Naqada Iid2/Iiia1 Pottery in the Nile Delta. a Veiw from Tell El-Farkha
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The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation
J Archaeol Res DOI 10.1007/s10814-016-9094-7 The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation Alice Stevenson1 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract When the archaeology of Predynastic Egypt was last appraised in this journal, Savage (2001a, p. 101) expressed optimism that ‘‘a consensus appears to be developing that stresses the gradual development of complex society in Egypt.’’ The picture today is less clear, with new data and alternative theoretical frameworks challenging received wisdom over the pace, direction, and nature of complex social change. Rather than an inexorable march to the beat of the neo-evolutionary drum, primary state formation in Egypt can be seen as a more syncopated phenomenon, characterized by periods of political experimentation and shifting social boundaries. Notably, field projects in Sudan and the Egyptian Delta together with new dating techniques have set older narratives of development into broader frames of refer- ence. In contrast to syntheses that have sought to measure abstract thresholds of complexity, this review of the period between c. 4500 BC and c. 3000 BC tran- scends analytical categories by adopting a practice-based examination of multiple dimensions of social inequality and by considering how the early state may have become a lived reality in Egypt around the end of the fourth millennium BC. Keywords State formation Á Social complexity Á Neo-evolutionary theory Á Practice theory Á Kingship Á Predynastic Egypt Introduction Forty years ago, the sociologist Abrams (1988, p. 63) famously spoke of the difficulty of studying that most ‘‘spurious of sociological objects’’—the modern state. -
Cover Page the Handle
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/42753 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Moezel, K.V.J. van der Title: Of marks and meaning : a palaeographic, semiotic-cognitive, and comparative analysis of the identity marks from Deir el-Medina Issue Date: 2016-09-07 2 THE ORIGIN OF THE MARKS Identity marks have been used throughout Egyptian history. They are amply attested at several sites in Egypt, in the Early Dynastic Period as potmarks, and in the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms as potmarks, builders’ and quarry marks. The use of identity marks for individual workmen, however, and the extent to which they were used on ostraca for administrative purposes are peculiar to Deir el-Medina and the Theban necropolis. Also, the intensity of applying the marks in private context on personal objects such as neck supports, pots, bowls, stools, combs and linen found in the village, the workmen’s huts as well as in tombs, and their use in graffiti throughout the Theban mountains is unique for the community. How can we explain this? To what extent are the marks from Deir el-Medina a continuation of earlier practices? Why and when do we begin to observe the trend toward individuality and personal use? In this chapter we discuss the marks from the Theban necropolis in a broader Egyptian context in order to find out how the system came about, in form as well as in function and usage. We begin with a discussion of potmarks (section 1), followed by a discussion of builders’ marks (section 2), and finally a discussion of quarry marks (section 3). -
Displaced Human Skeletal Remains in Predynastic Period
American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations 6-1-2016 Displaced human skeletal remains in predynastic period Sarah Marei Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation Marei, S. (2016).Displaced human skeletal remains in predynastic period [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/261 MLA Citation Marei, Sarah. Displaced human skeletal remains in predynastic period. 2016. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/261 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Science Displaced Human Skeletal Remains in the Predynastic Period A Thesis Submitted to Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology, and Egyptology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The degree of Master of Arts By: Sarah Marei Under the supervision of Dr. Lisa Sabbahy & Dr. Salima Ikram May 2016 Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my father, who gave me several lifetimes worth of love, inspiration and faith. 2 Acknowledgements My utmost gratitude goes first to my supervisors, Dr. Lisa Sabbahy, for her patience and support and Dr. Salima Ikram for her invaluable input. I would also like to thank Dr. Mariam Ayad for providing me with inspiration and having faith in my subject. My deepest gratitude goes to Dr. -
I General for Place Names See Also Maps and Their Keys
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-12098-2 - Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology Edited by Paul T. Nicholson and Ian Shaw Index More information Index I General For place names see also maps and their keys. AAS see atomic absorption specrophotometry Tomb E21 52 aerenchyma 229 Abbad region 161 Tomb W2 315 Aeschynomene elaphroxylon 336 Abdel ‘AI, 1. 51 Tomb 113 A’09 332 Afghanistan 39, 435, 436, 443 abesh 591 Umm el-Qa’ab, 63, 79, 363, 496, 577, 582, African black wood 338–9, 339 Abies 445 591, 594, 631, 637 African iron wood 338–9, 339 A. cilicica 348, 431–2, 443, 447 Tomb Q 62 agate 15, 21, 25, 26, 27 A. cilicica cilicica 431 Tomb U-j 582 Agatharchides 162 A. cilicica isaurica 431 Cemetery U 79 agathic acid 453 A. nordmanniana 431 Abyssinia 46 Agathis 453, 464 abietane 445, 454 acacia 91, 148, 305, 335–6, 335, 344, 367, 487, Agricultural Museum, Dokki (Cairo) 558, 559, abietic acid 445, 450, 453 489 564, 632, 634, 666 abrasive 329, 356 Acacia 335, 476–7, 488, 491, 586 agriculture 228, 247, 341, 344, 391, 505, Abrak 148 A. albida 335, 477 506, 510, 515, 517, 521, 526, 528, 569, Abri-Delgo Reach 323 A. arabica 477 583, 584, 609, 615, 616, 617, 628, 637, absorption spectrophotometry 500 A. arabica var. adansoniana 477 647, 656 Abu (Elephantine) 323 A. farnesiana 477 agrimi 327 Abu Aggag formation 54, 55 A. nilotica 279, 335, 354, 367, 477, 488 A Group 323 Abu Ghalib 541 A. nilotica leiocarpa 477 Ahmose (Amarna oªcial) 115 Abu Gurob 410 A. -
The Upper Egyptian Naqada Culture Is Best Defined by Its Material
The Nile Delta as a centre of cultural interactions between Upper Egypt and the Southern Levant in the 4th millennium BC Studies in African Archaeology 13 oF pots And Myths – AtteMpting A coMpArAtive STUDY OF FUNERARY POttERY ASSEMBLAGES IN TH THE EGYPTIAN NILE VALLEY DURING THE LATE 4 1 MiLLenniuM bc. e. chrisTiANA köhler University of Vienna, Austria 1. introduction: questions And hypotheses The Upper Egyptian Naqada culture is best defined by its material remains found in the graves of the 4th Millennium BC., and in particular by the pottery deposited therein. Already fliNDers PeTrie used the various ceramic wares and their typological developments as a guide for his Sequence Dates upon which the relative chronology of that period was founded. This funerary pottery was also key to understanding the overall character and distribution of this culture along the Nile Valley in time and over time. Although not without early criticism (e.g. schArff 1926: 71-78), it had been suggested that this culture exhibited a remarkable uniformity over a stretch of hundreds of kilometres (kAiser 1957: 74; riZkANA & seeher 1987: 67; heNDrickx 1996: 63). Any observable changes in the ceramic assemblages were not only considered indicative of the progress of time, but also of more far-reaching cultural and social processes such as ethnic migrations or invasions (e.g. PeTrie & quibell 1896; PeTrie 1920; kAiser 1957). These concepts dominated the scholarly discourse of almost the entire 20th century. Only the last two decades of that century also saw the introduction of a more nuanced discussion when new and ever growing archaeological evidence, especially from the Nile Delta, started to cast shadows on these concepts, exposed their shortcomings and caused scholars to rethink traditional approaches. -
The Relative Chronology of the Naqada Culture
31 Abstract Earliest Cylinder-Seal Glyptic in Egypt: The aim of this paper* is to From Greater Mesopotamia to Naqada decipher the means of transmission of the cylinder- Emmanuelle Honoré seal from Greater Mesopotamia to Egypt which Université de Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne occurs during the Naqada IIc- 61, rue Florent Evrard d1 period. An autonomous F - 62220 Carvin France Egyptian glyptic tradition Tel.: 0 (033) 6.77.63.54.13 seems to begin early in Late E-mail: [email protected] Naqada IId, around 3300 BC. This school overlay specifically Egyptian motifs Adopted Chronological Systems upon the bases of the Middle Uruk Mesopotamian heritage, The adopted chronology for Greater Mesopotamia [1] something which is especially is the latest, as defined during the Santa Fe evident in the seals’ symposium (Rothman 2001). As for Egypt, the composition. Beginning with selected chronology is that of Werner Kaiser that date, seals in Egypt no (1957) with the adjustments described by Luc longer appear as mere ornamental objects in tombs Watrin who suggested slight chrono-terminology and actually take on their role modifications, mainly concerning the Naqada II- as a functional tool. III transition, and added a precise correspondence table for the stratigraphies of major Egyptian and Near-Eastern sites of the IVth millennium BC Keywords (Watrin 2004/table 1-2). Archaeology, predynastic, The Cylinder-Seal in Egypt: Everything naqada, mesopotamia, glyptic, cylinder-seal. starts in Naqada Only a few archaeological remnants testify as to when glyptics first appeared in Egypt (Figure 1) [2]. The earliest stamp-seals were found in Harageh, at the edge of the Fayum, and in Upper-Egypt at Naqa ed-Dêr. -
Introduction
Introduction 1. GOALS This monograph is an attempt at presenting the development of the Nile Delta in the Predynastic period. Particular attention will be paid to the role played by the contacts between the Delta communities and the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age societies from Southern Levant. Many researchers of the ancient Near East have already presented their interpretations of the Egyptian-Southern Levantine contacts. They concentrate primarily on analyzing im- ports from Southern Levant found in Egypt, dated to the Protodynastic period and the beginnings of the Early Dynastic period, as well as Egyptian imports in Southern Levant dated to the end of the Early Bronze Age I and Early Bronze Age II (i.e. Yadin 1955; Yeivin 1960; 1967; 1968; Ward 1963: 1-4; 1964: 121-135; Amiran 1970; 1974; Gophna 1976; 1987; 1992; 1995b; Ben-Tor 1982; 1986; 1991; Tutundžić 1985; 1989; Brandl 1992; van den Brink 1992b; 2002; Andelković 1995; de Miroshedji & Sadek 2000a; 2000b; 2005; de Miroschedji et al. 2001; Hartung 2001; Kansa & Levy 2002; Levy & van den Brink 2002; Paz et al. 2005; van den Brink & Gophna 2004; Braun 2004; 2011; van den Brink & Braun 2006; Braun & van den Brink 2008; Dessel 2009; Sowada 2009; Czarnowicz 2011). Thus far, more com- prehensive attempts at interpreting Egyptian-Southern Levantine relationships in the early Predynastic period have not been taken, mostly due to the scarcity of source materials. However, intensified excavations in the Nile Delta and today’s Israel and Jordan in the re- cent years have brought materials that shed new light on the origins of Egyptian-Canaanite contacts (Mączyńska 2006; 2008; Braun & van den Brink 2008; Czarnowicz 2012b). -
“Nothing Is Impossible” – the Professor and the Academy 10 KAROL MYŚLIWIEC
CENTRE D’ARCHÉOLOGIE MÉDITERRANÉENNE DE L’ACADÉMIE POLONAISE DES SCIENCES ÉTUDES et TRAVAUX XIX 2001 KAROL MYŚLIWIEC “Nothing is impossible” – the Professor and the Academy 10 KAROL MYŚLIWIEC Professor Kazimierz Micha³owski, the Father of Mediterranean Archaeology in Po- land, was a man of belief. Although he believed in various things, one of his most fre- quently repeated principles was that everything is possible, if one desires it enough. Nothing illustrates this better than his own biography. He never gave up, not even in the long years of complete darkness (19391956), when cherishing any hope in Poland seemed rather naive and ridiculous. As soon as the slightest ray of light had appeared on the horizon, he immediately ran towards it with the enthusiasm of a child, forgetting that he was al- ready fifty six years old. What is more, this was happening more than fifteen years after the outbreak of World War II had dramatically interrupted his activities in the Mediterra- nean (in Edfu). Younger generations can hardly imagine the post-war reality, when merely obtaining permission to visit a Western country became an event comparable to todays expeditions to the moon, and many scholars were completely deprived of that possibility for politicals reasons. 1. Faras 1961. Professor at work, studying pharaonic blocks. (Phot. T. Biniewski). THE PROFESSOR AND THE ACADEMY 11 After the political thaw in Poland in 1956, Professor Micha³owski, already Vice- director of the National Museum in Warsaw and Professor at Warsaw University, immedi- ately started to prepare a comeback to Egypt and to other countries of the Mediterranean. -
Before the Pyramids Oi.Uchicago.Edu
oi.uchicago.edu Before the pyramids oi.uchicago.edu before the pyramids baked clay, squat, round-bottomed, ledge rim jar. 12.3 x 14.9 cm. Naqada iiC. oim e26239 (photo by anna ressman) 2 oi.uchicago.edu Before the pyramids the origins of egyptian civilization edited by emily teeter oriental institute museum puBlications 33 the oriental institute of the university of chicago oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922920 ISBN-10: 1-885923-82-1 ISBN-13: 978-1-885923-82-0 © 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2011. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago This volume has been published in conjunction with the exhibition Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization March 28–December 31, 2011 Oriental Institute Museum Publications 33 Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban Rebecca Cain and Michael Lavoie assisted in the production of this volume. Published by The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 1155 East 58th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA oi.uchicago.edu For Tom and Linda Illustration Credits Front cover illustration: Painted vessel (Catalog No. 2). Cover design by Brian Zimerle Catalog Nos. 1–79, 82–129: Photos by Anna Ressman Catalog Nos. 80–81: Courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Printed by M&G Graphics, Chicago, Illinois. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Service — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 ∞ oi.uchicago.edu book title TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword. Gil J. -
Chapter 2 the Nile Delta in the Predynastic Period 49
Chapter 2 The Nile Delta in the Predynastic period 1. BACKGROUND The Nile Delta occupies an area of approximately 17,000 square kilometers. Today it is for- med by the two main branches of the Nile (Damietta and Rosetta) with a great number of both natural and artificial small canals, coastal lakes and inundations. The Mediterranean Sea forms the Delta’s natural borderline in the north. In the south, the Delta reaches Cairo, where the Nile bifurcates. In the literature on ancient Egypt, the Delta is often referred to as Lower Egypt. However, it must be remembered that in geographic terms, the southern border of Lower Egypt is located at the latitude of the Faiyum Oasis (Fig. 1). Today’s Delta is a densely populated and intensively developed area, accounting for some 58% of Egypt’s ecumene (Krzyżaniak 1977: 26; Ciałowicz 1999: 17; Butzer 2002: 84). Currently, the Delta finds itself in the dry tropical climate, with only a narrow coastal strip in the north enjoying subtropical Mediterranean climate. The lowest average annual temperature occurs in January and is approximately 10ºC. The warmest summer month in the Delta is July, with average temperatures in excess of 25ºC. Precipitation in the Delta is rather scarce and is observed from the middle of October to the end of March. Only at the western coast the annual precipitation is 140 to 190 millimeters. In the eastern Delta, the rain season yields an average of 80 millimeters of rain, as compared to 30 millimeters in Cairo area. In the Predynastic period, the climate of Lower Egypt was more humid than today. -
Predynastic Burials
UCLA UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Title Predynastic Burials Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2m3463b2 Journal UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) Author Stevenson, Alice Publication Date 2009-12-05 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California PREDYNASTIC BURIALS دفنات ما قبل التاريخ Alice Stevenson EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief Area Editor Material Culture University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford Short Citation: Stevenson 2009, Predynastic Burials. UEE. Full Citation: Stevenson, Alice, 2009, Predynastic Burials. In Willeke Wendrich (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz001nf6jk 1050 Version 1, December 2009 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz001nf6jk PREDYNASTIC BURIALS دفنات ما قبل التاريخ Alice Stevenson Prädynastische Gräber Enterrements à l’époque prédynastique In ancient Egypt, the primary evidence for the Predynastic Period, principally the fourth millennium BCE, derives from burials. In Upper Egypt, there is a clear trend over the period towards greater investment in mortuary facilities and rituals, experimentation in body treatments, and increasing disparity in burial form and content between a small number of elite and a larger non-elite population. In Maadi/Buto contexts in Lower Egypt, pit burials remained simple with minimal differentiation and less of a focus upon display-orientated rituals. يأتي الكم اﻷكبر من الدﻻئل اﻷثرية التي تشھد على عصر ما قبل التاريخ (القرن الرابع قبل الميﻻد) من الدفنات، فيوجد بمصر العليا اھتمام واضح خﻻل ھذه الفترة الزمنية باﻻماكن الجنائزية والطقوس، واختبار طرق جديدة لمعالجة اﻷجساد، ويظھر أيضاً بھذا الوقت فجوة كبيرة ما بين دفنات علية القوم واﻷغلبية العظمى من عامة الشعب. -
A Comparison of the Polychrome Geometric Patterns Painted on Egyptian “Palace Façades” / False Doors with Potential Counterparts in Mesopotamia
A comparison of the polychrome geometric patterns painted on Egyptian “palace façades” / false doors with potential counterparts in Mesopotamia Lloyd D. Graham Abstract: In 1st Dynasty Egypt (ca. 3000 BCE), mudbrick architecture may have been influenced by existing Mesopotamian practices such as the complex niching of monumental façades. From the 1st to 3rd Dynasties, the niches of some mudbrick mastabas at Saqqara were painted with brightly-coloured geometric designs in a clear imitation of woven reed matting. The possibility that this too might have drawn inspiration from Mesopotamian precedents is raised by the observation of similar geometric frescoes at the Painted Temple in Tell Uqair near Baghdad, a Late Uruk structure (ca. 3400-3100 BCE) that predates the proposed timing of Mesopotamian influence on Egyptian architecture (Jemdet Nasr, ca. 3100-2900 BCE). However, detailed scrutiny favours the idea that the Egyptian polychrome panels were an indigenous development. Panels mimicking reed mats, animal skins and wooden lattices probably proved popular on royal and religious mudbrick façades in Early Dynastic Egypt because they emulated archaic indigenous “woven” shelters such as the per-nu and per-wer shrines. As with Mesopotamian cone mosaics – another labour-intensive technique that seems to have mimicked textile patterns – the scope of such panels became limited over time to focal points in the architecture. In Egyptian tombs, the adornment of key walls and funerary equipment with colourful and complex geometric false door / palace façade composites (Prunkscheintüren) continued at least into the Middle Kingdom, and the template persisted in memorial temple decoration until at least the late New Kingdom.