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Gibernau, M., M. Chouteau, K. Lavallée and D. Barabé 2010

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Gibernau, M., M. Chouteau, K. Lavallée and D. Barabé 2010 M. GIBERNAU, M. CHOUTEAU, K. LAVALLEE, D. BARABE, 2010 183 Notes on the Phenology, Morphometry and Floral Biology of Anaphyllopsis americana (Araceae) Marc Gibernau CNRS-UMR 8172 Ecologie des Forets de Guyane BP 709, 97387 Kourou~ France Mathieu Chouteau Departement des Sciences Biologiques Universite de Montreal C.P. 6128, Succ. Center-Ville Montreal, Canada, H3C 3}7 Karlne Lavallee Institut de Recherche en Biologie Vegetale Universite de Montreal Jardin Botanique de Montreal 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est Montreal (Quebec), Canada HIX 2B2 Denis Barabe Institut de Recherche en Biologie Vegetale Universite de Montreal Jardin Botanique de Montreal 4101 rue Sherbrooke Est Montreal (Quebec), Canada HIX 2B2 ABSTRACf that the species cannot self-pollinate and thus relies entirely on external vectors for Anapbyllopsis americana (Engler) A. pollination. Despite extensive observation, Hay was studied in French Guiana. It we were unable to identify day-time possesses one of the longest floral cycles pollinators. Due to the low frequency and in Araceae, about 40 d, with each sexual abundance of insects present within the phase lasting about 3 wk. In association floral chambers, the fact that these insects with such a flowering cycle, the thermo­ (ants, crickets, cockroaches, ... ) are not genic pattern is Similarly long, and consists very efficient pollinators, and the low fruit of one temperature peak of low intensity set, we suggest that the pollination system (1.5-6°C) occurring every day between in A. americana is apparently inefficient. 1000 and 1500 hours. The presence of a Finally, a long flowering cycle plus flower­ daily thermogenic pattern over a long ing periods all year long may be a flowering period of time (14-30 d) has not been strategy in A. americana or the result of an observed to date in other Aroids. inefficient pollination system achieved by The phenology and reproductive success inefficient pollinating insects in order to of the studied population appear to vary increase the probability of cross-pollina­ seasonally. In fact, the proportion of tion. flowering individuals and reproductive success are higher after the dry season INTRODUcnON when rains resume (November). Regard­ less of the season, reproductive success The genus Anapbyllopsis, which now remains low, with an overall mean of 17% comprises three species, was first created maturing infructescences. We have shown to accommodate Cyrtosperma ameri- 184 AROIDEANA, Vol. 33 canum Engler, the only Neotropical spe­ few of them known as efficient pollinators, cies of the Asian genus Cyrtosperma (Hay, can be found in low frequencies in the 1988; Gon~alves, 2005). Anapbyllopsis be­ inflorescences. longs to the Lasioideae subfamily (Engler) Although some floral characters of A. which is composed of 10 genera: Dracon­ americana are well known, phenology tium 1., Dracontioides Engler, Anapbyllop­ and thermogenesis need to be document­ sis A. Hay, Pycnospatba Gagnepain, Ana­ ed. In the present paper we describe the pbyllum Schott, Cyrtosperma Griffith, reproductive and flowering cycles, and Lasimorpba Schott, Podolasia N.E. Brown, analyze the thermogenic pattern in one Lasia Loureiro, Urospatba Schott (Hay, population growing in French Guiana. 1992; Mayo et al., 1997). Some floral characters of Anapbyllopsis MATERIAL AND MEmODS americana (Engler) A. Hay have been studied in different comparative works on Anapbyllopsis americana (Engler) A. the Araceae family (Chouteau et al., 2006, Hay was studied in French Guiana dur­ 2008; Barabe & Lacroix, 2008; Barabe et al., ing five different periods from May-Sep­ 2008; Gibernau et at., 2010). In summary, tember 2003, as well as in July 2005, May Anapbyllopsis americana appears to have 2006, July 2008 and November 2009. One a relatively small pollen grain which population was sampled and observed at possesses a long viability since 50% of the Kilometer Point 19 along the road leading pollen is viable after 70 hr (3 d), and 210 hr to Petit Saut dam (Kourou region). Ana­ (9 d) are necessary for a total loss of pbyllopsis individuals were growing in viability (Barabe et al., 2008). Its Pollen! seasonally inundated forest gaps near a Ovule (PO) ratio is very high (about marsh. A voucher specimen: Barabe et al. 100,000:1) suggesting a non-efficient polli­ 258 was deposited at the Marie-Victorin nation system which might be linked with a Herbarium (MT). long flowering cycle, for an Araceae, of A phenological survey in terms of about 3-4 wk. No pollinators have been number of leaves and inflorescences per documented in this species or even for the individual was performed on 88 individu­ genus (Gibernau, 2003; Chouteau et al., als. 2006, 2008). Multivariate analyzes per­ Vegetative morphometric measures Cleaf formed on Araceae in order to study the size, spathe height and spadix length) were relationships between the type of pollina­ performed on 30 inflorescences. Reproduc­ tors (bee, fly and beetles) and floral traits tive morphometric characters (height and have shown that Anapbyllopsis americana width of the spathe, spadix length, flower is distinct from the three main pollination number, number of ovules and seeds, "syndromes" (Chouteau et al., 2008; Gi­ aborted ovules and flowers) were mea­ bernau et al., 2010). The floral characters of sured on 16 inflorescences and 17 infruc­ A. americana appear to cluster with those tescences. of two other Lasiodeae species (Dracon­ Experiments on spontaneous self-polli­ tium polypbyllum 1. and Dracontioides nation, consisting of bagging inflorescenc­ desciscens (Schott) Engl.) and those of es from before opening until complete two species from the Orontioideae sub­ drying or maturation, were performed on family (Lysicbiton camtscbatcensis Schott 7 inflorescences from different individuals. and Symplocarpus renifolius Schott) to Inflorescence thermogenesis was record­ form a putative group of species with a ed on 11 inflorescences in 2003, 2 inflores­ generalist pollination system. Generalist cences in 2005 and 4 inflorescences in pollination systems are rare in Araceae 2006. Temperatures of the spadix and and only documented in two species, ambient air were recorded every 10 min Lysicbiton camtscbatcensis (Tanaka, 2004) using two Digi-Sense® DualLogR® thermo­ and Symplocarpus renifolius (Uemera et couple thermometers. One of the ther­ al., 1993). In these cases, various insects, a mometer's probes was inserted approxi- M. GIBERNAU, M. CHOUTEAU, K. LAVALLEE, D. BARABE, 2010 185 mately 5 mm into the middle of the spadix phase, the temperature differences be­ and the second probe was used to record tween the air and the spadix were not ambient air temperature. The temperatures constant. In some individuals, they were of the leaf base and the peduncle were also equivalent to the temperature differences recorded on 6 and 4 specimens respective­ occurring during the female phase (Fig. 1), ly. For the leaf, the probe was inserted in in others, they were lower and correspond­ the petiole 20 cm above ground level, and ed to a "non-heating" spadix (Fig. 1). for the peduncle, 5 cm below the base of However, in still other individuals, the the spathe. temperature increase during the male phase was higher than in the female phase RESULTS (Fig. 1). After that, the temperature in­ crease was weak, varying between 1 and lSc (Fig. 1). In 2005 and 2006, the Floral cycle-The floral cycle started temperature records between the spadix with the opening of the spathe and stigmas and the leaf petiole suggest that the appeared to be receptive at this time. temperature difference is high during the Interestingly, the spathe started to open female and very low, virtually inSignificant, from the apex and formed a funnel during the male phase (Fig. 2). entrance but also separated at the base leaving a direct access to the spadix (about Insect visitors-In July 2006, the floral 0.5-1 cm wide). The floral cycle lasted chambers of 16 open inflorescences were about 40 d (range: 34-48 d), starting with observed between 0900-1100 hours. Only the female phase (stigmas receptive) which 5 inflorescences had visitors, respectively: lasted between 14 and 22 d followed by the two and five ants (Hymenoptera), one male phase which lasted between 17 and cockroach (Blattodea), one woodlouse 24 d. The anthesis occurred from the top to Osopoda) and two crickets (Orthoptera). the base of the inflorescence. Our obser­ In July 2008, between 1600-1800, with 8 vations did not document the existence of a open inflorescences, only one cricket bisexual intermediate stage. (Orthoptera) was observed. In November 2009, between 0830-1030, with 11 open Thermogenesis-The long thermogenic inflorescences at female stage, only one pattern (Fig. 1) seemed to be linked with had insects: one black stingless bee (Hy­ the long flowering cycle and consisted of a menoptera) and one black grasshopper single daily temperature increase of low (Orthoptera) . intensity occurring between 1000 and 1500 hours. The temperature difference between Phenological Frequencies-The studied the spadix and ambient air varied between population contained more than one hun­ 1.5 and 6°C, but more commonly between dred individuals (Table 1). In July 2006, 2 and 3°C (Fig. 1). The spadix heating was 114 individuals were counted, and half confirmed when looking at the difference (51%) produced at least one inflorescence. between the spadix and the leaf petiole, a Among reproductive individuals, a quarter non-thermogenic tissue (Fig. 2). The spa­ (26%) produced 2 or 3 inflorescences. The dix temperature was between 3 and 5°C 58 reproductive individuals produced 76 warmer than the petiole during the day. inflorescences, 23 of them during the The temperature increase was very present flowering period. Hence, 53 inflo­ feeble before the spathe opened, less than rescences were issued from the previous 1. 5°C, certainly due to solar radiation blooming period, 46 were dried and 7 (Fig. 1). During the female phase, the maturing as infructescences. In July 2008, amplitude of the pattern was very irregular.
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