DOCSLIB.ORG

Penetration of the Polyflavonoids and Simple Phenolics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Penetration of the Polyflavonoids and Simple Phenolics 420 Penetration of the Polyflavonoids and Simple Phenolics: A Mechanistic Investigation of Vegetable Tanning by Bo Teng,1 Jiacheng Wu1 and Wuyong Chen1,2* 1National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, P.R. China 2Key Laboratory for Leather Chemistry and Engineering of the Education Ministry, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, P.R. China Abstract to help improving the vegetable tanning agents crafts, leather chemists put in massive amounts of efforts to study the Mechanisms of tanning are the fundamental base for predicting mechanisms which age-related the tannin-collagen 4-6 and developing new tanning agents and technologies. However, interactions. many mechanistic questions remain for us, such as: How does the penetration happen? How do the phenolic compounds work The hydrophobic-hydrogen bonding theory is widely accepted to individually? In this study, penetration processes of the tannin describe the interactions between proteins and phenolics. This extracts were investigated with the Bayberry extract theory highlights the importance of both hydrophobic and (prodelphenidins), the Larch extract (procyanidins) and the hydrophilic sites of the tannin and protein molecules, meanwhile Acacia Mangiumextract (prodelphenidin-procyanidin it is considered as the fundamental base to understand their 7-8 complexes) used as tanning agents. During the process, the interactions. Covington provided the “rigid, non-rigid” theory tanning liquids were regularly sampled and the simple phenolics and deduced the relationships between structural and thermal 9 and polyflavonoids were quantified respectively with a Prussian properties. In this theory, not only the hydrogen bonds, but also blue assay, a conductivity analysis, an acid-butanol assay as well the size and rigidity of the tannin molecules are all considered as as a HPLC analysis. The results showed that, during tannin, the determinants of the cross-links. Furthermore, it also explained concentration of polyflavonoids in the tanning liquid decreased the differences of shrinkage temperatures between vegetable continuously. In contrast, for the simple phenolics, the tanned hides. concentration decreased at first and later increased. Therefore, penetration processes of the tannin extracts can be described as: Since a collagen microfibril model was developed, computer- in the beginning, both simple phenolics and polyflavonoids assisted modeling has become a very useful tool to visualize their 10-12 started to penetrate; then the simple phenolics completed their interactions. Brown prepared a type I collagen microfibril penetration first and reversibly bound with collagens; in the model which was consisted of 15 polypeptide chains of 315 meantime, the polyflavonoids were still penetrating and amino acid residues each. After docking the typical phenolics gradually replacing those simple ones from collagen matrix; at (catechin, gallic acid, gallotannin etc.), some residues were the end of the tanning processes, most of the simple phenolics identified as favorable binding sites, including proline, were replaced by the polyflavonoids, meanwhile they were hydroxyproline, arginine, alanine, isoleucine as well as the gap 13-15 migrated back into the tanning liquids. The results will provide region of the microfiber. These results are very comparable to valuable information to help understanding the mechanism of the ones obtained with instruments like: X-ray diffraction, vegetable tanning. nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) etc., which also reinforced the hydrophobic- hydrogen bonding theory.16-17 These mechanisms are, of course, Introduction indispensable for the industry. However, due to the complexity and diversity of the tannin extracts, the mechanisms of vegetable The vegetable tanning methods have been used for thousands of tanning are still the most unknown ones for us. years. Because of their environmentally friendly properties, these methods are still being advocated in current industry and As we know, tannin extracts are mainly composed of phenolics. are considered as an important part of leather making.1-3 In order For the condensed type, their phenolics can be subdivided into two parts: one is the simple phenolics (non-tannins) with * Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript received June 15, 2017, accepted for publication October 3, 2017. JALCA, VOL. 112, 2017 421 Penetration of Tannin Extracts molecular weight lower than 500Da, the other one is the Experimental polyflavonoids which have the molecular weight ranging from 18 500 to 3000Da. In accordance with their structural units, the Sample Preparation condensed polyflavonoids can be subdivided into: procyanidin The pickled hide (pH=2.0) was obtained through a conventional (formed by catechin/epicatechin), prodelphinidin (formed method. Chemicals used in the following procedure were based bygallocatechin), profisetinidin (formed byfisetinidin), on the weight of the pickled hide. The hide was first neutralized to prorobinetidin (formed byrobinetinidol), etc.19 pH 6.5 with 10% sodium bicarbonate in the pickling liquor. It was then streaming washed with distilled water for 24hr and followed The bayberry tannin extracts, Acacia Mangium, and larch by a 400% float for 2hr. The washing was constantly repeated until tannin extracts are widely used in tanneries. They are famous the conductivity of the float was lower than 30μS/cm. for their outstanding performances on the fullness and penetration properties as well as the thermal and mechanical The following processes were carried out in a water bath shaker properties.20-22 The polyflavonoids in these tannin extracts are at 30°C with a shake speed of 60rpm, and the commercial mainly acidulated prodelphenidins, prodelphenidin-procyanidin bayberry tannin extract (71.80% of tannin content, Wuming complexes and procyanidins. Their simple phenolics are vegetable tannin extracts factory, Guangxi, China), the basically identified as flavan-3-ol monomers (catechin, commercial Acacia Mangium tannin extract (68.12% of tannin epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, gallocatechin content, Wuming vegetable tannin extracts factory, Guangxi, gallate), flavonols (such as: myricetin, quercetin and fisetin), China) and commercial larch tannin extracts (58.03% of tannin flavanols (including: catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, content, Yakeshi vegetable tannin extracts factory, Inner epigallocatechin, gallocatechin gallate) and flavones (luteolin Mongolia) were separately used as tannin agents in different and apigenin) (Figure 1).23-25 trials. The hides were cut into even pieces (1×2cm) and about 50g hide pieces were tanned with 30% vegetable tannin extracts In this study, bovine hides were processed with these tannin in200% floats. 5mL of the BTL, AMTL and LTL were separately extracts, meanwhile the simple phenolics and the polyflavonoids sampled in every 8 to 24hr meanwhile penetration was checked in bayberry tanning liquids (BTL), Acacia Mangium tanning with a stainless knife. liquids (AMTL) and larch tanning liquids (LTL) were regularly tested and quantified with a Prussian blue assay, a conductivity Prussian Blue Assay analysis, a butanol-acid assay as well as a high-performance The Prussian blue tests basically preceded in accordance with 26,27 liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Then the penetration Price’s study but modified with Graham’s research. BTL processes of these phenolic compounds were compared and samples were diluted.1:1500 with distilled water, AMTL and LTL deduced accordingly. The results will provide valuable were prepared using a 1:500 and.1:2500 dilution respectively. information for further understanding the mechanisms of 1mL diluted sample was mixed with 1mL potassium ferricyanide vegetable tanning. (0.02mol/L), then reacted with 1mL acid ferric trichloride (0.02M in1MHCl) at 24±1°C for 15min. After 3mL phosphoric acid (6.02mol/L) were added, samples were kept standing for 2min. After that, 2mL gum Arabic was added then kept standing for another 3 min. Then the absorbance was immediately recorded at 700nm in 1 cm cells, using an UV-1900 spectrophotometer (Jinghua, Shanghai, China). Conductivity Test The samples were diluted 1:100 with distilled water, then the conductivity of the liquids were tested with a DDS-307 conductivity tester (Jinghua science instrument, Shanghai, China) at 25°C. Acid-butanol Assay Samples were diluted 1:100 with distilled water. Then 1.0mL sample was mixed with 6.0mL acid butanol (5%(v/v)hydrochloric acid in n-butanol). After 75min of reaction in a boiling water bath, the samples were cooled with ice water bath and absorbance was recorded at 550nm in 1 cm cells, using an UV-1900 Figure 1. Typical structure of simple phenolics and polyflavonoids in spectrophotometer (Jinghua, Shanghai, China).28 the bayberry, Acacia Mangium and larch extracts.23-25 JALCA, VOL. 112, 2017 Penetration of Tannin Extracts 422 HPLC Analysis the conductivity of a tanning liquids mainly contributed by HPLC analysis was carried out based on Liao’s research, but the these simple phenolics. condition was adjusted to obtain stable peak areas.29-31 Samples were first diluted 1:10 with methanol (10% (v/v) methanol in As it was shown in Figure 3, the conductivities of the BTL, distilled water) then filtered through a microfiltration membrane AMTL and LTL were rapidly decreased to 546, 1176 and 711 μS/ (450nm bore diameter). The HPLC analysis was performed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Characterization and Biological Activity of Condensed Tannins from Tropical Forage Legumes
    1070 T.P. Pereira et al. Characterization and biological activity of condensed tannins from tropical forage legumes Tatiana Pires Pereira(1), Elisa Cristina Modesto(1), Delci de Deus Nepomuceno(2), Osniel Faria de Oliveira(3), Rafaela Scalise Xavier de Freitas(1), James Pierre Muir(4), José Carlos Batista Dubeux Junior(5) and João Carlos de Carvalho Almeida(1) (1)Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR-465, Km 07, s/no, Zona Rural, CEP 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (2)In memoriam (3)Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] (4)Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Stephenville, TX, USA. E-mail: [email protected] (5)University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, Highway, Marianna, FL, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract – The objective of this work was to characterize condensed tannins (CT) from six tropical forage legumes and to determine their biological activity. The monomers propelargonidin, prodelphinidin and procyanidin were analyzed, as well as extractable condensed tannin (ECT), protein-bound CT (PBCT) and fiber-bound CT (FBCT), molecular weight, degree of polymerization, polydispersity index, and biological activity by protein precipitate by phenols (PPP) of leaves of the legumes Cajanus cajan, Gliricidia sepium, Stylosanthes capitata x Stylosanthes macrocephala (stylo), Flemingia macrophylla, Cratylia argentea, and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, and of the bark of this latter species. Differences were observed in the concentrations of ECT, PBCT, PPP, and total condensed tannin among species, but not in that of FBCT.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Condensed Tannin Containing Legumes on Ruminal Fermentation, Nutrition and Performance in Ruminants: a Review
    Canadian Journal of Animal Science Impact of condensed tannin containing legumes on ruminal fermentation, nutrition and performance in ruminants: a review Journal: Canadian Journal of Animal Science ManuscriptFor ID CJAS-2020-0096.R1 Review Only Manuscript Type: Review Date Submitted by the 18-Sep-2020 Author: Complete List of Authors: Kelln, Breeanna; University of Saskatchewan, Animal and Poultry Science Penner, Gregory; University of Saskatchewan, Animal and Poultry Science Acharya, Surya; AAFC, Lethbridge Research Centre McAllister, Tim; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre Lardner, Herbert; University of Saskatchewan College of Agriculture and Bioresources, Animal and Poultry Science Keywords: tannins, proanthocyanidins, Ruminant, legumes, bloat © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Page 1 of 43 Canadian Journal of Animal Science Short Title: Kelln et al. Legumes with condensed tannins for cattle Impact of condensed tannin containing legumes on ruminal fermentation, nutrition and performance in ruminants: a review For Review Only B.M. Kelln*, G.B. Penner*, S.N. Acharya†, T.A. McAllister†, and H.A. Lardner*1 *Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5B5; †Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1J 4B1 1Correspondence should be addressed to: H.A. (Bart) Lardner Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5A8 TEL: 1 306 966 2147 FAX: 1 306 966 4151 Email: [email protected] 1 © The Author(s) or their Institution(s) Canadian Journal of Animal Science Page 2 of 43 ABSTRACT Legume forages, such as sainfoin, and birdsfoot trefoil can increase the forage quality and quantity of western Canadian pastures, thus increasing producer profitability due to increased gains in grazing ruminants, while reducing risk of bloat in legume pastures due to the presence of proanthocyanidins.
    [Show full text]
  • DOCTOR of the University Montpellier
    Dissertation in Co-supervision: University of Tehran-University of Montpellier To obtain the degree of DOCTOR of the University Montpellier Title Preservation of plywood against biological attack with low environmental impact using tannin-boron preservative By Davood EFHAMISISI Thesis defense planned Monday, 21 September 2015 Jury Mr. Bertrand CHARRIER University of Pau and Pays de l'Adour Reviewer Mr. Ghanbar EBRAHIMI University of Tehran Reviewer Mr. Asghar OMIDVAR Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences Examiner and Natural Resources Mr. Saeid NEZAMABADI University of Montpellier Examiner Mr. Kambiz POURTAHMASI University of Tehran Examiner Mrs. Marie-France THEVENON CIRAD, Montpellier Thesis director Mr. Yahya HAMZEH University of Tehran Thesis director Mr. Ali-Naghi KARIMI University of Tehran Co-director Mr. Antonio PIZZI University of Lorraine Co-director i Thèse en co-tutelle: l'Université de Téhéran-l'université de Montpellier Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR de l'université de Montpellier Titre Protection à faible impact environnemental des contreplaqués avec des associations tannins-bore Par Davood EFHAMISISI Soutenance de thèse prévue le lundi, 21 Septembre 2015 Jury M. Bertrand CHARRIER Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour Rapporteur M. Ghanbar EBRAHIMI Université de Téhéran Rapporteur M. Asghar OMIDVAR Université Gorgan des sciences agricoles et Examinateur des ressources naturelles M. Saeid NEZAMABADI Université de Montpellier Examinateur M. Kambiz POURTAHMASI Université de Téhéran Examinateur Mme. Marie-France THEVENON CIRAD, Montpellier Directeur de Thèse M. Yahya HAMZEH Université de Téhéran Directeur de Thèse M. Ali-Naghi KARIMI Université de Téhéran Co-directeur M. Antonio PIZZI Université de Lorraine Co-directeur ii Acknowledgments I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my director, Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.1 Structure Elucidation 14 2.2 Synthesis 15
    , HIERDIE EKSEMPlAAR MAG ONDER University Free State GEEN OMSTANDIGHEDE UIT DIE mml~lmmMMllllllln34300000347405 Universiteit Vrystaat BIBLIOTEEK VER\VYDER WORD NIE THE STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS OF OLIGOFLA VANOIDS AND OLIGOSTILBENES FROM CASSIA ABBREVIATA. Dissertation submitted infulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in the Department of Chemisrty Faculty of Natural Sciences at University of Orange Free State Bloemfontein by Makhosazana Claribel Mthembu Supervisor: Prof. E. Malan Co-supervisor Dr J. C. Coetzee JANUARY 2000 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to the following people: • God the Almighty for the love and support he has shown me throughout my studies. • My supervisors Professor f. Malan and Dr j. C. Coetzee, their guidance and helpful recommendations throughout this study will always be appreciated: • • Proff. Malan for his constructive guidance, critism and invaluable support in putting this work in paper. • Dr j. C. Coetzeefor recording my NMR spectra, his encourangement and unselfish assistance. • Proff. V. Brandt ,D. Ferrdra and NRF sponsor for granting me this opportumity. • Finally the members of the fomily and [riends, Irene,jaqui, Zanele, Vusl and Busi for their love, tolerance and constant encouragement, I owe the greatest debt to them. M. C. Mthembu Table of Content Abstract LITERATURE SURVERY CHAPTER 1: MONOMERIC STILBENES 1 1.1 Nomenclature 1 1.2 Structure and Natural Occurrence 3 1.3 Structure Elucidation 5 1.4 Synthesis 5 CHAPTER 2: OLIGOMERIC STILBENES 11 2.1 Structure Elucidation 14 2.2 Synthesis 15 CHAPTER 3.: FLA VAN-3-0LS 16 3.1 Nomenclature 16 3.2 Structure and Natural Occurrence 17 3.3 Structure Elucidation 19 CHAPTER 4: LEUCOANTHOCY ANIDINS.
    [Show full text]
  • Different Approaches to Evaluate Tannin Content and Structure of Selected Plant Extracts – Review and New Aspects M
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut) Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 86, 154 - 166 (2013), DOI:10.5073/JABFQ.2013.086.021 1University of Kiel, Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding – Grass and Forage Science / Organic Agriculture, Kiel, Germany 2Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection; Julius Kühn-Institute, Quedlinburg, Germany Different approaches to evaluate tannin content and structure of selected plant extracts – review and new aspects M. Kardel1*, F. Taube1, H. Schulz2, W. Schütze2, M. Gierus1 (Received July 2, 2013) Summary extracts, tannins, salts and derivates was imported to the EU in the year 2011, mainly from Argentina, with a trade value of nearly Tannins occur in many field herbs and legumes, providing an im- 63.5 mio. US Dollar (UN-COMTRADE, 2013). These extracts are pro- mense variability in structure and molecular weight. This leads to duced industrially on a large scale. They could therefore maintain complications when measuring tannin content; comparability of a relatively constant quality and thus provide an advantage in rumi- different methods is problematic. The present investigations aimed at nant feeding. characterizing four different tannin extracts: quebracho (Schinopsis Tannins from different sources can react very diverse regarding lorentzii), mimosa (Acacia mearnsii), tara (Caesalpinia spinosa), protein affinity (MCNABB et al., 1998; BUENO et al., 2008). Diffe- and gambier (Uncaria gambir) and impact of storage conditions. rences in tannin structure can occur even between similar plant Using photometrical methods as well as HPLC-ESI-MS, fundamen- species (OSBORNE and MCNEILL, 2001; HATTAS et al., 2011) and a tal differences could be determined.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gastroprotective Effects of Eugenia Dysenterica (Myrtaceae) Leaf Extract: the Possible Role of Condensed Tannins
    722 Regular Article Biol. Pharm. Bull. 37(5) 722–730 (2014) Vol. 37, No. 5 The Gastroprotective Effects of Eugenia dysenterica (Myrtaceae) Leaf Extract: The Possible Role of Condensed Tannins Ligia Carolina da Silva Prado,a Denise Brentan Silva,c Grasielle Lopes de Oliveira-Silva,a Karen Renata Nakamura Hiraki,b Hudson Armando Nunes Canabrava,a and Luiz Borges Bispo-da-Silva*,a a Laboratory of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia; b Laboratory of Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia; ICBIM-UFU, Minas Gerais 38400– 902, Brazil: and c Núcleo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo; NPPNS-USP, São Paulo 14040–903, Brazil. Received June 26, 2013; accepted February 6, 2014 We applied a taxonomic approach to select the Eugenia dysenterica (Myrtaceae) leaf extract, known in Brazil as “cagaita,” and evaluated its gastroprotective effect. The ability of the extract or carbenoxolone to protect the gastric mucosa from ethanol/HCl-induced lesions was evaluated in mice. The contributions of nitric oxide (NO), endogenous sulfhydryl (SH) groups and alterations in HCl production to the extract’s gastroprotective effect were investigated. We also determined the antioxidant activity of the extract and the possible contribution of tannins to the cytoprotective effect. The extract and carbenoxolone protected the gastric mucosa from ethanol/HCl-induced ulcers, and the former also decreased HCl production. The blockage of SH groups but not the inhibition of NO synthesis abolished the gastroprotective action of the extract. Tannins are present in the extract, which was analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ioniza- tion (MALDI); the tannins identified by fragmentation pattern (MS/MS) were condensed type-B, coupled up to eleven flavan-3-ol units and were predominantly procyanidin and prodelphinidin units.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives on Tannins • Andrzej Szczurek Perspectives on Tannins
    Perspectives on Tannins on Perspectives • Andrzej Szczurek Perspectives on Tannins Edited by Andrzej Szczurek Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Biomolecules www.mdpi.com/journal/biomolecules Perspectives on Tannins Perspectives on Tannins Editor Andrzej Szczurek MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Andrzej Szczurek Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw Poland Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/biomolecules/special issues/Perspectives Tannins). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-0365-1092-7 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-0365-1093-4 (PDF) © 2021 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor .............................................. vii Andrzej Szczurek Perspectives on Tannins Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2021, 11, 442, doi:10.3390/biom11030442 ................ 1 Xiaowei Sun, Haley N. Ferguson and Ann E. Hagerman Conformation and Aggregation of Human Serum Albumin in the Presence of Green Tea Polyphenol (EGCg) and/or Palmitic Acid Reprinted from: Biomolecules 2019, 9, 705, doi:10.3390/biom9110705 ................
    [Show full text]
  • USDA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods
    USDA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods Release 2 Prepared by Seema Bhagwat and David Haytowitz Nutrient Data Laboratory Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture September 2015 Slightly Revised December 2015 U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Nutrient Data Laboratory 10300 Baltimore Avenue Building 005, Room 107, BARC-West Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Tel. 301-504-0630, FAX: 301-504-0632 E-Mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata/flav Table of Contents Release History ............................................................................................................. i Suggested Citation: ....................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... ii Documentation ................................................................................................................ 1 Changes in the update of the proanthocyanidins database ......................................... 1 Data Sources ............................................................................................................... 1 Data Management ....................................................................................................... 2 Data Quality Evaluation...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Proanthocyanidin Metabolism in Pea
    Ferraro et al. BMC Plant Biology 2014, 14:238 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2229/14/238 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Characterization of proanthocyanidin metabolism in pea (Pisum sativum) seeds Kiva Ferraro1†, Alena L Jin2†, Trinh-Don Nguyen1, Dennis M Reinecke2, Jocelyn A Ozga2 and Dae-Kyun Ro1* Abstract Background: Proanthocyanidins (PAs) accumulate in the seeds, fruits and leaves of various plant species including the seed coats of pea (Pisum sativum), an important food crop. PAs have been implicated in human health, but molecular and biochemical characterization of pea PA biosynthesis has not been established to date, and detailed pea PA chemical composition has not been extensively studied. Results: PAs were localized to the ground parenchyma and epidermal cells of pea seed coats. Chemical analyses of PAs from seeds of three pea cultivars demonstrated cultivar variation in PA composition. ‘Courier’ and ‘Solido’ PAs were primarily prodelphinidin-types, whereas the PAs from ‘LAN3017’ were mainly the procyanidin-type. The mean degree of polymerization of ‘LAN3017’ PAs was also higher than those from ‘Courier’ and ‘Solido’. Next-generation sequencing of ‘Courier’ seed coat cDNA produced a seed coat-specific transcriptome. Three cDNAs encoding anthocyanidin reductase (PsANR), leucoanthocyanidin reductase (PsLAR), and dihydroflavonol reductase (PsDFR) were isolated. PsANR and PsLAR transcripts were most abundant earlier in seed coat development. This was followed by maximum PA accumulation in the seed coat. Recombinant PsANR enzyme efficiently synthesized all three cis-flavan-3-ols (gallocatechin, catechin, and afzalechin) with satisfactory kinetic properties. The synthesis rate of trans-flavan-3-ol by co-incubation of PsLAR and PsDFR was comparable to cis-flavan-3-ol synthesis rate by PsANR.
    [Show full text]
  • Condensed Tannins in Tropical Forage Legumes: Their Characterisation and Study of Their Nutritional Impact from the Standpoint of Structure-Activity
    The University of Reading Condensed tannins in tropical forage legumes: their characterisation and study of their nutritional impact from the standpoint of structure-activity relationships By Rolando Barahona Rosales B.S. (Kansas State University, 1992) M.Sc. (Kansas State University, 1995) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Agriculture, The University of Reading July 1999 SOLANGE, SAMUEL, SANTIAGO and ISABELA: Contar con ustedes ha sido la bendicion mas grande de mi vida. En esta y en las futuras obras de mi vida se los encontrara a Uds. como mi inagotable fuente de inspiracion. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis is the culmination of a long-held dream, that started in the days I was attending the John F. Kennedy School of Agriculture at San Francisco, Atlantida, Honduras. There, and throughout my days as a student at Kansas State University, my daily interactions with friends and professors kept alive and nurtured those aspirations. Undoubtedly, the number of persons and institutions to whom I am indebted for the completion of my PhD career is enormous. I would have not advanced so far into this journey, however, without the encouragement and inspiration provided by my parents, sisters and brothers, who never made a secret of their satisfaction for my chosen career. Throughout my PhD studies, I was fortunate to receive advice and supervision from four great individuals: At the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) in Cali, Colombia, I received supervision and most invaluably, friendship from Dr. Carlos Lascano. Ever since we met in 1994, Carlos and I have shared the desire to understand the true impact of tannins in ruminant nutrition.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,849,746 B2 Romanczyk, Jr
    USOO6849746B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,849,746 B2 Romanczyk, Jr. et al. (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 1, 2005 (54) SYNTHETIC METHODS FOR Roux et al., “The Direct Biomimetric Synthesis, Structure POLYPHENOLS and Absolute Configuration of Angular and Linear Con densed Tannins”, Fortschr. Chem. Org. NaturSt., 1982, (75) Inventors: Leo J. Romanczyk, Jr., Hackettstown, 41:48. NJ (US); Alan P. Kozikowski, Balas, L., et al., Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, vol. 32, Princeton, NJ (US); Werner p386–393 (1994). Tueckmantel, Washington, DC (US); Balde, A.M. et al., Phytochemistry, vol. 30, No. 12. p. Marc E. Lippman, Bethesda, MD (US) 4129-4135 (1991). Botha, J.J. et al., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin I, 1235–1245 (1981). (73) Assignee: Mars, Inc., McLean, VA (US) Botha, J.J. et al., J. Chem. Soc., Perkin I, 527–533 (1982). Boukharta, M. et al., Presented at the XVIth International (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this Conference of the Groupe Polyphenols, Libson, Portugal, patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Jul. 13–16, 1992. U.S.C. 154(b) by 65 days. Chu S-C., et al., J. of Natural Products, 55 (2), 179-183 (1992). Coetzee, J. et al., Tetrahedron, 54,9153-9160 (1998). (21) Appl. No.: 10/355,606 Creasy, L.L. et al., “Structure of Condensed Tannins,” (22) Filed: Jan. 31, 2003 Nature, 208, 1965, pp. 151-153. Miura, S. et al., Chem. Abstr., 1983, 99, 158183r. (65) Prior Publication Data Miura, S. et al., Radioisotopes, 32, 225-230 (1983). Newman, R.H., Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry US 2003/0176620 A1 Sep.
    [Show full text]
  • Condensed Tannins: Desulfonation of Hydrox-Benzylsufonic Acids Related
    Journal of Wood O1em~try and Technology Over the past few years, researchactivities aimed at increasing the utility of one of our most important natural resources,wood, have grown enormously. Yet existing journals have not been wholly successfulat keeping pacewith new developments,with the result that that scientists in need of a key journal that highlights major new con- tributions have, instead, had to cope with a plethora of tangential sources. Focusingexclusively on the chemistry of wood, wood compo- nents, and wood products, the Journal of Wood Otemistry and Ted1- nology fills this need of researchersby presentingcomprehensive, up- to-date coverageof investigations that add new understandingto chemical phenomenaimportant to wood technology. In each issue, some of the most active and innovative researchersin their respective specialtiespresent their latest work on such topics as new approaches and insights into the chemistry of pulping; lignin, cellulose,hemicel- lulose, and extractives chemistry; chemicalsderived from wood and bark and their isolation; wood bonding; and biomassconversion and utilization. Reviewedby an editorial board composedof internation- ally renowned researchersin the field, the articles in the Journal of Wood Otemistry and Technology are of great value to wood chem- ists, celluloseand lignin chemists,chemical engineers,wood technolo- gists, researchscientists and engineers,process engineers, physical chemists,and biologists. With its complete coverageand its rapid lab-to-print format, the Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology presentsscientists with a sharply focused, eminently useful source of practical, informative material that is of great value to a wide range of researchand applied endeavors. JOURNALor WOODCHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY,8(1), 91-109 (1988) CONDENSEDTANNINS: DESULFONATION OF HYDROXYBENZYLSULFONIC ACIDS RELATED TO PROANTHOCYANIDIN DERIVATIVES Gerald W.
    [Show full text]