Study Guide Page 1
2018 Academic Super Bowl Social Studies Resources
Each chapter of The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War (except Chapter 24) is the source for, at least, six questions. However, Chapter 18: The Entry of the USA into the War and its Effects is the source for 19 questions and Chapter 22: The Peace Settlement is the source for 13 questions. In addition, some other chapters also provide a seventh additional question about the United States. The questions have been divided into two groups: the practice questions” given to coaches and “competition questions” reserved for invitationals and the area and state contests. Chapter 24 was the source for no questions.
WORLD WAR ONE CHRONOLOGY Some students may have difficulty understanding introductory military histories and the selective viewpoints of the different authors of the essays in the assigned text may even increase that difficulty. Therefore, students have been provided with a WWI chronology that unifies the different battlefield events described by the various authors. The chronology includes information related to every question about military activities.
EPIC HISTORY TV VIDEOS The six WWI videos on the Epic History website will provide students with a short overview of the conflict that includes easy-to-understand pictures, maps, and narratives. Students should review the history of the war by viewing these videos along with studying the World War One Chronology before starting The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War which is the source for all contest questions.
STUDY GUIDE All practice and competition questions relate to the information provided in the following parts of the detailed study guide.
Reading Guide The Study Guides outlines the content of the text in a Reading Guide that lists the section headings of each chapter. Some chapters clearly mark introductory and/or concluding sections. Those that are not so clearly marked are noted with italicized words. The Reading Guide also provides various terms, issues, locations, and battles which also relate to specific questions but are not included in the section headings.
Significant Individuals. The Study Guide includes a list of persons associated with World War One and featured in questions as well as answers. Those persons who students should be able to identify by portrait are designated with an asterisk.
World War One Geography The Study Guide includes a list of locations associated with World War One and featured in questions as well as answers.
World War One Vocabulary The list of military and diplomatic words and terms will provide students with definitions that may be necessary in understanding the text. Some of the words and terms may be used in questions.
POWER POINT PRESENTATION At their fall clinic, the coaches viewed a Power Point presentation which explained these resources and provided examples of questions and their relationships to them. Study Guide Page 2
Reading Guide
Chapter Sections Miscellaneous
Introduction The war as cliché Other Terms A world war Bolshevism By Hew Strachan A total war Imperialism A modern war Liberalism The direction of the war Mass mobilization The purpose of the war Nationalism The length of the war Conclusion Other Issue Impact of American intervention
Chapter 1 Sarajevo Other Terms Long-term tensions “Blank cheque” The Origins of the War Vienna’s response to the Eastern Question assassination Triple Alliance By Samuel R. Williamson Jr. The Austrian ultimatum Entente to Serbia Ultimatums War by timetable The process of escalation Other Issues Conclusion Strengths and weaknesses of major powers in 1914 Individuals responsible for the war Fateful decisions
Chapter 2 Invincible Germany? Other Terms The war plans of Moltke Big Retreat The Strategy of the Central the Elder and Schlieffen Polish Question Powers, 1914-17 In search of victory: the Romanian intervention first months of the war The “turnip winter” By Holger Afflerback Stalemate in autumn 1914 Unlimited submarine The Ottoman intervention warfare Fighting for the right strategy between east & Other Battles & Locations west Alsace-Loraine Gorlice-Tarnow Marne (1st) Study Guide Page 3
The Italian intervention & Masurian Lakes the battle of Gorlice- Tannenberg Tarnow Somme The Western front & Verdun Gallipoli 1915 The Conquest of Serbia 1915 The strategic situation at the end of 1915 The attack on Verdun 1916 The Allied attacks on all fronts in summer 1916 The situation in late 1916 – peace offer of the Central Powers, growing despair, & submarine warfare 1 February 1917 – the day the Central Powers lost the War (Conclusion)
Chapter 3 The battles of the Other Terms frontiers Central Powers Manœuvre Warfare: The The “miracle” of the Chlorine gas Eastern & Western Fronts, Marne Entente Powers 1914-15 The “race to the sea” Stalemate War plans in the East By Dennis Showalter Tannenberg Other Battles & Locations Austrian defeats in Galicia Galicia Marne (1st) German swings to the Masurian Lakes east, 1914-1915 Tannenberg The spring 1915 offensive Ypres (1st & 2nd) in the west Autumn 1915 Conclusion
Chapter 4 The Entente lacks a Other Terms strategy Anglo-French Entente of The Strategy of the Entente France and Russia turn to 1904 Powers, 1914-17 Britain Anglo-Russia Agreement The Search for allies of 107 By David French 1916: the Entente’s plans Conferences at Chantilly, frustrated Petrograd, & Calais Peace rejected Pact of London The Entente’s strategy Sykes-Picot agreement collapses Study Guide Page 4
Conclusion Other Battles & Locations Constantinople Gallipoli Gorlice-Tarnow Isonzo River Salonika Somme River The Black Sea Straits Verdun Warsaw
Other Issue Impact of American policies
Chapter 5 The third Balkan war Other Terms Serbia overran Treaty of Brest-Litovsk The Balkans, 1914-15 Salonika Treaty of Bucharist The partition of Albania, Typhus By Richard J. Crampton 1916 The Central Powers Other Battles & Locations conquer Romania Mount Tser The Entente & Greece, Transylvania 1916-17 Romania seeks an Other Issues armistice Bulgarian intervention Entente victory in Ottoman intervention Macedonia Romanian intervention Conclusion
Chapter 6 Turkey enters the war Other Term Anatolia and Armenian Genocide Turkey’s War Transcaucasia Mesopotamia Other Battles & Locations By Ulrich Trumpener Persia Bosporus Gallipoli Dardanelles Egypt & Palestine The Hijaz Arabia Palestine & Gaza Conclusion Shat-el Arab
Chapter 7 Introduction Other Terms The military campaigns Askari The War in Africa Soldiers, labor Force Publique conscription, & revolt Porters (head carriers) By David Killingray The economic impact of Tirailleurs (la force the war noire) Study Guide Page 5
Politics and the war United Nation mandates Conclusion German Colonies German East Africa German Kamerun German South West Africa German Togoland
Chapter 8 Strategy in the North Sea Other Terms The Mediterranean Armored cruisers The War at Sea Operations in the North British Grand Fleet Sea, 1914-15 German East Asiatic By Paul G. Halpern Cruiser warfare Squadron The Baltic German High Seas Fleet Naval intelligence Submarine Operations in the Adriatic Submarine warfare Military Terms & Ships Conclusion Battleship Blockade (distant vs close) Capitol ships Convoy Cruiser Destroyer Dreadnought Fleet Minefield Naval squadron Net barrage (fixed or drifting) Submarine (U-boat)
Other Battles & Locations Falkland Islands Indian Ocean Jutland Kiel Canal South Atlantic Ocean South Pacific Ocean Yellow Sea
Chapter 9 Strategies of economic Other terms warfare Civil disturbances Economic Warfare The blockade of the Contraband (absolute & Central Powers conditional) By J. C. McKercher Declaration of London Study Guide Page 6
The move to unrestricted Domestic unrest U-boat warfare Freedom of the seas The effects on neutral Neutral state powers Realpolitik Economic warfare & final Unrestricted submarine victory warfare Conclusion
Blockade Polices & Actions Central powers Entente powers Neutral powers United States
Chapter 10 The short war illusion Major Issues Financing the war Financial relations Economic Mobilization: Shell shortage between USA & Entente Money, Munitions, & The battle of matériel Raw Materials Machines Machinery versus Labor manpower Manufacturing By Hew Strachan America’s entry to the war Ratio of fire power to men
War of attrition
Chapter 11 Introduction Other Issues Gender & geography Political status & activity The Role of Women in the Gender at work of women War Morale, morality, & Significant individuals memory Support & supervision of By Susan R. Grayzel Conclusion women Women as emblems of the nation Women as refugees Women as soldiers Women’s influence on men Women’s suffrage Use of idealized female images
Chapter 12 Introduction Political Terms The political context Conservativism The Challenge to Liberalism: Liberalism embattled Constitutionalism The Politics of the Home The incorporation of the Industrial capitalism Fronts left Industrial relations The resurgent right Left-wing By John Turner Political soldiers Liberalism
State & civil society Militarism Study Guide Page 7
Liberalism defeated Nationalism (Conclusion) Right-wing Social democrats Social-imperialism Socialism The Socialist International Trade unions
Chapter 13 Introduction Significant military The Brusilov offensive developments Eastern Front & Western The July 1917 offensive on Detection of enemy Front, 1916-17 the eastern front artillery Artillery & the western Artillery shells & By Robin Prior & Trevor front techniques Wilson Verdun Barbed wire The Somme Infantry attacks The Nivelle offensive Machine gun The third battle of Ypres Poison gas Tank attacks Trench warfare
Chapter 14 Morale & the pre-war Significant indiscipline military Christmas fraternization, Mutinies & Military Morale Training & discipline 1914 Military loyalties February/March army & By Alexander Watson Organizational support naval mutinies lead to Citizen Soldiers Revolution in Russia, 1917 Indiscipline Italian army mutinies in Naval mutiny March & July, 1917 Collapse French army mutinies Conclusion from April to June, 1917 Riots at British training camp in September, 1917 Austro-Hungarian naval mutiny, February 1918 Protests in Austro- Hungarian home garrisons in summer of 1918 Collapse of Italian army at Caporetto in October, 1918 German High Seas Fleet mutiny in October, 1918 Mass surrender of German soldiers & Study Guide Page 8
dissolution of Austro- Hungarian army in October, 1918
Chapter 15 Introduction Other Terms Germany’s war aims Balfour Declaration War Aims & Peace War aims & the cohesion Continental hegemony Negotiations of the Entente Fourteen Points The peace initiatives of Mitteleuropa By David Stevenson 1917 Pact of London
Brest-Litovsk & its Secret treaties consequences September Programme Peace without victory? Conclusion Disputed Territories In Austro-Hungarian Empire In Belgium In France In Germany In Russian Empire
Other Issue European perception of Woodrow Wilson
Chapter 16 Wars of persuasion: the Other Terms political dimensions Militarism Propaganda & the The mobilization of the Newsreel Mobilization of Consent imagination: cultural Popular culture dimensions Propaganda By J. M. Winter Film, propaganda, & Public opinion
moral rearmament Stereotypes Outcomes War aims
Chapter 17 Introduction Other Terms War & socialism, August Bolsheviks vs Mensheviks Socialism, Peace, & 1914-February 1917 Centralized economy Revolution, 1917-18 Peace & revolution, Proletariat February – September Marxism By John Horne 1917 The Second International
Revolution & peace, Stockholm Conference October 1917 – November Soviet 1918 Wilsonianism Conclusion Divisions Within Socialism Prewar socialist ideology Study Guide Page 9
Internationalists vs nationalists Pacifists vs patriots Revisionists vs revolutionaries
Chapter 18 The decision to fight Other Issues America at sea US interests & relations The Entry of the USA into The US army with European powers the War & its Effects Wilson & Bolshevism before 1917 US troops in France American war aims By David Trask Conclusion Secret treaties Wilson’s relationships with US allies after April 1917 Diplomatic & military strengths & weaknesses of US AEF’s contribution to Allies’ victory
Chapter 19 German defenses Other Terms prepared 1916-17 Defense in depth The German Victories, 1917- Entente attacks 1917 Operation Alberich 18 Caporetto Position warfare The 1918 offensives Stoβtruppen By Holger H. Herwig Conclusion (Stormtrooper) Strategy Tactical virtuosity
Other Issues The Hindenburg Programme & total war Central Power strengths, weaknesses, & failures
Chapter 20 Air war prefigured Other Issues Reconnaissance 1914 Development of military The War in the Air The advent of true aerial aircraft warfare 1916 Effectiveness & By John H. Marrow Jr. Attrition in the air 1917 importance of strategic Air power’s contribution bombing to final victory Problems of air forces Romanticism of air warfare & “aces”
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Chapter 21 Introduction Other Terms Counter-attack on the Combined arms warfare The Allied Victories, 1918 Marne Influenza Amiens, 8 August 1918 By Tim Travers Breaking the Hindenburg Other Military Actions line Canal du Nord Ludendorff seeks an Meuse-Argonne Offensive armistice Reims Saint-Quentin/Cambrai Saint Mihiel salient Vittorio Veneto
Other Issues Allied advantages Impact of American intervention Central Powers disadvantages Casualty rates Reasons for German surrender
Chapter 22 The peace conference Other Terms The Treaty of Versailles Anscluss The Peace Settlement The settlement of south- Big Three eastern Europe Council of Four By Zara Steiner Turkey & the Treaty of Council of Ten Sèvres League of Nations A temporary settlement Covenant only Fourteen Points Public opinion Racial equality clause Treaty of Sèvres War reparations
Other Issues Each Allied powers’ diplomatic goals, achievements, & failures Each Central Powers’ diplomatic goals, achievements, & failures Territorial changes & new states Impact of USA’s refusal to ratify treaty Study Guide Page 11
Treaties of Sèvres & Lausanne
Chapter 23 A ‘post-war’ period? Other Terms The Russian Revolution & Bolshevism No End to War the fear of a European Culture of defeat civil war Culture of violence By Robert Gerwarth The mobilizing power of Ethnic cleansing defeat German Freikorps Imperial collapse & inter- Paramilitary & ethnic violence paramilitarism Legacies Racism & antisemitism
Other Issues Wide variety of conflicts Winners: states & ethnic groups that succeeded Losers: states & ethnic groups that failed
Chapter 24 No questions
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Significant Individuals
Individuals by Nationality Chapters in which Individual Appears American General John Pershing* 18, 19 President Woodrow Wilson* Intro, 4, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22 Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand* 1, 5 Emperor Franz Joseph* 1, 15, 19 General Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf 2 Emperor Karl* 12, 14, 15, 19, 23 Béla Kun, revolutionary* 22, 23 Belgium Mata Hari, spy 11 British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour 9, 12, 15, 22 Charlie Chaplin, actor* 16 Sir Winston Churchill Intro, 1,3, 7, 20, 23 Prime Minister David Lloyd George* Intro, 4, 10, 12, 15, 20, 22, 23 Field Marshall Douglas Haig Intro, 4, 12, 13, 18, 19, 21 Elsi Inglis, doctor 11 Lord Hubert Kitchener, 4, 10 Captain Flora Sandes 11 French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau* 4, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22 General Ferdinand Foch* 12, 14, 18, 19, 21, 22 General Joseph Joffre 3, 4, 12, 13 General Philippe Pétain 4, 12, 13, 20, 21 President Poincaré 1, 18 General Robert Nivelle 4, 13 German Chancellor Max Baden 18 Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 1, 2, 10, 12, 15 General Erich von Falkenhayn Intro, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 15, 19 General Paul von Hindenburg* Intro, 1, 2, 3, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21 General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 7 General Erich Ludendorf Intro, 2, 3, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21 General Helmuth Molke the Younger 2, 3, 9, 10 Captain Manfred von Richthofen 20 Rosa Luxembourg, revolutionary* 23, 21 Prince Rupprecht of Barvaria 2, 3, 21 Admiral Reinhard von Scheer Intro, 8 General Alfred von Schlieffen 2, 3, 9, 20 Vice-Admiral Maximillian Graf von Spee 8, 9 Kaiser Wilhelm II* Intro, 1, 2, 9, 15, 16, 19
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Greek King Constantine I 5 Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos 5 Italian Pope Benedict XV 15 General Lugi Cadorna 4, 12, 19 Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando* 12, 22 Romanian Second Lieutenant Ecaterina Teodoroiu 11 King Ferdinand I 5 Russian General Aleksei Brussilov 2, 4, 5, 6, 13, 15, 19 Chairman Aleksandr Kerensky* 11, 17, 19 General Lavr Kornilov 13 Commander Maria Bochkareva 11 Czar Nicholas II* 1, 4, 15 Lenin, revolutionary* 12, 16, 17, 18, 19 Foreign Minister Sergei Sazonov 1, 4 Serbian Prime Minister Nikolai Păsić 1 Turk War Minister Enver Pasha 6 Grand Vizier Mehmet Talat Pasha 6 General Mustafa Kemal Pasha 6, 12, 22, 23 (Atatürk)*
*Students should be able to identify these famous individuals’ portraits.
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Geography
In addition to the general information (especially independent states) from Maps One through Seven in the assigned text, students should review the following locations.
Locations along French German the northern Alsace-Lorraine Alsace-Lorraine portion of the Amiens Rhineland Western Front Cambrai The Saar The Ardennes Forests Calais Locations Related to AEF Briey-Longwy Basin The Marne River Argonne Forest The Somme River Belleau Wood Verdun Chateau Thierry Meuse River Belgian Saint-Mihiel Bruges-Ostend-Zeebrugge Triangle Waterways Flanders English Channel Liège Kiel Canal North Sea Danish Strait of Dover Jutland
Locations along Austrian Waterways the southern Dalmatia Adriatic Sea portion of the Istria Strait of Otranto Western Front South Tyrol
Locations along Austro-Hungarian Russian the Eastern Front Galacia Brest-Litovsk Transylvania Estonia Finland Balkan Georgia Belgrade Latvia Bucharest Lithuania Macedonia Livonia Salonica Poland Sarajevo St. Petersburg (Petrograd) Warsaw German Ukraine East Prussia Study Guide Page 15
Poznán Waterways Tannenburg Baltic Sea Masurian Lakes Gulf of Finland Gulf of Riga
Locations in the Ottoman Waterways Middle East Anatolia (Asia Minor) Black Sea Armenia Bosporus Caucasus Mountains Caspian Sea Constantinople Dardanelles Baghdad Lake Van Gallipoli Sea of Mamar The Hijaz Shat el Arab Lebanon Suez Canal The Levant Mesopotamia Mosul Palestine Syria Transcaucasia
Other Locations East Asia South America Kiaochow (Jiaozhou) Cape Horn Shantung Peninsula (China) Port Stanley, Falkland Islands Tsingtau (Qingdao) Yellow Sea
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Vocabulary
American (AEF) Name applied to United States troops fighting in Europe Expeditionary Force during World War One Anschluss (German) annexation of Austria by Germany Anzacs Name first applied to Australian & New Zealand troops fighting in Europe during World War One armistice Temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement between belligerents artillery Large military weapons built to fire munitions far beyond the range & power of infantry’s small arms artillery barrage: a line or barrier of exploding artillery shells, created by continuous and coordinated fire of a large number of guns. creeping artillery barrage: lifted in small increments so that it moves forward slowly, keeping pace with the infantry attrition Process of gradually reducing strength or effectiveness of military forces through sustained conflict autarky Economic independence or self-sufficiency (autarkic) battleship Large armored warship with a main battery consisting of large caliber guns cruiser: smaller than a battleship but larger than a destroyer destroyer: fast, maneuverable long-endurance warship intended to escort groups of larger vessels & defend them against smaller powerful short-range attackers dreadnought: large early 20th Century battleships that combined "all-big-gun" armament with unprecedented speed steam turbine engines & thick armor protection British Expeditionary (BEF) Name applied to British troops fighting on Western Front Force during World War One belligerent Independent state engaged in military conflict casualty Person killed or injured in war conscription Compulsory enlistment for state service in state’s military or government contraband Goods that are ultimately destined for territory under the control of the enemy and may be susceptible for use in armed conflict absolute contraband: arms, munitions, & other items that may be used directly to wage war or be converted into instruments of war conditional contraband: materials such as foodstuffs, industrial goods, or nautical instruments destined for military not civilian uses coup d’etat (French) Common term for the sudden seizure of the government of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus; in German: putsch de facto (Latin) Describes practices that exist in reality even if not legally or officially authorized Study Guide Page 17
entente An understanding or alliance between states escalation Process by which conflicts grow in severity over time esprit de corps Feeling of pride & common loyalty shared by members of a group Freikorps or free German volunteer units, effectively fought as mercenaries regiments Hapsburg Dynasty Longtime ruling dynasty of Austrian & Austro-Hungarian empires hegemony Domination or supremacy of one country front Theatre of war; area when armed conflict takes place genocide Deliberate & systematic destruction of an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group imperialism Policy of extending one country’s domination and control through diplomacy and/or military force Magyars Nationality and ethnic group also known as Hungarians matériel Equipment & supplies used by military forces maneuver warfare Military strategy that attempts to defeat enemy by incapacitating their decision-making through shock & disruption. maritime blockade Effort to cut off delivery by sea of supplies, war material or communications from a particular area by force Distance blockade: blockading ships stay well away from blockaded coast trying to intercept ships going in or out of ports Close blockade: blockading ships remain within sight o military planning levels Strategic decisions: use of both means & ends of combat to achieve long term political objectives Operational decisions: connects the details of tactics with the goals of strategy. Tactical decisions: use of military units on a specific battlefield or sea to achieve immediate advantages military units (in typical modern armies) region/theatre: 4+ army groups, commanded by six-star general army group: 2+ field armies, commanded by field marshal or five-star general field army: 80,000+ soldiers, commanded by general corps: 20 to 40,000 soldiers, commanded by lieutenant general division or legion: 10,000 to 20,000 soldiers, commanded by a major general battalion or cohort: 300 to 800 soldiers, commanded by lieutenant colonel company: 80 to 250 soldiers, commanded by captain or major platoon: 15 to 30 soldiers, commanded by a lieutenant squad/section: 8 t0 12 soldiers, commanded by a sergeant fireteam: 3 to 4 soldiers commanded by corporal minister or secretary high-ranking government official who serves in prime minister’s or president’s cabinet of high-ranking administrative officials mobilization assembling and readying of troops & supplies for war national interests economic, military, & cultural goals of an independent state; contrasts with regional, private, or special interests; in French, raison d'état (reason of state) nationalism complex concept involving shared communal identification with one’s ethnic nationality or one’s state no man’s land Area of land between the two front lines of trenches
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non-commissioned Primary & most visible army officers including corporals & officers (NCO’s or sergeants; responsible for executing military missions & for non-coms) training military personnel; usually have obtain position by promotion through the enlisted ranks instead of earning a commission or formal document related to formal training prime minister Head of government or chief executive (in contrast to the head of state) in a parliamentary system of government; also premier & chancellor; chosen by legislature not voters protectorate State that is controlled and protected by another more powerful state realpolitik Politics based on practical objectives rather than on ideals reich (German) empire riposte Counteroffensive Romanov Dynasty Long-ruling dynasty of Russia salient Piece of land or section of fortification that juts out to form an angle status quo ante (Latin) the state existing before the war bellum Stoβtruppen or German soldiers trained to infiltrate enemy lines quickly & Stormtrooper deeply according to doctrine of “defense in depth” strategic bombing Aerial bombing raids designed to debilitate enemy’s capacity to wage war by destroying its infrastructure, industrial base, and urban centers & demoralizing its civilians strategy A plan of action designed to achieve a major or overall aim; art of planning & directing overall military operations and movements in a war or battle tactic Plan of action to achieve a specific end; art of positioning armed forces in battle zone of fire Area in which a military unit is prepared to deliver artillery fire
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Music from Power Point Presentation
Colonel Bogey March (Slide #1)
The Colonel Bogey March is a popular march composed in 1914 by Lieutenant F. J. Ricketts (1881–1945) (a.k.a. Kenneth J. Alford), a British Army bandmaster who later became the director of music for the Royal Marines at Plymouth. Supposedly, the tune was inspired by a military man and golfer who whistled a characteristic two-note phrase instead of shouting "Fore!" Bogey is now a golfing term meaning "one over par." The Colonel Bogey March was used as a march-past by the 10th and 50th Battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War One.
English composer Malcolm Arnold added a counter-march, which he titled "The River Kwai March," for the 1957 dramatic film The Bridge on the River Kwai, set during World War II. Consequently, the Colonel Bogey March is often miscredited as River Kwai March. (Wikipedia)
And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda (Slide #39)
Written by Scottish-born Australian singer-songwriter Eric Bogle in 1971, And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda tells the gruesome story of a young Australian soldier who is maimed at the Battle of Gallipoli during the First World War. The song incorporates, at its conclusion, the melody and a few lines of lyrics of the 1895 song Waltzing Matilda by Australian poet Banjo Paterson. That song is Australia's best-known bush ballad, and has been described as the country's "unofficial national anthem". The title was Australian slang for travelling on foot belongings in a "matilda" (swag) slung over one's back. (Wikipedia)
And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda
Now when I was a young man I carried me pack And I lived the free life of a rover From the Murrays green basin to the dusty outback Well I waltzed my Matilda all over Then in nineteen fifteen my country said Son It's time you stop rambling there's work to be done So they gave me a tin hat and they gave me a gun And they marched me away to the war And the band played Waltzing Matilda As the ship pulled away from the quay And amidst all the cheers, the flag waving, and the tears We sailed off to Gallipoli
How well I remember that terrible day Study Guide Page 20
How our blood stained the sand and the water And of how in that hell that they called Suvla Bay We were butchered like lambs at the slaughter Johnny Turk he was waitin’, he primed himself well He showered us with bullets, he rained us with shells And in five minutes flat he'd blown us all to hell Nearly blew us right back to Australia But the band played Waltzing Matilda When we stopped to bury our slain We buried ours and the Turks buried theirs Then we started all over again
And those that were left, well we tried to survive In that mad world of blood, death, and fire And for ten weary weeks I kept myself alive Though around me the corpses piled higher Then a big Turkish shell knocked me arse over head And when I woke up in my hospital bed And saw what it had done, well I wished I was dead Never knew there was worse things than dying For I’ll go no more waltzing Matilda All around the green bush far and free For to hump tent and pegs, a man needs two legs No more waltzing Matilda for me
So they gathered the crippled, the wounded, the maimed And they shipped us back home to Australia The legless, the armless, the blind, the insane Those proud wounded heroes of Suvla And as our ship pulled into Circular Quay I looked at the place where my legs used to be And thank Christ there was nobody waiting for me To grieve, to mourn, and to pity But the band played Waltzing Matilda As they carried us down the gangway But nobody cheered, they just stood and stared Then they turned all their faces away
And so now every April I sit on me porch And I watch the parade pass before me And I so my old comrades, how proudly they march Reviving old dreams of past glory And the old men march slowly, all bent, stiff and sore They’re tired old heroes from a forgotten war And the young people ask, "What are they marching for?" And I ask meself the same question But the band plays Waltzing Matilda And the old men still answer the call But as year follows year more old men disappear Some day no one will march there at all
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Waltzing Matilda, Waltzing Matilda Who'll come a waltzing Matilda with me And their ghosts may be heard as the march by that Billabong “Who'll come a waltzing Matilda with me?”