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Cracker Crumbs

Unlocking the Past Towards the Future

Manasota Genealogical Society http://www.rootsweb.com/~flmgs

2010-2011 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE BOARD OF DIRECTORS President: Jim Reger (1) An LDS Library search; (2) Planning and Preparation for Vice President: Jean Morris any and all archival library searches; (3) A postcard Treasurer: Doreen Colket of Santa Claus; (4) The Spanish influence in Membership: Jim McHugh Florida and, (5), The Genetic Genealogy of your own family Secretary: Linda Leber Obituary Com: Ruby Young group were the topics so far this year. The Special Interest Resources: Phyllis Doucette Group (SIG) discussions for online surfing of cemetery Editor: Charleen Lee databases, searching DAR records online and the organizing Computer SIG: Currie Colket and backing up of your own irreplaceable Family Genealogy Publicty: Ted Reich records and photos was a big PLUS to conclude the Past President: Jim McHugh programs. Don‟t forget that the MGS Board usually meets the last Wednesday of the month at 10 AM at the Manatee History Records Library in Bradenton (Sep - Apr). All The breadth and depth of specific information available to members are welcome. you at the meetings and from the Cracker Crumbs is truly significant. If you have missed any of this year‟s previous CONTENTS THIS ISSUE programs, contact one of us and you can get up-to-date. PRESIDENT‟S MESSAGE p. 1 Computer software is essential for organizing your data and MANATEE HERITAGE DAYS p. 2 making it available to family members. Roots Magic is one of

those software programs. Phyllis Doucette heads a Roots JOTS FROM JEAN p. 2 nd Magic SIG on the 2 Monday of each month at 2:00 p.m. A wealth of help is freely available to all MGS members. SPANISH PATHWAYS p. 9 Keep your eyes open for upcoming programs on Smuggling in CENSUS MISTAKES p. 12 Florida; the WPA (Works Progress Administration of the MERRY CHRISTMAS Depression era) effects on genealogical research; and the …..YESTERYEAR p. 15 U.S. GenWeb project for all states. All good stuff and good for you. Volunteer a little of your time, bring a friend or NEW LIBRARY BOOKS p. 16 relative and, don‟t forget, the person next to you may be a

cousin searching the same names. Jim Reger, President MGS MGS MEMBERSHIP p. 20

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MANATEE HERITAGE DAYS

The 32nd annual Manatee Heritage Days will be held March 1-31, 2011. Many of our local organizations will be participating. A few of the scheduled events include the Manatee County Historical Society Annual Picnic and Meeting, the Antique Automobile Show at Manatee Village Historical Park and walking tours of the Manatee settlement, Cortez Village and Terra Ceia Island. Also scheduled include a walking tour of downtown Bradenton and films hosted by The South Florida Museum. For general information call (941) 741-4070.

“JOTS FROM JEAN”

Family in Volusia County, FL? The August Issue of The Florida Genealogist, Vol. 33 No. 2 pp. 35-35, August 2010 contains an good article by Anna Caulfield entitled “Research Guide to Volusia County, Florida.” Take a look in our library collection for this fine periodical.

“Florida Pioneer Descendant Biographies.” in the above issue of The Florida Genealogist on pages 53- 54 contains the descendency record of William Worley who was born to Jacob and Mary Worley in Feb. 1856. He is found in Manatee County census in 1880 as a single man whose occupation was a herder. In 1881 he had marks and brands of his own registered cattle in the county, and in 1883 had purchased a tract of land in Fort Ogden (then Manatee, now Desoto County). Read more about this family in this issue in our library.

“Online Theses And Dissertations Database From Popular Anthropology Magazine” were recently made available on-line. These theses and dissertations include B.A., M.A. thesis and Ph.D. dissertations, which can be uploaded, and visitors can search through the system which is accessible by both scholars and the general public free of charge. Their staff is seeking the submission of theses and dissertations in the fields that include, but are not limited to anthropology, history, family history, sociology, biology, social work, and chemistry. Visit http://www.popanthro.com/index.php/us/databases to search the database or upload your monograph. [From NGS Magazine, Vol. 36 No. 2 April-June 2010 p. 15]

“Irish Immigrants On Board The Vermont June-July 1912” by Claire Prechtel-Kluskens, archivist at NARA. Masters of vessels were not required to submit passenger lists to the U.S. Customs Collectors until 1 Jan 1820. Some early 1789-1819 federal passenger lists do exist. This article begins when the Vermont departed Dublin, Ireland circa 19 June 1812 bound for New York. The article follows the ship as it departs, the voyage and arrival in New York circa 19th June 1812. All passengers are listed, by age, occupation, residence. A valuable resource. See pages 43-46. The article concludes with “Other 1789-1819 federal passenger lists” on microfilm for purchase or research at NARA research centers. [From NGS Magazine, Vol. 36 No. 2 April-June 2010.]

Burke’s Peerage Books - Free Online Search from a paid advertisement on p. 47 of the NGS Magazine listed above p. 47 states that Burke‟s Peerage is delighted to announce digital editions of a

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selection of their book titles past & present. Visit their website at: http://www.exacteditions.com/burkespeerage and check out what is available.

Delaware’s Older Births, Deaths, Marriages Free Online. Well, sort of. The Delaware Public Archives, Delaware Division of Libraries, and Ancestry.com, a family researcher can now use their Delaware Library Card (free to residents), $25.00 per year non-residents) at home to find these vital records dating to 1908 (unfortunately they do not tell us when they begin, although we know that Delaware was an integral part of Pennsylvania as its‟ three Lower Counties, until statehood in 1787. Before that date their records can be found in Pennsylvania‟s early records but are also held in duplicate by the Delaware Archives. The marriages and deaths are through 1933, again with no beginning date listed. Visit them online at www.lib.de.us and click on “Delaware Genealogy Online” at the top of the menu, and then search the Delaware page of Ancestry.com. [From Eastman‟s EOGN 1 Nov 2010].

French Ancestors? Explore French birth, marriage and death records, census records, and French parish registers for your ancestors from French departments across the country. BUT in French. And trace your French-Canadian Ancestors living in Quebec and other parts of New France. [From Kimberly Powell‟s About.com: Genealogy 10/28/2010].

Wales Parish Registers To Go Online For First Time. Family history website www..co.uk is making available online for the very first time fully searchable indexes and images of the parish registers of Wales and Welsh ancestors as far back as the 1500s. The project is taking place with the permission of the Church of Wales and the Welsh Archive Services and findmypast.co.uk. Around 893,000 images containing 800,000 baptisms, marriages and burials from across Wales will be filmed and transcribed. Some of the records date back to the 16th century. [From Eastman‟s EOGN 10/30/2010].

Coroner’s Records. The Archives Service Center (ASC) at the University of Pittsburgh www.library.pitt.edu/libraries/archives/archives.html acquired the Allegheny County, PA Coroner Case Files in 1982. These files document the legal and medical proceedings of untimely and suspicious deaths from 1887 to 1973. Their wealth of information includes witness accounts and affidavits, physician‟s notes, press reports, legal documents, photographs and reports. In 2007 the ASC received a grant from the Pa. Historical Museum Commission (The Pennsylvania State Archives) to preserve and make accessible to the public the 867 tightly packed boxes of coroner case files. Many of the files were in poor condition. Each was tri-folded and wrapped with corroded rubber bands. A layer of fine coal dust coated everything. Between 2007 and May 2008, the ASC staff and 26 students worked to rearrange the documents into their original order by case file number. Students gently removed decaying metal fasteners, carefully unfolded the brittle papers, flattened the documents and placed them into new folders. All folders were stored in acid free boxes. Originally there was no Index, so the staff worked with the students to create a surname index. The result is a database of approximately 206,000 names, dates and docket numbers. Now with just a first and last name, archivists can determine if a file exists. The students counted 400 deaths a month from Oct 1918 to Feb. 1919 when the influenza epidemic hit hard. Learn more about this collection in the online finding aid, which you can access by searching the ASC site‟s collection guides for Allegheny County [PA] Coroner. [By Wendy Pflug, ASC Reference Archivist, in www.familytreemagazine.comm, Aug. 2010p. 27]

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More Free Websites BYU Family History Archives at www.lib.byu.edu/fhc Cyndi‟s List at www.cyndislist.com FamilySearch at www.familysearch.org Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness at www.rangk.org RootsWeb at www.rootsweb.ancestry.com USGenWeb at www.usgenweb.org WorldGenWeb at www.worldgenweb.org Access Genealogy at www.accessgenealogy.com Daughters of the American Revolution at www.dar.org DistantCousin.com at www.distantcoousin.com Find a Grave at www.findagrave.com Google News Archive Search at www.news.google.com/archivesearch Internment.net at www.interment.net Newspaper Abstracts at www.newspaperabstracts.com American Battle Monuments Commission at www.abmc.gov

Converting Dates from Very Old Norwegian Church Records. From Lynn10e on 16 Jan. 2011 to Dick Eastman where she states: I keep these bookmarks handy when I am looking at digitized parish records. They are very handy for figuring out dates. Sometimes I must go back and forth a few records to find a recognizable ecclesiastical date, but then I can usually figure out which date I need. For example, I might find a baptism a few records back that occurred on Palm Sunday, and then be able to figure that the Sundays after refer to Easter, Misericordia Domini (1st Sunday after), Jubilate (2nd Sunday after), Cantate (3rd Sunday after), etc. It seems a good portion of the year is counted by the number of Sundays after Trinity so you can count from there. This bookmark lists the ecclesiastical dates and their meanings: http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~norway/ecclesiastical.html. This bookmark lists when the ecclesiastical dates occur in any given year (Click on the Back to Ecclesiastical Calendar to get to the year entry form): www.smart.net/~mmontes/ec-cal.html. And finally, this bookmark gives a one page calendar for any given year. It is very handy for counting those dates like 15 Sunday after Trinity. You simply choose a year and click “Make Calendar” (in the current webpage layout, it is the very top choice on the page). You get a printable one-page calendar in a new window. www.calendarhome.com/tyc/. Then Eastman adds: I have now found a free app available for Macs, iPads and iPhones that does a similar task. It‟s called Catholic Calendar. The free version states that it is a liturgical calendar from 1970-2300 but I have found that the dates go back several centuries. I checked some dates from 1764 and found the calendar to line up exactly with the information found going through the steps in the original post.

Northern New York Historical Newspapers at http://news.nnyln.net/. This site has been available for six years and it continues to add new material up to its two millionth page. More than 50 newspapers are now available online. The Northern New York Library is based in Potsdam. There are currently 18 newspapers from St. Lawrence County available on the site. Titles from other counties include Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Jefferson, Lewis, Oswego. You can read more at http://goo.gl/Fov86. [Posted by Dick Eastman on January 16, 2011.

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The Illinois State Genealogical Society, Springfield, Illinois announced Jan. 15, 2011 its newly redesigned website located at www.ilgensoc.org which links to their website and links to other records and resources throughout Illinois including those individual genealogical home pages with an Illinois connection. Visitors are invited to explore the new website and see the following features: A list of Illinois research resources; free databases filled with information on Illinois ancestors; etc. [Posted by Dick Eastman on January 15, 2011].

Cleveland, East Cuyahoga County Ohio Burial Records Online. The East has Cuyahoga County Genealogical Society has created an index of all Cleveland owned cemeteries. It contains over 359,000 records (40% are from Highland Park cemetery). The records typically include date of burial, where the deceased lived, the undertakers name. You can read more about the project at: www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohedrt/clecems/aboutproject.html while the database is available at: www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohcdrt/clecems/index.html. [Posted by Dick Eastman on January 13, 2011].

Electric Pickpockets. Posted on Dick Eastman‟s Online Genealogical Newsletter Dec.27, 2010. The following has nothing to do with genealogy, but I believe every consumer should be aware of this. Forward the original article at : www.whdh.com/features/articles/specialreport/BO144732/. Are you aware that modern-day thieves can read the numbers of some of the credit cards in your pocket or purse without your knowledge? You do not have to remove the credit cards, and the thieves do not need to see the cards. They certainly do not have to tell you that they are collecting these credit card numbers. All they have to do is walk by you in a crowd. They can read your card from a distance of five to ten feet. Take a close look at your credit cards, especially the newer ones. Do they have the Radio Waves symbol? It may be quite small, or it might be on the reverse of the card. Not all vulnerable credit cards have that symbol. RFID= (Radio-Frequency IDentification) chip is an embedded chip which allows the cardholder to just wave the card in front of a credit card reader to make a purchase instead of swiping it.

We have now reached a point where it is safer to use credit cards online rather than in person, even safer than carrying a credit card in your pocket or purse. Wrapping your credit card in aluminum foil does NOT protect it from thieves. RFID chips may be embedded in “Speedpass” or “PayPass” cards. All US passports issued in the past few years contain RFID chips, as do passports issued by other countries! (Mine is listed as “PASSsystem). They are also used in gambling casinos, in library books, in windshield-mounted devises used to pay fees on toll roads. You might want to read “How to block/kill RFID chips” at www.instructables.com/id/How-toblockkill-RFID-chips or if you want to permanently disable the chip, you can watch a short video clip at www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqNcQ8doG8Y.

The Society of Genealogists in London whose website is www.findmypast.co.uk has recently announced that they have published over 9 million history records available on-line. Among them are: Boyd‟s Marriage Index from 1538 to 1840; Boyd‟s London Burials 1538 to 1840; Faculty office marriage license allegations 1701-1850; St.Andrew‟s Holborn marriage index 1754-1812; Vicar-General marriage licenses allegations 1694-1850; St. Leonard Shoreditch burials 1805-1858 and Workhouse deaths 1820-1828; and Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills Index 1750-1800. [From Eastman‟s EOGN 5 January 2011].

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NARA brings its online collections together in a new portal launched Dec. 27, 2010 to make its growing online catalog of more than 13 million records more easily accessible. Check it out at www.federallnewsradio.com/?nid=35&sod=2222412.

The New York State Military History Museum and Veterans Research Center is making capsule histories of 360,000 New York Civil War soldiers available online. The entire roster of New Yorkers who served during the Civil War years of 1861-65; as well as the five Annual Reports issued by the Bureau of Military Statistics from 1864 to 1868 that chronicle the accomplishments of New Yorkers in battle. These military records were recorded from 1893 to 1906 in 17 volumes, based on data from the New York Adjutant General‟s Office and the War Department, the predecessor to today‟s Dept. of the Army. The database itself is available at http://dmna.state.ny.us/historic/reghist/civil/civil_index.htm or read more about http://saratpgian.com/articles/2010/12/29/news/doc4dia9e9c68a59541992529.txt

“Civil War Envelopes of Western Pennsylvania,” is the title of an article by James R. Miller, published in Vol. 37 No. 1 (Winter 2010):3-10 in the Western Pennsylvania Genealogical Society Quarterly published in Pittsburgh PA. The article concerns old envelopes and postcards from postal history collections that are a source of genealogical information. The paper presents five envelopes sent to western Pennsylvania during the Civil War with basic genealogical data on the sender and recipient (when available.) The purpose is to introduce researchers to the Philatelic Genealogy website and database http://philgen.org. The website was launched in March 2009 to begin building a digital archive of envelope and postcard images with genealogical value and to promote an exchange between postal history collectors and genealogists. The site has grown to more than 1325 envelopes and postcards and currently has more than 100 items sent to and from Pennsylvania. Every item includes a photograph (used with the owner‟s permission) and U.S. census or similar details on the sender and/or addressee. Another article by the same author appeared in New England Ancestors 10:2:Spring 2009 entitled “Philatelic Genealogy: Old Envelopes, Postcards, and Immigrant Origins,” where he cites letters sent from Germany, Ireland, Wales, Poland, Denmark and the Netherlands. All of these letters contain info about the recipient‟s possible place of origin and consistent with the person‟s census listing. A different approach to adding interesting side-lights to an ancestor‟s genealogy.

New Records At www..org Canada - New Brunswick Provincial deaths 1815-1939 [new records are linked to images] Spain - Granada Catholic pre-marriage investigation files, 1556-1899 [new records] Iowa - State Census 1885 [new records] U.S.Social Security Death Index - 7,144,328 new records Indiana - Marriages 1811-1959 [new records added to existing records] Venezuela - Merida Parish records 1654-1992 [new records added to existing records] Wisconsin - Probate Estate Case Files 1861-1993, 150,280 new images Tennessee - Death records 1914-1955 [new records added to existing records] Ohio - Cuyahoga County Probate files 1813-1900, 861,653 new images Minnesota will records 1849-1985 - 159,894 new records [From Dick Eastman Blog Dec. 24, 2010]

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http:// and https:// What’s The Difference? The main difference is about keeping you SECURE. http stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. https stands for Secure. If you visit a website or web page and look at the address in the web browser, it will likely begin with http://+++++ this means that the website is talking to your browser using an unsecure language. NEVER enter your credit card # to an http:// website. If you fill out a form on that website, others could get your info. PASS IT ON! Be safe.

Dick Eastman’s Ten Commandments Of Genealogy from his EOGN Blog on Nov. 19, 2010. 1. Never accept someone else‟s opinion as “fact.” Be suspicious. Always check for yourself. 2. Always verify primary sources. A primary record is one created at or immediately after the event cited. The record was created by someone who had personal knowledge of the event. Examples: marriage records created by the minister, census records, death certificates created within days after the death, etc. 19th Century and earlier source records will be in the handwriting of the person who recorded the event, such as the minister, town clerk or census taker. A secondary record is one made years after the original event, usually by someone who was not at the original event and did not have personal knowledge of the participants. Most published genealogy books are secondary sources; the authors are writing about events that occurred many years before they wrote about the event. Transcribed records are always secondary and may have additional errors created. 3 .Cite your sources! Every time you refer to a person‟s name, date and/or place of an event, always tell where you found the information. If you are not certain how to do this, get yourself a copy of “Evidence Explained” by Elizabeth Shown Mills. This excellent book shows both the correct form of source citation and the sound analysis of evidence. 4. If you use the works of others, always give credit. Never claim someone else‟s research as your own. 5. Assumptions and “educated guesses” are acceptable in genealogy as long as they are clearly labeled as such. Never offer your theories as fact. 6. Be open to corrections. The greatest genealogy experts of all time make occasional errors. So will you. Accept this as fact. When someone points out a possible error in your work, always thank that person for his/her assistance and then seek to re-verify your original statement(s). Again, check primary sources. 7. Respect the privacy of living individuals. Never reveal personal details about living persons without their permission. Do not reveal their names or any dates or locations. 8. Keep “family secrets.” Not everyone wants the information about a court record or a birth out of wedlock to be posted on the Internet or written in books. The records “family secrets” as facts but does not publish them publicly. 9. Protect original documents. Handle all documents with care, and always return them to their rightful storage locations. 10. Be prepared to reimburse others for reasonable expenses incurred on your behalf. If someone travels to a records repository and makes photocopies for you, always offer to reimburse the expenses. Note: The above „commandments‟ apply to online data as well as to printed information. Following the above will increase the value of your work and make it valuable to others.

Familypedia, The Biggest Genealogy Site You Probably Never Heard Of. It is a web site with 84,983 online articles about deceased individuals plus another related 106,312 genealogy related pages. It is part of a commercial Wikipedia site. It is a place where you can create articles about your ancestors and easily link them to other articles about where and when they lived. The site is primarily text-based with biographical pages about deceased individuals. In some cases you can find pictures of individuals as well as pedigree charts, maps and other graphics. In most cases, each deceased person has a separate web page giving details about his or her life and also containing hyperlinks to other web pages that contain information about the person‟s relatives. Entire families can be hyperlinked together. Before you start entering your own ancestors on Familypedia, you will want to see if there is -7-

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already some info about them or their family. To find existing info go to: http://www.familypedia.wikia.com and use the search box, or use the Surname Index, Birth Country Index, or Death Decade Index, all found. Read the entire article on Dick Eastman‟s Blog dated November 11, 2010, or for more info about Getting Started, or the Tutorial, go to http://www.familypedia.wikia.com and click on the above.

Florida Newspapers Worth Searching. From an article in The Florida Genealogist 33:3:74-6. Because there were so few newspapers in colonial Florida, it is difficult to uncover news about Florida and its‟ early settlers from 1783 forward. The East Florida Gazette began publication February 1, 1783 in St. Augustine, it lasted but one year. Not until 1821 when Spain ceded Florida to the U.S., did other papers , The Florida Gazette in St. Augustine and the Floridian in Pensacola begin publication. The Florida Gazette ceased after a few months, and the Floridian was published until 1824 when it became the Pensacola Gazette. Another East Florida Gazette was founded in St. Augustine and remained in business until the 1850s. A new paper the Florida Intelligencer was begun in Tallahassee in 1825 and went through several changes until Florida statehood in 1845 when there were six newspapers in circulation, none of which was a daily paper. A database called The Newspaper Article Database was given to the P.K.Yonge Library of Florida History to help fill in the news of the day. It contains about 1500 articles from non-Florida newspapers covering the time period 1762 to 1885. For info on this, go to http://uflib.ufl.edu/spec/pkyonge/micgoz.html. Read the complete article in the MGS library for many other helpful resources.

Many of you know Dick Eastman from his Eastman’s Online Genealogy Newsletter, http://blog.eogn.com. He has created GenQueries, which is a free service that provides an online database for genealogy queries and for advertisements for societies, professional and amateur genealogy researchers, authors, publishers, genealogy websites, adoptee searches and more. Anything related to genealogy can be posted here. The site is very easy to use, and it only takes moments to post something. However, if your posting is deemed inappropriate (e.g., as spam, obscene, etc.) by five users, then it is removed from the website. If you are seeking services, information, publications, or you want to offer a book for sale, membership in a society, professional services or more, take a look at this new genealogy community. The Heritage is published by the Northeast Pennsylvania Genealogical Society located in Shavertown (Luzerne County) PA. Our library was just donated 37 copies of this quarterly by member Cindy Russell. The set begins with 6:4 Winter 1997 and continues through 17:3:2008. Although the title reads Northeastern Pa, it is very misleading for on 37 issues, other counties in NE PA of Lackawanna was mentioned only 6 times and Susquehanna was mentioned only 3 times. Luzerne County was formed in 1785 of Northumberland County; while Lackawanna County was formed in 1878 of Luzerne Co.; and Susquehanna Co. was formed in 1810 of Luzerne Co. If you have ancestors from Luzerne Co. this journal is worth researching, but for the many other counties of NE PA, it is not worth the trouble.

Speaking of Misleading Titles. I recently spoke with one of the new editors of the Pennsylvania Genealogical Society Magazine in Philadelphia, one of the oldest groups in Pennsylvania. When first published, their journal contained material for all of the Commonwealth, then sadly became a “Philadelphia area” publication – which they are doing their best to once again include all of Pennsylvania. When the Western Pennsylvania Genealogical Society in Pittsburgh in western Pennsylvania was formed in 1977 it included the 26 counties of western Pennsylvania (while your VP was its Editor from 1980 until 2004), and of late it has become a Pittsburgh/Allegheny County journal, all -8-

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but completely ignoring the other 25 counties in western Pennsylvania. When editing an area periodical, one must seek out articles concerning all counties in that area. Failure to do this causes loss of members. The tendency of most national periodicals today is the publish in their quarterly journal and relegate county records to published books or publish them in their monthly or bi-monthly newsletters. New England Ancestors and The Ohio Genealogical Society are the few exceptions, and their memberships continues to grow yearly. Something for all Societies to think seriously about.

New England Ancestors is published by New England Historic Genealogical Society out of Boston, MA. Our library was recently donated back issues from 5:1:Winter 2004 through 19:2:Spring 2009.

The Spanish Pathways Into La Florida: Dispelling Myths and Looking at the People and Events that will Shape the History of North America

by Dan Stephens

A Presentation to the Manasota Genealogical Society

Important People of the Spanish Conquista:

Ferdinand & Isabella: Dual monarchs of the first united Spain responsible for the expulsion of the Moors, starting the Spanish Inquisition, and sending Columbus on his voyages.

Don Cristobol Columbus: 1492-1500 Genoan navigator and captain who believes direct route to Asia can be obtained by sailing west from Europe. He lands and claims island of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic) on October 13, 1492 and explores most of the rest of the Caribbean islands over four voyages lasting from 1492-1500.

Hernan Cortez: 1516 Spanish explorer and cartographer who maps the Yucatan and encounters the Aztec (Mexico) empire and leads a successful conquest of the one of the richest and bloodiest Mesoamerican cultures.

Motecuhzoma III: Ruler of the Mexico who believed Cortez was a returning God and was captured and held hostage by the Spanish. He was executed by his own people for his treason and cooperation with the Spanish.

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Francisco Pizzaro: 1533 Spanish Soldier who served under Balboa and Pedrarias in Nicaragua and Panama. Stumbles upon the Inca of Peru and leads a successful conquest of the wealthiest and advanced cultures in the Americas.

Atahualpa: Sapa Inca who underestimates Pizzaro and his small army and is captured and executed, resulting in the fall of the Inca Empire.

Fray Bartiome de las Casas: Dominican Friar who petitioned the crown for humane treatment of the Indian populations of the New World. He is credited for starting the "Black Legacy" which was the use of Africans as a force of slave labor in Spain's colonies.

Juan Ponce de Leon: 1513 & 1521 Spanish conquistador who accompanies Columbus on second voyage. He becomes the first governor of Puerto Rico and discovers the land he will name La Florida. He will attempt to colonize and will be killed by Calusa Indians.

Charles V: Spanish King and Holy Roman Emperor who oversaw much of the Spanish Conquest of the New World during Spain's Golden Age. Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon: 1526 Started and ill fated colony in the Carolina's region of North America in 1526. Colony lasted only three to five months. He is noted to have brought first African slaves into North America.

Panfilo de Narvaez: 1527-1528 Spanish conquistador who was granted governorship of La Florida in 1527. Led disastrous expedition into the interior and drowned off the coast of Texas in 1528.

Hernando de Soto: 1539-1542 Spanish conquistador who was granted governorship of Cuba and La Florida. De Soto led an expedition of 750 plus men, women, and children on a four year 4,000 mile expedition through the Southeastern United States. The expedition suffered 60% casualties and failed to accomplish any of its goals.

Tristan de Luna y Arellano: 1559 Tried to establish permanent Spanish colony at present day Pensacola. Disaster strikes when a Hurricane destroys colonies supplies.

Philip II: Spanish King who orders the colonization of Florida and the eradication of French and English influence in the New World.

Pedro Menendez de Aviles: 1567-1574 Spanish Admiral who destroys French presence in La Florida, and establishes first permanent colony in U.S. (St. Augustine)

Manuel de Cendoya: 1670-1673 Spanish Governor ordered by Queen Mariana to begin Construction of Castillo de San Marcos

Laureano Jose de Torres Ayala a Duadros Castellanos: 1693-1695 Spanish governor who -10-

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oversaw the completion of the work on Castillo de San Marcos.

Manuel de Montiano: 1737-1749 Spanish Governor who led La Florida through the War of Jenkins Ear/Seven Years War and the Siege of British General James Oglethorpe

Melchor Feliu: 1762-1763 Spanish Governor who oversaw the Spanish and Indian evacuation to Cuba.

Colonel Arturo O'Neill y Tyrone: 1781-1789 First Governor of West Florida

Jose Fascot: 1816-1818 Spanish Governor of Pensacola who was attacked and captured by General Andrew Jackson during what will be known as the first Seminole War

Jose Maria Coppinger: 1821 Spanish Governor of East Florida who handed over capitol to U.S. Ending 300 year presence of Spain in La Florida.

Colonel Jose Maria Callava: 1821 Spanish Governor of West Florida who handed over Capitol to U.S.

SPANISH PATHWAYS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Archaeology of Pre-Columbian Florida. Jerald T. Milanich. University Press of Florida, 1994. Artifacts of the Spanish Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean, 1500-1800, Volume 1: Ceramics, Glassware and Beads. Kathleen Deagan. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987. The DeSoto Chronicles: The Expedition of Hernando de Soto to North American in 1539-1543. Translated: Lawrence A. Clayton, Vernon James Knight Jr., and Edward C. Moore. University of Alabama Press, 1993. First Encounters: Spanish Explorations in the Caribbean and the United States, 1492-1570. Jerald T. Milanich and Susan Milbrath. University Press of Florida, 1989. Florida‟s Colonial Architectural Heritage. Elsbeth K. Gordon. University Press of Florida, 2002. Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Jerald T. Milanich. University Press of Florida, 1995. The Florida of the Inca. Garcilaso de la Vega. University of Texas Press, 1951. Here They Once Stood: The Tragic End of the Apalachee Missions. Mark F. Boyd, Smith and Griffin. University Press of Florida, 1951. Hernando de Soto and the Indians of Florida. Jerald T. Milanich and Charles Hudson. University Press of Florida, 1993. Hernando de Soto Among the Apalachee. Charles R. Ewen and John H. Hann. University Press of Florida, 1998. Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now. Jesse Burt and Robert B. Ferguson. Abingdon Press, 1973. Juan Ponce de Leon and the Discovery of Puerto Rico and Florida. Robert Fuson. The McDonald and Woodward Publishing Company, Virginia, 2000.

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Knights of Spain Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South‟s Ancient Chiefdoms. Charles Hudson. University of Georgia Press, 1997. Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians. Jerald T. Milanich. University Press of Florida, 2006. The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca. Alavar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca. Translated by Rolena Adorno and Patrick Charles Pautz. University of Nebraska Press, 1999. The New History of Florida. Michael Gannon. University Press of Florida, 1996. Spanish Pathways in Florida. Ann L. Henderson and Gary R. Mormino. Pineapple Press, 1991.

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The following article, "Census Mistakes", by William Dollarhide was taken from Genealogy Pointers (date 11-23-10), a publication of Genealogical.com; Periodically, Genealogy Pointers contains valuable tips on genealogy research in the weekly e-letter. If you would like to subscribe to Genealogy Pointers go to their website at http://www.genealogical.com/content/pointers_signup.html.

"CENSUS MISTAKES" By WILLIAM DOLLARHIDE

Census records provide researchers with a primary source of genealogical evidence. The fact that names of people and relationships are listed in certain census schedules is all that is needed to make these records our most important source for finding our ancestors. But, too often, genealogies are prepared just from census records and no other source. As important as census records are, the real importance should be the clues they provide to access more records concerning our ancestors. For example, a census record may be the only way a genealogist learns of the county of residence for an ancestor; however, with that information, much more can be learned about a person from county records located in a courthouse, such as birth, death, marriage, probate, or land records. The census records lead us to the place on the ground where more genealogical evidence can be found. That is the most trustworthy aspect of census records--they are place finders. Many genealogists use only census records in preparing their ancestry, but census records, unfortunately, are prone to errors. This condition raises the question, "What information from census records can we trust?" As we shall see, if all you have as evidence of a family is what you have found in a census record, have you really proven your family connections? Here are some things to consider when using census records and some areas where mistakes are prevalent. Spelling Errors Probably the most common problem with census records is the misspelling of names. It is estimated that less than 20% of the U.S. population in 1790 could read or write. Thus, the spelling of a person's name in a 1790 census record may have an 80% chance of error. The census taker (who presumably could read and write) wrote down the names of the heads of household based on what he heard them say. If the spelling of a name is terribly important to you, don't expect census records to be very useful because you may never find the name spelled the way you think it should be. The fact that names were spelled phonetically by early census takers means you have to think of ways to misspell a name before ruling out someone as the right person. Therefore, I accept any spelling of the name Dollarhide, such as Dolarhide, Dalerhyde, Dollorhite, Delerhide,

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Dollahay, Dilerhyte, and perhaps a dozen or more variations. But I have come across some strange spellings of surnames that caused all kinds of problems finding a specific family in a census record. A particularly telling example was looking for Needham and stumbling on to the family by accident when I found the name spelled Kneedham. Spelling Bees began in the U.S. school system in the 1880s. Before that, American schools taught spelling as phonetics--that is, spelling a word by how it sounds. A good example of this can be found in the early writings of Abraham Lincoln, who, as an attorney, often spelled the name of his client three or four different ways in the same document. Each time he spelled the name, he sounded out the phonetics of the name and spelled it accordingly. So, in census records before 1900, the names were spelled by census takers educated in phonetic spelling, not letter-by- letter spelling. Wrong Names, Wrong Ages, Etc. There are many instances where a family was enumerated more than once in the same census. There are cases where census takers crossed over their appointed boundaries and visited the same house. When we find these examples in the census, it is always interesting to see how two different census takers wrote down the names, ages, and nativity of the members of a family. Here are two examples from the 1860 federal census for Wythe County, Virginia:

Enumeration #1: (18 Jul) p. 899, fam. #1349: Name Sex Age Nativity George Jones m 44 VA Sarah f 44 NC Catharine f 19 NC Calvin m 16 NC Jane f 14 NC George m 11 NC Williams m 5 VA

Enumeration #2: (19 Jul) p. 901, fam. #1361: Name Sex Age Nativity George Jones m 45 VA Sarah f 45 VA Calvin m 16 VA Margreat f 14 VA George m 11 VA William m 6 VA

This was clearly the same George Jones and family. However, two different census takers recorded slightly different information. From one enumeration to the next, taken one day apart, ages changed, names changed, and, in one case, a person--Catharine--appeared in one but not in the other. If two enumerators recorded the information differently, how do we know the information is correct when there is only one listing? Here is another example from the 1850 federal census for Illinois:

Enumeration #1: (13 Nov) Adams Co., IL, p. 295, fam. #129: Name Sex Age Nativity Joseph L. Sharp m 45 TN Malinda S. f 45 SC Neil J. m 17 IL

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Ewing S. m 15 IL Illisume f 13 IL Emily E. m 11 IL Joseph G. m 7 IL

Enumeration #2: (25 Dec) Fulton Co., IL, p. 133, fam. #120: Name Sex Age Nativity Joseph L. Sharp m 45 TN Matilda f 46 SC Johnson m 16 IL Ewing m 14 IL Illisiania f 12 IL Eliza E. m 10 IL Joseph m 7 IL Again, this was the same family, although it appears that they moved from Adams County to Fulton County, Illinois, between 13 Nov 1850 and 25 Dec 1850, which resulted in a duplicate enumeration. Two different census takers recorded different things about this family, including names and ages that do not agree. It is possible that some of the family members had birthdays between the two enumerations, but how a child could lose a year in age from one to the next is inexplicable. Who Answered the Questions? The above examples of duplicate entries for families listed in a census raise questions, such as: Who was the person answering the census taker's questions? If it was the male head of household, would he have the correct answers for ages and places of birth for his children? If it was the female head of household, were these questions answered identically? The above examples may indicate that the differences reported may have been because Dad answered the questions in one enumeration, while Mom answered the questions in the other. It always amazes me how a woman found in one census can be only five years older in the next census taken ten years later. But, if Dad answered the questions in one census year and Mom gave the information in the following census, these age differences might be explained. What Is Important? What is important to remember about census records is that they are full of mistakes. And, if you are preparing a genealogy from census records alone, you are almost certainly repeating at least some mistakes. The unfortunate fact is that census records cannot always be trusted for accuracy. The solution is simple: find other documents about the people you are researching. After finding a family listed in a census, confirm the names and ages from residency records such as land records, court records, family Bibles, cemeteries, etc. Good luck in your hunting!

Genealogical.com Editor's Note: One of the best tools available for census research is the Map Guide to the U.S. Federal Censuses, by William Thorndale and William Dollarhide. (See the Introduction to this award-winning reference work for an essay on duplicate census entries.)

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MERRY CHRISTMAS...... YESTERYEAR by Herbert D. Loomis

The First Christmas Card

Those were the days! You could buy a Christmas card for a penny and mail it for a penny. Santa might be dressed in brown or green, and reindeer were nowhere in sight. The date was around 1860. Thomas Nast, the great Harpers illustrator, hadn't yet pictured a fat, "roly poly" Santa dressed in red for he was inspired by Clement Moore's "The Night Before Christmas".

It had started in England less than twenty years earlier in 1843 when Sir Henry Cole, too busy to write his annual greeting, hired the eminent artist J.C. Horsley to design a card. It pictured a boisterous English Christmas Feast and Cole was criticized for his lack of decorum. The Robin was one of the most popular designs on these early cards as Robins were considered sacred and British folklore. The idea spread quickly and companies like Goodale & Son, Marcus Ward, Raphael Tuck, and LaRue turned it into big business. Design contests were held, with as much as $25,000 going to the winner. Kate Greenway designed for Marcus Ward.

In America the earliest known cards carried advertising for Pease's Great Variety Store in Albany, N.Y.. It took a German immigrant lithographer, Louis Prang, to popularize them. Starting in Boston he quickly expanded to have outlets in all major cities anti earned the title, "The Father of the American Christmas Card". Some of his later cards had silk inserts and elaborately fringed edges. By 1890 Prang had been driven out of business by cheap German imports.

In the early nineteen hundreds, Clapsaddle, Brundage, and Winsch were some of the outstanding designers. All featured children and their signature on a card adds much to its value. The most valuable cards of this period are the Hold - To - -15-

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The - Light, and the Installment - Cards. The Installment cards required a series of three or four cards to complete a picture, generally of Santa.

The early cards were not religious in nature and often featured Robins, Roses, Elves, and children. Santa alone has remained constant. Today the most desirable Santa cards show him with early cars, airplanes, telephones, etc.. Landscapes and holiday symbols such as bells, wreaths, and candles have always been popular. Since World War II there had been an emphasis on religious themes with The Madonna close to the top today.

(A lecture by H.D. Loomis to Manasota Genealogical Society on 7 Dec 2010; permission granted).

Some New Books At The Library

We thank Pam Gibson of the Manatee County Library for providing us this nice summary of new books that have been added to our genealogy collection. Thank you Pam!!

GEN 398.15 Cha Weights, Money And Other Measures Used By Our Ancestors, by Colin R. Chapman. Originally published 1995 as part of the Chapman's Records Cameos Series in England. This is the "First Edition" by Genealogical Publishing Company, Baltimore, Maryland, 1996.

GEN 929.371532 Early Marriage Records Of New Brunswick, by B. Wood-Holt. Saint John City and County from the British Conquest to 1839. Holland House, Inc., Canada, 1986.

Eaton 708.105962 The Legacy, South Florida Museum, by Thomas Peter Bennett. University Press of America, New York, 2011. Illustrated, nice to see the old photos as well as see the history of our local landmark. GEN 929.2 Bor The Burnetts And Their Connections, by June Baldwin Bork. 3-Volume set. Published by author, Apple Valley, California, 1989, with illustrations, charts and copies of documents.

GEN 929.7 Mcn The Book Of Kings, A Royal Genealogy, by Arthur McNaughton.

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3-Volume set: Book One, the Royal Houses Book Two, the Royal Families Book Three, Plates and Indexes Quadrangle Books, The New York Times Book Company, 1973.

GEN 929.2 Fle A Host Of Huffstutlers And Huffstetlers, Huffsticklers, Huffstedlers, by Faryl I. Fleming. Anundsen Publishing, Decorah, Iowa, 1992

GEN 929.375932 Bro Union Veterans Of The Civil War Buried In Palm Beach County Florida, by Brett Dicken Brown. Published by Author, Lake Worth, FL, 2009, with cemetery diagrams. Published for sons of Union veterans of the Civil War.

GEN 929.3748 Tri Part 1 Trinity Lutheran Church Of Reading, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Translated from the original by Rev. J.W. Early, ca. 1906. This is part 1, Baptisms 1751-1790. Printed by Closson Press, Apollo, PA, 1990.

GEN 974.00497 Pre The Delaware And Shawnee Admitted To Cherokee Citizenship And The Related Wyandotte And Moravian Delaware, by Toni Jollay Prevost. Heritage Books, Inc, 1993. Covers Kansas, Ohio, Indian Territory and Canadian records.

GEN 929.343 Gut The Amish-Mennonites Of Waldeck and Wittgenstein, by Herman Guth. Published by Mennonite Family History, Elverson, PA, 1986. Covers over 40 families.

GEN 929.1 Jac History For Genealogists: Using Chronological Time Lines To Find And Understand Your Ancestors, by Judy Jacobson. Published by Clearfield Company for GPC, 2009.

GEN 929.3752 Wri Washington County Maryland, Church Records Of The 18th Century, 1768 – 1800, by F. Edward Wright. Published by Family Line Publications, Westminster, MD, 1988.

GEN 929.3752 Mor Distributions Of Estate Accounts, Washington County, Maryland, 1778-1835. Compiled by Dale Walton Morrow and Deborah Jenson Morrow. Published by Family Line Publications, -17-

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Westminster, Maryland, 1982. This is the second printing, 1992. It was originally published by Traces in four columns.

GEN 929.343 Tru The Simmendinger Register: True and authentic Register of persons still living, by God's grace, who in the year 1709, journeyed from Germany to America, by Ulrich Simmendinger. Originally published 1934, first reprinted by GPC in 1962. This is the 1991 printing.

GEN 929.3748 Gre Abstracts Of Adams County, Pennsylvania, Wills 1800-1826, by Kevin L. Greenholt. Published by Family Line Publications, Westminster, Maryland, 1988.

GEN 282.09 Kom A Who's Who Of Your Ancestral Saints, by Alan J. Koman. Baltimore, GPC, 2010. Nearly 450 pages with 275 early saints from 265 to 1322, with lineages linking the saints to 24 great men and women of medieval Europe.

GEN 929.3411 Dob Directory Of Scots Banished To The American Plantations, 1650 – 1775, by David Dobson. Second Edition Printed by Clearfield Press for GPC, 2010.

GEN 974.795 Han History Of Schenectady During The Revolution, by Willis T. Hanson, Jr. Original 1916, Reprinted by Clearfield Press for GPC, 2002.

GEN 929.3747 Doh Volume 10 of The Settlers Of The Beekman Patent, Dutchess County, New York

GEN 929.3745 Reg Rhode Island Historical Society Register of Seamen's Protection Certificates from the Providence, Rhode Island Custom District 1796-1870 Printed for Clearfield Company by G.P.C.* Copyright 1995 by Rhode Island Historical Society

[* Note: normally Clearfield prints for the G.P.C. The book says this is the other way around -- I'm giving you what it says in the book]

Members may want to look at www.manateecountyhistoricalsociety.org if interested in local genealogy. Clicking on the "History" tab brings you to an Alphabetical Browse List, (i.e. and index) plus complete transcripts of Oral History Interviews with local old-timers. There is a category for -18-

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"Miscellaneous" papers and documents plus speeches from various Dedication Celebrations and "Historical Marker" unveilings, and many of the Historical Society's annual yearbooks and luncheon speeches since the 1960s. There are over 150 items already uploaded, with more soon to come. The files are .pdf, to insure against tampering and will require Adobe Acrobat or Adobe Reader software, but most computers these days have that software.

The Manasota Genealogical Society website, http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~flmgs/index.htm, offers many valuable and interesting features. Publications include Tombstone Inscriptions in Cemeteries of Manatee County Florida 1850-1980 and Extractions from Manatee County Censuses of 1860, 1870, 1880, 1885 and 1895. Speaker and member articles are also included as well as links to current Cracker Crumbs newsletters.

Helpful information has been incorporated for getting started in your genealogical research and tips on gathering and organizing your information. Links have been provided to research websites and there is a selection of offerings from the Manatee County Family History Library. Meeting schedules can be obtained and information on regional activities and volunteer opportunities.

PUBLICATION NOTICE: Every effort is made to publish accurate information. However, the Society assumes NO RESPONSIBILITY for the accuracy of any published materials. Established errors will be corrected in the next issue. Contact Information: Manasota Genealogical Society, 3547 53rd Ave W., PMB 269, Bradenton, FL 34210

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MEMBERSHIP IN THE MANASOTA GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY

MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION:

NAME ______

ADDRESS ______

CITY______STATE ______ZIP ______

PHONE ______E-MAIL ______

DUES $20 / YR Single Membership, and $25/ YR Family Couple Membership

STATUS (circle): Renewal New Couple Make Checks Payable to MGS

If not already provided:

SURNAMES OF INTEREST ______

PLACES OF INTEREST ______

BRING APPLICATION AND CHECK TO MGS MEETING OR MAIL TO: Manasota Genealogical Society 3547 53rd Ave W., PMB 269 Bradenton, FL 34210

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