A Cruz, O Gládio E a Espada

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A Cruz, O Gládio E a Espada ELSA MARIA CARNEIRO MENDES CARNEIRO MARIA ELSA Elsa Maria Carneiro Mendes licenciou-se em História (1983), na Faculdade de ELSA MARIA CARNEIRO MENDES Cecil B. DeMille (1881-1959) foi longamente estigmatizado na cultura contempo- Letras da Universidade de Lisboa. Concluiu o Mestrado em História de Arte (2000), rânea e o estereótipo do «estilo DeMille» ficou de tal forma enraizado no imagi- na Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, nário da cultura que foi preciso esperar pelos anos 90 do século XX para se assistir com um estudo sobre A Obra do Arquitecto Rosendo Carvalheira (1863-1919) e ao reconhecimento pleno da sua obra, tanto no âmbito da crítica especializada obteve o grau de Doutora em Letras, no ramo de Estudos de Cultura e de Literatura como nos meios académicos. - Especialidade em Estudos Americanos, na Universidade de Lisboa, com tese Constituindo-se como uma viagem nos denominados filmes históricos do realiza- intitulada A Cruz, o Gládio e a Espada: representações da História no cinema de A CRUZ, dor norte-americano, o presente trabalho assume-se como uma reflexão sobre Série Investigação Cecil B. DeMille (1881-1959), que está na base desta publicação. Professora do Cinema e História, a partir da análise das formas propostas por DeMille para re- • Ensino Secundário na Escola Secundária Dr. José Afonso (Seixal) e formadora de Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra O GLÁDIO presentar as denominadas Antiguidade Clássica e Idade Média. Demonstra ainda professores. Desde novembro de 2014 exerce funções de coordenadora nacional do Coimbra University Press o gosto evidente do realizador de Os Dez Mandamentos pela manipulação de 2015 Plano Nacional de Cinema na Direção-Geral da Educação. Colaborou em artigos múltiplas tradições culturais (literárias, pictóricas, teatrais, operáticas) e interpreta NO CINEMA DE CECIL B. DEMILLE A CRUZ, O GLÁDIO E A ESPADA: REPRESENTAÇÕES DA HISTÓRIA E A ESPADA publicados no âmbito de projectos mais vastos: Dicionário Biográfico Parlamentar: a sua construção de uma teia complexa de fontes que, na perspectiva da autora, 1834-1910 (2005), Portugal Património: Guia Inventário (2007). Tem comunicações se constituem como elementos de afirmação e de identidade da própria cultura publicadas no âmbito de História da Arte e de Estudos Fílmicos. Privilegia como Representações da contemporânea ocidental. áreas de investigação a História da Cultura Contemporânea, os Estudos Fílmicos e História no cinema a área de Cinema e História. de Cecil B. DeMille IMPRENSA DA UNIVERSIDADE 609928 DE COIMBRA COIMBRA UNIVERSITY PRESS 789892 9 Versão integral disponível em digitalis.uc.pt Cor de fundo - C = 88, M = 77, Y = 53, K= 65 I N V E S T I G A Ç Ã O Versão integral disponível em digitalis.uc.pt edição Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra Email: [email protected] URL: http//www.uc.pt/imprensa_uc Vendas online: http://livrariadaimprensa.uc.pt coordenação editorial Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra conceção gráfica António Barros infografia Nuno Riço infografia da capa Mickael Silva imagem da capa Film Projector [public domain] revisão Mª da Graça Pericão execução gráfica Simões e Linhares, Lda. ISBn 978 ‑989 ‑26 ‑0992 ‑8 ISSN digital 978 ‑989 ‑26 ‑0993 ‑5 doi http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978 ‑989 ‑26 ‑0993 ‑5 depósito legal 399078/15 © SETEMBRO 2015, imprensa da universidade de coimBra Versão integral disponível em digitalis.uc.pt ELSA MARIA CARNEIRO MENDES A CRUZ, O GLÁDIO E A ESPADA Representações da História no cinema de Cecil B. DeMille IMPRENSA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA COIMBRA UNIVERSITY PRESS Versão integral disponível em digitalis.uc.pt Ao Carlos À minha avó Versão integral disponível em digitalis.uc.pt DeMille – ou os filmes históricos dele – são agora passíveis da nossa divertida cumplicidade (ou ternura). Raras vezes da nossa admiração. É que os preconceitos de origem cultural e literária estão solidamente implantados. João Bénard da Costa Boy, that movie is four hours long! Teri Garr (sobre Os Dez Mandamentos) Encontros Imediatos do Terceiro Grau, Steven Spielberg Os filmes de DeMille são como como fantas‑ mas, como sonhos, e, se os vimos quando fomos crianças, ficamos marcados para toda a vida. Martin Scorsese He was an opera maker. With DeMille, it was going to be a color‑ ful explosion of imagery, and extras, and spectacle… and Egypt… and the Philistines... and this… and that… you know, it was going to be more than your money is worth, and that’s all people really cared about, they wanted to get more than their money is worth, and C. B. DeMille always delivered on that. Steven Spielberg Versão integral disponível em digitalis.uc.pt S u m á r i o Prefácio I ............................................................................................... 11 Prefácio II .............................................................................................. 19 Considerações prévias ............................................................................ 25 Introdução.............................................................................................. 27 1.º capítulo – O filme histórico como objeto de estudo: uma breve aproximação teórica .................................................. 43 2.º capítulo – «Di quella pira»: A emergência da narrativa demilleana sobre a História (1916 ‑1927) ...................... 67 2.1. A «dama de ferro»: o desabrochar de convenções na representação histórica em Joan the Woman (1916) ............... 67 2.2. Leões, Tigres e Cavalos: o uso de fragmentos históricos em The Woman God forgot (1917), Male and Female (1919), Don’t Change your Husband (1919), Adam’s Rib (1922) e Manslaughter (1922) .................................................................... 86 2.3. Ao encontro do «bezerro de ouro» – o primeiro filme bíblico: Os Dez Mandamentos (1923) ............... 96 2.4. O Cordeiro de Deus: a fixação de uma linguagem em O Rei dos Reis (1927) ............................. 115 3.º capítulo – Visões de uma Roma revisitada: O Sinal da Cruz (1932) e Cleópatra (1934) ............................... 147 Versão integral disponível em digitalis.uc.pt 3.1. A águia e a pomba: um olhar do século XX sobre a Roma de Nero em O Sinal da Cruz (1932) ................... 147 3.2. A serpente do Nilo: um fresco sobre o Egipto Ptolomaico em Cleópatra (1934) ................................ 184 4.º capítulo – Corações de leão: A mise ‑en ‑scène da Baixa Idade Média em As Cruzadas (1935) ............................... 211 5.º capítulo – «Back to the future»: o apogeu da representação da História no pós ‑guerra ............. 253 5.1. A serpente cananeia ou a apoteose do kitsch em Sansão e Dalila (1949) ....................... 253 5.2. «So shall it be written, so shall it be done!», ou o «bezerro de ouro» revisitado na obra ‑prima Os Dez Mandamentos (1956) ..................................................... 289 Considerações Finais ............................................................................ 353 Filmografia ........................................................................................... 371 Bibliografia .......................................................................................... 383 Referências em vídeo na Internet ........................................................ 407 10 Versão integral disponível em digitalis.uc.pt P r e f á c i o i cecil B. De mille e oS laBirintoS Da HiStória e Do cinema A Antiguidade reconstruída por DeMille é uma das questões centrais para a abordagem do cineasta, uma vez que o seu nome aparece desde cedo, associado a uma pesquisa histórica, feita para cinema, segundo as regras algo anacrónicas dos Modernismos, um passado falso recomposto por sinais dispersos, de forma a sublinhar rasuras e saltos cronológicos, uma reconstituição do mundo feita de cartão pintado e de adereços verosímeis (e inverosímeis). Abordando embora a questão literária, Harold Toliver, em The Past That Poets Make, coloca a tónica num outro problema fulcral, indo inclusive para além das fronteiras móveis dos Modernismos, quando atesta que o passado recuperado oferece uma particular intensidade cognitiva, não funcionando as categorias como mutu‑ amente exclusivas. Assim, quase todos os que se reclamam do passado, mesmo no caso de histórias de poder e de batalhas, criam entre si uma rede de distanciamentos, em que a lógica narrativa se sobrepõe à historiografia ou o mito heróico à crónica: Ulisses e Eneias só reaparecem por obra e graça de Homero (já de si uma curiosa espécie de recomposta ficção mitográfica) e de Virgílio; o rei Artur e Henrique V acabam como figuras metamorfoseadas em Malory e Shakespeare. Ou seja, insistimos na sua integridade como criações poéticas e no seu papel na História, apesar da Versão integral disponível em digitalis.uc.pt com o início de celebração pública, Joan e Trent despedem ‑se com o campo de visão já vazio, num momento íntimo e em complexa representação de renúncia aos afetos terrestres, muito interligada com mecanismos de representação da mulher que interessavam particularmente no contexto epocal norte ‑americano. Trent sai de cena, afastando ‑se de costas e, reforçando ainda mais o contraste, no último plano, Joan volta em definitivo as costas a Trent, fica só face ao altar, e a íris volta a fechar ‑se sobre ela, encerrando a sequência. Um intertítulo anuncia «The tightening of the Web», indiciando uma viragem na narrativa a que se sucede mais um plano em dois tons, revelando os intuitos traidores de duas personagens que lançam intrigas ao rei sobre Joan, sendo pela
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