Cheyenne Genealogy Journal “United States Research: Mid-Atlantic Region” Familysearch Webinar Musings by the President
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Upcoming Events: 13 Sept 2018 Cheyenne Genealogy Journal “United States Research: Mid-Atlantic Region” FamilySearch Webinar Musings by the President . 1:00 p.m. I have a confession to make. Sadly, I’ve come to the realization that I’m no researcher. Oh 20 Sept 2018 I’ve made some successful research trips to the Family History Library in Salt Lake City and to ”Locating Images of An- my ancestors’ home towns or the county seats to look at records and while there I’ve found birth, cestors: Putting a Face marriage and death records. I just haven’t obtained all the probate records in every case. I’ve recorded the sales of lands involving my ancestors, but I didn’t follow through with the land rec- With That Name” ords. I’ve visited some of the churches of my ancestors while I was making my research trips, Larimer County Genealogy but not all of them. Don’t get me wrong. I’m thrilled when I do find an ancestor and I can add Society Monthly Meeting information to my family tree. I love seeing my ancestor’s name in a church register, for in- 6:30-8:30 p.m. Good Sa- stance. I haven’t made one phone call to a remote county maritan Society, 508 W. clerk’s office to ask for a birth, death or marriage record. I Trilby Road, Ft Collins haven’t written to a clerk of court for a probate record; not one letter for a deed. In my defense I did write for my great- 20 Sept 2018 great grandfather’s civil war pension file. That was easy; all I “England & Wales Civil had to do was fill out a form and submit it along with a check. Registratiom” What’s holding me back? I don’t know. FamilySearch Webinar ...Maybe this year I’ll develop a plan to get ‘er done. Sue 1:00 p.m. 21 Sept 2018 “Genealogical Problem-Solving”—4th Annual Conference for a Cause “Finding Your Hispanic to feature Thomas W. Jones, Saturday, Oct 13 in Loveland Ancestors on Family Search” The Larimer County Gene- “blocked” lineages and genea- using autosomal DNA test FamilySearch Webinar alogy Society’s 4th annual Con- logical problem solving. He will results to help solve 11:30 a.m. ference for a Cause will be present the following topics: longstanding genealogical held from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 --Finding “Unfindable” An- problems. 27 Sept 2018 p.m. on Saturday, 13 Oct 2018 cestors: The failure of com- --What is the Standard of “Danish Emigration” in Loveland, Colo., at the Med- mon research practices to Proof in Genealogy?: This FamilySearch Webinar ical Center of the Rockies, identify ancestors does not presentation will explain the 1:00 p.m. Community Room. Featured mean they are unfindable. This Genealogical Proof Standard, speaker, Thomas W. Jones, session will describe and its five elements, and how 9 Oct 2018 has been co-editor of NGHS demonstrate nine approaches each contributes to convincing “Witches & Healers, Oh since 2002 and is a past APG to locating difficult- to- trace proof. Examples will demon- My!” board member, BCG trustee, ancestors. strate the standard’s applica- CGHS Monthly Meeting and president. With over 40 --Systematically Using Auto- tion to simple and complex 6:15-8:30 p.m. Laramie years of research and teach- somal DNA Test Results to situations that genealogists County Library ing experience, he frequently Help Break Through a Genea- frequently encounter. It will Cheyenne lectures, teaches, and writes logical Brick Wall: A case answer the question, “How about genealogical methodolo- study set in the early 1800s much evidence is enough for 11 Oct 2018 gy. His interests include demonstrates methodology for proof?” “United States Research: --Maximizing Your Use of Pacific Region” Evidence: When researchers FamilySearch Webinar analyze and compare sources, 1:00 p.m. they go far beyond what sur- face information tells them 13 Oct 2018 with resulting evidence that ”Conference For a Cause” can solve simple and complex Thomas W. Jones genealogical problems. Numer- 9:00 a.m-3:00 p.m. Commu- ous examples will show partici- nity Room, Medical Center pants how they can discover of the Rockies, Loveland many layers of genealogical (registration info at left) evidence and use it to advance their family histories. Pay & 16 Oct 2018 register online at Eventbrite “Starting Family Tree: or use a paper registration by Navigating, Adding, Edit- printing this downloadable ing & Standardization” document. (Mailing instruc- FamilySearch Webinar tions included.) 10:00 a.m. We All Probably Have Indentured Servants Among Our American Ancestors Information in this article is from Wikipe- affordability of travel to North Ameri- transport a young worker from Britain dia, the free encyclopedia— ca that made immigrants less likely to or a German state, who would work for https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_se rely on indentures to pay travel costs; several years to pay off the debt of rvitude_in_the_Americas and effects of the American Revolu- their travel costs. During the indenture tion, particularly on immigration from period the servants were not paid cash Indentured servitude in the Britain. In the Caribbean, the number wages, but were provided with food, Americas was a means by which immi- of indentured servants from Europe accommodation, clothing and training. grants, typically young Europeans under began to decline in the 17th century as The indenture document specified how 25, came to the Americas from the ear- Europeans became aware of the cruelty many years the servant would be re- ly 17th to the early 20th centuries. of plantation masters and the high quired to work, after which they would Immigrants would contract to work for death rate of servants, largely due to be free. Terms of indenture ranged an American employer for a certain tropical disease. After the British Em- from one to seven years with typical time period, usually between one and pire ended slavery in 1833, plantation terms of four or five years. In south- seven years, in exchange for the em- owners returned to indentured servi- ern New England, a variant form of ployer paying for their passage to the tude for labor, with most servants com- indentured servitude, which controlled Americas. The employer provided sub- ing from India, until the British govern- the labor of Native Americans through sistence for his indentured servants, ment prohibited the practice in 1917. an exploitative debt-peonage system, but no wages; he could restrict some of Between one-half and two-thirds of developed in the late 17th century and their activities such as marriage, could European immigrants to the Thirteen continued through to the period of the sell or transfer their contract to an- Colonies between the 1630s and the American Revolution. other employer, and could seek legal American Revolution came under inden- sanctions, such as prison, if they ran tures. The practice was sufficiently away. At the end of the agreed time common that the Habeas Corpus Act period, the servant would become free 1679, in part, prevented imprisonments to go his own way or demand wages for overseas; it also made provisions for his work. In some cases, the newly those with existing transportation con- freed person also received an item of tracts and those "praying to be trans- value such as a small parcel of land or a ported" in lieu of remaining in prison new suit of clothes. upon conviction. In any case, while half The consensus view among economic the European immigrants to the Thir- historians and economists is that inden- teen Colonies had been indentured tured servitude became popular in the servants, at any one time they were Thirteen Colonies in the seventeenth outnumbered by workers who had never century because of a large demand for been indentured, or whose indenture labor there, coupled with labor surplus- had expired. Free wage labor was more es in Europe and high costs of transat- common for Europeans in the colonies. lantic transportation beyond the means Indentured persons were numerically of European workers. Between the important mostly in the region from 1630s and the American Revolution, one Virginia north to New Jersey. Other -half to two-thirds of white immigrants colonies saw far fewer of them. The to the Thirteen Colonies arrived under total number of European immigrants to indentures. Half a million Europeans, all 13 colonies before 1775 was about mostly young men, also went to the Car- 500,000-550,000; of these 55,000 An indenture signed by Henry Mayer, with ibbean under indenture to work on plan- were involuntary prisoners. Of the an "X", in 1738. This contract bound May- tations. Most indentures were volun- 450,000 or so European arrivals who er to Abraham Hestant of Bucks County, tary, although some people were tricked Pennsylvania, who had paid for Mayer to came voluntarily, Tomlins estimates travel from Europe. or coerced into them. A debt peonage that 48% were indentured. About 75% (bondage) system similar to indenture were under the age of 25. The age of Not all European servants came will- was also used in southern New England legal adulthood for men was 24 years; ingly. Several instances of kidnapping and Long Island to control and assimi- those over 24 generally came on con- for transportation to the Americas are late Native Americans from the 1600s tracts lasting about 3 years. Regarding recorded, though these were often through the American Revolution. the children who came, Gary Nash, an indentured in the same way as their Indentured servitude continued to American historian, reports that, "many willing counterparts.