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Biochemical Profiling of Phenolic Compounds in Lentil Seeds

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Biochemical Profiling of Phenolic Compounds in Lentil Seeds Biochemical Profiling of Phenolic Compounds in Lentil Seeds A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Department of Plant Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By Mahla Mirali © Copyright Mahla Mirali, July, 2016. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Plant Sciences 51 Campus Dr. University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (S7N 5A8) i ABSTRACT Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) is an annual cool-season legume with a variety of seed coat colours. Seed coat colour is an important grading factor that affects the market value of lentils. In lentil, two independent loci gray ground colour (Ggc) and tan ground colour (Tgc) determine the four basic seed coat background colours; brown (Ggc Tgc), gray (Ggc tgc), tan (ggc Tgc) and green (ggc tgc). The zero tannin locus (tan) is epistatic to the tgc locus, producing clear seed coats. Lentil is a good source of protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber components, minerals, vitamins, and secondary metabolites that include phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds produce different pigments in plants and bring health benefits to humans. The overall objective of this study was to determine the relationship between seed coat colour and phenolic compounds in lentil. In the first study, comparison of the phenolic profiles of four seed coat background colours in lentil (i.e., brown, gray, tan, and green) was performed using an optimized liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. The results showed that for the levels of various phenolic compounds in lentil seeds varied with the seed coat colour. Specifically, seed coats of lentil genotypes carrying the homozygous recessive tgc allele (green and gray seed coats) had higher amounts of flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, and some flavonols. In the second study, a comparison was made between the phenolic profiles of lentil seed coats that do not express the Tgc phenotype (genotype Tgc tan) and those that express Tgc (genotype Tgc Tan). The LC-MS analysis detected several compounds ii that were not influenced by tan, notably the phenolic acids, flavones, some flavonols, and some of dihydroflavonols. In contrast, myricetin, dihydromyricetin, and flavan-3-ols, and proanthocyanidin oligomers were detected only in Ggc Tgc Tan lines and therefore appear to be controlled by tan. The molecular analysis showed that tan is a basic-helix- loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor that could interact with the regulatory genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway for the enzymes flavonoid-3’,5’-hydroxylase (F3’5’H) and dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR). The third study measured the effect of long term storage on specific changes in phenolic compounds in lentil seeds. Increases in phenolic acids and flavones occur in green lentil seeds during storage, possibly because of the breakdown of more complex species into smaller subunits. More interestingly, a significant decrease in 27 flavan-3- ols and proanthocyanidins also occurs. Polymerization of flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins and their conjugation to cellular constituents could reduce their extractability and produce dark pigments in long stored lentil seeds. In conclusion, these studies determined that there is a relationship between phenolic compounds, specifically flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins, and seed coat colour genes tgc and tan in lentil. The findings of this study will help to develop future breeding strategies for lentil cultivars with aesthetic properties and nutritional benefits that appeal to consumers. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank my co-supervisors Drs. Albert Vandenberg and Randy W. Purves for their insightful guidance and strong support. This research would not be successful without their help and assistance. I would, also, appreciate Dr. Kirstin Bett for her valuable suggestions and comments on my research project. My special thanks to Stephen J. Ambrose at NRC-PBI for his patient and kindness in teaching me the good knowledge I needed for my project. The help by my advisory committee members and technical support by the pulse breeding crew is highly appreciated. Finally, I acknowledge the financial assistance from the NSERC Industrial Research Chair Program, Saskatchewan Pulse Growers, instrumentation provided by Thermo Fisher Scientific (San Jose, CA), and additional support provided by the College of Medicine Health Sciences facility. iv DEDICATION To my husband who supported me with his profound suggestions and unconditional love v TABLE OF CONTENTS PERMISSION TO USE ................................................................. ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................. v DEDICATION ............................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................ ix LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................... x LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................. xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................ xv CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................ 5 2.1. Lentil ................................................................................................. 5 2.2. Phenolic Compounds ..................................................................... 8 2.3. Prologue to Chapter 3 ................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 3 – PROFILING THE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF THE FOUR MAJOR SEED COAT TYPES IN LENTIL ............... 23 3.1. Abstract ........................................................................................... 23 3.2. Introduction .................................................................................... 23 3.3. Materials and Methods ................................................................... 24 3.4. Results ............................................................................................ 33 3.5. Discussion ...................................................................................... 39 3.6. Conclusion ...................................................................................... 41 3.7. Prologue to Chapter 4 .................................................................... 42 vi CHAPTER 4 – BIOCHEMISTRY AND GENETICS OF ZERO- TANNIN LENTILS ....................................................................... 43 4.1. Abstract ........................................................................................... 43 4.2. Introduction .................................................................................... 43 4.3. Materials and Methods ................................................................... 46 4.4. Results ............................................................................................ 50 4.5. Discussion ...................................................................................... 55 4.6. Conclusion ...................................................................................... 60 4.7. Prologue to Chapter 5 .................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 5 – PHENOLIC PROFILING OF GREEN LENTIL SEEDS SUBJECTED TO LONG-TERM STORAGE .................. 62 5.1. Abstract ........................................................................................... 62 5.2. Introduction .................................................................................... 62 5.3. Materials and Methods ................................................................... 65 5.4. Results ............................................................................................ 68 5.5. Discussion ...................................................................................... 72 5.6. Conclusion ...................................................................................... 76 CHAPTER 6 – GENERAL DISCUSSION ................................... 77 6.1. Discussion ...................................................................................... 77 6.2. Future Work .................................................................................... 81 LITERATURE CITED
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