County hunting ancestors-in-griffi ths-valuation> com/using-tax-records-trace- ancestors>

citing the law at the beginning of the tax records for the year. PUT IT INTO PRACTICE ANSWERS Or it may require searching state statutes for further infor- 1 Local, county, state and federal 2d (unless your ancestor sold mation. The book Genealogy and the Law (see the toolkit box cigarettes!) 3b EXERCISE A 1 White F. Griswold and Moses Hallett on the previous page) is a good starting point. 2 Both in Denver 3 Dentist and lawyer; each owed $10 4 United States The age when men’s names appeared on some type of tax Internal Revenue Assessment Lists, 1862-1874, images online, FamilySearch. list was determined by law—16, 18 and 21 were popular ages— org (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1942-32469-14703- and usually meant they had to pay the head tax even if these 28?cc=2075263&wc=SD5P-JHZ:387486101,387608501,387486103 : “single freemen” (as they were called in some jurisdictions) accessed 10 January 2015). didn’t own land or significant personal property. It’s not unusual for these men to begin to be listed two or three years later than their ages would justify—attracting the tax col- Because these are state-level records, you sometimes can use lector’s eye was no more popular in bygone days than today. them as substitutes for the probate records of “burned coun- Using these portions of the lists can help you trace family ties.” In this situation, origination records will likely have units that lack children’s birth records by studying when the perished, but destination copies of the inheritance or estate males are fi rst taxed. tax data may still exist. These young men often graduated to owing a tax on per- Records of business licenses, liquor and cigarette taxes sonal property when they married and gained control of the are likely to have limited personal information (except for dowry amount from their fathers-in-law. Women, however, the individual licensee). In a few states (Pennsylvania and are not often found on historical tax lists because of their Georgia, for example), notes about school-aged children are unequal status under the law. About the only exceptions found. In Pennsylvania, the names of families who could you’ll find happened when widows were granted use or not pay fees for public education (before the advent of the income from land after their husbands died. free basic schools) were listed at the end of the tax registers. More on tax lists is useful than just the raw data directly Georgia’s ledgers listed the numbers of schoolchildren in concerning your ancestors. When you find tax lists in a each household. non-alphabetized order for a particular town, township or Research in tax records aff ords genealogists the opportu- county, it’s likely that the people listed above and below nity to trace ancestors from adulthood into old age, and even your ancestor were his neighbors, because collectors and through to the life of a surviving spouse. You can fi nd a young assessors generally rode a circuit through the community man as “single freemen” paying just a head tax (giving you to do their work. And because the agents of the government an an estimate of his birth year) and then see him become an generally began by writing out the names from their previous “inmate” paying a levy on personal property (allowing specu- year’s list as the starting point for the current year, names lation that he has married). shown as crossed off the list likely mean those individuals Later, you might fi nd the same ancestor becoming a land- died or moved since the last assessment (indeed, sometimes owner (even if his deed went unrecorded) and perhaps noted the agents will actually spell out a person’s whereabouts in as leaving one area for another. As the ancestor reached so many words). the age in which he no longer owed a head tax and allowed Finally, various levels of government have collected any another man to farm his land, he may drop off the tax list number of other taxes that aren’t found in a list format. For entirely—until perhaps his widow’s entry onto a list signals instance, states have enacted inheritance or estate taxes that that he has died. In the generation’s fi nal act, she will be a will list names of heirs (most often relatives of the deceased). “cross-off ” from the list when she passes on. ■

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0615FT WORKBOOK TEMPLATE.indd 39 3/18/15 2:36 PM TAX RECORDS WORKSHEET

Name of ancestor

Ancestor birth date Ancestor death date

Residence(s) during lifetime: State/territory County/parish Town/township Dates

Federal Tax Checklist Check each box below if an ancestor was of taxable age during the years indicated; include any checked years in the chronology below. 1798 Direct 1813, 1815 Direct 1861 Direct 1862-72 Income

Tax List Extraction Form List your ancestor chronologically as he/she appeared in tax records (as available). Different types of taxes will yield different information: sometimes the record that has survived of the same taxes will vary from year to year, either due to record-keeping practices or changes in the actual law. Use as many pages as needed.

Year Name (as spelled on list) Type (poll, etc.) Notes (tax amounts, acres, personal property)

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04 71658 02003 0 Display until October 6, 20 Genealogy Website 1,001 Current magazine subscribers, visit Updated and Revised 2ND EDITION to upgrade! Best NANCY HENDRICKSON C r o e p h g y i r • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • i • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • h • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • g r h o t

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42 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0615FT COUSIN FEATURE.indd 42 3/18/15 2:08 PM Making Cousin CONNECTIONS

Distant cousins can swap family stories, share photos and add to your family tree. How do you fi nd them? Try these 10 techniques.

BY SHANNON COMBS-BENNETT

3 HOW MANY COUSINS do you have? The number can Frequent family tree websites. quite easily total hundreds and hundreds. You probably Build-your-own-family tree websites are sprouting know the names of your close cousins—your aunts’ and up everywhere. Nearly every online genealogical uncles’ kids. But even if neither of your parents had broth- database site (including Ancestry.com , MyHeritage and Find- you share long-ago ancestors. mypast.com ) has a place These second, third, fourth and beyond cousins, who may 1where you can put your tree, or add to one giant communal be a generation or more “removed” from you (see the box on tree (such as FamilySearch.org ). page 45), are a huge asset to your family history search. They Some sites, such as Geni and Tribal Pages , are especially for trees; these might match passed down through your line. They might be able to shed your tree to records from another genealogy site. light on your research brick walls or lend a DNA sample. Researchers typically will pick a site they like and stick Heck, you might even enjoy swapping stories with them at with it. But as a cousin hunter, you’re better off trying to family reunions. Think about it for a minute: When your investigate as many as you can. Some sites require you to ancestors died, they passed bits of their lives on to descen- register (whether for free or a fee) to view their trees. Typi- dants. They passed those bits on to more descendants. Gath- cally, you must register before you can contact a tree submit- ering your cousins together is like reuniting an ancestor’s lost ter through the site. If you take the time to join a site, upload treasure trove of personal items and ephemera. a GEDCOM (or start a fresh tree), so cousins can fi nd you, So the real question isn’t how many cousins you have, but too. One way to manage several online trees is to keep a fully how do you fi nd them? I’ll outline 10 ideas for fi nding distant fl eshed out tree with notes and attached records on one site cousins—and all those lost treasures. And in the box on page or in your software, and export a GEDCOM to post on other 46, you’ll fi nd tips for contacting those cousins. With a little sites. A spreadsheet can help you keep track of where you hard work and some gumption, you’ll soon be making connec- have your tree. Periodically replace those trees with a new tions everywhere. Maybe you’ll discover I’m your cousin, too. GEDCOM so they’ll stay updated.

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0615FT COUSIN FEATURE.indd 43 3/18/15 2:09 PM I like to look through sites’ online trees and see who shares an ancestor with me. Then I attempt to make contact by start- ing a conversation about our common family. Most family A forum post of mine once took tree sites encourage collaboration, increasing your chances three years to get a reply, but fi nally that the person is open to such communications and will respond. In addition to the sites already mentioned, consider the right cousin joined. frequenting the family trees on WikiTree and OneGreatFamily .

Test your DNA. Genetic genealogy is a hot topic, and researchers take DNA tests for any number of reasons. Many are curious to see what those tests will say about Family Tree DNA also hosts group testing projects. Some their ethnic roots. Someone might be looking of these are surname-specific, using Y-DNA to trace the for an adopted ancestor’s birth parents, or want heritage of surnames and variants, while others are family- 2to see if he’s related to another family of the same surname. specifi c, testing all of the descendants of one couple. These Even if you’re not expressly looking for cousins when you projects are great places to learn more about your family and take a DNA test, the ability to fi nd relatives is a benefi t not to collaborate with others who are as passionate about their be overlooked. family history as you are. First, you’ll want to make sure you take the right test. A Y-DNA test, if you’re male (or if you’re a woman whose Seek surname studies. brother or father test), can match you with male cousins Members of surname groups, also called one- along paternal lines, such as your brother’s son or your name research groups, collaborate online to piece father’s father’s brother’s son. But that leaves out much of together the common family tree (or trees) for your family tree. Autosomal DNA testing, which examines that surname. Their studies can show how far- your entire tree along paternal and maternal lines, has the fl ung branches are related and when and where most potential to help you fi nd close and distant cousins. It’s 3name variants occurred. And of course, members can dis- off ered by the three major genetic genealogy testing compa- cover cousins from all over the world. nies: Ancestry DNA , Family Tree DNA You’ll fi nd more information and directories of these stud- (called the Family Finder test) and ies on the websites of the Surname Society . org> and the Guild of One-Name Studies . You Your testing company will search its results database for also can search the web for the name and “surname study” matches and show them to you when you log into the site. (with the quotation marks). Start by reaching out to your close matches—those estimated Don’t be shy. If you don’t fi nd a study for your surname, as fourth cousins and closer—so you’ll have a higher success seize the opportunity to start one. Follow the tips at . you subscribe to Ancestry.com, you’ll be able to view online family trees of matches who’ve posted them. If you subscribe Surf social networks. and have a public tree on the site, you’ll be placed in “circles” Genealogists love to share a good family story with others who share an ancestor and match at least one and talk about hard-to-find ancestors. That other person. MyHeritage and 23andme are partnering on a makes social media sites great places to find similar feature, utilizing trees on MyHeritage. cousins. Facebook and Google+ have geneal- ogy-minded groups (on Facebook) and commu- 4nities (Google+) focused on members’ surnames; ancestral cities, states and countries; and just about any research topic you can think of. They’re great for cousin hunting because you share at least one thing in common from the get-go: the TIP: Don’t have a potential cousin’s email address? topic that brought you there. Try a Google search for the person’s username for a You also might uncover a cousin, although it can be hard to genealogy website, or search for his name plus his city tell if someone’s related based on just a name and the limited of residence or the word genealogy. information you can view if you’re not linked to that person on the site. If you feel confi dent the person is a relative, you can send a friend request (on Facebook) or an invite to your

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0615FT COUSIN FEATURE.indd 44 3/18/15 2:09 PM circle (Google+). You also can message the person on Face- book, although the message will go into his “Other” folder James Eugene Harding if you’re not friends. (Let this be a reminder to check your own Other folder in case a cousin has messaged you.) Use the sites’ search boxes to look for surnames and places of Ann’s Bea’s third-great interest. Results will show you matching people, pages and great-grandparent grandparent groups. You also can download Katherine R. Wilson’s list of genealogy groups on Facebook from , or get help fi nding a Google+ community at . Bea’s Ann’s parent When you join a group, you’ll send a request and wait to be great-grandparent added. Once you are, read the posting guidelines, introduce yourself and briefl y say why you’re there. Share just enough Ann Bea’s grandparent information about your family tree to see if you get a cousin nibble. No cousins in the group? Another member may be Bea’s parent able to point you the right direction. third cousins GenealogyWise is a free, gene- twice removed alogy-focused social network where you can chat, create a Bea personal page, join a group, write on a blog, watch videos, post photos and more. Whatever social network you use, put yourself out there. Calculating Cousinhood Especially on the mainstream sites, make it clear in your profi le that you’re a genealogist. In posts, talk about your Feel like you need a calculus equation to figure out exactly ancestors, brick walls, fi nds and anything that could bring how you’re related to cousin so-and-so from your mom’s cousins to your page. Join hangouts (on Google+) and chats great-grandmother’s brother’s line? Let us simplify things. (on GenealogyWise) on subjects related to your family. What kind of cousins you are depends on the most recent ancestor you share with your relative. First cousins share Find family forums. grandparents. Second cousins share great-grandparents, third Genealogy message boards now tend to play sec- cousins share great-great-grandparents, and so on. Add a ond fi ddle to social networks, but they have a big “great” for each generation away from the common ancestor. advantage over their newer cousins: Whereas Things get trickier when you’re talking about removed social media posts get pushed down and forgot- cousins. Each “removal” signifies one generation of difference ten over time, your forum posting will remain between the two cousins. Your first cousin’s child is your first 5easily available for others to fi nd and respond to as long cousin once removed. Your first cousin’s grandchild is your as the forum exists. A forum post of mine once took three first cousin twice removed. For example, Ann and Bea, who years to get a reply, but fi nally the right cousin joined, and met at a genealogical society meeting, should follow these we were able to help each other knock down a brick wall. steps to determine their cousin relationship: Forum posts are categorized for efficient browsing, and 1. IDENTIFY THE MOST RECENT ANCESTOR. For Ann and those that have been around for awhile, such as RootsWeb’s Bea, let’s say it’s James Eugene Harding, born in 1850. , have a rich supply of stored cousin 2. DETERMINE EACH COUSIN’S RELATIONSHIP TO THAT queries and hints. ANCESTOR. Ann and Bea determined that James is Ann’s Forums have boards for all topics under the sun, but it’s great-great-grandfather and Bea’s fourth-great-grandfather. the surname boards where you’ll find the most potential 3. “EQUALIZE” THE COUSINS at the level of the one relatives. You might be able to browse to your surnames in closest to the common ancestor. Equalizing the cousins at an alphabetical directory or type a name (and the associated Ann’s level would make them third cousins. place, if it’s a common name) to fi nd posts mentioning your 4. ADD ONE “REMOVED” FOR EACH DIFFERENCE IN family. If you register with the site, you can join the conversa- GENERATIONS between the cousins. Two “greats” separate tion or contact the poster by clicking on his or her username. Ann and Bea—they’re third cousins twice removed. Look for contact guidelines before messaging someone. Mes- Still confused? Download our free PDF relationship chart saging capabilities vary by site. If you can’t get a hold of the or use the person, try searching online for his username. You may fi nd cousin calculator at . an email address you can use to get a hold of the person.

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0615FT COUSIN FEATURE.indd 45 3/18/15 2:09 PM Of course, you also should post your own questions and queries. After the fi rst few messages on diff erent forums, it can be diffi cult to keep up with where, when, and what you posted. It’s a good idea to keep a correspondence log to track your postings and replies. Besides RootsWeb, my log tracks posts on the Family Tree Forum and Cousin Connect .

Sign up for societies. Genealogists are proud of their research, and we like to gather with like-minded individuals share information. I think this is why so many diff erent types of societies revolve around genealogy or history. If you’re not a member of a genealogical 6or historical society, consider becoming a member of one from your ancestor’s county or state. Through this group, you’ll discover new resources and meet people who not only can point your research in the right direction, but who may be related to you as well. Or because they know the area, they Making the First Move might be able to put you in contact with other descendants of your ancestors. A cousin hunting two-fer! To fi nd a society, Now that you’ve found a cousin, what’s the best way to search online for the state, town or county plus “genealogical get his or her attention? I’ve reached out to thousands of society” or ask at the local library. cousins as part of my mission to help build the biggest Many societies produce newsletters and journals you’ll family tree in history and throw the Global Family Reunion want to read. These wonderful resources often contain in New York June 6 (oh, and you’re invited—see for details). Try these tips on how members. Consider placing a query of your own. If you fi nd (and how not to) make that initial cousin connection: an article mentioning your surnames, you may have found a ■ THE BEST WAY TO CONTACT IS VIA EMAIL. But if you potential cousin in the author. The writer might include con- can’t find the address, try Facebook tact information with the piece or you can contact the editor or the messaging system of your genealogy service, such and ask that your message be passed on. as MyHeritage , Geni or WikiTree . also can bring you into closer contact with potential cousins. If ■ ADMIT THAT EMAILING A STRANGER TO SAY YOU’RE you qualify for an organization such as the Alden Kindred of LONG-LOST COUSINS IS KIND OF WEIRD. “I know this is America or the Pilgrim Edward Doty Society surprising—it was to me as well—but I discovered through —each dedicated to a Mayflower pil- the FamilySearch website that I’m your fourth cousin.” grim—joining virtually guarantees you’ll fi nd distant cousins. ■ ASK SPECIFIC QUESTIONS. For instance, “Are you related Lineage societies with broader focus include the Daughters to the Charles Jacobs line?” Or “did you have any relatives of the American Revolution (for those connected that came from Krakow?” You’re more likely to get a to Patriots), the General Society of Mayflower Descendants response than with a generic “Hey, how you doing cuz?” (for descendants of any ■ INCLUDE A PHOTO OF YOUR FAMILY OR A POTENTIAL Mayflower pilgrim) or any number of pioneer societies (for COMMON ANCESTOR. People are much more likely to founders or early settlers of a county or state). engage if they can see you. It humanizes you. A good recourse for fi nding a society you could qualify for ■ IF YOU DON’T HEAR BACK ON ONE CHANNEL (SUCH AS is a local genealogical society or the Hereditary Society Com- FACEBOOK), YOU CAN TRY ANOTHER. But that’s it. Two is munity of the United States of America . the maximum. After that, you’re in stalker territory. ■ BE SURE TO INCLUDE YOUR PAYPAL ACCOUNT INFO Browse blogs. WHEN YOU ASK FOR MONEY. Just kidding. Don’t ask for Blogs are useful resources for the cousin hunter money. when used to their fullest potential. Why would ■ INVITE YOUR COUSIN TO THE GLOBAL FAMILY REUNION. someone post stories about his or her ancestors » A.J. Jacobs on a blog? To preserve those interesting tales 7about fascinating people for posterity, but they 46 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0615FT COUSIN FEATURE.indd 46 3/18/15 2:09 PM also want someone to contact them and say “Hey! I think we’re related.” TIP: Check your “other” folder on Facebook for Often bloggers put their brick walls on the internet, hop- messages. You don’t get notifications of new messages ing someday, someone who searches for that topic, person or in this folder, but if a cousin you’re not Facebook friends other bit of information will have a helpful clue. Read blog with messages you, it’ll end up here. posts that pop up when you search for your ancestors, and subscribe to blogs about the history of your ancestral places. You’ll find a categorized directory of genealogy blogs on GeneaBloggers.com . Look for a Contact or About Me link if you want to contact Go to reunions. the blogger. Be sure to comment on posts related to your If you’ve been letting that annual family ancestral places and surnames, too. Someone else looking for reunion invitation from second cousin the same family history details might see it. Edna go ignored, do something dif- ferent this year: RSVP with a yes and Meet and greet. attand with a smile—and with copies In this age of Facebook, forums and email, we 10of old family photos folks can identify. A family reunion is a forget that some of the best connections come great way to reconnect with your long-lost cousins and meet when you’re at a genealogy conference or class new ones you didn’t know you had. If you’re shy about social- and you realize that you and the person you’re izing in a big, unfamiliar group, consider helping to organize chatting with are related. That instant connec- the event (a good way to mingle) and go with a spouse or 8tion is hard to explain unless you’ve experienced it. Look sibling for moral support. for local genealogy classes and meetings through a society If your family doesn’t have a reunion, maybe you can fi nd or at the library, and ask others about their research. Tell one. Many large families have websites that announce when them about yours, too. You could write a couple of surnames the next gathering will take place. Just search for your sur- you’re searching on your name tag or have business cards names and the associated locations plus the term “family listing your surnames and email address. When you go to a reunion” (with quotation marks to fi nd the exact phrase). genealogical library, ask if there’s a surname registry you can The site may have family history information to help you add your name to. On a research trip, particularly overseas, determine if you’re related or you could contact the site ask about descendants at the records offi ce or library in your administrator for information. ancestors’ hometown. No luck? Think about organizing a reunion yourself, fol- lowing advice in guides such as the one in the September Peruse the papers. 2013 Family Tree Magazine and on websites such as Reunions their families settled. Many stayed put and grew Magazine . Publicize your reunion deep, deep roots. Looking in local newspapers online and on social media, and use all the strategies in this from today and the recent past might turn up article to fi nd cousins to invite. The more cousins, the mer- surnames from your family tree. Check obituar- rier your family tree. ■ 9ies, marriage and graduation announcements, and special- interest stories. Then do a little genealogy detective work The most distant cousin Shannon Combs-Bennett for a connection to a common ancestor. In small towns, the has found is a 10th cousin twice removed (who is also eighth paper might even forward a letter to the person for you. cousin three times removed to Combs-Bennett’s husband).

Free Web Content For Plus Members ShopFamilyTree.com ■ Removed cousins ■ Sorting out cousin relationships ■ Research Strategies: Reverse hey-cuz> com/research-strategies-reverse- MORE ■ What is pedigree collapse? ■ Hold a family history-focused reunion genealogy> roots-reunions> genealogy-in-online-family-trees>

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0615FT COUSIN FEATURE.indd 47 3/18/15 2:10 PM SOUTH- of-the-BORDER Roots

Discover the bounty of records—with many coming online— that can help you trace your family tree in Mexico.

BY DAVID A. FRYXELL

3 THE UNITED STATES’ fastest-growing ethnic group, includes 19 Mexico-specifi c indexed record sets and another Hispanics, includes many who trace their origins to Mexico, 46 browsable image collections—tens of millions of records and their interest in researching south-of-the-border fam- in all. See the whole list at . (Note, by the way, that most of in Mexico, this enthusiasm has benefi ted from a wealth of the Mexican records online at subscription genealogy sites new tools for online genealogy. Combined with the exten- duplicate those available for free at FamilySearch.org.) sive availability of microfilmed Mexican records at local The records at FamilySearch.org include the 1930 Mexican FamilySearch Centers, it’s now easier to get started on your census and a signifi cant portion of the two most important research on this side of the border than in Mexico itself. sources for Mexican research—Catholic Church parish Most notable among the recent additions to clickable Mexi- records and civil registration records, organized by state. can records are the digitization and indexing eff orts at Family- Although more than two-thirds of these parish and civil Search.org , which is also home to the registration records groups have yet to be indexed, browsing FamilySearch catalog of collections at the Family History them online can be much faster than borrowing one or two Library (FHL). The FamilySearch.org online collection now microfi lm reels at a time. One of the challenges of Mexican

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0615FT MEXICAN ROOTS FEATURE.indd 48 3/18/15 2:14 PM research, after all, is the sheer volume of records: one reel of microfi lm might hold only six months of records. Use our Timeline guide to start searching for kin in this bounty of records. 1519 | Cortez begins Spanish conquest of Mexico What’s in a name? Before you can start fi nding your Mexican ancestors in this 1527 | Bishopric of Mexico created wealth of records, you have to know whom you’re looking for and where to look. Mexican naming patterns can provide 1535 | Viceroyalty of New Spain established plenty of clues, but they also can confuse those unfamiliar with Spanish traditions. 1598 | Juan de Oñate establishes New Mexico Start with the language itself, which is dotted with accent marks unfamiliar to English-only speakers. Unlike in some 1691 | Spain appoints the first governor of Texas languages, accent marks don’t aff ect alphabetization in Span- ish, but you will encounter three extra letters in the alphabet: 1810 | Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla’s “Grito de Dolores” ñ (counted as a diff erent letter from a tilde-less n, and pro- begins fight for independence nounced like “ny”) plus the combinations ch and ll, which are also considered as if they are single characters. All three 1821 | Mexico wins independence from Spain are alphabetized where you would expect—after n, c and l, respectively—but keep in mind that a name starting with Cr-, 1846 | Mexican-American War begins for example, would come before one beginning Ch-. Given names in Mexican families also can feel like they 1848 | Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo cedes most of Mexican have some extras. In addition to the standard fi rst name, chil- territory in present-day United States dren often receive a baptismal name (nombre de pila), typi- cally that of the saint whose feast falls closest to the baptism 1859 | Benito Juárez proclaims Reform Laws; civil day. The child might never be called by this extra name, but it registration begins could confuse you when looking in church records. You also may have to disregard a superfl uous José or María the parish 1910 | Mexican Revolution begins priest often added to a boy’s or girl’s name, respectively. Historically, surnames followed several Spanish patterns, which might hold important genealogical clues. Some sur- names came from occupations, descriptions or, potentially variations—checking, for example, under De la Cruz as well helpful, places (de Córdova, del Río). One common deriva- as Cruz, de la. In a boon to genealogists, Mexican women tion added a suffi x (-az, -ez, -iz, -oz or -uz) to the parent’s historically kept their maiden names when they married, name, as in Martínez, meaning the son of Martín. This sys- adding the husband’s surname with a preposition. So when tem resulted in the proliferation of certain surnames, which Consuela Herrera wed Diego Martínez, she would became can make it challenging to diff erentiate your ancestors. In Consuela Herrera de Martínez. A widow would add viuda or 2005, for example, the 10 most common surnames in Mexico the abbreviation vda, as in viuda de Martínez. Records of US were Martínez, García, Hernandez, González, López, Rodrí- border crossings commonly used the woman’s maiden name, guez, Pérez, Sánchez, Ramírez and Flores. Collectively, these too, but check all possible variations. 10 surnames add up to 31 million people in present-day Mexico, or roughly one in every four Mexicans. Pinpointing ancestral whereabouts Surnames, too, can pile up, as they did back in Spain, Figuring out the where of your ancestors’ history, as with combining surnames from the father’s and mother’s fami- most ethnicities, is as essential as knowing whom to look lies using a preposition (de, del, de la), a dash or simply for. Arturo Cuéllar-Gonzalez, a research specialist for Latin y for “and.” You’ll want to comb records for all possible America at the FHL, says, “Finding where your ancestors were from… is as much an art as science. The types of food your ancestors ate, family recipes, songs and stories handed down for generations are hints that may give you some guid- ance. The type of climate or terrain or major storms and TIP: Mexico City, the capital of Mexico, is officially known as destruction you’ve heard shared through family stories can the Federal District, or in Spanish the Distrito Federal. It’s also provide other clues. Old pictures in unique settings or with referred to as México, D.F. writing on them, or the types of dress shown in the photos might help.”

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0615FT MEXICAN ROOTS FEATURE.indd 49 3/18/15 2:14 PM If your ancestors arrived fairly recently or you can iden- of the US National Archives and Records Administration tify relatives who remained in Mexico, the 1930 census at . These border-crossing records are also avail- FamilySearch.org might help place them on the map. “Prior able on the subscription site Ancestry.com and on FamilySearch.org at was owned by 5 percent of the people. In preparation to . form a policy of land distribution, the Mexican government Finding an ancestor in Mexican church records, the key created a census so land ownership could be recorded and source before 1860, requires knowing an ancestor’s parish conveyed,” Cuéllar-Gonzalez says. “This was one of the fi rst and its location. You may fi nd multiple parishes in larger cit- mandatory accountings of everyone and included name, age, ies, and the town linked to a parish may not match that for gender, birthplace, address, marital status, nationality, reli- civil registration records. Boundaries frequently shifted in gion, occupation, real estate holdings, literacy, any physical Mexico, further complicating matters. Read about territorial or mental defects and any Indian language spoken.” boundaries in Mexico at and changes to Catholic parishes and missing for some places, including Mexico City (the Distrito dioceses at . Federal). And many Mexican names are similar, meaning you’ll need contextual clues to identify your family amid the Batch basics other Gonzálezes and Lópezes. Once you’ve located an ancestral family in Mexico, one If your ancestors arrived in the United States across the helpful tool to fi nd others in the same area is the batch num- Mexican border after about 1895, their immigration records— ber logged when FamilySearch originally microfi lmed the which list place of birth in Mexico—may be in the collections records. FamilySearch has de-emphasized batch numbers as its International Genealogical Index (IGI) has become a “legacy” database, no longer actively maintained. But you can still search the IGI, an index to vital records that includes extensive coverage of Mexico, at . You also can fi nd batch numbers when you search the newer FamilySearch.org online databases of Mexican records. When you’ve found one family member’s record, click- ing on the batch number at the bottom of the entry (such as “I06840-9”) brings up a list of all the records microfi lmed in that same batch—likely including more of your relatives. You also can choose to restrict your search by batch number (under the Restrict Records By section at the bottom of the main search page for each collection). This trick works in reverse, too, if you know your ancestral town. You can fi nd the batch numbers associated with many Mexican locations using the index at .

Keeping it civil Unless your family left Mexico long ago, the fi rst important genealogical resources you’re likely to use are civil registra- tion records. The Civil Registration Offi ce (Registro Civil) has kept these vital records of births, marriages and deaths since its establishment on July 28, 1859, by President Benito Juárez as part of his governmental reforms. Compliance was slow, so it’s important to check parish records as well (see the next section), especially for the early years of civil registra- tion, prior to the restoration of the Mexican republic in 1867.

In Mexico, a predominantly Catholic country, church records are your best resources for tracing ancestors beyond the 1859 start of civil registration. FamilySearch.org has both indexed and digitized records.

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0615FT MEXICAN ROOTS FEATURE.indd 50 3/18/15 2:15 PM The fi rst important genealogical bride and groom; date and place of the marriage; the groom’s resources you’re likely to use are and bride’s ages, occupations, civil status, origins, nation- alities, residences and parents’ names; and witnesses’ names, civil registrations. ages, civil status, occupation, residence and relationship to couple. More recent marriage records are more likely to contain most or all of this information. Death records (defun- ciones) may give the name, age and gender of the deceased; place of birth; occupation and residence; date, time, place and cause of death; burial information; and informant’s name The FHL has microfi lmed civil registration records from and relationship to the deceased. thousands of local offi ces (municipios) across Mexico, each of which might cover several towns. But you will encounter Get me to the church some gaps, notably for the states of Sinaloa and Tabasco, and To push your research back before the 1859 launch of civil not all collections extend past the early 20th century. Keep registration, you’ll need to turn to parish records of the in mind some local quirks, too. For example, some Quintana Roman Catholic Church, which was Mexico’s only recog- Roo records were microfi lmed with those for Yucatán, and nized church until that same year. The fi rst Mexican diocese, the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca archived their records at Tlaxcala, was established in 1527, and several others date the district, rather than the municipio level. Civil registration from the 16th century. The last to be established were in records in the Distrito Federal are kept in “delegations.” Puebla in 1903 and Yucatán in 1906. Parish registers (regis- You can search records for locales whose civil registration tros parroquiales) recorded baptisms (bautismos), marriages records have been digitized and indexed on the Family- (matrimonios), deaths (defunciones) and burials (entierros). Search.org website, including for Aguascaliente (1859-1961), FamilySearch.org has combined some records for baptisms Chihuahua (1861-1997), Coahuila (1861-1998), Distrito Fed- (1560-1950), marriages (1570-1950) and deaths (1680-1940) eral (includes additional pre-1859 records, 1832-2005), Guer- into three searchable collections. The baptisms database is rero (1860-1996), San Luis Potosí (1859-2000) and Tlaxcala by far the largest of these, with more than 43 million records. (1867-1950). You must browse others as online images or You also can search individual collections of digitized parish view them on microfi lm. This isn’t necessarily as onerous as records from Coahuila (1627-1978), the Distrito Federal (1514- you might guess from, say, the count of 1,413,921 civil regis- 1970), Durango (1604-1985), Hidalgo (1546-1971), Puebla tration records online for Guanajuato (1862-1930). Clicking (1545-1977), Querétaro (1590-1970), Sonora (1657-1994) and on the link for online images brings up a list of cities and Zacatecas (1605-1980). Records for other locations are also municipalities, which in turn has a list of links by record type online, but must be browsed. and year. You may have to jump around from page image to Records of baptisms, which generally occurred within a page image to narrow your browsing to the most likely pages few days of a child’s birth, usually include the infant’s name for your family’s data, but it’s not impossible. and status of legitimacy; place and date of baptism (the actual It’s worth this exercise in patience because civil registra- birth date also may be listed); and parents’, godparents’ and tion records are packed with genealogical information. Birth sometimes grandparents’ names. Some records also give the records (nacimientos) usually contain the name of the child, family’s place of residence or the birthplace of the parents, as gender, date and place of birth and parents’ names. Marriage well as racial information. Notes may mention if a child died records (matrimonios) typically include the names of the in infancy or even that a child grew up and got married.

Free Web Content For Plus Members ShopFamilyTree.com ■ Hispanic heritage organizations ■ How to search Mexican parish records ■ Tricks for Using FamilySearch.org mexican-parish-records> tricks-for-using-family-search-org- ■ Latin roots resources ■ Border-crossing records video-class-u4143> MORE over-the-border> Names com/article/spanish-portuguese- top-hispanic-genealogy-websites> ■ Mexican Heritage Research Guide organizations>

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0615FT MEXICAN ROOTS FEATURE.indd 51 3/18/15 2:15 PM TOOLKIT Marriage registers list the names of the bride and groom Websites and the date and place of marriage (usually in the home ■ FamilySearch: Mexico parish of the bride); names of witnesses; place of residence for the bride and groom; and names of their parents, often ■ HISPAGEN: Asociación de Genealogía Hispana noting whether the parents were living at the time. Mar- (in Spanish) riage records also may include the birthplaces and ages of ■ Hispanic Genealogy Blog the bride and groom. (Don’t be surprised at the diff erence in these ages: Typically girls married between the ages of 14 ■ Interactive Atlas of Mexico and 20, while men married in their 20s.) When one or both (in Spanish) of the couple was a minor, the register may note parental or ■ Maps of Mexico other permission for the marriage. If this was a second mar- ■ Mexican Border Crossing Records information for the widowed individual, but may give the ■ Mexican Genealogy name of the deceased spouse and how long the spouse had ■ Mexico Genealogy been deceased. (You can then track down the register for the fi rst marriage to fi nd the missing parental data.) ■ MexicoGenWeb Records of deaths are typically combined with those of burials, with a note from the parish priest giving the date ■ Municipalities of Mexico stating something like “I the priest [name] gave ecclesiasti- cal burial to the corpse of [deceased’s name].” Women are usually recorded by their maiden name, with a spouse’s name listed if married. Other information in parish death Books and CDs and burial records may include the deceased person’s age, ■ Directorio Eclesiástico de Toda la República Mexicana place of residence, marital status, cause of death and other (Ecclesiastical Directory to the Republic of México) survivors of the deceased. The priest also may note whether edited by Jorge Durán Piñeyro (Arquidiócesis de México) the person left a will. If the deceased was a minor, his or her ■ Enciclopedia de México (Encyclopedia of Mexico) by José date and place of birth and parents’ names may be included, Rogelio Alvarez (Instituto de la Enciclopedia de México) especially in later death records. ■ Finding Your Mexican Ancestors: A Beginner’s Guide by George R. Ryskamp and Peggy Hill Ryskamp (Ancestry) Praying for more ■ Guía General de los Archivos Estatales y Municipales Catholic churches also recorded additional information in de México (General Guide to the Archives of the States and conjunction with key events in a parishioner’s life, although Municipalities of Mexico) (Archivo General de la Nación) these records have not been as widely microfi lmed. Larger ■ Los Municipios de México (The Municipios of Mexico) parishes, for example, would keep a separate book to record (Centro Nacional de Desarrollo Municipal) confi rmations (confirmaciones), while these were intermin- ■ Mexican Genealogy Research Online: A Guide to Help You gled with baptism records in smaller churches. Confi rmation Discover Your Ancestry by Moises Garza (CreateSpace) records usually contain only the name of the confirmant, his or her parents’ names and the names of the godparents. Organizations These records are most useful to confi rm family ties found in other records. In small or remote parishes, where the ■ Hispanic Genealogical Research Center of bishop or his representative might visit only every few years, New Mexico, Box 27250, Albuquerque, NM 87125, several family members of diff erent ages might be confi rmed (505) 833-4197, together, giving you a resource to identify siblings. ■ National Archives of Mexico (Archivo General de la You may have to write to a parish archive for marriage Nación), Eduardo Molina 113, Col. Penitenciaría Ampliación, information records (información matrimonial), also known Deleg. Venustiano Carranza, C.P. 15350 México, D.F., as pre-marriage investigations, but these can be valuable México, if other records have gone missing. Before getting married ■ Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection, in the Catholic Church, couples had to submit to a process University of Texas at Austin, SRH 1.109, 2300 Red to prove that they were in good standing in the church and River St., Stop S5410, Austin, TX 78712, included the couple’s names, ages, marital status and place of residence; their parents’ names; sometimes their birthplace and grandparents’ names; and names of witnesses and their

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0615FT MEXICAN ROOTS FEATURE.indd 52 3/18/15 2:15 PM connection to the couple. When one of the couple (typi- cally the groom) grew up in a diff erent parish, the fi le would include proof of his good standing in the home parish, pos- sibly including baptismal records. If the investigation turned up any red fl ags, documentation would show, for example, that the spouse from a previous marriage was deceased. Couples related by blood (consan- guinity) or through marriage (affi nity) would need dispensa- tions, which might include charts showing their relationship. Other church records you might seek out include wills and testaments, and ecclesiastical censuses. For ancestors between 1522 and 1820, you might even fi nd records of the Mexican Inquisition, the infamous Spanish Inquisition’s extension into the New World. Trial proceedings of the Inquisition can hold detailed genealogical information the accused provided to prove pure Hispanic-Catholic origins.

Back-up plans If you’ve struck out fi nding Mexican ancestors in civil reg- istrations and parish records, there are other resources you can try. But such otherwise familiar record sources such as cemetery records, censuses and probate fi les are less readily available for Mexican research than for US ancestors. ■ CEMETERY RECORDS: Few cemetery records have been transcribed or microfi lmed. You’ll have to look for them at municipio archives, local parishes and historical societies or libraries. (The exception is the Distrito Federal, where the FHL has microfi lmed some cemetery records.) BillionGraves has nearly 50,000 Mexican cemetery entries and is also searchable through FamilySearch.org. ■ CENSUSES: That 1930 enumeration is the only compre- hensive census that covers all of Mexico, and you can search it online at . Mexican land, cemetery, probate and pre-1930 censuses are harder to Various censuses called padrones were taken during Mexico’s come by than church and civil registration records, but they may hold the colonial period, beginning in 1752, and in the early years of genealogical information you need. independence, typically to identify men eligible for military service. The FHL has microfi lmed these, along with a 1689 special census of Spaniards living in Mexico City in 1689. ■ LAND RECORDS: The FHL has microfilmed some land (Records of actual military service, by the way, aren’t readily records; most of the originals are at the national archives in accessible; colonial military records are in Spanish archives.) Mexico City. The Texas General Land Offi ce’s Spanish Col- ■ PROBATE AND NOTARIAL RECORDS: You’ll have to seek out lection holds 4,200 land titles from 1720 to 1836 for what probate records in notarial fi les, parish records and muni- is now Texas . And the New Mexico cipio court records. Few have been microfilmed with the State Records Center and Archives has 1693 to 1821 Those notarial fi les, common in Hispanic countries, include Spanish land records and 1821 to 1845 Mexican records for records such as wills, dowries, guardianships and mortgages what’s now the Land of Enchantment. kept by notaries (notarios). Again, few have been microfi lmed These “Plan B” records require some eff ort to access, but and you must look for them in state and local archives. chances are you’ll fi nd the family history answers you seek ■ DIVORCE RECORDS: Divorce records, another familiar in the Mexican records riches readily available on microfi lm resource for relatives north of the border, simply don’t exist and, increasingly, online. ■ in this Catholic country until 1917, when the new Mexican constitution legalized divorce. Contact the clerk of the town Contributing editor David A. Fryxell lives in Tucson, 82 or municipio courts where the divorce took place. miles from the Mexican border.

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0615FT MEXICAN ROOTS FEATURE.indd 53 3/18/15 2:15 PM Citation Elation

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0615FT SOURCES FEATURE.indd 54 3/18/15 2:16 PM Source citations need not be a source of misery. Learn how your genealogy software can make it easy to track where you fi nd your family facts.

BY RICK CRUME

3 AS YOU DISCOVER your family history, it’s important that follows accepted genealogical citation standards. Those to record where you fi nd each piece of information. Let’s standards are set forth in two books by Elizabeth Shown say you’ve found confl icting records with your grandfather’s Mills, both from Genealogical Publishing Co.: Evidence! date and place of birth. The date he celebrated his birthday Citation & Analysis for the Family Historian and Evidence doesn’t match what’s in the family Bible, and the place where Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyber- he said he was born doesn’t match what his birth certifi cate space, 2nd edition. says. If you keep track of all those sources, you’ll be able to Family Tree Maker, Legacy Family Tree and RootsMagic fi nd and compare them and maybe even determine which all use Evidence Explained as a guide for creating source cita- one is the most reliable. Later on, if you share your family his- tions. Genealogy software lets you attach a source citation to tory in writing, you’ll be able to include footnotes that pro- just about every “fact”—a name, place or life event—in your vide evidence for your claims, and give credit to those whose tree. Most of your source citations will be linked to events, works you consulted. Relatives will know they can depend on such as births, marriages and deaths, but as you’ll see, some your research and build on what you’ve done without having might be linked to a person or a family. You also can quote to repeat it. Most of all, you’ll be confi dent that you’ve gotten from the source, comment on it, attach a scanned copy of it as close as you can to the truth about your family history. and rate its reliability. Source citations have an intimidating reputation as dif- In most programs, you’ll create citations in two steps. First ficult to write and impossible to organize. Fortunately, you add a source. Templates let you create diff erent types of genealogy software helps you do both. Most programs let sources, so it’s mostly a matter of fi lling in the blanks. Select a you describe the birth certifi cates, census records, personal template for the appropriate source type and fi ll in each fi eld interviews and other sources you have for births, marriages, for author, title, publisher, repository (where you found the deaths and other facts. You can link these descriptions to source), etc. Once you create a source, you can save it and use their corresponding facts and create reports with correctly it to cite other information you’ve found in that source. So formatted footnotes or endnotes. You also can include you might have one “master source” (such as the Cincinnati your source citations when you submit your family fi le to Birth and Death Records, 1865-1912 database ) with multiple citations relatives who use genealogy software, they won’t need to re- from that source (if you’ve found birth and death records for enter all your sources. many relatives in the aforementioned database). We’ll show you how the current versions of three popular As you enter source citation information, your genealogy desktop genealogy programs—Family Tree Maker, Legacy software automatically formats it to create three types of ref- Family Tree and RootsMagic—can turn the sometimes-scary erences used in written family histories and reports: task of source citation into a satisfying one instead. ■ BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRY: Also called a source list entry, this is information about the source itself, such as a book or Matters of source online database. You’d include it in a bibliography of sources Genealogists use a lot of specialized sources, such as family accompanying your family history book or report. Bibles, microfi lmed church records and online census records. ■ FOOTNOTE/ENDNOTE: This full reference note includes What a source citation looks like varies with the type of information about the source, plus a locator for the specifi c record, but in general, a source citation has four parts: author, information you found in it (such as birthdate or occupa- title, publisher (including place and year) and locator (usually tion). It serves as a numbered footnote or endnote in your a page number or certifi cate number). If the source is online, family history or report. such as an Ancestry.com collection or a Google book, you should cite the original work (often a book, micro- fi lm or manuscript), as well as the website’s title and URL, and the date you found the information you’re citing. Database descriptions on Ancestry.com, FamilySearch.org TIP: Number photocopied records in your paper files, and other genealogy websites usually and add a record’s number to your software citations that state the source of the data, but these bibliographic refer- reference that record. ences are often not written in a consistent format—or one

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0615FT SOURCES FEATURE.indd 55 3/18/15 2:17 PM ■ SHORT FOOTNOTE OR SUBSEQUENT CITATION: If you refer From Person view, click on a fact about the person in the to the same source multiple times in a report, you don’t have center panel, and you’ll see all the sources for that fact in to use a full footnote or endnote citation each time. Instead, the detail panel on the right. To add a new citation or use an for the second and later references, use this short form of the existing source with a diff erent citation, click on New and full reference note. It includes a locator for the specifi c infor- choose Add New Source Citation. mation found, plus abbreviated source information. ■ CREATE A CITATION: In the Add Source Citation window, use the down arrow in the Source title fi eld A to choose a Family Tree Maker 2014 source you’ve already cited (or begin typing the title of the With Ancestry.com’s best-selling Family Tree Maker soft- source you’re looking for in the fi eld). Or, to edit the source, ware , you can create a source click the Change button. Then add new source details. In the citation starting from either Tree view or Person view in Citation Detail fi eld B, you could add the page number of a Family Tree Maker 2014. book or a census enumeration district and page number. In In Tree view, look in the right panel, where you see facts the Citation Text fi eld C, add transcribed information from about the person whose profi le is highlighted. Each fact with the book or census record. a source citation has a source icon (it looks like a quill pen If you haven’t already used the source you want to cite, writing on paper) to its right; click to add a new source. Facts you can click the New button D in the Add Source Citation without source citations have no icon. Mouse over the fact window. This brings up the Add Source window, where you and a source citation icon with a plus sign appears. Click on can search for a template for the kind of source you’re cit- it to add a citation for that fact. ing by entering a word such as birth or death in the Source

Family Tree Maker: Add a Source Citation

E F G A D

B

C

A new source citation in Family Tree Maker can use an existing source or a new source you create.

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0615FT SOURCES FEATURE.indd 56 3/18/15 2:17 PM Genealogy software lets you attach a source citation to just about every fact, look under the Sources tab and, in the right panel, select New>Add New Source Citation. When you’re done, go to the name, place or life event in your tree. next person in the household, create a census fact, highlight it and on the right, select New>Use Existing Source Citation. That opens up the Find Source Citation window with the last citation you used highlighted. Select Link to Citation to use the same page number or pick Create New Copy to cite a dif- template fi eld. To browse source templates arranged in cat- ferent page number. egories, click the More button. Begin by selecting one of a Here’s another way to quickly link a source citation to facts dozen broad source groups, such as Census Records, before for a series of people: Click on the Sources tab and select a working your way down through Categories and specific citation. Under the Links tab, click on New. Then select a fact source types. For instance, to document an online census for another person and click OK. image, select the Census Records source group, which leads You also can copy and paste a source citation. Select a fact to several categories: Original Manuscripts, Digital Images, in Facts or Timeline view, then select a source linked to it. Microfi lm and Derivatives. Select Digital Images and then a Click on the Copy Source Citation icon (it looks like two template; for an online census collection, you might choose duplicate pages). Then highlight another fact associated Online Commercial Site—Generic (by Census Year). with the same person or someone else. Under the Sources Family Tree Maker has fewer source templates than Leg- tab, click the down arrow beside New. Select Paste Link to acy and RootsMagic. For instance, I can’t fi nd templates for Source Citation to use the same page number or Duplicate passenger lists or Canadian census records. If you can’t fi nd a Source Citation to enter a diff erent page number. template for a particular source type, use a generic template, You can search Ancestry.com for someone such as Database Online—Generic (any country; any online in your Family Tree Maker fi le and incorporate matching database). Alternatively, you can leave the template field records into your tree. Family Tree Maker links the source blank and use the generic default template. information to each fact, but the source citations often lack Clicking OK in the Add Source window opens the Add key information or aren’t formatted properly. For example, Source Citation window, where you can enter details for this if you merge information from a Public Member Tree, the citation, including a description, text from the citation (such source citation references Ancestry.com, as it should, but not as a grave marker inscription) and a web address (if appli- the tree’s owner. So it’s usually worthwhile to create your cable). Popup instructions prompt you on the type of infor- own source citation, rather than using the one Ancestry.com mation to add. The window has three other tabs: Reference generates automatically. Note E shows how the citation will appear as an endnote in a report. Click inside the text box and you can select text to Legacy Family Tree 8.0 italicize or underline. Select the Media tab F to attach an Legacy software guides you image of the source, such as a digitized passenger list page. through a simple step-by-step process to create source Use the Notes tab G to add comments to the source citation. citations using an extensive set of more than 1,200 source Family Tree Maker’s Sources workspace, which you can templates for the United States and other countries. A access by clicking the Sources link in the navigation bar at SourceWriter guides you through the whole process. the top of the screen, lets you manage your sources and see ■ CREATE A CITATION: Start by double-clicking on a name how they’re used in your tree. For example, click on a source in Family or Pedigree view to open the Individual’s Infor- under Source Groups on the left, and a list of citations based mation window. To link a source citation to an event, click on that source will appear in the center of the screen. If you on the source citation column (the one headed by a books click on one of those citations, the panel below will show you icon) in the row for that event. (A books icon in that square each person and fact that source citation is linked to. On the indicates that at least one source citation is already attached right, you’ll see citation detail and text, as well as the refer- to the event.) This opens the person’s Assigned Sources win- ence note, for the highlighted source citation, and you can dow, which shows all the sources assigned to the person and click to edit the citation or source. The Edit Source window the person’s events. The event you selected is highlighted. lets you add a Source Repository, such as a library where you To cite an existing source, click Cite a Master Source. To consulted a printed city directory or a website where you cite a new source, click Add a New Source, which opens the found a census database. SourceWriter. ■ QUICK TRICKS: Family Tree Maker has ways to speed up When creating a new Master Source, the SourceWriter citing the same source multiple times, such as when you fi nd starts by asking you a series of questions so it can select the several members of a family in the same household in a cen- best source template. You can either enter a general source sus. To cite a source for the fi rst person, highlight the census type, such as census, to fi nd matching templates, or choose

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0615FT SOURCES FEATURE.indd 57 3/18/15 2:17 PM Legacy Family Tree: SourceWriter Wizard A F C D E B

In Legacy Family Tree, the SourceWriter helps you complete the fi elds for creating a master source.

a general source type from the list. If you select Census the Master Source, not to the specifi c information you’re cit- Records, you’re prompted for a country. Select the United ing. When you’re fi nished, click the Save button F. States and you’re asked to select the type of census record. In Step 3, you’ll add source details. Just fi ll in the blanks for Choose Federal Census Records and then you can select a each fi eld, such as city and page number. The File ID fi eld is year between 1790 and 1940. Finally, you’ll select a medium— optional; you can use it to reference a document number you microfi lm/fi che or online images. Then click Go to Step 2. might write on paper fi les. Use the tabs here to add a quota- Step 2 opens the template for the source type you selected tion, comments or uploaded media (such as an image of a A. Some fi elds may already be populated. For example, for census page) that pertain to this specifi c citation. online images of the 1920 census, the template is already ■ QUICK TRICKS: Once you’ve created an event and attached filled in with “1920 US census,” the publisher (National a source citation to it, you can easily copy and paste the event Archives and Records Administration), the microfi lm series and citation at the same time, a real timesaver. Let’s say you (T625) and the format (Digital images). Just fill in the found a family in a census record and you want to add the remaining blanks with the information specifi ed, such as the same census event and source citation to each person in state, county, website name and URL. On the right, you can the family. Create a census fact for one person and attach a see a preview of the footnote or endnote citation, the subse- source citation to it. In the Individual’s Information window, quent citation and the bibliographic reference B. click on the census event to select it and hit the Edit button. Step 2 also has tabs where you can add a quotation from In the Edit Event window, click on the two-page icon on the the source and comments on it C, the repository where you right to copy both the event and the citation to the Clipboard. found it D and digital fi les E. These are meant to apply to Now open the Individual’s Information window for another

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0615FT SOURCES FEATURE.indd 58 3/18/15 2:18 PM member of the family who appears in the same census RootsMagic 7 record. In the Events/Facts section, click on the Add button RootsMagic makes it easy to create and then click on the button in the lower right corner to paste source citations using a huge collection of source templates the event and citation from the clipboard. Hit the Save button for the United States and other countries. The program’s and move on to the next person in the family. Citation Manager helps you add, edit, copy and delete source You can store citations in up to 10 Source Clipboards for citations. To access it, open a person’s Edit Person window, handy access. Each Clipboard can hold up to fi ve citations, highlight a name or a fact, then click on either the Sources all of which can be pasted at once. You could put sources you button in the edit pane on the right (it looks like a certifi cate) use often (such as census records) or that you’re working on or the Sources column (headed by a picture of a certifi cate) currently, in clipboards. Or organize sources in clipboards by in the same row as the name or a fact you’re working with. family or source type. Here’s another way: Highlight a name in any navigation If you have a source that provides general information on view and click the Edit Sources icon (it also looks like a cer- a person, you can create an individual or person source. For tifi cate) in the toolbar at the top of the screen. Then select example, if an obituary or a biography in a county history Person for general individual sources, Family for family provides details pertaining to a person’s birth, marriage and sources or Source List to see a list of all master sources. death, you could link the citation to the person, rather than ■ CREATE A CITATION: First, click the Add New Source but- separately to the person’s birth, marriage and death events. ton in the Citation Manager. That opens the Select Source (Family Tree Maker doesn’t support individual sources. Type window where you can browse the list of types. When When importing individual sources from another program, you highlight a source type, the right window shows a Family Tree Maker converts them to name sources.) description of it and the page number where it’s discussed

RootsMagic: Source Manager

D E F G H A C

B

RootsMagic’s Source Manager lets you rate the quality of a source and shows you the footnote, short footnote, and bibliographic reference as you type.

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0615FT SOURCES FEATURE.indd 59 3/18/15 2:18 PM in Evidence Explained. Use the three buttons at the top of the displays a preview of the reference as a footnote, a short (or window to speed up the process: Highlight a source type you subsequent) footnote and a bibliographic entry C. Just fi ll in use frequently and click on the star button to make it a favor- the blanks to create or edit the source. It’s convenient to be ite. Use the Favorites button to access favorite source types or able to view the Master Source while you add source details. the Recent button to select a recently used source type. The Edit Source window has several other tabs: Master When you select a source type, the Edit Source window Text D holds a quote and comments that apply to the source opens up with several tabs. The Citation tab has three sec- in general. Anything you put here appears with all citations to tions: The yellow section at the top has fi elds for entering this source. The Detail Text tab E holds text and comments Master Source information A, the green section at the bot- that pertain to this specifi c citation. The Media tab F lets tom has the Source Details fi elds B, and the right section you attach digital fi les (document images, photos or audio or video) to the source and citation. Quality G lets you rate the source’s reliability, and Repository H lets you record where TOOLKIT you found the source, such as an archive or website. ■ QUICK TRICKS: Once you create a source citation, you can Websites quickly copy and paste it to another person, family or fact. ■ Board for Certification of Genealogists For instance, when you fi nd family members listed together on a census record, create a census fact linked to a source ■ Evidence Explained citation for one member of the family. Highlight the source citation in the Citation Manager and click the Memorize but- ton. Then add the same census fact to each of the other mem- Resources bers of the family who appear on the same census record. ■ Evidence! Citation & Analysis for the Family Historian by One by one, highlight each new fact, click the Sources button Elizabeth Shown Mills (Genealogical Publishing Co.) and hit the Paste button to copy the source citation. ■ Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts If you have a source that applies to a whole family, such as to Cyberspace, 2nd edition, by Elizabeth Shown Mills a census household listing, you can create a family source in (Genealogical Publishing Co.) RootsMagic. In the Edit Person window, highlight a spouse ■ QuickSheet: Citing Ancestry.com Databases & Images by and click in the sources column. When importing family Elizabeth Shown Mills (Genealogical Publishing Co.) sources from another program, Family Tree Maker and Leg- ■ QuickSheet: Citing Online Historical Resources Evidence! acy Family Tree convert them to marriage sources. Style by Elizabeth Shown Mills (Genealogical Publishing Co.) Like Legacy Family Tree, RootsMagic lets you create an individual or person source: In the Edit Person window, highlight the person’s name and click in the sources column. Software As noted, Family Tree Maker converts individual sources to ■ Family Tree Maker 2014 (for Windows) or Mac 3, name sources when importing files from other programs. Ancestry.com, RootsMagic doesn’t support name sources and converts ■ Legacy Family Tree 8.0, Millennium Software, them to individual sources when importing. ■ ■ RootsMagic 7, RootsMagic, Contributing editor Rick Crume has about 2,000 sources— and counting—in his genealogy software.

Free Web Content For Plus Members ShopFamilyTree.com ■ Genealogy Software Guide ■ 10 Genealogy software tricks ■ Evidence Explained: Citing History top-10-genealogy-software-tricks> web-cites> tree-research-on-course> com/source-citations-for-regular- people-ondemand-webinar>

60 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0615FT SOURCES FEATURE.indd 60 3/18/15 2:18 PM nowwhat? Answers to your genealogy questions {BY DAVID A. FRYXELL}

I’ve been searching for my Irish fi fth- great-grandfather, who was born in 1748. How can I fi nd out more about him?

For Irish ancestors prior to 1864, index millions of these records, which religion. Start your quest for this infor- your best resource is church you can search at . mation with home sources, such as old records. The Family History Library Searching is free, but it costs about $5 letters, family Bibles and other papers has many on microfilm; find them by see the full transcription of a record. that might have clues about your ances- searching FamilySearch’s online catalog You might also try the religious cen- tral origins. . You’ll also fi nd sus of 1766. The Irish National Archives You also may fi nd it helpful to study some of these indexed in the Family- has a list of the returns for each dio- Irish migration patterns and your rela- Search database Ireland Births and cese at . Your ancestors may have traveled in a org/search/collection/1584963> and Ire- Unless you get lucky and find your group with neighbors and other rela- land Marriages, 1619-1898 . in Irish church records, you’ll need to a chain migration pattern, in which The Ireland Family History Founda- know the name of the place where they family and friends followed earlier emi- tion has also begun to transcribe and lived (the town or village) and their grants who settled in America.

Family Tree Magazine Genealogy MAP COLLECTION CD 130+ genealogy reference maps US cities and states  countries  migration and settlement  military confl icts  and more!

SAVE 10% by using code

FTMAPS15 at checkout! $19.99

Code FTMAPS15 expires 6/30/15.

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0615FT NOW WHAT.indd 61 3/18/15 2:25 PM nowwhat?

My great-great- I’ve been searching for grandfather came to the the parents of an ancestor United States through New who’s listed in the 1790 census York in 1849. If Castle Garden in Rowan County, NC. How can didn’t open until 1855, where I look for him and his parents   would he have arrived, and are before this fi rst US census? records available? Colonial censuses, tax lists, wills, In 1819, customs collectors began estate fi les and land records can working the various docks in the sometimes help you push back in time Class port of New York, collecting infor- before the 1790 beginning of the fed- mation on arriving ships, passengers eral census. North Carolina conducted and ports of origin. The impetus to a state census between 1784 and 1787, is in establish a central processing point, which is available on Ancestry.com. which became Castle Garden and later Ellis Island of North Carolina Taxpayers by Clar- Session , came from a state ence E. Ratcliff, a book transcribing commission’s fi nding in 1847 that arriv- these lists. ing passengers frequently fell victim to Also search an index to North Learn how to research fraud and crime. Boardinghouses would Carolina estate files dating back your roots with online hire “runners” to steal luggage and even to 1663 on FamilySearch.org . Results are linked to images overcharge them and assess fraudulent of the originals, which includes more ƭɥ.41Lj6##*ɥ!+ 22#2ɥ fees. In 1848, New York State leased than 200 pre-1790 probate records a pier at the end of Hubert Street in from Rowan County. Search, too, for ƭɥ
33#-"ɥ.-ɥ8.41ɥ.6- lower Manhattan to use as a processing published abstracts of North Carolina 2!'#"4+#ɥ6(3'(-ɥ8.41ɥ2#22(.-ɥ site. Complaints from neighbors forced wills, such as those by J. Bryan Grimes. a move south to Castle Clinton, where Originals of pre-1760 wills are at the ƭɥ, ++ɥ!+ 22ɥ2(9#2ɥ Castle Garden was opened in 1855. state archives , while later wills are in ƭɥ7/#1(#-!#"ɥ(-2314!3.12ɥ early arrivals, regardless of pier, are at county offi ces. ƭɥ7#1!(2#2ɥ"#2(%-#"ɥ3.ɥ the National Archives . Land records survive from as far back '#+/ɥ8.4ɥ, *#ɥ1# +ɥ These include Index to Passenger Lists as 1679 and can be found at the state of Vessels Arriving at New York, NY, archives. FamilySearch’s Family His- 1#2# 1!'ɥ/1.%1#22ɥ 1820-1846, 103 microfi lm rolls (M261); tory Library has a partial index to these Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving records on microfi lm. at New York, NY, 1820-1897, 675 rolls You can search the State Library of (M237); and, for ship info, Registers North Carolina’s Family Records Col- York from Foreign Ports, 1789-1919, that might help you fi nd your ancestor’s 27 rolls (M1066). You also can search parents, online these on Ancestry.com . search/collection/p15012coll1>. ■

STUMPED? ASK OUR EXPERT! Send questions to [email protected] or post them on Facebook . Sorry, we can’t respond personally or answer all questions.

62 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0615FT NOW WHAT.indd 62 3/18/15 2:25 PM researchroadmap Maps to point your research in the right direction {EDITED BY TYLER MOSS} A Nation Consumed Map Showing the Proportion of Deaths From Consumption to Deaths From All Causes by Francis A. Walker, 1874, David David 1874, A. Walker, Francis All Causes by to Deaths From Consumption of Deaths From the Proportion Map Showing Historical Map Collection, Rumsey

3 CONSUMPTION, TODAY MORE compiled during the 1870 federal cen- it’s evident that tuberculosis touched commonly known as tuberculosis, is sus, more than a decade before Dr. Rob- much of the country, and would’ve one of the world’s deadliest diseases. ert Koch identified the bacteria that been a major public health concern of Spread through the air by coughing, causes the disease. Red shading indi- our ancestors at the time. spitting and sneezing, it was particu- cates the ratio of total deaths from con- Once the cause of the contagion was larly potent in the late 1800s and early sumption; the darker the shading, the identified in the 1880s, cities began 1900s in impoverished urban areas more consumption deaths. Notice that campaigns to improve sanitation and where people crowded together in the New England states suff ered espe- denounce spitting in public places. places with poor sanitation. cially high losses, along with densely Medications to effectively fight the This map illustrates US consumption populated hubs of industrialization in disease wouldn’t be developed until the deaths based on mortality statistics places such as Ohio and Illinois. But early 1900s. ■

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0615FT RESEARCH ROADMAP.indd 63 3/18/15 2:28 PM documentdetective Uncovering clues in historical records {BY GEORGE G. MORGAN}

Alien Registration Form

3 THE UNITED STATES has passed The Alien Registration Act of 1940, States. The form also gathered infor- legislation several times to require non- also known as the Smith Act, required mation about employment, organiza- citizen residents, or “aliens,” to register all aliens to be registered and finger- tional memberships and other activities with the government. This was usually printed. Between Aug. 1, 1940, and within the past five years, relatives during times of war, including the War March 31, 1944, more than 5.5 million living in the United States, arrests and of 1812, Civil War, and World Wars I and noncitizen residents were registered. convictions, and more. Chances are, the II. While the informational require- They completed the two-page Alien answers will point you to other docu- ments have changed over time, applica- Registration Form (AR-2), which had mentary evidence. tions consistently asked for name, place 15 questions covering places of birth The applicant (or if the person was of residence, age, country of origin, and and citizenship, date and other details younger than 14, the parent or guard- date and place of arrival. of first and last arrival in the United ian) signed an affidavit at the bottom

1

2

3

4

5 Courtesy of the US Citizenship and Immigration Service and Immigration of the US Citizenship Courtesy

64 Family Tree Magazine 3 MAY/JUNE 2015 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

0615FT DOC DETECT.indd 64 3/18/15 2:06 PM of the form. He provided a print of the right index finger and was pho- tographed for the registration docu- ments. The registering offi cial signed as a witness. Immigration and Naturaliza- tion Service field offices received the forms on behalf of the US Department of Justice, assigned each applicant an alien registration number (called an A number), and sent him an alien regis- tration receipt card (AR-3) and certifi - cate of identifi cation, shown here. You can order a relative’s AR-2, as well as several other types of citizen- ship records, through the US Citizen- ship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Genealogy Program . Remember, only immi- Silent Legacy your books printed in 48 hours. grants who hadn’t naturalized as of Discovering Family Secrets Go to 48hourbooks.com ... Aug. 1, 1940, would’ve completed form we print books unnaturally fast. Available at Amazon.com AR-2 and received a receipt card and identifi cation document.

1 This is the A number assigned to the applicant. Find your 2 The section requesting other names the German person has used is particularly helpful for learning maiden names, names used in the Ancestors! “old country” and other names a person Klerks Genealogy might have used in records. & Professional German Molossus Genealogie 3 Arrival information, which includes the Genealogist with many years Research in date of most recent arrival, can help you of experience provides a track down passenger lists and determine Italy • Belgium • France reliable and cost-eff ective whether the person traveled abroad. Keep in Luxemburg • Germany service in the search of your mind the applicant’s memory of these details The Netherlands may have been faulty. German Ancestry. For more information 4 On the back of the form, notes about To request additional please visit: organizations or societies the applicant information please contact www.klerksgenealogy.nl/ participated in can send you to records Dr. Volker Jarren www.molossus.nlww.molossu such as member lists and newsletters. Also D 79106 Freiburg, try adding an organization’s name to your newspaper searches for the person. Ferdinand-Weiss-Strasse 59 or 5 This area will tell you if the person had [email protected] filed for citizenship but not yet completed www.volkerjarren.de the process, and can help you locate naturalization records. ■

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0615FT DOC DETECT.indd 65 3/18/15 2:07 PM thetoolkit Tech tutorials, reviews and roundups {EDITED BY TYLER MOSS}

RESOURCE ROUNDUP Cloud-Based Genealogy Tools

3 WE GENEALOGISTS ARE busy. internet connection, these handy pro- sync through Dropbox (see the next Hours are eaten away chasing down grams and apps (each is primarily free tool). The app also allows you to tag ancestors online, scanning pictures, unless indicated by a $) work across entries by subject and upload photos. inputting data and citations into gene- platforms and devices to keep critical It’s sure to move your memoir for- alogy software, documenting fam- “genea-data” right at your fi ngertips. ward and makes it easy to turn your ily stories and scouring social media notes into a book. It’s available for Mac for cousin connections. These days it Day One Journal ($9.99) and iPhone/iPad ($4.99), but seems like cloud-based resources cover $ Android users might like the similar just about any aspect of genealogy Many writers like to keep a diary or Day Journal app available through the research, from family tree building to journal, with entries serving as a head Google Play store . cemetery research. But family history start of a memoir. Day One Journal investigation also requires you to take takes the diary concept virtual. This Dropbox notes, share files, maintain unwieldy easy-to-use app works well for brain- to-do lists and write down ancestors’ storming ideas or listing memories This online data repository off ers fi le- stories. Fortunately, the following as they come to you (for example, sharing and synchronization. When you mostly free apps and tools can help you “Grandma Elizabeth died,” “my parents download and install the application manage the menagerie of tasks that divorced,” or “fi rst kiss”). At any point, to your desktop, you can drag and drop scuttle across your computer screen. you can effortlessly search through fi les into Dropbox folders and the con- Accessible from anywhere with an your entries, share them via email or tents sync to the cloud. The free version

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0615FT TOOLKIT.indd 66 3/18/15 2:29 PM starts you out with 2GB storage, but you These handy programs history book project and one for each can earn more by inviting others to sign genealogy conference you attend. up, or you can upgrade to Premium for work across platforms Trello is an ideal tool for collabora- $5 per month. With Dropbox, you can tion, whether you’re working with a access uploaded fi les, such as scanned and devices to keep cousin or a genealogy society commit- records or a research log, from various tee, because you can easily add mem- devices, or you can share a folder of critical “genea-data” bers to a board for group projects. documents with another researcher. Use Dropbox to protect your precious right at your fi ngertips. uCreate research: If your hard drive gets fried $ work will remain easily retrievable. uCreate is like a miniature whiteboard for your iPhone or iPad. It costs just Evernote the Photobucket mobile app to access 99 cents, and is ideal for brainstorming your account on the go. research tasks, diagramming confus- Dedicated genealogists are always col- ing family connections, mind mapping lecting information: digitized census SplashTop your brick wall problems and jotting records, old photos of Great-grandma down ideas for your family history Imogene, Ancestry.com SplashTop2 Remote Desktop ($4.99 for writing project. Choose from a variety source citations, the best websites for iPad, free for iPhone and Android) lets of pen colors. Make a mistake? Simply Polish genealogy. Evernote is an online you remotely access your desktop com- use the digital eraser, just as you would notebook where you can upload infor- puter from your mobile device. This on a regular whiteboard. When fin- mation, photos and articles clipped app will revolutionize your “tablet life” ished, easily save your creation to your from websites. Build notebooks orga- by helping you retrieve and view fi les device’s Camera Roll or Gallery, where nized by surname, family line or spe- stored on your home computer while you can share it via email or Facebook, cifi c ancestors. All the notes you create you’re researching on site at a library or upload it to an Evernote Notebook. are keyword searchable, making it easy or archive. You even can use it to show You even can play a quick game of Tic- to pull a specifi c bit of information right the family photos on your hard drive to Tac-Toe or Hangman inside the app. out of the haystack. The program works relatives at your next gathering. To use on Windows and Mac platforms, as SplashTop, your home computer must Write.app well as tablets and most smartphones, be turned on, connected to the Internet and off ers easy syncing across devices. and have the free SplashTop Streamer This free, web-based program offers The free version should be adequate for installed. a “distraction-free” writing space in most users, but if you want more fl ex- the cloud, without the sometimes ibility, additional storage space or other Trello confining utilities and formatting of features, the Premium version costs traditional word processing software. just $45 per year. This cloud-based tool is ideal for any- Full-screen mode spans your entire one who’s a fan of using old-fashioned monitor, edging out unnecessary tool- Photobucket index cards for organization. Just set bars and menus to command your com- up a free account and you can manage plete attention. Notes are private by Photobucket is a free multimedia host- your genealogy in a glance, without default and encrypted for additional ing website. It’s particularly useful for the lengthy email threads, hard-to-use security. Want to share your thoughts storing media such as photos or videos spreadsheets, sticky notes and paper with the world? Opt to make your note you want to embed on your genealogy scraps. Trello is like Pinterest for per- public. You also can save notes as a TXT blog or import into another program, sonal organization: You can set up dif- fi le to open in other processors. It’s the such as Google Earth . Connect your account to Face- a collection of cards containing your block or to block out diversions keep- book and Twitter notes. For example, you could have ing you from important family history for eff ortless photo one board for each surname you’re documentation. sharing, and don’t forget to download researching, another for a family » Lisa A. Alzo

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0615FT TOOLKIT.indd 67 3/18/15 2:29 PM thetoolkit

SOFTWARE REVIEW Ease of use When you have a photo that shows Exceptionally easy to use, RootsMagic several people, it’s easy to add the pic- RootsMagic 7 provides extensive help throughout ture to each person’s media album. You the program. You also can purchase a can also select a picture and see every printed manual for $14.95. person it is linked to. A handy new  PRICE: $29.95 ($19.95 upgrade) Pedigree, Family, Descendants and feature lets you drag and drop pictures  MANUFACTURER: RootsMagic, People tabs make it easy to navigate onto a person’s media screen. (800) 766-8762, are arranged logically in the main menu Documentation and publication  SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: and toolbar, but don’t overlook the For documentation, select the template Windows XP or newer; runs on Mac media gallery in the Lists menu. for a source type and fi ll in the boxes. OS X with MacBridge for RootsMagic 7, As you enter place names, County- You can keep research logs for peo- $14.95 Check alerts you to counties, provinces ple, families, events or places.  DEMO/TRIAL VERSION: ; a free version, of the event in question. sheets, pedigree charts and narrative RootsMagic 7 Essentials, has many of The new NameClean tool fi nds and reports. In addition to the usual name the full program’s core features corrects problems and inconsistencies index, reports can include a place index.  BIGGEST DRAWS: ease of use, data in people’s names. Another new tool, RootsMagic 7 expands and improves entry, documenting sources, reports, PlaceClean, fi nds and corrects similar Publish Online, a feature introduced publishing your tree online problems with place names. in version 6 that makes it easy to post  DRAWBACKS: nothing major your family tree online for free with File management photos, sources and notes. Now sites RootsMagic directly opens Family Ori- are created in a format that Google and gins, Family Tree Maker (2006 and other search engines can index. That’s Ease of Use earlier), Legacy, Personal Ancestral File a major improvement and means that (interface, navigation, help/tutorials) and The Master Genealogist fi les. people can find your site when they The handy RootsMagic-to-Go is Google your ancestors’ names. a separate utility program that lets File Management you copy the program and your fam- Searching (native fi les and GEDCOMs) ily files to a flash drive so you can Using the powerful RootsMagic run RootsMagic on a computer away Explorer, you can search your file from home without having to lug a by multiple criteria, such as a name Charts and Multimedia laptop. You also can create a share- and any fact’s date. Find Everywhere (presentation, variety, fl exibility) able CD with a read-only version of searches not only people, but also notes, RootsMagic to show off your work to sources, research logs and more. family and friends. A free app even lets New in this version, RootsMagic auto- Documentation and Publication you view your RootsMagic fi les when matically searches record databases (citations, reports and website publishing) you’re on the go. Now, you also can on and for people in your family or restore a family fi le. fi le. A light bulb next to a person’s name Searching in your fi le indicates a possible match. (online and within your fi le) Charts and multimedia You can create highly customizable The verdict wall, timeline and box charts, as well as Still my choice for the best all-around Overall Rating photo trees. While RootsMagic doesn’t genealogy program, RootsMagic 7’s off er the fanciest charts of any geneal- automatic online searching and ogy software (Family Tree Maker is improved online tree publishing make better), they’re fi ne enough for a family it a worthwhile upgrade. =so-so =satisfactory =good reunion or gift. » Rick Crume =great =exceptional

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0615FT TOOLKIT.indd 68 3/18/15 2:30 PM QUICK GUIDE Social media sites are an ideal way to stay connected with family and friends, whether that means posting fun status updates or pictures of kids, Genealogy Social pets and holidays. They’re also a useful tool for connecting with other Media Sites genealogists. Mainstream sites such as Facebook and Pinterest are good options, but they aren’t the only ones: Several lower-profi le social media websites are geared specifi cally to the genealogy community, with forums, family trees, collaborative ancestral profi le pages and more. Explore the sites in this chart for oppor- tunities to learn and network with others who share your passion. » Shannon Combs-Bennett

Website Description Features Tips

Familypedia This wiki-style website lets ■ forums available in English, Use the advanced search social history, old occupations educational videos the privacy and copyright and ancestral hometowns. ■ photo section contains guidelines before posting. everything from portraits to newspaper clippings

Genealogy Wise A vibrant and thriving ■ create a personal page that Upload old photos for help in online community, this refl ects your research ancestor identifi cation. Chat site is aff ectionately called ■ connect with other on the forums, in groups or “Facebook for genealogists.” researchers on topics of in real time to get the most The National Institute for interest research help. Genealogical Studies runs news from other social media it, but anyone can join. outlets

Geneanet This research database, wiki ■ free, pay-per-view and Make sure the English and blog based in Europe has premium subscriptions language option is selected. a strong online community. available (in euros) Search the online cemetery More than 1 billion records are ■ premium records include database and fi nd headstones available via pay per view or a searchable databases and from many countries. premium membership. digitized books ■ build a family tree or import a GEDCOM to connect info from the database to your family

WeRelate The Foundation for On-Line ■ start a tree or upload a Start by reading the FAQ page, com/a/folg.org/family-history> ■ each individual in the family questions. Link to the sources and the Allen County Public tree has a customizable page of the information you enter Library ■ living people don’t appear in to give it credibility. You can sponsor this wiki to connect the tree “watch” pages to be notifi ed of the work of its contributors ■ search across all pages and changes others make and use into one family tree. It’s trees at once the View Network page to see currently in beta but has more who’s watching or researching ■ create articles on genealogy- than 2 million participants. the same pages as you. related topics

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TUTORIAL Put Photos and Your Family Tree on Famberry

You don’t have to be British to sign up 1 for the new Famberry family-sharing site , but if 2GB of free photo storage appeals to you, it might become one of your “favourites.” A hybrid of family tree hosting, social media sharing and online storage, Fam- berry works best for connecting cur- rent kin. But a little fiddling can make Fam- berry do basic family tree tasks even as you’re filling up those gigabytes. Under Options, a Famberry Search lets you enter a name or surname to find If you don’t have a GEDCOM, her birth date and place. From the pro- possible matches in others’ trees. Info 2 start adding family members fi le screen that shows when you click on hits includes last name, number of manually. Hovering over an individual on an ancestor, click the Timeline but- occurrences, birth year, location and on your tree brings up options to mod- ton at the bottom and then select New family tree. Free basic accounts get up ify the person’s details, upload a photo at the upper right to create an event. to 50 searches, but contacting others or add related people. You also can click Famberry’s softer storytelling focus about matches costs $5 each. Premium on the individual to view and modify comes through here in the initial sug- membership ($67 a year) gives you information. (For ancestors entered gested event, “First day at school.” But unlimited searches and free contacts, as “partners”—Famberry doesn’t call the Category dropdown includes such plus lets you create up to 16 diff erent them spouses or require that they be of standard options as marriage, immigra- trees. Here’s how to get started. a diff erent gender—this is the only way tion, census and death, and you can fi ll To sign up, click the Get Started to modify details or add life events.) in location, date (using a dropdown 1 button at the upper left of Fam- To illustrate an ancestor’s spot for day and month) and description. berry’s welcome screen, then supply 3 on the tree with a photo, select Events entered this way show up on the your name, email address and a pass- Upload Photo from the fl oating menu person’s timeline, and death dates are word. The name you use will be at the (you can replace the current image by added to the main profi le screen. base of every tree you create. Once you checking Reset Photo from the profi le The Settings menu has a Privacy verify your email address, you can start screen). Then either drag and drop the 6 Mode to display only fi rst names fi lling in facts and uploading photos. To photo fi le or click the Photos button to of those on your tree, as well as a Photo just take advantage of the free storage, select one that’s on your computer. Mode that allows for images. Fam- click the Photos icon at the bottom left You’ll have to position a crop box berry’s handling of marriages means and choose Add Album. 4 to select the best part of your there’s no way to add Mom’s own To build a family tree, choose Import ancestor’s face to display on Famberry’s ancestry to your tree for Dad. (Nor was GEDCOM File under Admin. Be aware, trees, which use horizontal images there any way at press time to deal with though, that Famberry is fi nicky about (even though portraits are usually ver- multiple spouses, though Famberry its GEDCOM fi le formats and may reject tical). Clicking the Photos link at the says it will have fi xed that by the time what your genealogy software produces. bottom of an ancestor’s profi le screen you read this. GEDCOMs with multiple Once you’ve started a tree, you’ll also lets you create an album for that person spouses import correctly, in any case.) look under Admin to export a GEDCOM with more photos. The workaround? You’ll need to look fi le and set permissions for each tree— It takes an extra step to enter under Family Tree and select Show so, say, Cousin Ethel can view your tree 5 standard genealogical informa- Family Trees (which, confusingly, dis- but not mess it up. tion about an ancestor beyond his or plays only the trees other than the one

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6 you’re currently viewing). Click the New Tree button. You’ll again be at the bottom of the new tree—and can’t be removed. Click on the automatic Father and Mother buttons to switch their genders (filling in their names while you’re at it), as the person on the left (Father by default) is the one who can have ancestors added; the “partner” on the right is a genealogical dead end. Once you’ve created some trees and uploaded photos, it’s time to get the rest of the family involved. You can send failed, however, so this feature may genealogy discoveries or planning an invitation to any relative for whom still need some work.) You also can that family reunion. If you find your- you’ve supplied an email address by message individual family members or self messaging about what colour the clicking on his or her profile screen. the whole clan using the talk-bubble reunion invitations should be, you’ve (My effort to invite my late grandfa- link at bottom left—perfect for keep- really gotten into the Famberry spirit. ■ ther using “[email protected]” ing folks informed about your latest » David A. Fryxell

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0615FT TOOLKIT.indd 71 3/18/15 2:33 PM photofinish Reader pictures from the past {EDITED BY TYLER MOSS} Mother’s Day Memories

Let’s celebrate the mothers in our family trees with these family photos from readers.

Here is my mother, Myrtle Gowan, out strolling with her fi rst child in Wilmington, NY, about 1951. I love the old stroller. » Linda Carver, Kaysville, Utah

This photo shows, from right to left, Laura Ann Womack Gill (my great- This grandmother), Ola Gill Wylie (my is my great- grandmother), Wanda Joy Wylie great-grandmother Felts (my mother) and Tammy Savilla Sherman Lynne Felts Berkey (myself) in Hot Musselman holding her Springs, Ark., in 1966. son, Jacob, in Manchester, » Tammy Berkey, West Md., in 1869. » Alice L. Paducah, Ky. Luckhardt, Stuart, Fla. ■

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0615FT PHOTO FINISH.indd 72 3/18/15 2:27 PM Discovering Your Roots: An Introduction to Genealogy Taught by John Philip Colletta, Ph.D. TIME GENEALOGIST ED O T FF LECTURE TITLES I E IM R L 70% 1. Interviewing Kin and Mining Home Sources off 2. Genealogy Online—Gems and Junk O 8 R 2 E 3. The Library—Shelves Full of Family History DE N R BY JU 4. Military Service and Homestead Records

5. How to Build Historical Context

6. Your Ancestors in Ship Passenger Lists

7. Your Ancestors in Naturalization Records

8. The Genealogical Proof Standard

9. Your Ancestors in the County Courthouse

10. Your Ancestors in State Records

11. How to Write Biography

12. Dos and Don’ts of Writing History

13. Searching in Your Ancestors’ Backyards

14. Assembling an Account of Your Discoveries

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