Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85150-3 - Egypt and the Egyptians: Second Edition Douglas J

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85150-3 - Egypt and the Egyptians: Second Edition Douglas J. Brewer and Emily Teeter Index More information

Index

Abadiyeh, 13 scribes’ role in, 91 Abdel Latif, 5 towns’ and cities’ roles in, 66, 68, 72 Abu Haggag, 208--9 vizier’s role in, xxiii Abu Roash, 175 see also bureaucracy Abu Simbel, 8, 131 adultery, 110, 111 Abu Sir, 175 Aegean, 14, 55 Abu Sir Papyrus, 82 agate, 194 Abukir (battle of), 7 agriculture, 31, 40 Abydos as part of daily life, 71--2 association with Osiris, 102, 175 at Deir el Medina, 68 Cemetery U, 36, 38, 127 dependance on the Nile inundation, destruction of necropolis at, 43 27 earlytownat,60, 69 development of, 32--3 Predynastic cemetery at, 13, 33, 34, 37 inﬂuence on settlement, 68 Predynastic chieftain-kings of, 37, 38 management of, 61 royal funerary complex at, 175 Aha, 34, 37 royal tombs of, 174, 178 Chronology, xiii wadi at, 74 Ahhotep, 46 Acheulean tomb of Ahhotep, 46 Glossary, xvii Ahmose, 46, 49, 115 hand axes, 24 Chronology, xiv houses, 146 tomb at Abydos, 175 ad Ahmose, son of Ibana (autobiography Glossary, xvii of), 45, 46 Adam, Robert, 209 Ahmose (family name), 47 administration Ahmose Nofertari, 49 administrative archives, 83, 91 Aida, 10 administrative center, 153 Åkerbald, Johan, 129 administrative district, xxi, 43, 75, 82 akh, 167, 170 administrator, 44, 47, 75, 81--2, 95 Glossary, xvii changes in the reign of Senwosert III, Akhenaten, xvii, xix, 52, 54, 62, 105, 43 205--6 in Dynasty 13, 45 Chronology, xiv in the Old Kingdom state, 39 see also Amarna; Amarna Period; Tell of conquered areas in Palestine and el Amarna (Akhetaten) Syria, 51 akhet, 31 of taxes and obligations, 94 Akhetaten, xvii, 62--5 of temples, 48, 88, 89--90 see also Tell el Amarna (Akhetaten) of the army, 86 Akhtoy (family name), 42 provincial, 82--3 Akhtoy III, 43

225

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85150-3 - Egypt and the Egyptians: Second Edition Douglas J. Brewer and Emily Teeter Index More information

226 Index

al-Dahr, Mohammed Sa’im, 5 Amunemhet I, 43, 44, 45, 161 Alexander (name), 129 Chronology, xiv Alexander the Great, 2, 30, 58 Instructions of Amunemhet, 43 Chronology, xvi Amunemhet II Alexandria, 2, 3, 4, 7, 62 Chronology, xiv Amarna Amunemhet III, 3, 44, 161 Glossary, xvii Chronology, xiv see also Akhenaten; Amarna Period; see also Hawara; labyrinth Tell el Amarna (Akhetaten) Amunet, 99 Amarna Letter, 51, 54, 63 Amunhotep (family name), 80 Glossary, xvii Amunhotep I, 30, 51, 83, 115 Amarna Period, 52--4 Chronology, xiv religion of, 105 Amunhotep II, viii, 80 representation of human ﬁgure in, Chronology, xiv 205--6 Amunhotep III, xvii, 49, 51, 52, 201 see also Amarna; Tell el Amarna Chronology, xiv (Akhetaten) palace of Amunhotep III, viii Amasis, 122 Temple of Amunhotep III, xviii, Chronology, xv 186 Amduat, 49, 183 see also Malkata Amenemope Amunhotep IV, 52, 205 Chronology, xv Chronology, xiv Amenmesse see also Akhenaten Chronology, xv Amunhotep son of Hapu, 106--7 Amratian Amun-Ra, 98, 183 Glossary, xvii Anatolia, 49 in Predynastic sequence, 34 ancestor, 107--8 Table 3.1, 34 Ani (Instructions of), 114, 121 amulet, xix, xxii, 168--9 animal skin, 51 Glossary, xvii ankh, 136 Amun Glossary, xvii as supreme god, 105 Ankhsheshenqy (Instructions of), association with king, 79, 83 125 cultofAmun,47--8, 55--6 Ankhtyfy of Moalla, 43 division of, 86 Ankhu (autobiography of), 81 domain of Amun, 48, 56, 57 anthropologist, xi, 60 erasingofname,53 Antiquities Department, 11 family of, 99 see also Antiquities Service God’s Wife of, 49 Antiquities Service, 9, 10 in Kushite Period, 57 see also Antiquities Department in Opet festival, 104--5 Anukis, 27 multiplicity of forms, 98 Apis oracular consultation, 89 Glossary, xvii statue of, 99 Temple of Apis, 3 see also God’sWifeofAmun; apprenticeship, 92, 138 Karnak Temple; Temple of Apries Amun Chronology, xv

Index 227

Arab representation as substitution, 139, Arab conquest, xvi, 4 170, 189, 195, 206 destruction of monuments, 4--5 representation of human figure, interest in Ancient Egypt, 4--5, 6, 15 197--206 rule of Egypt, 209 symbolic nature, 189, 195 Arab historians, 5 see also temple scene; tomb scene Arabic, 4, 127, 132, 139, 140 artisans, 138, 189--90, fig. 11.1 archaeology, xi, 15 Ashmolean Museum, vii, ix, xii anthropological archaeology, xi Ashur, xvii archaeological method, 12 Ashurbanipal, 57 archaeologist, xi, xvii, 10, 15, 31, Annals of Ashurbanipal, 57 75 Assyria, 51, 55, 57 Egyptian archaeology, 12--15 Assyrian, 46, 49, 54--5, 208 Archaic Period Glossary, xvii Glossary, xix, xxii astronomy, 30 historical sources for, 37 Aswan royal tombs of, xx cataract at, xviii see also Early Dynastic Period gods of, 27 architecture, 142--6, 164 quarries at, 177 architectural feature, xviii, xix, xxi, temples of, 27 xxii theNileat,21 architectural ornamentation, xx, AswanHighDam,xi,15, 21 193--4 Atbara, 24, 25 building techniques and materials, Aten, xvii, 52, 53, 105, 159 142 Glossary, xvii cone-studded architecture, 38 Atum, 99 domestic, 146--3, figs. 9.4, 9.5, 9.7--9.9 Glossary, xvii imitation of natural world, 17 Augustus, 2 in mud-brick, 176--7 Chronology, xvi of houses in unplanned settlements, aurochs 66 Glossary, xvii of Naqada II, 69 autobiography, 45, 47, 104 of New Kingdom Thebes, 62, fig. 9.9 Avaris, 45, 46, 55 of palaces, 153--9, figs. 9.11, 9.12, see also Tell el-Daba (Avaris) 10.16 Ay, 54 of temples, 159--4 Chronology, xiv stone architecture, 143--6 Armant, 21 ba, 166--7, 173, 174, fig. 10.1 army, 54, 85--8 Glossary, xvii Arsinoe, 129 see also soul art Babylon, 2, 49, 51 archaizing, 58 Badari, 146 conceptual art, 194--6 Badarian, 35 conservatism of art, 189, 207 in the Predynastic sequence, 34 relative size, 201--2 Table 3.1, 34 religious function of art, 189, 195, Bahr Yusef, 21, 22 206, 207 Bahriya Oasis, 22

228 Index

Ballas, 13 Bolbitine (Delta channel), 18 Bankes Obelisk, 131, fig. 8.4 Book of Exodus, 4 banquet, 121 Book of Gates, 49, 183 Bareri, 18 Book of the Dead, 174, fig. 10.4 bark, fig. 6.2 Book of the Dead Spell 125, 102, 112, Glossary, xvii 170 Barthélemy, Jean Jacques, 129 Book of the Dead Spell 30b, 169 bas relief, 191 Glossary, xviii Glossary, xviii Book of the Heavenly Cow, 49, 183 Basa, 114 box pleat, vii, 117 statue of Basa, fig. 5.2 bp basin Glossary, xviii Delta, 18 branches of the Nile, 68 irrigation, 25--7 British Museum, 8, 9 of the Western Desert, 23 British Museum Papyrus 10068, 62 bathroom and lavatory bronze, xx in Amarna houses, 152--3 sheets on relief, 194 in ceremonial palaces, 159, 185 statuary, 193 battle (depictions of), vi, 55, 86 tools of, 146, 191 bau, 107 Brooklyn Museum, xii Bay, 56 brush, 190 bc Bubastis, 61 Glossary, xviii Bucolic (Delta channel), 18 beer, 121--2, 124--5 Buhen, 43, 70, fig. 4.5a, b Bekenkhonsu, 116 bull, xvii, 22 Belzoni, Giovanni, 8--9, 10, fig. 1.1 bureaucracy, 96--7 Beni Hasan, 42 importance in the Pharaonic Bent Pyramid, 180 state, 39 Berber, 127 importance of the scribe in, 91 Berlin Museum, 12 of the New Kingdom state, 47 Bes, 105 role in the Pharaonic state, 80--2 Biban el Molouk, xxiii vizier’s role in, xxiii Bible, 4, 57 burial bitumen, 5 of royal family in Step Pyramid, Glossary, xviii 177 Blue Nile, 24, 25 son’s responsibility for the father’s, boat 110, 112 in festival processions, 209 variations in style of, 169--70 in the royal funerary complex, 176, see also funerary equipment; tomb 182 burned brick, 143 in tomb scenes, 196, fig. 11.7 Buto, 36, 38, 74, 89 in travel and transportation, Butzer, Karl W., 76, 77 28 Table 4.1, 76 navy, 86 bwt, 94 on Predynastic pottery, vi, 36 Byzantine, 209 sacred boat, xvii, 101, 161 Byzantine emperor, 209 sun bark, 98 Byzantine Period, xvi, 22

Index 229

C-14 cataract, xi, xviii, xxi, 21 Glossary, xviii fifth cataract, 52 Caesar first cataract, xi, 27, 69, 74 Chronology, xvi Glossary, xviii Cairo second cataract, 43, 44, 69 built from Pharaonic monuments, 5 Caton-Thompson, Gertrude, 69 Napoleon’s entrance, 6 cattle, xvii, 31--2, 35 Nile at, 21 causeway, 180 calcium carbonate, 190 cavalry, 86 calendar, 31 cavetto cornice, 142, 161, 179, fig. 9.1 see also akhet; peret; shemu Glossary, xviii caliph, 209, 210 Caviglia, T. B., 1 Cambyses, 58 cedar, 40, 162, 182, 193 Chronology, xv Cemetery U, 37, 38 Canaanite, 88 cenotaph, 175 Caneiro, Robert, 17 Glossary, xviii environmental conscription, 17 ceramic analysis, 14 canopic Chadic, 127 canopic chest, xviii Champollion, Jean François, 11, 12, 131 canopic coffin, xviii Précis du Système Hiéroglyphique, 131 canopic jar, xviii, 169, fig. 10.3 chapel of the hearing ear, 106 Canopic (branch of the Nile), 18 Chapelle Rouge, 48 Canopis, xviii Chariot, 46, 86 capital childbearing, 112--14 Akhenaten’s, xvii, 52, 62 Childe, V. Gordon, 17 as a center of production, 75 see also oasis hypothesis in Dynasty 13, 44 children, 96, 102, 110, 113--15, 125 in the Early Dynastic Period, 39 adoption, 115 in the Middle Kingdom, 22, 43 childhood, 115 in the New Kingdom, 47 daughter, 125 in the Ptolemaic Period, 2 son, 115, 125 in the Third Intermediate Period, 56 Christian Period, 134, 208 Memphis, 62, 75 Christianity, xviii, 4, 58, 128, 210 of Kush, 51 chronology, xvi of nomes, 66, 74, 75 fixed date, 30 of the Hyksos, 45 historical sources for, 30--1 Ramesside, 55 of the Predynastic period, 14 Thebes, 62 circumcision, 115 caravan, 22 circumpolar star, 181, 182 Carnegie Museum, xii city, 61--5 carnelian, 194 anthropological concept, 60 cartonnage, 167 city plan, 37 Glossary, xviii city walls, 143 cartouche, 52, 80, 91, 129, 131 Egyptian forms of urbanism, 74--5 Glossary, xviii Egyptian terms for, 60 see also nomen; prenomen; royal in settlement distribution models, 75 name in settlement hierarchies, 61, 76

230 Index

city (cont.) replacement of older scripts, 128 in the Middle Kingdom, 44 superseded by Arabic, 127 role in administration, 77 written language, vii, 132, 141 role in society, 66, 72 Coptos, 42, 46, 62, 74 Table 4.1, 76 Coptite kings, 42 see also niwt coronation, 80, 103 city-state corvée, 75, 95--6 as a model of settlement, 73, 75 Glossary, xviii Levantine, 49, 54 cosmetic, xxi, 119, 172 Mesopotamian, 73--4, 75 cosmology, 159, 164 Predynastic, 37 see also religion; theology class court elite, 4, 47, 52, 63, 75, 80, 112 architectural feature, xxii, 150, 159, lower class, 121 162, 174 peasant, 93--4, 97, 112 of justice, xxiii, 68, 82, 84 relative life expectancies, 114--15 see also kenbet social complexity, xxii craftsmen, 49, 62, 74, 75, 92--3, 189--90, upwards mobility, 47, 91, 94, 138 207 Cleopatra (name), vii, 131 craft shop, 93 Cleopatra VII, 2 creation myth, 99 Chronology, xvi creator god, xvii, 190, 206 climate, 24--5, 41 Cretan, 14 see also ecology; environment Crete, 46 cloak, 117, fig. 7.4 crook and flail, 79 clothing, 116--19,figs.7.2--7.5, 11.12a, b crusader, 5 coffin, 103, 167, 168, 174, 191 cryptography, 132--3 anthropoid coffin, xviii, 167 cubit Coffin Text, xxii Glossary, xviii Colossi of Memnon, 3, 186 cult Glossary, xviii expansion in the New Kingdom, 48 column, 159, 164 in temples, xix, 99--101, 102, 125 columned hall, xx, 156, 161 priestly roles in, 90 conscription, 40, 44, 85, 86 restoration of, 54 Constantine, Emperor, 210 towns as cultic centers, 66 copper cult statue statuary, 193 in oracles, 85, 107 tools of, 146, 191 in processions, 107 trade in, 36 in the Opet festival, 48 use in pigment, 190 of gods, xvii, xxi, 99--101, 162, 164 copper carbonate, 190 of kings, xvii, xxi, 181--2, 185 Coptic, 134 of private persons, xxii, 173 as an aid to vocalization of cultural evolution, xi, xii, 58--9, 209 hieroglyphs, 129, 140 cultural transformation, 209--10 Coptic Church, 127 cuneiform, xvii, 51 direction of writing, 134 Cushitic, 127 Glossary, xviii cylinder seal, 37, 38 Kircher’s work on, 128--9 Cyril, Patriarch, 4

Index 231

daily life, 17, 71, 77, 90, 91--2, 97, 209--10 demotic, vii, 7, 129, 132, 133--4, Dakhla Oasis, 22 141 Damietta (branch of the Nile), 18 Glossary, xix dancing, 121, 123 demy, 60 Darb el-Arbayin, 22 see also town Darius I, 58 Den, 38 Chronology, xv Chronology, xiii Darius III, 58 tomb of Den, 143 Dashur, 43, 44, 143, 175, 180 Dendera, 114 de Morgan, Jacques, 33--4 Dendera Temple, 10 de Sacy, Sylvestre, 129 Denon, Dominique Vivant, 8 death, 98, 102--3, 139, 166--70, 187 Déscription de l’Égypte, La, 7--8, 11 afterlife, xxi, xxii, 53, 94, 95, 166, 167 Glossary, xix underworld, xviii desert, 22 death of Pharaonic civilization, 208--10 see also Eastern Desert; Western Desert deben Deshret, 22 Glossary, xviii see also Kemet decans, 169 desiccation, 168 decipherment of hieroglyph, 11, 12, Diodorus Siculus, 2, 115 128--31, 141 Glossary, xix Deir el Bahari, 52, 186 diplomacy, 49--51, 54 see also Hatshepsut diplomatic marriage, 49--51, 54, 57 Deir el Medina, 49, 84, 85, 96, 170 divine adoratress, 49 as a planned town, 66--8 divine birth, 79 barter in, 93 Djedefre houses of, 146, 153,fig.9.8 Chronology, xiii literacy in, 115 Djedhor (statue of), fig. 7.1 marriage in, 111 Djehutynefer (tomb of), fig. 9.9 plan of, fig. 4.4 Djer strike of workmen at, 56 Chronology, xiii wise women at, 107 tomb of Djer, 176 work registers from, 114 Djet, 122 delle Valle, Pietro, 5 Chronology, xiii Delta Djoser, 1, 27, 82, 176, 177, 179, 180 as an ancient geographical zone, 18 Chronology, xiii definition/description of, 18--21 see also Djoser Pyramid Complex enemies of, xxi Djoser Pyramid Complex, 143, 161, forts of, 69 176--9, figs. 9.3, 9.15, 10.8--10.11 geziras in, xix South Tomb, 177--8, 179, 180 Glossary, xix, xx see also Djoser; sed festival; Step Hyksos settlement in, xx Pyramid Neolithic settlement in, 31 dolerite, 146 nomes of, 82 domestication, xxi, 31--2 prehistoric environment of, 25 dress, 90 settlement patterns in, 68 Drovetti, Bernardino, 9 wine production in, 122 drum, 123, 124 see also eastern Delta; Ta-mehu drunkenness, 122--3, 125, fig. 7.7

232 Index

dynasty Dynasty 8, 42 Glossary, xix Chronology, xiv Dynasty 0 Dynasty 9 Chronology, xiii Chronology, xiv definition of, 37 Herakleopolitan Period, 42 ivory tags, 127, fig. 8.1 see also Herakleopolitan Period kingship in, 79 Dynasty 10, 42 Dynasty 1 Chronology, xiv Chronology, xiii see also Herakleopolitan Period Glossary, xix, xxii Dynasty 11, 42 kingship in, 37, 38--9 Chronology, xiv royal tombs of, 143, 170, 174, 176, Dynasty 12, 43--4 fig. 10.7 Chronology, xiv Dynasty 2, 39 funerary religion of, xxii Chronology, xiii Dynasty 13, 44, 45 Glossary, xix, xxii Chronology, xiv royal tombs of, 174 funerary religion of, xxii, 95 tombs of, 172 Dynasty 14 Dynasty 3 Chronology, xiv Chronology, xiii Dynasties 15--16 nomes of, 82 Chronology, xiv pyramids of, 180, figs. 9.3, 9.15, Dynasty 17 10.8--10.10a, b Chronology, xiv royal tombs of, 176 Dynasty 18, 47--54 temples of, 161 Abydos in, 175 tombs of Amarna Period, xvii, 157 vizier in, 80 army of, 86 Dynasty 4, 39, 49 bureaucracy of, 83 Chronology, xiii Chronology, xiv fashion in, 117 fashion of, 119 mummification in, 168 houses of, 150 pyramid building in, 179 Opet festival in, xxi, 104 pyramids of, 182, figs. 10.12, 10.13 religion in, 106 Dynasty 5, 41 royal tombs of, 182, 183, figs. 10.14, Chronology, xiii 10.15 corvée labor in, 95 statuary of, 193 fashion of, 117 tomb scenes of, 174 funerary religion of, 180, 182, 187 Dynasty 19 hieratic in, 133 Chronology, xv pyramids of, xxii tomb scenes of, 174 royal name in, 80 Dynasty 20, 56 vizier in, 81 Chronology, xv Dynasty 6, 40--1 royal tombs of, 182 Chronology, xiii Dynasty 21, 57 nomes of, 82 Chronology, xv Dynasty 7, 42 Dynasty 22, 57 Chronology, xiv cavalry in, 86

Index 233

Chronology, xv in the Ramesside Period, 55 royal tombs in, 186,fig.10.17 in the Third Intermediate Period, 56 Dynasty 23, 57 Eastern Desert Chronology, xv ancient geographical zone, 18 Dynasty 24, 57 Glossary, xix Chronology, xv Medjay, 88 Dynasty 25, 57 mining in, 190 Chronology, xv ebony, 40, 51, 193 God’s Wife of Amun in, 91 ecology, 17, 28 royal tombs of, 186--7 see also climate; environment tombs of, 174 economy Dynasty 26, 57, 58 Amarna Period’s impact on, 53 Chronology, xv basis in agriculture, 40 demotic in, 134 continuity beyond the Pharaonic games of, 121 period, 208 judicial system of, 84 economic decline, 40, 56 priests and priestesses in, 91 reflected in royal tombs, 44, 49 royal tombs in, 187 role of temples in, 48 tombs in, 174 slavery in, 96 vizier in, 81 two-tiered, 75 Dynasty 27 see also market Chronology, xv Edfu, 21, 43 Dynasty 28, 58 Edfu Temple, 10 Chronology, xvi education, 116, 138 Dynasty 29, 58 Egypt Exploration Fund, 12 Chronology, xvi see also Egypt Exploration Society Dynasty 30, 58 Egypt Exploration Society, xii Chronology, xvi see also Egypt Exploration Fund Dynasty 31 Egyptian Museum, vi, 10 Chronology, xvi Egyptologist, xi, 15, 140 Egyptology, xi, 11 Early Dynastic Egyptomania, 8 Early Dynastic Chronology, xiii El Amrah, 147 Early Dynastic pottery, vi electrum, 194 Early Dynastic settlement, 19 Elephantine, 62, 83 Glossary, xix El Hibeh, 66 houses, 147--9 El Kab, 45, 143 royal tombs, 175--6, fig. 10.7 El Mamoun, 6 Early Dynastic Period, 37--9 emperor, 3--4, 209, 210 environmental change during, 25 encaustic, 191 mummification in, 168 ennead, 99 see also Archaic Period entertainment, 120--5 eastern Delta environment, 28 12th-Dynasty fortifications in, 44, 45 see also climate; ecology Dutch survey of, 76 Eonile, 23 Hyksos rule in, 45 Table 2.1, 23 in Naqada II, 37 Epigraphic Survey, xii

234 Index

Epipalaeolithic, 32 flute, 123 Esarhaddon, 57 Flying Squad, 65 Etheria, 4 folk religion, 208 Ethiopian plateau, 24 see also popular religion Eugénie, Empress, 10 food Euphrates, xxi, 18 at banquets, 121 European consul, 6, 8, 9 for the ka, 166 European interest in ancient Egypt, 15 of daily life, 121 exemption decree, 86 production of, 75, 93 Exodus, 55 footwear, 117 foreign occupation, 45--6 faience, 177, 191, 194 foreign policy Glossary, xix after the defeat of the Hyksos, 46 false door, 153, 172--3, 187 in Dynasty 18, 49--52 Glossary, xix in the Middle Kingdom, 43--4 family, 80, 110, 125 in the New Kingdom, 46 famine, fig. 3.4 in the Old Kingdom, 40 Famine Stela, 27 in the Third Intermediate Period, farmer, 40, 62, 68, 75, 93--4, 95 57 Fayum, 22, 23 of Akhenaten, 54 Neolithic sites in, 31 of the Ramesside kings, 54--5 Roman tourism in, 3 foreigner, 44, 45 Fayum A fort, 69--71 Table 3.1, 34 cataract fort, 69, 70 Fayum/Merimden, 34, 35 Nubian, 43, figs. 4.5a, b, 4.6 feather, 51 plains fort, 69--70 fertility Freemason, 209 god, 27 funerary enclosure, 175--6 of the Nile flood plain, 21 funerary equipment, 95, 170, 172, 183 religious theme of, 110 see also burial; ushebti test for, 113 funerary text, 183, 187 festival see also Amduat; Book of Gates; Book of Amun, 47--8 of the Dead; Book of the Heavenly of Banebdjed, 89 Cow of king’s transformation into a god, 79 game, 120--1, fig. 7.6 processions of gods’ statues, 101, 106, see also mehen; senet; twenty square 107 game Sed and Opet, 103--5 garbage, 73 see also heb sed;Opetfestival;sed garden, viii, ix, 62, 196 festival Gaza, 57 figurine, 13, fig. 11.2 Gebel Silsila, 27 First Intermediate Period, 42--3 Gell, Sir William, 11 Chronology, xiv gender, 202--4 fishermen, 62, 94 genealogical list, 110 flood plain, 21, 25, 68, 74 geological time convex flood plain, 25, fig. 2.4 Table 2.1, 23

Index 235

Gerzean letters in Coptic alphabet, xviii Early Gerzean, 34 musical instruments, 124 Glossary, xix, xx on Rosetta Stone, 7, 129 in Predynastic sequence, 34 respect for Egyptian religion, 210 Late Gerzean, 34 rule of Egypt, 2, 208, 209, 210 gezira, 18--21, 25, 68, fig. 2.2 Greek geographers, 3 Glossary, xix Greek historians, xix, 1, 4 Giza Greek travelers, 1--2 Belzoni’s work at, 8 grid, 190, 197--9, 207, fig. 11.8, 11.9, 11.10 Dream stela, 1 gypsum, 190 Giza necropolis, 62, 172, 174, 175, 183 Giza pyramids, 3, 179--80, 182, figs. Hadrian, 3 10.12, 10.13 hair, 90, 118--19 Greaves’ work at, 6 Hall of Two Truths, 103, 170 Lepsius’ work at, 11 hand-ax, xvii, 24 Petrie’s work at, 14 Hapy, 27 glass, 194 see also Nile goat, 31, 35 harem conspiracy, 56 God’sWifeofAmun,49, 57, 90--1 Harun el-Rashid, 4 gold Hathor, 90, 107 from Nubia, 51 Hatnub, 42 gold mine, 40 Hatshepsut, 48, 52, 80, 104 goldworking, 194 Chronology, xiv in diplomatic exchange, 51 Temple of Hatshepsut, 186 on relief, 194 see also Deir el Bahari on statues, 193 Hawara, 43, 44 tips of obelisks, 194 see also Amunemhet III; labyrinth tribute to Assyria, 57 Hebrew, 55, 127 used in jewelry, 44, 194 heb sed, 39 Graeco-Roman Glossary, xix, xxii adoption of Egyptian cults, 208 ritual circuit, vi interest in Egyptian art, 209 see also jubilee; sed festival interest in Egyptian culture, 15 Hekanakht Letters, 95 Graeco-Roman Period Hekataios of Miletos, 1 Egyptian religion of, 4 Hememieh, 60, 69, 146--7, fig. 9.4 literacy in, 138 Hemiunu, 180 graffiti, 1, 3, 9 henotheism, 53, 105 granite, 146, 177, 191 Glossary, xix Great Pyramid, 1, 6, 39, 179--80, 182, Herakleopolis, 42 187, fig. 10.12 Herakleopolitan Period, 42--3 see also Khufu see also Dynasty 9; Dynasty 10 Greaves, John, 6 Herihor, 56 Pyramidographia, 6 Chronology, xv Greece, 2 Hermopolis Law Code, 72, 95 Greek Herodotus, 1--2, 17, 18, 62, 90, 168, 182 ethnic group, 58, 132 Glossary, xix language, 4, 138, 141 The Histories, 1

236 Index

Hetepsekhemwy substitutes for real things, 139 Chronology, xiii symbolic association, 128 Hezekiah of Judah, 57 Hittite, 46, 49, 51, 54--5 Hierakonpolis Glossary, xix discovery of the Predynastic at, 33 Holocene early shrines at, fig. 9.14 Table 2.1, 23 Narmer Palette, 37 Homo erectus, 24 Predynastic cemetery at, 36, 37, 167 homosexuality, 112 Predynastic city-state of, 37, 38 Horapollo, 128 temples of, 160 Hieroglyphica, 128 hieratic, 92, 133, 134, figs. 8.6, 8.7 Hordjedef (autobiography of), 166 Glossary, xix Horemheb, 54, 79 hieroglyph Chronology, xiv acrophony, 133 Edict of Horemheb, 83--4, 85 alphabetic sign, 136 horse, 46, 51, 57, 199 ankh, xvii Horus, 39, 52, 79, 102, 109, 182, fig. 6.3 as amulet, xvii house, 164 cartouches, 80 at Deir el-Medina, 66, fig. 9.8 depictions of early temples in, 161 at Thebes, 62 determinative, xix, 60, 69, 134, 136, depictions of, fig. 9.9 138 domestic architecture, 146--53 early, fig. 8.1 Early Dynastic, 37 frontal portraiture, 199--200 early huts, 147, fig. 9.4 history of, 133--4, 141 gender-exclusive parts of, 112 honorific transposition, 138 in unplanned settlements, 66 ideogram, xx, 127, 134, 136 living space, 149--50 imitation of nature, 17 models of, fig. 9.5 ka, 166 of Naqada II, 69 Kircher’s treatise on, 5 plan of, figs. 9.7, 9.8 last uses of, 4, 128, 132 Predynastic, 35 learning, 92 tombs as imitations of, 62 ligature, 133 Hu, 13, 21 logogram, xx, 127, 136 Huy (tomb of), fig. 11.7 mutilated, fig. 8.9 hwt, 60 of the Ptolemaic Period, 132--3 Hyksos, 44--6, 49 on the Rosetta stone, 7, 129 Avaris, 55 phonetic complement, 136 Chronology, xiv phonetic sign, 127, 129, 134, 136 Glossary, xx phonetic value, 11, 127, 129, 131, 133 rule of Egypt, 208 phonogram, xxii hypostyle hall, 162, 174 pictogram, 127 Glossary, xix principles of writing, 133, 134--8 rebus principle, 136 iconography, 79 scarab beetle, xxii, 169 idealized form, 116, 204--5, 207 scribe, 92 imeyt-per, 112 sign direction, 133, 136--8 Imhotep, 140 sign shape, xix incense, vi, xxii, 52

Index 237

infant mortality, 114 East Karnak, 72 infanticide, 113 Mariette’s work at, 10 infantry, 86 monuments of Akhenaten at, 52 inheritance, 93, 112 reconstruction of the temples of, see also succession fig. 9.16 inlay, 191 temple of Amun at, 47, 48, 162, 164, Institut d’Egypte, 7 fig. 9.16 intaglio, xx, 191 temple of Thutmose III at, 161 see also sunk relief Karnak Temple Inyotef (family name), 42 Drovetti’s house in, 9 Inyotef VII, 45 Glossary, xx Ipuwer (Lamentations of), 42 Opet festival at, xxi, 48 iron, 146 restoration of, 54 irrigation, 27, 66, 208 Roman tourism at, 3 Isis, 102, 168, 208 Kassite, 49, 51 Temple of Isis, 4 Kemet, 22 Islamic Period, 208 see also Deshret Israel, 55, 57 kenbet, 84 Israelite, 4, 55 see also court Itchtowy, 22, 43, 44, 47 Khaba iteru, 27 Chronology, xiii ivory Khaemwese, 1 ivory tag, 34, 37, 127, fig. 8.1 Khafre, 6, 10, 182 trade and exchange in, 51 Chronology, xiii pyramid of Khafre, 9 jasper, 194 Kharga Oasis, 22 jewelry, 116, 194, fig. 11.3 Khartoum, xviii, 24 jubilee, xix, 39, 52,fig.6.4 Khasekhemwy, 176 Glossary, xx Chronology, xiii see also heb-sed; sed festival Khedive Judah, 57 Glossary, xx judge, 84 khekeru frieze, vii, 142, fig. 9.1 judgment, 170 Glossary, xx justice, 84 Khendjer see also Maat Chronology, xiv Justinian, Emperor, 4 Kheruef (tomb of), figs. 7.8, 8.9 Khnum, 27, 99 ka, 105, 166, 167, 170, 172--3, 181 Temple of Khnum, 27 Glossary, xx Khonsu, 48, 99, 104 Kadesh (battle of), 54, 86 hymn to Khonsu, 113 Kahun, 43, 44, 45, 146, 150, fig. 9.6 Khufu, 6, 39, 179, 182 see also Lahun Chronology, xiii Kamose, 46 see also Great Pyramid Chronology, xiv kilt, 116--17, 118 Kamose Stela, 45, 46 king Karnak appearance to his subjects, 159 domain of Amun at, 48, 56 as administrant of justice, 84, 85

238 Index

king (cont.) Kircher, Athanasius, 5, 128--9 as chief of the state, 39, 97 kom, xxii as chief priest and temples’ patron, Glossary, xx 162 KomelHisn,66 as guardian of maat, 102, 109 Kom Ombo, 21 as head of the army, 86 Kufti, 15 as high priest and temples’ patron, 88, Kush, 49, 51--2 101, 159--60, 164, 210 see also Nubia as owner of all the land, 40 Kushite Period chieftain-kings of the late Chronology, xv Predynastic, 37, 38 cult of, 48, 52, 56, 176, 178, 181--2, 183 labyrinth, 3 defeating enemies, xxi, 162, 189 see also Amunemhet III; Hawara figurine of, fig. 11.2 Lahun, 43, 44, 88, 146 in the Amarna period, 53, 105, 205--6 see also Kahun palaces of, 164 Lake Buruillus, 18 rejuvenation of, xix, xxii Lake Edku, 18 religious support for the office of, 109 Lake Manzala, 18 residence of, 153 Lake Tana, 24 role in Egyptian society, 80 land reclamation, 22, 82 spirit of, xxi language, 12, 127, 131--4, 140--1 statue of, fig. 11.2 dialect, 134 theology of the deceased king, 47--8, vocalization, 134, 139--40 49, 102, 180--1, 182 lapis lazuli, 51, 194 titles of, xxi Late Antique Period, 208 king list, 30 Late Egyptian, 132, 133, 141 Abydos king list, 30 Late Period, 58 as a historical source, 30, 37, 45 Amun in, 98 Karnak king list, 30 Chronology, xv Ramesside, 42, 54 funerary religion of Saqqara king list, 30 law, 83--4 Turin king list, 30, 33, 45 Thebes in, 62 King of Upper and Lower Egypt, 38, 79 Lebanon, 40, 182, 193 kingdoms Legal Code of Hermopolis West, 72, 95 Glossary, xx legal right, 72, 112, 125 King’s son of Kush, 51, 83 legal system, 83--5 kingship, 79--82 Leontopolis, 57 autocratic rule in post-Pharaonic leopard-skin cloak, 90 period, 209, 210 Lepsius, Karl, 10, 11, 12 early development of, 38--9 Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien, 12 in Dynasty 18, 47 Letter to the Dead, 108, 139, fig. 6.6 in the Middle Kingdom, 43 Levant in the Old Kingdom, 39 city-states of, 54 in the Ramesside period, 54 Egyptian rule of, 46 of the Hyksos, 45 trade with, 36 rituals of, 103--5 levee, 18, 25, 68 under the Persians, 58 Glossary, xx kinship terms, 110 see also Nile

Index 239

Libya, 86 Maadian, 36 Libyan, 49, 58 in the Predynastic sequence, 34 Libyan descent, 57 Table 3.1, 34 Libyan Desert, xxiii maat, 102, 109 Libyan Kings, xv Glossary, xx Libyan Palette, fig. 4.1 in judicial system, 83 Libyan Period, 45 in the Amarna Period, 53, 105 life expectancy, 114--15 living according to, 94, 103 limestone, 143, 146, 191 upheld by the king, 80, 84 lineage, 110 vizier’s pendant, 84 linen, 95, 116, 117, 118, weighing of the heart against, 170 168--9 see also justice Lisht, 43, 44 mace head, 38 Litany of Ra, 183 Macedonian Period literacy, 90, 91, 115, 138 Chronology, xvi literature, 39, 139 language of, 132 lithic industry, xxi Mahasna, 147 lotus, 122, 159 Makrizi, 5 love poem, 110--11 malachite, 190 Lower Egypt Malkata, 156--7, 159, fig. 9.10 crown of Lower Egypt, 37, Palace of the King, 156--7 103 see also Amunhotep III Glossary, xix, xx Mamluk, 6, 7 in Predynastic sequence, 34 Manetho, 2, 30, 42, 44, 45 origin of term, 18 Mariette, Auguste, 9, 10--11, 12 Table 3.1, 34 market, 75 Table 4.1, 76 see also economy vizier of, 81 marriage, 110, 125 Lower Nubia, xi divorce, 111--12, 125 Loyalist Instructions, 43 marital property, 111--12, 125 lute, 124 marriage contract, 111 Luxor terms for marriage, 111 Belzoni’s work at, 8 marsh Arab, 142 Napoleon’s expedition to, 7 mastaba, 172--3, 187 Opet festival at, xxi depiction of, figs. 10.5, 10.6 temples at, xx early royal tombs, 175 tombs at, xxiii Glossary, xx Luxor Temple in Stepped Pyramid, 177 ancient name of, 161 see also tomb festival of Abu Haggag at, 209 Maximilian of Austria, Archduke, 10 interconnection with other temples, mayor, 81 164 Medinet Habu Mariette’s work at, 10 as the adminstrative center for Opet festival at, xxi, 48, 105 Thebes, 208 restoration of, 54 ceremonial palace of, 185 Roman tourism at, 3 mortuary temple of Ramesses III, viii, 55, 56, fig. 10.16 Maadi, 36, 69, 147 see also Ramesses III

240 Index

Medinet Maadi, 161 Merneit (tomb of), 176 Mediterranean Sea, 23, 24 Merneptah, 55 Medjay, xx, 44, 88 Chronology, xv Megiddo, 51, 86 palace of Merneptah, 159, figs. 9.12, mehen, 120--1 9.13 see also game Stela of Merneptah, 55 Meidum, 10, 143, 175, 191 Temple of Merneptah, 186 Memnon, 3 Mesheti (tomb of), 86 Memphis, 62 Mesopotamia, xxi, xxii, 31, 55, 208 Abdel Latif’s visit to, 5 influence on early Egypt, 36, 38 apex of Delta, xix law codes of, 83 as a capital, 39, 47 model of settlement patterns, 60, as a city, 61 73--4, 77 as an administrative center, 76, 175 metalworking, 193--4 astheseatofvizier,81 casting, xx, xxii burial of Alexander at, 2 lost wax, xx, 193 in Dynasties 7--8, 42 Metropolitan Museum of Art, xii population of, 75 Middle Egypt, 21 Roman tourism at, 3 Amarna, 52, 62 sack of, 57 Glossary, xxi, xxiii urban sprawl of, 77 in Second Intermediate Period, 43 walls of, 74, 179 Middle Egyptian, 131, 132, 133, 141 see also White Wall Middle Kingdom, 43--4 men, 116--17 administrative reforms of, 83 menat, 90 bureaucracy of, 80 Glossary, xx capital of, 22 see also necklace; pectoral Chronology, xiv Mendes, 61, 66, 74 forts of, 69--71, figs. 4.5a, b, 4.6 Mendesian (branch of the Nile), 18 houses of, 150 Menes, 30, 37, 38, 62 priests and priestesses of, 88, 90 Menkaure, 6, 122 pyramids of, 182 Chronology, xiii slavery in, 96 Mentuhotep (family name), 42 temples of, 160, 161 Mentuhotep I Thebes in, 62 Chronology, xiv tombs of, xx, xxii Mentuhotep II, 43 vizier in, 80 Chronology, xiv military, 85--8 Mentuhotep III, 45 barracks at Tell el Amarna, 65 Chronology, xiv campaigns in the New Kingdom, 46, Merenre 49, 51--2 Chronology, xiv campaigns in the Old Kingdom, 40 Mereruka (mastaba of), figs. 7.2, 7.3, 10.6, garrisons in the oases, 22 11.12a, 11.13 innovations of the Hyksos, 46 Merikare (Teachings of), 42 military award, 46, 94 Merimde, 31, 34, 35, 69, 146 musical instruments for, 124 Merimden role of towns, 66 Table 3.1, 34 weapon, 86

Index 241

mineral, 36 in Valley Temple, 181 Minshat Abu Omar, 36 organs, xviii Miocene, 23 process and significance of, 167--70, Table 2.1, 23 187 Mirgissa, 43 tomb scenes of, 174 Mitanni, xvii, 46, 49--51 mummiya, 5 Glossary, xx Museum of Fine Arts Boston, vii, xii model music, 121, 124 from el Amrah, 147 musical instrument, 123--4 of craft shops, 93 musical notation, 124 of cultural evolution, xi, xii musician, 199, fig. 7.8 of houses, 153 Mut, 48, 99, 104 of Naqada II, 69 Temple of Mut, 116, 164 of soldiers, 86 Mycenaean, 14 soul houses, vii, 147--9 mythological descent, 102 Mohammed Ali, Khedive, 8 monotheism, xix, 53, 105 Nabta, 32 Montuemhet (tomb of), 174 Naga ed Deir (stelae from), 201--2 mortuary temple name cultic use of, 182 as representation of individuals, 139 Djoser Pyramid Complex, 180 compounded with Osiris, 103, 170 in pyramid complex, 181 de Sacy’s and Åkerbald’s work to Kom el-Hisn, xviii identify, 129 Medinet Habu, 56, fig. 10.16 erasure of, 105 of the New Kingdom royal mortuary of children, 114 complex, 48, 183--6 of parts of a temple, 161 royal mortuary complex, 187 pronunciation in foreign languages, Mose (inscription of), 84 140 Mousterian substituted on statues, 205 Glossary, xxi see also royal name mud-brick, xx, 142--3, 164 naos, 162--4 mudif, 142 Glossary, xxi mulqaf see also shrine Glossary, xxi Napoleon Bonaparte, xix, 8 multiplicity of forms of deity, 98, 99 Napoleon’s expedition, xxii, 6--7 mummies Naqada animal, 107 Predynastic city state of, 37, 38 ba’s proximity to, 166 site of, 13, 33, 34, 36, 37 Belzoni’s description of, 8 Naqada I, 35 European trade in, 5 Glossary, xvii export of, 5--6 houses, 69, 147 fittings, xviii in Predynastic sequence, 34 royal, 115 Table 3.1, 34 mummification Naqada II, 35--6 equipment for, xxi clay models, 147 evisceration, 168 Glossary, xix, xx Herodotus’ description of, 2 houses, 69

242 Index

Naqada II (cont.) army of, 86, 88 in Predynastic sequence, 34 bureaucracy of, 83 pottery, figs. 1.2, 1.3 children in, 114 Table 3.1, 34 Chronology, xiv Naqada III, 36--7 fashion of, vii, 116, 118 burials, 147 funerary religion of, xviii in Upper Egyptian Predynastic games of, 120 sequence, 34 government in, 96, 97 Table 3.1, 34 houses of, 149, 150--3 Narmer, xxi, 37, 38 judicial system of, 85 Chronology, xiii kingship in, 79 Narmer Palette, 37, figs. 3.2, 4.1 marriage in, 111 natron, 168 men and women in, 112, 121 Glossary, xxi mortuary temples, of, 183--6 Nauri Decree, 95 music of, 123, 124 navy, 86 palaces of, 153 Nebwenenef, 89--90 population of, 22 Necho, 57 priest and priestesses of, 88, 89, 90 Chronology, xv religion of, 106 necklace, xx, 90 royal tombs of, 182--3 Nectanebo I, 58 schooling during, 138 Chronology, xvi slaves in, 96 Nectanebo II, 58 temples of, 81, 160, 161--4 Chronology, xvi Thebes, 60, 62 Neferhotep (tomb of), vii tomb scenes of, 174 Neferirkare-Kakai tombs of, xxiii Chronology, xiii vizier in, 81 Nefermaat and Itet (tomb of), 191 niche, 172--3 Nefertiti, 52, 105, 140, figs. 11.13, 11.14 niched façade, 38, 143, 175, 176, 178, Neferty (Prophecy of), 43 figs. 9.3, 10.10b Negative Confession, 102, 112 Nile, 21, 24, 28 Neithhotep (tomb of), 34 as a transportation means, 28 neoclassical, 209 branches in the Delta, 18 Neolithic evolution of, 28 definition of term, 31 importance in Egyptian religion, 27 houses, 69, 146 influence on daily life, 17--18 Neolithic lifestyle, xxi influence on settlement patterns, 62, Neolithic revolution, xxi 68, 74 settlement, 68--9 Nile evolution, 22--4 Neolithic Period, 31--3 Nile flood plain, xix, 25--7, fig. 2.4 Glossary, xxi Table 2.1, 23 Neonile, 24 see also Hapy; Nile inundation Table 2.1, 23 Nile inundation, 25, 95, fig. 2.3 neoplatonist, 128, 209 Blue Nile’s contribution to, 24 Nephthys, 102 formation of levees, xx New Kingdom, 46--6 importance for agriculture, 21, 208 Amun in, 98 importance in Egyptian religion, 27

Index 243

low Niles in the end of the Old Nubian salvage campaign, xi, 15 Kingdom, 41 Nun, xvii, 21, 183 measurement of, xxi, 27, 40 travel and transportation during, 28 oasis, 22 see also nilometer modern music in, 124 Nile Valley, 21--2 wine production in, 122 ancient name for, 22 oasis hypothesis, 17 as an ancient geographical zone, 18 obelisk domestication of plants and animals as an aid to Champollion, 131 in, 32, 33 gold tips of, 194 geological history of, 22--5 in Egyptian temples, 162 Glossary, xxiii in modern cities, 209 Map of the Nile Valley, fig. 2.1 of Hatshepsut, 48 Neolithic culture of, 31, 32--3 Roman stealing and copying, 3 Nilometer, 27 with name of Amun, 53 Glossary, xxi obsidian, 191 see also Nile inundation ochre, 190 Nitocris, 80 offering bearer, ix, 170, 195--6 Chronology, xiv offering table, fig. 10.6 Niuserre, 82 ogdoad, 99 Chronology, xiii oil, 36 niwt, 60 Old Egyptian, 131, 133, 141 see also city; Thebes Old Kingdom, 39--41 nomarch, 39, 40--1, 42, 43 army in, 86 Glossary, xxi bureaucracy of, 80 nome, xxi, 39, 43, 66, 74, 82 capital of, 62 Glossary, xxi Chronology, xiii nomen, 80 fashion of, vii, 116 see also cartouche; prenomen; royal funerary religion of, 102, 109, 170 name games of, 121 Nubia Memphis in, 62 alliance with the Hyksos, 45 metalworking of, 193 campaigns in, 40, 46 music of, 123 Egyptian control of, 40, 43, 44, 46, 83 nomarchs of, 82 Egyptian policy towards, 83 priests and priestesses of, 90 forts in, 70 pyramids of, 182, figs. 10.8, 10.12 Glossary, xxi royal tombs of, 176, 182 historical sources of, 17, 47 statuary of, 191 Lepsius visit to, 11 temples of, 160, 161 Nubian commander, 56 tomb scenes of, 1, 174, 189, fig. 10.14 Nubians in Egypt, 44 tombs of, xx, xxii, 173, 183, fig. 10.15 princesses of, 91 vizier in, 81 pyramids in, 186 Omari, 35 soldiers from, xx, 40, 85, 86, 88 in Predynastic sequence, 34 temples of, 48, 56 site of, 36, 69, 146 trade in, 193 Omari A see also Kush Table 3.1, 34

244 Index

Omari B in Upper Egypt, 25 Table 3.1, 34 Palaeolithic period, xxi Omotic, 127 Palaeonile, 23 Opet festival, xxi, 48, 104--5, 109, 209 Table 2.1, 23 oracle Palermo Stone, 30, 33 in festivals, 89 Palestine in the justice system, 85 campaigns in, 49, 55, 57 Oriental Institute, xii city-states of, 49 origin of writing, 127 Egyptian rule of, 49 Osiris palette as father of Horus, 79, 109 Glossary, xxi association with Abydos, 174, 175 Predynastic and Early Dynastic, 13, chapel of Osiris, 185 33, 69, 123, 172 depiction of, fig. 6.3 scribal, 92, Glossary, xxi 136 mummification of, 168 use for grinding pigment, 190 myth, 102 votive palette, xxi, 60 myth of, 102--3 see also Narmer name with that of a deceased person, papyrus, xviii, 5, 92, 134, 136, 159 170 Glossary, xxi Osiris-Apis, xvii Papyrus Anastasi I, 134 Osorkon, 85 Papyrus Anastasi V, 92, 94 Osorkon I Papyrus Brooklyn Museum, 45 Chronology, xv Papyrus Harris, 55, 56 ostracon, 92, 134 Papyrus Leiden 348, 55 Glossary, xxi Papyrus Milbank, viii Ostracon Gardiner 86, 48 pectoral, 194, fig. 11.3 Ostracon Petrie 18, 111--12 Peleset, 55 ostrich, 40 Pelusiac (branch of the Nile), 18 Ottoman, xxiii People of the Sea, 55 overseer of foreign lands, 83 Pepi I, 62 Chronology, xiv Pabasa (tomb of), 174 statue of Pepi I, 193 Paheri (tomb of), 123 Pepi II, 182 palace, 153--9 Chronology, xiv architecture of, 164 per-aa,xxii at Amarna, 63 peret, 31 at Memphis, 62, figs. 9.12, 9.13 Peribsen ceremonial palace, 153, 159, 185 Chronology, xiii in the urban landscape, 66 Persian mastabas imitating, 175 Alexander’s conquest of, 2 palace façade, 153--6, figs. 9.3, 10.10b in Ptolemaic Egypt, 58 plan of palace, viii, figs. 9.10--9.12 Persian Domination, xv, xvi, 58 schools in, 116, 138 rule of Egypt, 1, 208, 209, 210 Palaeolithic perspective, ix, 194--6, 207 desert cultures of, 32 Petiese, 88 houses of, 146 Petosiris (autobiography of), 94

Index 245

Petrie, Sir William Flinders, 10, 12--15, political relationships, xvii 34 polytheism, 105 Inductive Metrology, or the Recovery of popular religion, 105--8, 109 Ancient Measurements from Pyramids see also folk religion; wise women and Temples, 12 population Petrie Museum, vi, vii, xii densities of the Fayum, 22 pharaoh, 79 distribution, 74, 75 Glossary, xxii farmers, 40 Philae, 4, 27, 131, 208 in the New Kingdom, 47 phyle, 88 literate, 91 Piankhy of Amarna, 62--3 Chronology, xv of Neolithic settlement in Upper Piazzi Smyth, Charles, 12 Egypt, 68 Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid, 12 of the Ptolemaic Period, 58 Piccadilly, 9 of towns, 66 pig, 31 working for temples, 56 pigment population list, 111 for cosmetic, xxi Glossary, xxii for writing, 92 portico, vii, 150, 162 imported from Levant, 36 pottery in drafting, 190 canopic jar, xviii manufacture and use of, 190--1 imported from Levant, 36 Pinedjem I pot-making, 93 Chronology, xv potter, 62, 93 Pi Ramesses, 55, 56, 62 precipitation, xxii, 17, 24--5, 41 Piranesi, 209 see also pluvial Pithom, 4 Predynastic Piye, 57 chiefdoms, 82 Annals of Piye, 86 discovery of, 33--4 Chronology, xv houses, 146--7 planned settlement, 66 Late Predynastic, xx Plato, 1 mummies, 167--8 pleating, fig. 7.5 Predynastic burial, 33, 35, 167--8, 172, Pleistocene fig. 10.2 Glossary, xxi Predynastic cemetery, 13, 34, 36 Middle Pleistocene, 23 Predynastic chronology, xiii, 34 Nile of, 23 Predynastic period, xxi, 33--7 Pliocene, 23 Predynastic pottery, 13, 33, 35, Glossary, xxi figs. 1.2, 1.3, 3.1 Late Pliocene, 23 Predynastic sequence, 13--14, Lower Pliocene, 23 34--5 Table 2.1, 23 Predynastic settlement, 19 Plutarch, 102 settlement plan, 69 pluvial, 24 shrines, 179 Glossary, xxii temples, 160 see also precipitation towns, 60 police, xx, 3, 44, 65, 88 pregnancy test, 113--14

246 Index

Prenile, 23--4 Ptolemaic Table 2.1, 23 funerary stelae, 134 prenomen, 80 hieroglyphs, 132 see also cartouche; nomen; royal name patronage of temples, 210 priest relief, 199 end of Egyptian priesthood, 4 rule, 209 god’s father, 90 Ptolemaic Period, 58 high priest of Amun, 56, 57, 89, 90 Chronology, xvi high priest of Heliopolis, 90 fashion in, 117 high priest of Seth, 89 language in, 132, 141 iwenmutef priest, 90 literacy in, 91 lector priest, 80, 90 Ptolemies of mortuary temples, 48 Chronology, xvi priestess, 90--1 in the Fayum, 22 processions of, ﬁg. 6.2 Ptolemy (name), vii, 129, 131 purity, 90 Ptolemy I, 2, 58 sacred bark oracles, 85 Ptolemy II, 2 sem priest, 90 Ptolemy V, 129 the king as high priest, 80, 81, 101 punishment, 84, 95--6 wab priest, 90 Punt, 52 primary settlement distribution, 75, 76 Glossary, xxii private tomb queen of Punt, 52 discovered by Belzoni, 8 Pylon 6, 48 history and structure of, 172--4 pylon, 159, 162, 164 of the Old and Middle Kingdom, xx Glossary, xxii religious texts in, xxii pyramid structure of, 175, 187 Arab accounts of, 6 visited in the Graeco-Roman Period, as symbols of the primeval mound, 3 162--4 prostitution, 125 Kushite, 186--7 Protodynastic necropolises nearby, 174 Table 3.1, 34 of the Middle Kingdom, 44 Protonile, 23 of the Old Kingdom, 39--40, 179--82 Table 2.1, 23 Piazzi Smyth’s interpretation of, 12 Prussian expedition, 11 pyramid complex, 179, 180, 181--2 Psamtek I, 57 pyramid construction, 95, 96, 182 Chronology, xv pyramid town, 62 Psamtek II pyramid worker, 182 Chronology, xv queen’s pyramid, 180 Psamtek III Roman pyramid-tombs, 3 Chronology, xv stone used in, 143, 146 Psusennes I see also Giza; Great Pyramid; Stepped Chronology, xv Pyramid Ptah, xvii, 86, 99, 190, ﬁg. 6.1 Pyramid Age, 39 Temple of Ptah, 62, 82 Pyramid Text, 182 Ptahhotep (Instructions of), 84 Glossary, xxii Ptah-Sokar, 98 Pythagoras, 1

Index 247

Qa’a Ra-Horakhty, 52, 98 tomb of Qa’a, 176, fig. 10.7 rejuvenation Qena Bend, 21 amulet of, xxii quarrying, 143--6 of the king, xxi, 52, 103--5, 182 quartz, xix, 146, 191 rekhet-nesw, 81--2 quartzite, 191 Rekhmire (tomb of), 83, 95, 193--4, figs. queen 9.2, 11.1, 11.4, 11.6 importance in Amarna Period, 52 relief carving, 191 importance in the Second religion, 105 Intermediate Period, 46 see also cosmology; theology palaces for, 157 religious text, xviii, xxii, 49, 134, 139 repat, 81 radical style, ix, 53 see also mayor radiocarbon, xviii reproduction, 112--13 raised relief, 191 Restoration Stela, 53, 99--101 Ramesses (family name), 80 ritual Ramesses I, 54, 79 in the temple cult, 99--101 Chronology, xv of kingship, xix, 39, 102, 103--5, Ramesses II, 1, 30, 54, 55, 86, 186 109 Chronology, xv presentation of Maat, 105 Temple of Ramesses II, 8, 56, 186 Roberts, David, 8 see also Ramesseum rock crystal, 191, 194 Ramesses III, 55, 56, 86, 186, figs. 6.1, 6.4 Roman Chronology, xv administration, 209 sarcophagus of Ramesses III, 8 emperors, 209 Temple of Ramesses III, 56, 186 interest and imitation of Egyptian see also Medinet Habu culture, 3--4 Ramesses IV, 55 neglect of Egyptian temples, 210 Chronology, xv Roman conquest, 2--3 Ramesses V, xxiii, 56 rule of Egypt, 208, 209, 210 Ramesses XI Roman Period Chronology, xv Chronology, xvi Ramesseum, 56, 116, 185, 186, fig. 1.1 priests and priestesses in, 89 Ramesside Period, 54--6 Rome end of Ancient Egyptian civilization, fall of, 208 210 pyramid tombs in, 3 prominence of Amun in, 105 Rosetta (branch of the Nile), 18, 36 royaltombclosurein,183 Rosetta (el Rashid), 7 ranked settlement distribution, 75, Rosetta Stone, 7, 129, 134, figs. 8.2, 76--7 8.3 Re, 52, 86, 182 royal family shrine to Re, 183 burial of, 177, 183 rebirth, xviii depiction in the Amarna period, 52, Red Sea, xix, 74 53, 205--6 Redfield, Robert, and Milton Singer, 208 importance in the Amarna Period, 53 regalia, 79 religious symbolism, 180--1, 183 see also crook and flail residence of, 153, 157

248 Index

royal family (cont.) sanctuary, 159, 161, 162--4 role in administration, 39, 47, 51, 80, see also shrine 82 Sand Dweller, 40, 85 succession to the throne, 80 sandstone, 143--6, 191 women of, 49 Saqqara, xvii, 1, 10, 11 royal hostage, 51, 83 North Saqqara, 107 royal name sarcophagus, 153, 183 honorific transpositions in, 138 Satire of the Trades, 91, 94 Hyksos adopting royal titulary, 45 Satis, 27 in a cartouche, xviii, 91 savant,xix,6--7 in temples, 160 Glossary, xxii on stelae in front of royal mastaba, scarab, 45, 98, 169 175 Glossary, xxii ritual name, 37 school, 63, 92, 115--16, 133, 138 royal titles and ceremonial names, school text, 138 79--80 schooling, 115--16 Wilkinson’s work to identify, 11 Scorpion see also cartouche; nomen; prenomen; Chronology, xiii titulary scribe, 91--2 royal tomb education of, 116, 136 Archaic, xx, fig. 10.7 in the administration, 44, 47, 81, 82, at Tanis, fig. 10.17 86 Herakleopolite, 42 in Thebes, 62 history and structure, 174--87 prestige of, 116 imitating a palace, 153 statues, 106 in Valley of the Kings, xxiii sculpture, 191--3 niched façade on, 143 Sea People, 86, fig. 5.1 of the Middle Kingdom, 43, 44 Sebennytic (branch of the Nile), 18 of the New Kingdom, 48--9 Second Intermediate Period, 44--6 of the Old Kingdom, 39--41 Chronology, xiv royal mortuary complex, 175, Hyksos, xx 179 sed festival, 103--4, 109, 177, 179, fig. 6.4 tomb robbing in, 84, 85 sed festival court, 161, 179, fig. 10.11 visits in Graeco-Roman Period, 3 see also heb sed; jubilee workers in, 66 Sehel, 27 Sekhemkhet Sa’id, Khedive, 9, 10 Chronology, xiii sacred animals, 3 Sekhenenre Sahure Chronology, xiv Chronology, xiii Sekhenenre Tao II, 46 Sais, 57, 58, 62, 187 Semitic, 127 Saite Period, 58 Semna, 43, 70, fig. 4.6 art, 1 Senenmut, 48 Chronology, xv senet, 120, fig. 7.6 Saitic (branch of the Nile), 18 Sennacherib, 57 Salt, Henry, 8 Senwosert I, 69, 161 Salt’s and Drovetti’s rivalry, 9 Chronology, xiv

Index 249

Senwosert II, 150 Sheshet, 91 Chronology, xiv Shetep, 22 Senwosert III, 30, 43, 69, 83 Shishak, 57 Chronology, xiv Shoshenq I, 57, 86 Septimius Severus, 3 Chronology, xv sequence dating, 12--14, 34, fig. 1.2 tomb of Shoshenq, 174 Glossary, xxii shrine Serapeum, 4, 10 Alexander’s funerary shrine, 2 Serapis, xvii bark, 107 serdab, 173 early, 161, 179, fig. 9.14 Glossary, xxii for cult image of the god, xxi, 101, 162 seriation, 14 portable, 101 set, 60 small shrines in countryside, 107 Seth, 39, 86, 102 see also boat; naos; sanctuary Sethnakht Shu, 53, 105 Chronology, xv silver, 194 Seti (high priest), 89 Silwa Gorge, 21 Seti I singer, 90, 101, 123 Chronology, xv Siptah tomb of Seti I, 9, fig. 10.15 Chronology, xv Seti II Sirius, 30 Chronology, xv sistrum, 90, 123 Setna (story of), 111, 112--13, 169 Glossary, xxii settlement Siwa Oasis, 2, 22 early settlement, vi, 19--21, 33, 69 oracle at Siwa, 2, 4 forms, 77 slavery, 96 names, 60 Smendes settlement hierarchy, 61, 76 Chronology, xv settlement pattern, 60, 73--7 Smenkhkare settlement type, 60, 61, 66--8, 77, 146 Chronology, xiv sex, 110--11, 112 Snefru, 143, 180 Shabaka Chronology, xiii Chronology, xv Sobeknofru, 80 shabti, 95, 170 Chronology, xiv Glossary, xxii social complexity Sharuhen, 46 Glossary, xxii see also Tell el-Ajjul (Sharuhen) soldier, 86 sheath dress, vii, 116 mercenaries, 86--8 sheep, 31, 35 Solon, 1 Sheik Said, 42 sonofRa,79--80 Shekelesh, 55 Sothis, 30 shemu, 31 soul, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, 166--7, 187, shendyt kilt, 79 fig. 10.1 Shepseskaf see also akh; ba; ka; soul house Chronology, xiii soul house, 147--9, fig. 9.5 Sherdan, 55, 86 sphinx, ix, 1, 5 Glossary, xxii sport, 120, 123

250 Index

sprue Taimehotep (biography of), 166 Glossary, xxii Tale of the Eloquent Peasant, 84 St. Peter’s Basilica, 209 Ta-mehu, 22 statue see also Delta as abode for the soul, 189 Tanis, 56--7, 61, 186, fig. 10.17 as historical sources, 45 Tanite kings, 57 colossal, xviii temples of Tanis, 56--7 of Akhenaten, 52 Ta-shemaw, 22 production of, 191--3, 205 see also Upper Egypt Roman imitation and import of, 3--4 Tausret showing fashion, fig. 11.12b Chronology, xv votive, 106--7, 161 tavern, 124--5 statuette, xix, xxii, 193 taxation, 40, 47, 66, 72, 75, 82, 94--6, 209 stela tchaty, 80 Dream stela, 1 see also vizier funerary stela, 134 Tefnut, 53, 105 Glossary, xxii tell, xx king’s name on, 175 Tell el Ajjul (Sharuhen), 46 votive, fig. 4.5 Tell el Amarna (Akhetaten) with ears to hear prayers, 106 as a capital, 52, 53 Step Pyramid, vii, viii Central City, figs. 4.3--5 see also Djoser Pyramid Complex Central Quarter, 63--5, fig. 4.3 stone vessel, xviii, 177 description of the site, 62--5 Strabo, 3 Glossary, xvii stratigraphy, xxii Great Temple, 63 Glossary, xxii houses of, 150--3, fig. 9.7 subsidiary burial, 176 Main Suburb, 63 subsidiary pyramid, 180 North Suburb, 63, 73 succession North Palace, 63, 157--9, fig. 9.11 of office, 81, 88, 112, 115 palaces of, 146, 149, 157--9, fig. 9.11 royal, 80 Records Office, 63 see also inheritance Royal Road, 63 Sudan, xi, xxi, 15, 22, 24, 51, 127 South Suburb, 63 Suez Canal, 10 town plan of, fig. 4.2 Sumer, 73, 120 urban sprawl of, 77 Glossary, xxii see also Akhetaten; Amarna; Amarna see also Mesopotamia Period Sumerian, 127 Tell el Daba (Avaris), 45, 55, 146 sunk relief, xx, 162, 191 see also Avaris see also intaglio Tell el Maskuta, 4 superposition (law of), 34 Glossary, xxii Glossary, xxii temple sustenance, xx administration of, 81 Syria, 49 administrators of, 82 architecture of, xix, xx, xxii, 143, Taharqa 159--64 Chronology, xv as milieu for hieroglyphs, 133

Index 251

as part of the urban landscape, Teti 66 Chronology, xiii at Amarna, 63 textile, 51 at Memphis, 74 Thales, 1 at Thebes, 62 Thebes, 62 augmentation of temple, 162, 164 administration of, 186 canals to, 28 as a city, 61 closure and destruction of, 4, 210 as an administrative center, 54, 76 cultic activity in, 99--101 Chronology, xv despoiling in Amarna Period and cult of Amun at, 47, 55--6, 183 restoration of, 53--4 high priest of, 56, 57 domain transfers, 75 mayor of, 49 Greek and Roman patronage and mortuary temples at, 48 neglect of, 210 niwt, 60 in settlement names, 60 Opet festival, xxi, 104 land holdings of, 40, 48, 75, 129 Roman tourism at, 3 of Dynasties 28--30, 58 royal residence at, 153, 185 of the Late Period, 58 royal tombs at, 182 Persian patronage of, 58 sack of, 57 priests’ and administrators’ role in, 88 seat of vizier, 81 processional walkway, 164 Theban Dynasty, 42--3, 45--6 public access to, 105--7 Theban triad, 104 quay, 164 tombs at, 81, 150, 174 restoration of, 54 urban sprawl of, 77 reuse of, 208--9 wines of, 122 Roman mistreatment of, 2--3 Theodosius, Emperor (edict of), 4, royal patronage of, 55--6 210 schools at, 92, 116, 138 theology, 109 temple equipment, xxi influence of environment on, 17 votive statues in, 107 natural phenomena in, 98 with ceremonial palaces, 153, 159 nature of the gods, 98--9 Temple of Amun of Amarna, 52--3 administration of, 89--90 of Atenism, 53 at Siwa, 2 of kingship, 79 construction of, xx, 162 reflected in royal tombs, 49 in the Amarna period, 52, 53 solar theology of Amunhotep III, 52 interconnection with other temples, see also cosmology; religion 48, 164 Thinite royal patronage of, 47, 48, 55, 57 Glossary, xxii see also Amun; Karnak Temple Third Intermediate Period, 56--7 temple scene children in, 114 of Punt, 52 Chronology, xv offering scenes, 162 immigration in, 45 production of, 190--1 judicial system of, 85 smiting scenes, 162, 189 priests and priestesses of, 89 Wilkinson’s work to record, 11 representation of the human figure, tent of purification, 181 199

252 Index

Third Intermediate Period (cont.) tombs of nobles, 183 royal tombs, 186 see also mastaba; private tomb; royal statuary of, 193 tomb; tomb of workmen; tomb tomb scenes, 174 scene vizier in, 81 tomb of workmen, 95 This, xxii tomb robbing, 56, 84, 85 Thoth, 107, 127 tomb scene throne room, 157, 159, 164, 185, copying of, 189 fig. 9.13 fishing and fowling scene, 189, Thutmose (family name), 47, 49, 54, 80 206 Thutmose I, 17, 48, 52, 66, 182 in New Kingdom -- Dyn. 26 tombs, Chronology, xiv 174 Thutmose II in Old Kingdom mastabas, 173 Chronology, xiv Lepsius’ work to record, 11 Thutmose III, 30, 51, 52, 80, 86, 193 of Naqada II/III, 35--6 Chronology, xiv of Third Intermediate Period royal Temple of Thutmose III, 161 tombs, 186 Thutmose IV, 1, 49, 201 production of, 190--1 Chronology, xiv providing provisions for the deceased, timber, 36, 40 170 titulary, 80 showing banquets, 121 see also royal name showing boats, 196, fig. 11.7 Tivoli, 3 showing brick making, 142, fig. 9.2 Tod, 161 showing bronzeworking, 193--4 tomb, 187 showing clothing styles, 116, figs. as imitations of houses, 62 7.2--5, 11.12a burial chamber, xix, xxii, 9, 172, 173, showing craftsmen, 93, fig. 9.2 174, fig. 10.14 showing dancing, 123 cenotaph -- symbolic tomb, xviii showing drunkenness, 123 discovered by Belzoni, 8 showing gardens, 196, fig. 11.6 houses of eternity, 170 showing lotuses, 122 niched façades on, 143 showing New Kingdom houses, 150, of nomarchs, 40, 82--3 fig. 99 of viziers in New Kingdom, 81 showing soldiers, 86 offering chamber, 173, 174, fig. 10.6 showing the mehen game, 121 process of decorating, 93 showing wine production, 122 pyramid tombs in Rome, 3 Wilkinson’s work to record, 11 renovated by Khaemwase, 1 Tombos, 17 rock-hewn tomb, 174 tool structure of, xix, xx, fig. 10.5 flint tool, 13, 33 tomb chamber, xix for quarrying, 146 tomb contents, 170 for sculpting, 191 tomb of Alexander, 2 for woodworking, 193 tomb plan, 11 stone tool, xxi, 24, fig. 11.1 tomb superstructure, 153, 172, 173, tool assemblage, xvii, 35 175 topographic list, 82

Index 253

topography Tutankhaten, 54 influence on population distribution, see also Tutankhamun 74 twenty square game, 120 of the Delta, 18 see also game torus molding, 142, 161, 179, fig. 9.1 Glossary, xxii Udjahorresnet (autobiography of), 58 tourism, 1 UNESCO, xi Roman tourism, 3, 4 unification of Egypt, xxi, 36--8 tourist, 10 Unis, 182 town, 66--8 causeway of Unis, 41, fig. 3.4 access to water, 74 Chronology, xiii definition in anthropology, 60, 61 unplanned settlement, 66 Deir el-Medina, 68 Upper Egypt Egyptian terms for, 60 crown of Upper Egypt, 37, 103 Egyptian towns, comparison to Glossary, xxiii Mesopotamian models, 74 Neolithic settlement patterns of, 68 in Butzer’s settlement hierarchy, 76 nomes of, 82 in settlement distribution models, 75, origin of term, 18 76 Predynastic city-sates of, 37 in Table 4.1, 76 Predynastic sequence of, 34 role in society, 72, 77 prehistoric environment of, 25 town plan, 60, figs. 4.2, 4.3, 9.6 settlement patterns of, 68 town register, 62 Table 3.1, 34 town-house, 62 Table 4.1, 76 see also demy vizier of, 81 trade wine production of, 122 control of trade by forts, 43, 69 see also Ta-Shemaw Hatshepsut’s expedition to Punt, 52 Upper Pleistocene Herodotus’ view of, 2 Table 2.1, 23 in the Naqada II / Maadian Period, 36 urbanism, 74--5 influx of foreign fashions through, urbanization 118 Glossary, xxiii international, xvii Uronarti, 43, 70 trade routes in Nubia, 40, 69 Uruk, 36 within Deir el Medina, 68 see also Mesopotamia; Sumer transportation, 68, 74 Userhat (tomb of), fig. 10.1 treasury, 82 Userkaf, 181 Turkey, xix Chronology, xiii Turkish, xx, 5 ushebti, xxii turquoise, 194 turtleback, 18 Valley of the Kings Tutankhamun, xvii, 47, 51, 53, 54, 88, Belzoni’s work at, 8 99, 101 craftsmen of, 66, 153 Chronology, xiv Glossary, xxiii tomb of Tutankhamun, 183 royal necropolis of the New Kingdom, see also Tutankhaten 48--9, 182--3

254 Index

Valley of the Kings (cont.) mortuary temples at, 48, 183 tomb robberies, 56 town register of, 62 West Valley, 48 Western Asia see also Wadi el Muluk campaigns in, 51, 55, 88 Valley of the Queens, 115, 183 during the Second Intermediate Valley Temple Period, 49 cultic use of, 182 Egyptian rule of, 83 of Djoser Pyramid Complex, 180 foreign relations, xvii, 55 of Khafra, discovery, 10 influence on early Egypt, 38 vassal state, 49 soldiers of, 47 Verdi, 10 source of domesticates, 33 Villa Adriana, 3 Western Desert village, 68--9 ancient geographical zone, 18 access to water, 74 desiccation of, 24 courts, 84 Glossary, xxiii definition in anthropology, 60 in the Late Pliocene, 23 Deir el Medina, 68 modern music of, 124 Egyptian terms for, 60 Neolithic culture of, 31--2 farmers, 75 oases of, 22 in Butzer’s settlement hierarchy, White Nile, 24 76 White Wall, 62 in settlement distribution models, 75, see also Memphis 76 wig, 118--19 potters, 93 Wilbour Papyrus, 56, 96 role in society, 61, 66, 77 Glossary, xxiii Table 4.1, 76 Wilhelm IV, Kaiser, 11 village-state, 73, 74, 75 Wilkinson, Sir John Gardner, 10, 11, vizier, 39, 45, 47, 49, 54, 84, 85 12 Glossary, xxiii The Manners and Customs of the Ancient votive, 107 Egyptians, 11 wind, xxi, 28 wadi, xxiii, 21, 23, 74 window of appearance, 159, 185 Wadi Allaqi, 40 wine, 36, 122--3 Wadi el Muluk, xxiii jar label, 122 see also Valley of the Kings wise women, 107 Wadi Hammamet, 55 women, 112 Wadi Natrun, 22 as craftsmen, 92--3 Wahankh Antef II as priestesses, 90--1 Chronology, xiv depictions of, 197, 200, 202--4, wall, 74, 143 figs. 7.2, 7.8, 11.9, 11.12a, b, 11.14 Walls of the Ruler, 44 fashion of, 116 waret, 43, 83 female literacy, 115 Weni (autobiography of), 40, 85 Herodotus’ view of, 2 West Bank in Dynasty 18, 49 abode of the dead, 173--4 legal rights of, 125 at Luxor, xxiii viziers, 81 Belzoni’s work at, 8 wood, 193

Index 255

woodworking, 193 xenophobia, 51 Wörterbuch der Ägyptischen Sprache, 12 Xerxes writing Chronology, xv early writing, 37 Young, 11, 12, 129--31 equipment for, 92 Young Memnon, 8 see also hieroglyph written record, xxi, 33, 127 Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache, 12