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Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 remained virtuallyunchangedat0.5and0.8percent, respectively. 0.5 percentinthemid-1970sto3.61995,while theEvangelicals isoneofPentecostal/CharismaticChristianity,story asitssharerosefrom 1995 andEvangelicalsdoubledfrom3.4to7.6percent.InAsiathesuccess Charismatics multipliedfrom4.4percentinmid-1970to27.1 percent. ThefiguresforLatinAmericaareequallyimpressive:Pentecostals/ Evangelicals increasedduringthesameperiodfrom4.6percentto8.8 the populationinmid-1970sto15.9percent1995.Theshareof Africa thepercentageofPentecostals/Charismaticsrosefrom4.8percent a lesserextent,EvangelicalshastakenplaceinAfricaandLatinAmerica.In percent in1995.ThegreatestincreasePentecostals/Charismaticsand,to accounted for4.5percentofallChristiansinthemid-1970sand11.8 According totheWorld ChristianEncyclopedia,thesestrandsofChristianity gelical andPentecostal/Charismaticversionisgaininggroundworldwide. asaGlobalCulture” R Introduction Carolina Press,1994). Press, 2002). (Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press,2001),pp.13-15. Century for helpfulcommentsonthisarticle. her assistants.We wouldalsoliketothankDr. KatharineL.Wiegeleand threeanonymousreviewers In particular, wethankthedirectorofIPC, Dr. FilemonAguilar, Jr., andDr. MilagrosTolentino and fromwhichthisarticledraws. hosting theauthorsandpreparingconductingempiricalsurvey express theirgratitudetotheInstituteofPhilippineCulture(IPC),Ateneo deManilaUniversityfor Conference ofGermanyforfundingtheresearchonwhichthisarticle isbased.Theyalsowishto Responses toRapidSocialChange: ______4 3 2 1 * (GrandRapids,MI:Eerdman’s, 2004). David B.Barrett,GeorgeT. KurianandTodd M.Johnson,eds., Karla Poewe,ed., Philip Jenkins, Donald Lewis,ed., The authorsthanktheWorking GrouponGlobalChurchAffairsoftheCatholicBishops ecent publicationswithtitlessuchas“ChristianityRe-Born:TheGlobal . TheComingofGlobalChristianity” Expansion ofEvangelicalismintheTwentieth Century,” Populist Religioninthe Christl KesslerandJürgenRüland The NextChristendom:ComingofGlobal Christianity Charismatic ChristianityasaGlobalCulture Christianity Re-Born: TheGlobal ExpansionofEvangelicalismintheTwentiethChristianity Re-Born: 3 reflectthefactthatChristianityinitsEvan- (Columbia:UniversityofSouth (Oxford:OxfordUniversity World Christian Encyclopedia 2 and“Charismatic * 1 “TheNext 4 73 Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 America the enormoussuccessofthesegroupsisduetotheirpopulistcharacter. missions fosterthegrowthofAsianChristianity. Inthearticlewearguethat members; bothmaintainoverseaschaptersallovertheglobeandtheir Shaddai andCouplesforChrist,togetherclaimthreemillionregistered striking growth.ThetwobiggestCatholicCharismaticlayorganizations,El Philippines in 2003. It draws on a national survey onreligiouschange Philippines in2003.Itdrawsonanationalsurvey Research Methodology Philippines. potential politicalramificationsoftheCharismaticRenewalin styles andtopicstothereligioussphere.Finally, thearticlediscusses Philippines and,usingqualitativedata,elaborateonthetransferofpopulist dataonthescopeof theCharismaticmovementin quantitative survey methodology andterminologyusedinthestudy. Themainsectionspresent conducted bytheauthorsin2003.We startwithabriefoutlineofthe The discussiondrawsonastudyofreligiouschangeinthePhilippines Charismaticgroups—the“PentecostalCatholics” Pentecostal andEvangelicalchurcheshaveflourishedhereaswell,the intheregion. Although East Timor theonlypredominantlyChristiancountry as apoliticalforceinmanycountriesoftheglobalSouth. and Frestonhasshedlightonthediversewaysinwhichtheyhaveemerged 74 before. NathanHatch, forexample,providesananalysis oftheSecondAwakening in theUnited (Philadelphia: Temple UniversityPress,1982). Twentieth Century 1849-1999,” inDonaldLewis,ed., 139; PhilipYuen-Sang Leung,“Conversion,commitment,andculture: ChristianexperienceinChina, Press, 1997);AlanAnderson, eds., Confucianism andtheProclamationofGospelinChina,”Wonsuk MaandRobertP. Menzies, Sociology Regimes inChina,”MadeleineCousineau,ed., and World Politics People’s RepublicofChina,”inPeterL.Berger, ed., (Stanford, CA:StanfordUniversity, 1996);Tu Weiming, “TheQuestforMeaning:Religioninthe Republic ofChina,”inDanielH.Bays,ed., 1988); MurrayA.Rubinstein,“HolySpiritTaiwan: Pentecostaland CharismaticChristianityinthe Christentum and Pentecostalchurchgrowth. Korea andChinahavegainedacademicattentionascountriesofEvangelical ______Our analysisrestsonmorethansevenmonthsoffieldworkinthe 8 7 6 5 The followingarticleexaminesthesituationinPhilippines,asidefrom Jenkins hasdescribedthesegrowingchurchesasreligiouslyconservative inContext.EssaysHonorofWilliamW. Menzies (Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2001). The conceptofpoliticalpopulism has beenappliedtothestudyofreligiousphenomena Meredith B.McGuire, Boo-Woong Yoo, Jenkins, (Westport, CT, :Praeger, 1998);Walter Hollenweger, (Göttingen:Vandenhoek &Ruprecht,1997),p.121 The NextChristendom (GrandRapids,MI:Eerdman’s, 2004). (GrandRapids,MI:Eerdman’s, 1999),pp.91-94;Graeme Lang,“Religionsand Pacific Affairs: VolumePacific Affairs: 79,No.1–Spring2006 Korean Pentecostalism. Its History andTheology Korean Pentecostalism. ItsHistory Pentecostalism Pentecostal Catholics.Power, CharismaandOrder inaReligiousMovement Christianity Re-Born:TheGlobalExpansion ofEvangelicalisminthe ; PaulFreston, . From the Eighteenth Century tothePresent Christianity inChina.From theEighteenthCentury 6 (Cambrige: CambridgeUniversityPress, 2004),pp.132- Religion inaChangingWorld. ComparativeStudiesin Evangelicals andPoliticsinAsia,Africa,Latin The DesecularizationoftheWorld. ResurgentReligion ff.; ff.; (FrankfurtamMain:PeterLang, Li Yue Hong,“TheDeclineof (Sheffield: SheffieldAcademic Charismatisch-pfingstliches 7 —show themost 5 InAsia,South 8 Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 was developedbytheArnold-Bergstraesser-Institute inFreiburg,Germany, UniversitybetweenAugustandNovember2003.Thequestionnaire conducted bytheInstituteofPhilippineCulture(IPC)Ateneode States asreligiouspopulism.NathanO.Hatch, or unemployed.To assessthesocioeconomicbackgroundofrespondents, participate inthelabourforce,one-thirdarestudying,retired, housekeeping education. Abouttwo-thirdsoftherespondentsactively elementary a collegeoruniversitydegree.Only12percenthave notcompleted education, 39percenthavegraduatedfromhighschooland16hold years old.One-thirdoftherespondentshavecompletedtheirelementary years, 28percentareaged35to49yearsand22morethan50 respondents arebetween18and24yearsold,26percent2534 Gender isequallydistributed.Theagegroupsareasfollows:23percentof percent, liveinLuzon,20percenttheVisayas,and24Mindanao. residents accountfor13percentofthesample;biggestproportion,43 main sampleliveinruralareasand41percenturbanareas.MetroManila the nationalcensusdatafrom2000.Fifty-ninepercentofrespondentsin nationwide populationdistributionbetweenthemajorregionsaccordingto for age,sexandurban/ruraldistributiononthesub-regionallevel selected siteshadtobereplaced.Thedataofthismainsampleisweighted andMindanao).However, duetosecurityreasons,somerandomly the fourmajorregionsofPhilippines(NationalCapitalRegion,, starting withrespondentsfromthemainsample. and 200CatholicCharismaticswerechosenusingthesnowballtechnique, dom samplingdesign.Additionalsamplesof200non-CatholicChristians sample of1,200respondentswasselectedbyanationwidemulti-stageran- The questionnairewaspresentedtothreegroupsofrespondents.main large aswellmoregeneralsociopoliticalandsocioeconomicattitudes. attitudes, religioustolerance,theroleofreligioninpoliticsandsocietyat consists of125questionscoveringreligiouspractice,beliefs, and adaptedtoPhilippinecircumstancesincooperationwiththeIPC.It churches asCharismatic/non-Charismatic. Evangelische ZentralstellefürWeltanschauungsfragen, Berlin,forhisadviceinclassifyingnon-Catholic andDr.characteristics ofCharismaticChristians withinthesurvey ReinhardHempelmannfrom the Stations andPulseAsia.We wouldalsoliketothankFather HerbertSchneiderforhishelpinidentifying the Eurobarometer. Thequestionnairealsobenefitedfromdiscussionswithstaffofthe SocialWeather of the1991and1998panelsonreligion. Oneadditionalquestioninthequestionnaireistakenfrom instituteSocialWeatherby thesurvey Stations,which kindlyprovidedthedatafileandquestionnaire weintegratedseveral questionsfromtheISSPonreligion.TheISSPsareconducted (ISSP) surveys, Grünewald-Verlag, 2000]).AsthePhilippinestakepartinInternationalSocialSciencePanel Nikolaus Werz, an earlierstudyonreligiouschangeinCostaRica(Jean-PierreBastian, Ulrich Fanger, IngridWehr, Institute, Freiburg,Germany, andconstituteaslightlyrevisedversionofthequestionnaireappliedin CT: Yale UniversityPress, 1989). ______9 Multi-stage sampledesignofthemainincludedfourprovinces Many of the survey questionshavebeendevelopedbyTheodorHanf,Arnold-Bergstraesser-Many ofthesurvey Religiöser Wandel inCostaRica.EinesozialwissenschaftlicheInterpretation Populist ReligioninthePhilippines The DemocratizationofAmericanChristianity [Mainz:Matthias- (NewHaven, 75 9 Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 churches. Pentecostal practices.Consequently therenewalmovementformeditsown However, theestablisheddenominations reactedratherhostilelyto charismatic giftsmentionedintheBibleandworks oftheHolySpirit. concentrating ontheindividualspiritualexperience ofbelievers,the century. Pentecostalism emergedintheUnitedStatesatbeginning ofthetwentieth Holiness Movementanditssuccessor, thePentecostalchurches. labelling. arbitrary of thesedifferentstrandsChristianitywillhelpto clarify thisseemingly subsumed underthetermfundamentalists.Ashortexcursion ontheorigins To furtherconfusereaders, alloftheseChristiantraditionsaresometimes Charismatic areemployed;sometimesthetermsevenusedassynonyms. reveals aninconsistencyinhowthelabelsEvangelical,Pentecostaland movements anddenominations.Theliteratureonreligious sociology ofrule,whichwouldbemisleadinginthecontextreligious clarified, associalscientistsrelatethetermCharismatictoMaxWeber’s Philippines. TheuseofthetermCharismaticinthiscontextneedstobe Conceptual Clarifications wasrestrictedtoMetroManila. observation) andparticipant expertinterviews Philippines, qualitativedata(interviews, coveredallmajorregionsofthe academic experts.Whereasthesurvey andseminarsbackgroundinformationacquiredintalkswith services invariousreligious supplemented bydatagainedparticipantobservation were derived fromstandardizedquestionnairesandin-depthinterviews transcribed andtheTagalog translatedintoEnglish.Thedata interviews were members andclergyofthesegroupschurches.Allinterviews 22leading fromIPC.Theauthorsthemselvesinterviewed by interviewers wereconductedinTagalogCatholic Charismaticgroups;theseinterviews guidelineswith22membersofPentecostaland usinginterview interviews respondents isclassifiedashigh. respondents isclassifiedaslow, andthesocioeconomicstatusof7percent income. Basedonthesevariables,thesocioeconomicstatusof17percent possessions andeducationalattainments,bothofwhichcorrelatewith incomewithanindexofhousehold we combinedthedataonmonetary 76 the Twenty-First Century second halfofthetwentieth century. Inadditiontothisexpansion,the ______10 Historically, Charismatic ChristianityisrootedintheUS-American The subjectofourstudyistheriseCharismaticmovementin wascomplementedbyqualitative The datagainedfromthissurvey Harvey G.Cox, Harvey

Its aimwastorenewtheexisting“mainline”Protestant churchesby 10 Pentecostalchurchesaround theworldgrewenormouslyin Pacific Affairs: VolumePacific Affairs: 79,No.1–Spring2006 (Reading,MA:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995). Fire from Heaven.

The RiseofPentecostalSpiritualityandthe ReshapingofReligionin Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 old religiousandsocialorder. offered areligiousinnovation,whileFundamentalistsstrovetorestorethe Civil War. Withtheiremphasisonindividualspiritualexperience,Pentecostals induced byindustrializationandurbanizationinNorthAmericaafterthe can beseenastwodifferentreligiousreactionstotherapidsocialchange slightly afterthePentecostalmovement.PentecostalsandFundamentalists Fundamentalists, amovementthatemergedearlyinthetwentiethcentury, circles. Roman CatholicChurch,beginninginPennsylvaniaandMichiganUniversity the leadershipofDennisBennet,anEpiscopalpriest,in1959,andto as aCharismaticmovementtomainlineProtestantdenominationsunder Pentecostal emphasisontheHolySpiritandindividualspiritualityspread eds., Ammermann, “NorthAmericanProtestant Fundamentalism,”inMartinE.MartyandScottR.Appleby, (1910-28) undiranischeSchiiten(1961-79) imVergleich eventually distancedthemselvesfromEvangelicals. Fundamentalists regardedasapostate.Consequently, Fundamentalists effortwithmainlinedenominationsthat and cooperatedintheirmissionary for thesakeofwinningsoulsChrist.TheyadoptednameEvangelical in theUS.AfterWorld War II,someFundamentalistsoptedforcooperation to the1950s,beingEvangelicalorFundamentalistmeantvirtuallysame were thereforestrictlyexcludedfromtheFundamentalistmovement. some evenassatanicactivities.Despitecommonground,Pentecostals regarded byFundamentalistsasimproperbehaviourinGod’s house,andby were andlaughingoutloudduringservices, in tongues,weeping,crying to liberaltheology. ButPentecostalpractices,likefallingintrance,speaking most pointsofdoctrine,suchasaliteralbeliefintheBibleandopposition follow thesuggestionofPoewe,whodefinesCharismatic Christianityas belongingtoPentecostalchurches.Inour useofthetermwe the CharismaticChristianswithinnon-Pentecostaldenominations from Philippine CouncilofFundamentalistChurches. Philippine EvangelicalCouncilofChurches—acouncil formerlycalledthe is demonstratedbythefactthatPentecostalchurches aremembersofthe Evangelical churcheshavecomeclosertoeachother. InthePhilippinesthis Fundamentalism, Jovanovich, 1990),p.153ff,p.182 ff;Ammermann, Hollenweger, ______Today’s EvangelicalscantracetheirrootsbacktotheProtestant Despite theirdifferences,PentecostalsandFundamentalistsagreedon 13 12 11 The termCharismaticissometimesusedinanarrowsense todistinguish Given thebroadagreementontheologicalissues,Pentecostaland Fundamentalisms Observed Marsden, Georg M.Marsden, Martin Riesebrodt, Charismatisch-pfingstliches Christentum p. 37. ReligionandAmericanCulture Fundamentalismus alspatriarchalische Protestbewegung. AmerikanischeProtestanten Religion andAmericanCulture Populist ReligioninthePhilippines (Chicago,London:UniversityofChicago Press,1991). 11 , pp.217-18;Ammermann, , pp.217-218. (Tübingen:J.C.B.Mohr, 1990);NancyT. North AmericanProtestant Fundamentalism North (SanDiego,NewYork: HarcourtBrace 13 North AmericanProtestant North 12 Up 77 ; Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 members in2001. unregistered followers.CouplesforChristreports1.4 millionregistered groups, withtwomillionregisteredmembersandanestimated sevenmillion in 1983.Today ElShaddaiclaimstobethelargestofCatholicCharismatic Villanueva in1978.MikeVelarde, aformerbusinessman,startedElShaddai with anestimatedmembershipofnearlyonemillion,was foundedbyEddie 1980s. JesusisLord,oneofthebiggestCharismatic Protestant groups, groups studiedbyuswereestablishedFilipinosinthe late1970sorearly with theCatholicCharismaticRenewalinUnitedStates.Mostof Catholic RenewalmovementtoaFilipinocouplethathadcomeintocontact partnerstracesthe Philippines intheearly1970s.Oneofourinterview mentioned above,originatedintheUnitedStates1967,reached preachers tookthelead.TheCatholicCharismaticmovement,which,as predominantly ofUS-Americanorigin,didnotstartbeforeWorld War II. in 1899.ButsubstantialEvangelicalandPentecostalmissions,also and mainlineProtestantismfirstenteredtheislandswithAmericancolonizers the Philippines.RomanCatholicismisalegacyofSpanishcolonialpast The CharismaticMovementinthePhilippines the activitiesofHolySpirit.” “encompassing allChristiangroupsthatemphasizespiritualexperienceand 78 thousands. respondents inthe mainsamplearemembersofElShaddai comparedto3.7percentmembers of Ministries Web site,at, June20,2003. intheEvangelicalsense. of EvangelicalChurchesoptedforcountingCatholicCharismaticsassaved congressorganizedbytheabove-mentionedPhilippineCouncil missionary anastonishing19percentofthedelegatesata non-Catholics, inasurvey Pentecostal andProtestantCharismaticoriginsoftheirmovement.Asfor that theyadheretoCatholicbeliefsandpractices,oftenmentionthe same phenomenon.AlthoughCatholicCharismaticleadersarekeentoclarify themselves alsolegitimizesouranalysisofthedifferentgroupsaspart and CharismaticRoman-CatholicChristians. Charismatic EvangelicalaswellmainlineProtestantChristians, movement inthePhilippineswethereforeincludePentecostalchurches, < ______http:www.manilatimes.net>, (30March2004). Pentecostal andEvangelicalchurchesweresoon“Filipinized,”Filipino Pentecostal andCharismaticgroupsarearelativelynewphenomenonin 17 16 15 14 The acknowledgementofsimilaritiesexpressedbythePhilippineactors According toourdata,CouplesforChrist exceedsElShaddaiinmembership:0.8percentof Jose A.Carillo,“Aprimeronpolitical propaganda,” “So muchmoretodo!EvaluatingDAWN 2000 Philippines,”articleavailableontheDawn Poewe, Charismatic ChristianityasaGlobalCulture Pacific Affairs: VolumePacific Affairs: 79,No.1–Spring2006 17 Othergroupsreportmembershipsinthetensof 15 14 WhenwespeakoftheCharismatic , p.2. ManilaTimes, 29 March2004 , availableat 16 Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 (Manila, 2002),p.4. Roman Catholicpopulationof83percentandanon-CatholicChristian substantial increaseintheProtestantpopulation.Inoursurvey, wefinda Evangelical andPentecostalgroupsinthePhilippinesdidnotresulta shares aCatholiccoloniallegacywiththePhilippines,recentgrowthof members. of 2001,whichgivesthefigures 2.7 percentforCouplesofChristand0.5ElShaddai Couples forChrist.Thisfindingconfirms theresultsofSocialWeather StationsNational Survey Ownsurvey 2003: National StatisticsOffice,RepublicofthePhilippines,“2000Census 2000: NationalStatistics Office, RepublicofthePhilippines,“1990Census 1990: BureauofCensusandStatistics,DepartmentCommerceIndustry, 1948/1960: Sources: MA: Blackwell,1990). ______In contrasttothe“explosionofProtestantisminLatinAmerica,” 18 David Martin, Responses toRapidSocialChange:PopulistReligioninthePhilippines SWS Survey Snapshots. A review of surveys conductedbySocialWeather Snapshots. Areview Stations, ofsurveys SWS Survey Characteristics,” (Manila:2003). Population andHousing,ReportNo.2:DemographicHousing Characteristics,” (Manila:1992). Population andHousing,ReportNo.3:SocioeconomicDemographic There arenodataonreligionavailableforthe1970and1980census. Report(Manila:1963)table19, p.17. and Housing,”vol.II,Summary Republic ofthePhilippines,“CensusPhilippines1960Population Tongues ofFire. TheExplosion ofProtestantism inLatinAmerica Populist ReligioninthePhilippines Figure 1 (Oxford,Cambridge, vol. II,no.3 18 which 79 Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 03 Ownsurvey 2003: NationalStatisticsOffice,RepublicofthePhilippines,“2000Census 2000: NationalStatisticsOffice,RepublicofthePhilippines,“1990Census 1990: BureauofCensusandStatistics,DepartmentCommerceIndustry, 1948/1960: Sources: churches,” grewattheexpense ofProtestantmainlinedenominations. Evangelical andPentecostalchurches,subsumedunder “otherProtestant percentage oftheCatholicpopulationhasbeenquitestable inrecentdecades. 80 population of16percent. review of surveys conductedbySocial Weatherreview Stations, ofsurveys of2001reportsthatMuslimsaccountfor4percentthepopulation ( Survey the survey. Thisexplainstheunderrepresentation ofMuslims(1percent).ASocialWeather Stations ______19 As mentionedabove,forreasonsofsecurity wehadtoreplacepredominantlyMuslimareasin Characteristics,” (Manila:2003). Population andHousing,ReportNo.2:DemographicHousing Characteristics,” (Manila:1992). Population andHousing,ReportNo.3:SocioeconomicDemographic is thefigureforAglipayans. Aglipayans andIglesianiCristo.ThefiguregivenforNCCPchurcheshere Census dataof1948and1960differentiatesonlybetweenProtestants, Report(Manila:1963)table19,p.17. and Housing,”vol.II,Summary Republic ofthePhilippines,“CensusPhilippines1960Population Pacific Affairs: VolumePacific Affairs: 79,No.1–Spring2006 19 Thedatashowninfigures1and2suggestthatthe Philippine Protestants Figure 2 p. 4). SWS Survey Snapshots. A SWS Survey Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 Charismatics belongtotheRomanCatholicChurch.TheCharismatic hasastrongCharismaticwing,thebulkofPhilippine Catholics areactiveintheCharismaticmovement.Thus,althoughPhilippine the highpercentageofCatholicCharismatics:15percentallinterviewed is the CatholicChurchfromwithin.Themoststrikingresultofsurvey Catholic andmembersoftheCharismaticmovementthereforeaffect long runitmightbeevenmoreaffected,asCatholicsaresimultaneously the riseofCharismaticmovementasProtestantchurches.In membersintoaccount.TheCatholicChurchisasmuchaffectedby Philippine Protestantism. Catholic andnon-CatholicChristians,butthereligiouslandscapewithin and Evangelicalchurcheschangednotsomuchtherelationsbetween census figuresonchurchmembership,indicatingthattheriseofPentecostal group thathasadoptedCharismaticpractices.Theseresultsbuttressthe Christians inthePhilippinesaremembersofaPentecostalchurchorlay of PhilippineProtestantism.Morethanone-thirdallnon-Catholic The resultingfiguresonactiveCharismaticsshowthe“pentecostalization” sample forCharismaticpracticesandmembershipingroups. denominations. We thereforeaskedallChristianrespondentsinthemain identifying CharismaticChristians,astheyarefoundinvirtuallyall Source: However, thisassessmentismisleadinginsofarasittakesonlythelossof Data onchurchmembershipisofonlylimitedvaluewhenitcomesto 2003, Ownsurvey. Populist ReligioninthePhilippines Charismatic Engagement Figure 3 81 Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 Protestant Christians. success ofPentecostalchurcheshassubstantiallyincreasedthenumber . successful religiouscurrentinthePhilippinesisthereforeCatholic percent Pentecostal/ProtestantChristians.Intermsofnumbers,themost arecomprisedof70percentCatholicsandonly30 Christians inthesurvey 82 the Philippinesdoesnotcontradict thefindingsofotherstudies,which Christians arepoor. Therefore, thesuccessofCharismaticmovementin poor byanystandards;consequently, thevastmajorityofCharismatic keep inmindthatthePhilippinesvastmajorityof thepopulationare attractiveness ofCharismaticgroupsforallsocialstrata. However, onehasto within theCatholiccultureofmajority. Thismight contributetothe Charismatic isnotequivalenttojoiningasocialminority, butasubgroup probably duetoCatholicdominance.InthePhilippines, becominga Philippine CharismaticmovementandChristians elsewhereis The genderdifferenceisnotsignificant.This betweenthe represented. Thesameholdstrueforwomen,butmuch lessthanexpected. educationareslightlyover-expectations, respondentswithtertiary toour the CharismaticmovementissmallestinMetroManila. Contrary Compared totheothermajorregions,percentageofactivemembers movement. Metropolitanresidenceevenworksintheoppositedirection. our data.Poorrespondentsarenotover-represented intheCharismatic churches inAfricaandLatinAmerica.Thisassumptionisnotborneoutby population inMetroManila,andissupportedbystudiesonPentecostal of ElShaddaiprayerrallies,attendedbythepoorersegments of theuneducatedurbanpoor. Thisimpressionstemsfrommediacoverage is strongestamongthelowerstrataofsociety, depictingitasaphenomenon up in,iftheywishtolivetheirreligiositytheCharismaticway. Philippine Catholicsthusdonothavetodismissthefaiththeywerebrought simultaneously adaptingaPentecostalstyleofworshipandreligiouspractice. and ensuredthattheCharismaticgroupsstucktoCatholicdoctrinewhile hierarchy successfullyintegratedthemovementintoChurchstructure the RomanCatholicChurchwelcomedCharismatics.The the beginningsofCatholicRenewal.Afterinitialreluctanceandsuspicion, can betracedbacktothewayinwhichPhilippinehierarchydealtwith preventing conversionsfromCatholicismtoPentecostalism. America aswellbut,unlikeinthePhilippines,itseemslesssuccessful 2004), pp.227-229. TheGlobalExpansionofEvangelicalismintheTwentiethRe-Born: Century ______20 This resultisalsoremarkableincomparisontoLatinAmerica,wherethe Most observers tendtoacceptthatsupportfortheCharismaticmovement Most observers The rootsofthis“Catholization”thePentecostal/Charismaticreligiosity Paul Freston,“ContoursofLatinAmerican Pentecostalism,”inDonaldLewis,ed., Pacific Affairs: VolumePacific Affairs: 79,No.1–Spring2006 20 ThereisaCatholicCharismaticRenewalinLatin (GrandRapids,MI:Eerdman’s, Christianity Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 changes, etc. These resultsraisethequestion ofthecausesthis success. possibleweaknesses inthemovement’sto survive organization, leadership certain typeofreligiosity, asetofpracticesandbeliefsthathasthepotential indicate thattheCharismatic movementinthePhilippinesisbasedona involvement intheCharismatic movement(Cramer’s V0.6**).Thesefigures and certainsociopoliticalattitudesaremoredecisivethan gender. Catholic womenaremorelikelythanotherstobeCharismatic, buteducation Charismatics. Genderislessimportantthanexpected. Somegroupsof matics, butinotherregionstheurban/ruralsplit doesnotsegregate conventional wisdom,MetroManilaresidentsareless likelytobeCharis- Brotherhood to ofChristianBusinessmenandProfessionals.Contrary middle-class constituencyofElShaddainortheelite membersofthe groups, butCharismaticreligiosityisrestrictedtoneither thepoorandlower- different Charismaticcommunitiestendtocaterspecific socioeconomic or incomeandCharismaticreligiosity. Ourqualitativedatasuggestthat this group.Thereisnosignificantcorrelationbetween socioeconomic status Charismatic religiosityandMetroManiladwellersareunder-represented in education areslightlyover-represented amongthosescoringhighon religiosity orworkinanunexpecteddirection,asrespondentswithtertiary respondents. SocioeconomicfactorsareeitherirrelevantforCharismatic of Protestantrespondents,asopposedto27percenttheCatholic respondents scoreoneornoneonCharismaticreligiosity, butonly3percent picture isattheotherendofscale:24percentmainsample character ofProtestantisminthePhilippinesisobvioushere.Thereverse of respondents,stillalmostone-fifthallCatholics.ThePentecostal the CatholicrespondentswefindahighCharismaticreligiosityin19percent Within theProtestantrespondentsthissharejumpsupto64percent.Among Charismatic religiosity(26percentofallrespondentsinthemainsample). respondents, whoagreetoatleastsevenoftheseitems,asshowingahigh or Charismatic/Pentecostalreligiousbeliefs.We classifythetopquartileof 0.81), coveringintensereligiouspractice,Charismaticexperiences publicly testifyingone’s etc. faithinreligiousservices, being baptizedintheHolySpirit,participatingCharismaticseminars, comparatively newinreligiousexpressionthePhilippines,suchastithing, of religiosity. Charismaticreligiosityincludespracticesandbeliefs thatare participation ratesintheCharismaticmovementalsoreflectaspecifictype attitudes. Aprincipalcomponentanalysisofourdatarevealsthatthehigh churches andlaygroupsaskaboutreligiousbeliefs,practices not exclusivelyforthem. findings byshowingthatCharismaticreligionisattractiveforthepoor, but connect Charismaticreligiontothelowerstrataofsociety. Itqualifiesthese Not surprisingly, Charismatic religiosityisclearlyrelatedtoactive The Charismaticreligiosityfactorconsistsof16items(Cronbach’s alpha To evaluatereligiouschange,onehastogobeyondmembershipof Populist ReligioninthePhilippines 83 Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 against modernity.” accompany modernization.Populismhasthereforebeenconsidereda“revolt societies andgetridofthecomplexity, insecurity andpluralismthat In otherwords,populistswanttoreinstatethesacredcosmosofpremodern system thatencompassesprivateaswellpoliticalandeconomicinstitutions. strive forasocietyandstatethatisfirmlygroundedinsharedmoral experts on behalf of the ordinary man.Theylegitimizetheiractions with experts onbehalfoftheordinary Populists fightagainstcorruptelites,anonymousbureaucracies andarrogant stick toabackwardvisionoflesscomplex,traditional, premodernsociety. flourish andleadersarepersonallyaccountabletotheirfollowers. interaction andsmallcommunitiesinwhichgrass-rootsdemocracycan democracy, populistspropagatepersonalrelationships,face-to-face idealize thepast.Insteadofcomplicatedrepresentativeproceduresinamass based interests.Theycallforareductionin(institutional)complexityand the systemthatthiselitesupports,whilerefrainingfrompropagatingclass- to attractpublicattention.Populistsarticulateprotestagainsttheeliteand Weberian senseoftheconcept),rhetorical skillsandunconventionalmethods urbanization, industrializationandindividualization. modernization, understoodascomplex,interrelatedprocessesof mobilization, acertainsetoftopics,andspecificstandontheeffects this typeofreligiositysosuccessfulinthePhilippines. and thepopulistcharacterofCharismaticpracticebeliefthatrenders religion inthePhilippines.ItispopuliststyleofCharismaticpreachers topics intothereligioussphereaccountsforsuccessofCharismatic The CharismaticMovementasPopulistReligion presumably older, formsofreligiosityinthePhilippines? What makesCharismaticreligiositysoattractivecomparedtoother, 84 ed., “Zwischen ProtestundPolitikstil:Populismus, Neo-PopulismusundDemokratie,”inNikolausWerz, Representative Politics,”inMenyand Surel, and Surel, Yannis Governance,”inMeny Papadopoulos,“Populism,theDemocraticQuestion,andContemporary in Yves Meny andYves Surel,eds., Studies pp. 187-200;MargaretCanovan,“Trust thePeople!PopulismandTwo Faces ofDemocracy,” Torcuato S.DiTella, “PopulismintotheTwenty-first Century,” ______22 21 However, thisequationfailstorecognizethatpopulistsdonotsimply Populist politicalmobilizationdrawsoncharismaticleadership(inthe Populism asapoliticalphenomenoncombinescertainstyleof We proposethethesisthattransferofpopuliststylesand Populismus. PopulisteninÜberseeundEuropa , vol.XLVII (1999),pp.2-16;Yves MenyandYves Surel,“TheConstitutive AmbiguityofPopulism,” Betz, Hans-Georg Betz, Democracies andthePopulistChallenge Radical Right-Wing PopulisminWestern Europe Pacific Affairs: VolumePacific Affairs: 79,No.1–Spring2006 Radical Right-WingPopulisminWestern Europe 22 Democracies andthePopulistChallenge Democracies andthePopulistChallenge (Opladen:Leske+Budrich,2003). ; PaulTaggart, “Populism andthePathologyof , p.22. Government andOpposition Government (Basingstoke:Macmillan,1994); (Basingstoke:Palgrave,2002); ; Hans-JürgenPuhle, 21 , 22:46(1996), Populists Political Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 legitimization—that ordinary people legitimization—that ordinary people.Theassumptionunderlyingthis reference totherightsofordinary Awakening intheUnitedStatesbetween1780and1830. applied theconceptof“religiouspopulism”inhisseminalstudySecond a novelidea.Theabove-mentionedNathanHatch,forinstance,fruitfully agreements. relations governedbymoralityandsharedethicsinsteadofprocedural with theimaginedqualitiesofpremodernsocietiesbasedonpersonal complexity andpluralitybycombiningthemodernnotionofcitizens’rights citizenship anddemocracy. Populismthereforereactstomodernsocietal are score well. other opinionpollsinwhichpoliticalinstitutionsranklow, whereaschurches Democratization: Philippine Perspectives ofthe MainIssues,Trends1986 Revolution:AnOverview andProspects,” inFelipeB.Miranda,ed., Context,” widespread amongElShaddaimembers. Philippine politicalinstitutionsandgeneralcynicism towardspoliticsis growth, noramodicumofsocialjustice.Notsurprisingly, distrustof a rapidlychangingworld.Theyhaveproducedneither sustainedeconomic hijacked byacorrupteliteandareincapableofmastering thechallengesof towardstheirpoliticalinstitutions,whichin their viewhavebeen populism respondstothedeepdistrustandcynicalattitudes ofmanyordinary were alsofollowersoftheCharismaticElShaddai movement. Political of JosephE.Estradain1998.Itwasnocoincidencethatmanyhissupporters populist strategiesinpoliticswashighlightedbythepresidentialcampaign them: jobs,prosperity, shelterandpublicsafety. Theenormoussuccessof peoplewithoutsolving platforms whichaddresskeyconcernsofordinary party programmes,candidatesusuallyoperatewithsimplisticelection favour personalismandpopuliststylesofelectioneering.Intheabsence ample spaceforpopulism.Presidentialismandpluralityvoting,instance, and usedbyreligiousmovements. deeply entrenchedinPhilippinepoliticalcultureandreadytobepickedup exacerbated byhomegrowninstitutionalfactors,populisttechniquesare political styletothereligioussphere.Asaresultofexternalinfluences, right-wing populismorleft-wingpopulism—butwiththetransferofacertain we arenotdealingwithahyphenatedversionofpoliticalpopulism—suchas of populistreligioninsteadreligiouspopulisminordertoemphasizethat ______Transferring thepolitical conceptofpopulismtothereligiousfieldisnot 25 24 23 The PhilippinesinheritedfromtheUSapoliticalsystemthatprovides accountable totheruled—isbasedonquitemodernconceptsof José V. Abueva,“Philippine Democratization andtheConsolidationofDemocracySince Grace Gorospe-Jamon,“TheElShaddai PrayerMovement:PoliticalSocializationinaReligious Hatch, Philippine PoliticalScienceJournal 25 The DemocratizationofAmericanChristianity Populist ReligioninthePhilippines (QuezonCity:University ofthePhilippinesPress,1997), p.77. , vol.20,no.43(1999),pp.83-126and pp.116-117. have 24 Thiscoincideswiththeresultsof . rights todefendandthatrulers 23 We prefertospeak 85 Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 listening tolivebroadcastsevenwhileonthewayorattending prayerrallies. over thecountry. 14 hoursofTVtimeweekly, whichgivesitapresenceonseveralchannelsall become oneofthemostpopularstationsinMetroManila. ElShaddaialsohas meantime, Velarde’s DWXIradiostationbroadcasts24hoursadayandhas the largestCharismaticmovement,beganasaradio .Inthe broadcast toawideaudiencebyradioandtelevangelism. Infact,ElShaddai, healings musthaveastrongappeal. of thepopulationarevirtuallynonexistent,prospectmiraculous inwhichhealthcarebenefitsforthemajority be thesameagain.”Inacountry the BaptisminHolySpirit.You areinforasurprise…yourlifewillnever and miracleshavebeenmanifestedinthelivesofthosewhoexperienced seminarintotheCatholicCharismaticmovement,states:“Healings entry their followers.Theinvitationtoa“LifeintheSpiritSeminar,” akindof Charismatic andPentecostalgroupshighlightthehealingexperiencesof Renewal, FatherJoeyFaller, areoutstandinginthisrespect,nearlyall CommitteeonCatholicCharismatic chairman oftheNationalService reputation assuccessfulhealers.WhileMikeVelarde ofElShaddaiandthe power oftheHolySpirit. of theirclosenesstoGod.Miraclesareoftencitedastestimonythegreat power,their abilitytoinduceanauraofextraordinary apowerderivedfrom and joyfulrites.Thepersuasivenessoftheirrhetorical appealincreaseswith powers:Miracles Supernatural movement andthetopicsofanti-systemprotestreductioncomplexity. methods ofgainingattention,massmedia,theinternalstructure in greaterdetailforthecentralpopulistfeatures:miraclesasunconventional political tothereligioussphere.Thefollowingsectionsdescribethistransfer populist stylesofmobilizationcansuccessfullybetransferredfromthe 86 Filipino Pentecostals. noted thathealingismoreimportantthanspeaking intonguesamong central elementofPhilippinepre-Christianreligion.Tuggy andToliver thus traditional religiouspractices.Involvementwithsicknessandhealingwasa in thePhilippines Publishers, 1972),p.80. ______29 28 27 26 Testimonies ofmiraculous healingsandthemessagesofpreachersare One favoureddomainformiraclesishealing.Leadersoftenhavea language Like politicalpopulists,Charismaticleadersrelyonpowerful The enormousattractionoftheCharismaticmovementhasshownthat Katherine L.Wiegele, Leonardo N.Mercado,SVD, Leonhard A.Tuggy andRalphToliver, Jenkins, (:University ofHawai’iPress,2005),p.43ff. The NextChristendom Pacific Affairs: VolumePacific Affairs: 79,No.1–Spring2006 28 RadioandTVcoverElShaddai’s prayerrallies,withpeople 27 Investing inMiracles:ElShaddaiandthe Transformation ofPopularCatholicism , p.73. .AStudy 26 Seeing theChurch inthePhilippines Addingtothisappealareaffinities (Manila:LogosPublications,2001), p.10. (Manila:O.M.F. 29 Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 Electronic massmediahavecreated“virtualChristiancommunities,” onradioorTVweeklyand8percentdosodaily.listen toreligiousservices Thirty-one percentoftherespondentsinmainsamplerevealthatthey Christian programmesreachasubstantialproportionofthepopulation. Today, Charismaticgrouphasitsownradioprogrammeand virtuallyevery Velarde, says. thattheirleader,members that70.5percentbelievedineverything Mike Not surprisingly, of200ElShaddai Gorospe-Jamonfoundinasurvey the group’s leaders.Ultimately, theauthorityofleadersisbasedonBible. who areproposedandnominatedinaninformaltop-downprocessby of elders.Eldersareusuallypersonswithalongtrackrecordinthegroup the leaderisfounderofgrouporchurch,supportedbyanoligarchy democratic leadershiprecruitmentnordecisionmaking.Often byuspracticeneither Most CharismaticandPentecostalgroupsinterviewed of organization,inpracticetheyrelyonhierarchicalpatternsorganization. in keepingwiththeidealsofearlyChristianity, choosecongregationalforms Strong leadership andauthoritarianstructures Velarde’s . 300,000 freecopiesofitsmonthly pamphlets, videocassettesandbooks.ElShaddai,forinstance,distributes mobilizing effectissupplementedbyothermediasuchasnewsletters, also catertothosewhohavenotjoinedaparish-basedprayergroup.Their against theseelites,whichare perceivedasarrogantandcorrupttoblame peoplethus havenochancetoprotecttheirinterests Ordinary overwhelming. and functionalelitesoftheseinstitutions.Their power isviewedas delegitimizes thesystem,althoughkeytargetsofprotest aretheleaders people existing institutionsareunabletorepresenttheinterests ofordinary conglomerates orevenestablishedchurchorganizations. Thefactthat a particularsystemofgovernment,bureaucracies,political parties,business Anti-elitism andanti-systemprotest outweigh internaldifferencesandfractions. the commoncauseofspiritualrenewalandCharismatic revivalseemsto underlying conflictsbetweendifferentCharismaticgroupsinourinterviews, communities andorganizations.However, althoughonecouldsense they oftenendinschism,whichisonereasonforthespreadofvariousnew ______32 31 30 While theCharismaticgroupsandchurchesusuallystressequalityand, The populistanti-elitismisanti-systemprotest.Itmaybe directedagainst Gorospe-Jamon, Mercado, Gorospe-Jamon, 32 El Shaddai Nevertheless,ifdisagreementsoccurwithinthecongregation, TheElShaddaiPrayer Movement The ElShaddaiPrayerMovement 31 , p.11. Populist ReligioninthePhilippines Bagong Liwanag , p.109. , p.100. magazine,whichcontains 30 which 87 Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 Again” groupspreciselyfor thesereasons. with sacramentsanditsneglectofevangelizing. obviously referringtohereisCatholicritualandtradition, itspreoccupation save me,onlythroughmyfaith...canme.”What sheandVelarde are of ourCatholicCharismaticrespondents,whenshesays, “Myreligioncan’t religion blockstherelationshipwithHolySpirit.This isechoedbyone saying thathewantstofreepeoplefromthebondage ofreligion,because groups? WiegelegivesahintwhenshequotesElShaddai leaderVelarde as recognizable wayofdistancingoneselffromtheCatholic Churchassuch. Catholics, theyareCharismaticCatholics.We interpretthisasasubtlebut but alsoinquality. Charismaticsarenotonly“ one’s “Catholicness” as differentfromfellowCatholics,notonlyinscope, religious affiliation.ThisindicatesthatbeingaCharismaticsomehowqualifies Charismatic Catholiclayorganizationswerespecificwhenaskedfortheir Catholic,” someevenas“ElShaddai”;noneofthemembersnon- percent identifythemselvesnotsimplyas“Catholic”but“Charismatic that12 of 200CatholicCharismaticswemadetheinterestingobservation Catholics seemtomaintainasenseofdistinctiveness.Inoursnowballsample Roman CatholicChurch. accentuate theirCatholicidentityandacceptthedoctrinalguidanceof numerically dominantCatholicCharismaticgroups,includingtheElShaddai, criticism oftheCatholicChurchthanCharismatics.Most Evangelical CharismaticsandPentecostalgroupsaremorevocalintheir theology, whichhasnoplaceforemotion andspiritualexperience. from criticism.Theyarealsotakentotaskfortheircold,cerebral,liberal against theCatholicChurch.ButProtestantmainlinechurchesarenotspared from within.Aselsewhere,inthePhilippinestheircriticismisdirectedmainly hierarchies. TheCatholicCharismaticmovementevenchallengeshierarchies elitism oftheCharismaticmovementchallengesestablishedchurch movement. Whilepoliticalpopulismtargetsauthorities,theanti- unity andtotranscendsocialclasses. the commonpeople.Withtheirappealtopeopletheyseekcreate for hardships.Populiststhusactasadvocatesofthesuppressedinterests 88 interviewed. and cardinals,”saidthe leader ofanotherCharismaticgroupwhen with .“We aretheChurchanddoesnotbelongtobishops through priestswhostandinthewayofadirectandpersonal relationship ______34 33 What theniswrongwithCatholicismfromtheperspective ofCharismatic But apartfromthisstreamliningindoctrinalmatters,Charismatic In thePhilippines,criticismofCatholicChurchvariesinintensity. If populismisanassaultonestablishedauthority, soistheCharismatic In-person interview withthe leaderofaCharismaticgroup,Manila, September2003. In-person interview Wiegele, Investing inMiracles 34 Velarde claimsthat Filipino Catholicswentoverto“Born Pacific Affairs: VolumePacific Affairs: 79,No.1–Spring2006 , p.50. Katoliko serado, 33 Spiritualityismediated ” very devoted ” very Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 candidates FidelV. RamosandJosephE.Estrada. presidential elections,forinstance,ElShaddaisupported with thechurchhierarchyinpoliticalarena.In1992and1998 church’s politicalagenda,ElShaddaihasrepeatedlybeenatloggerheads for ChristandBukasLoobsaDiyos,whichstrictlyadheretotheinstitutional Unlike themoremiddle-class-basedgroupssuchasLovedFlock,Couples in itsdistancefromtheCatholicChurchthanmostotherCharismaticgroups. denominator ofCharismaticdiscontent,Velarde’s ElShaddaiwentfurther see also 34, centennialissue(1998),pp.50-77, p.55;Gorospe-Jamon, in acircleandhuggingeachother. followers issymbolizedinprayermeetingsbypractices likeholdinghands differences andstressingtheequalityofrichpoor. Theonenessof the officialchurch.Thisincludesastrongquestfor unity, denyingsocial claim tomeettheemotionalandreligiousneedsof massesneglectedby of populism.CharismaticmassmovementssuchasEl Shaddai inparticular people,anothercentralfeature concern forthe(religious)needsofordinary abstract principles. demonstrated personalloyaltyintimesofcrisis,putting personaltiesabove morals. Theyadvocatedabstractdemocraticprinciples, whereasVelarde neither werehisopponents,whoclaimedtoprotectpoliticalanddemocratic oneself. PresidentEstradawasnotnecessarilythoughttohaveintegrity, but corruption wasthusregardedasathinlyveiledattempttoseizepowerfor political elitewasregardedasbeingcorrupt.Blamingotherpoliticiansfor were viewedassimplystrivingforpower. Inthisviewanymemberofthe his spiritualsupport—asinner, maybe,butanhonestseeker. Hisopponents tobeloyalEstradaassomeoneseeking impression thathewassimplytrying trustworthy spiritualadviserBrotherMikeVelarde. Velarde gavethe who mayhavefailed,butwaswillingtodobetter—withthehelpofhis and theIglesianiCristoChurch.IntheirviewPresidentEstradawasaman supporters mobilizedbyEstradawereintheirmajoritymembersofElShaddai people’s powermovement, eventuallyforcingEstradaoutofoffice,the the latter, likemanymainlineProtestantchurches, stronglysupportedthe serious confrontationbetweenElShaddaiandtheCatholicChurch.While Estrada threeyearslater, basedonchargesofcorruption,ledtoanother Conference ofthePhilippines(CBCP).TheimpeachmentPresident senior ChurchofficialinthePhilippines,andCatholicBishops opposed bytheArchbishopofManila,CardinalJaimeC.Sin,thenmost ______While theremotenessofchurchfromfaithfulisacommon 36 35 The anti-elitistoutlookofmanyCharismaticgroupsissupplemented bya Mercado, Edgardo E.Dagdag,“ThePoliticization ofthePhilippineCatholicChurch,” Today, 28 January 2003, p. 2, and 7 February 2003,p.1. 2003,p.2,and7February 28January El Shaddai , pp.8-9. Populist ReligioninthePhilippines 36 TheElShaddaiPrayerMovement 35 Bothwerevehemently Asian Studies , p.89; , vol. 89 Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 experts, andhostiletodeliberation. Populists thusappealtothewisdomofcommonsense,aresuspicious accountability” views suchas“complexityonlyblursresponsibilitiesandundermines technicalities ofamodernizingsociety. Theseexperiencesrenderpopulist and interests.Theyhavetocopewiththegrowingcomplexities new institutionsandfindthemselvesinunfamiliarrolesshapedbynorms and interests.Peopleexposedtorapidmodernizationareforcedadapt of ongoingdiversificationanddifferentiationinstitutions,roles,norms Reduction ofcomplexity his Brotherhood ofBusinessmenasmanifestations ofthesamespirituality. Velarde’s massprayerralliescanrelatetoherboss’s Saturdaybreakfastswith practiced withpeopleofone’s ownsocialbackground,butthemaidattending the upperclass.Inreality, thepronouncedunityandonenessinChristis “Brotherhood ofBusinessmenandProfessionals”restrictmembershipto predominantly toamiddle-classaudience.Otherorganizationssuchasthe dominated bythepoorersegmentsofsociety, CouplesforChristcaters classes concentrateindifferentorganizations.WhereasElShaddaiis all socialstrata,itdoessoinafragmentedway. Differentsocioeconomic the Charismaticmovementdefinitelyofferscommongroundforpeoplefrom claim oftranscendingsocialclassesisnotsimplyideology. However, although 90 reads anadvertisementon one ofthemajorhighwaysManila.Thisisan and prayersinCharismatic and Pentecostalmeetings.“Prayhard,itworks!” Spirit. Correspondingly, thismessageisarecurringthemeofthesermons well aspolitical,issimplytrustinGodandrelianceonthe poweroftheHoly temporal problemsandhardships,personalaswell societal, economicas the sinfulworldlyinstitutionsareanintegralpartof problem. modernization andwhyaChristianrenewalissourgently needed.Infact, institutions areseeminglyunpreparedtorespond adequately torapid social changeinmoralterms,populistreligiousleaders explainwhyworldly movement isthenseenasreactiontothisgodlesswayof life.Byinterpreting the modernworldhasturnedawayfromGodand hisways.Theown challenges intheworldlydomain,Charismaticsprovide asimpleexplanation: corresponds tothispatternofbehaviour. Withregard tothecomplex reduction ofcomplexity, theCharismaticmovementinPhilippines ______The populistanswertothesegrievancesisareturnsimplesolutions. 38 37 Modernity isusuallyequatedwithcomplexity. Thiscomplexityistheresult datashowthattheCharismaticpopulist As alreadymentioned,oursurvey Simple remediescorrelatewithsimpleexplanations.The solutiontoall Papadopoulos, Papadopoulos, 37 Pacific Affairs: VolumePacific Affairs: 79,No.1–Spring2006 acceptableandattractive. Populism Governance Populism, theDemocraticQuestion,and Contemporary , p.51. 38 Ifpoliticalpopulismthrivesonthe , p.53. Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 way. Velarde literal,material preaches thatGodwillrewardtheseofferingsinavery religiosity inourmainsample,comparedto13percentofallrespondents. community—is practicedby36percentofrespondentswithhighCharismatic tithe. Tithing—giving 10percentofone’s incometoone’s religious encourages hisfollowerstomakeprayerrequestsandloveofferingsor and callforpoliticalsolutions. ormainlineProtestantchurches,whichprovideastructuralanalysis approach thatdiffersmarkedlyfromthepastorallettersofCatholic centrality oftherational,calculateddoing,articulate verbalskills,of Christianity “reversestheemphasesthatwehavetaken forgranted:the cannot understand,”aswelearnedinCharismaticseminars andservices. Holy SpirittoCharismaticChristiansbecause“thisisthe onlylanguageSatan world. Speakingintongues,forexample,issuchan important giftofthe muchactiveinthemodern God: Satananddemonsarepresentvery having toconvincetheiraudience. Charismatic leaderscanrelatetoapre-existingwidespread belief,insteadof literally. However, as50percentofallrespondentssharethisperception, take the Charismatics. Fifty-fivepercentofactiveCharismaticsin oursurvey supernatural phenomenareportedintheBible,isentirelyrejectedby approach ofsomebiblicalscholars,wholookforscientificexplanations Bible tellsusaboutGod’s deedsistrueandrequiresfaith,notexegesis.The interpreting awaysignsandwondersordemonsSatan.Whateverthe the Biblemustbetakenliterally. Thereisnoplaceforanintellectual applications anduniversityexaminations. onbehalfofthe faithfulinworldlyaffairslikevisa he alsoactivelyintervenes religious leadersnotonlymaintainsapersonalrelationshipwithhisfollowers, promises intheirelectioncampaigns,theGodproclaimedbypopulist mainline churchesorunreliablepresidentialcandidatesusingpopulist helpforworldlyproblems.UnlikethedistancedGodof otherworldly of Charismaticgroupssuggesttotheirfollowersthatthereispractical, worldly futureandaguaranteeforplaceinheaven.Inotherwords,leaders appeal.Theyareasourceofhopeforbetter must certainlyhaveapowerful where 40percentofthepopulationisbelowpovertyline,suchprospects a mostbasicentrepreneurialpremise:itpaystoinvestinGod.Insociety Social Weather Stations. International SocialSciencePanelon religionin1991and1998,administeredthePhilippinesby ______Mike Velarde, forinstance,isfamoushis“prosperitygospel.”He Poewe canthushardlybefaultedforconcluding that Charismatic This ideaofanactiveGodcorrespondswiththewidespreadbeliefthat 40 39 39 The questionconcerningliteralbelief intheBiblewastakenfromquestionnaireof Wiegele, Theprosperitygospelisthuslittlemorethanareligiousequivalentof Investing inMiracles, Populist ReligioninthePhilippines p. 17ff . 40 Activeinvolvementisnotconfinedto 91 Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 , andofthingsWestern.” 92 spiritual aswellmaterial assistance.Peopleexperiencingthefragilityof cated peoplemaybeattracted bythemessageofhopeforbettermentand different personalcircumstances, andfordifferentreasons.Poorunedu- movement attractivetopeople ofdifferentsocioeconomicbackgrounds,in the senseofbelongingtoacommunity. TheseaspectsrendertheCharismatic life.Membership providesasocialnetworkand with thestrainsofeveryday life. Spiritualexperiencesprovidetheemotionalenergy neededtocope decisionsandgeneralconductof teachings giveorientationforeveryday The religiouslylegitimatedworldviewandmoraloutlook ofCharismatic groups, wecanstatethatpopulistreligionmeetsarange ofdifferentneeds. withmembersofCharismatic Summing uptheresultsofinterviews and offersprotectionfromtheirdrawbacks,bothsuccessful andotherwise. people confrontedwithexistentialmaterialcrisesand extremepoverty. as isthecaseinPhilippines—modernizationincreasesnumberof modernization havefailedtoimprovethestandardoflivingformajority— or leavehimforgood?Whereindustrializationandprocessesof togetaccessWesternhealers ortry medicine?DoIstaywithmypartner to offermychildrentheopportunityofbetterschooling?DoItrusttraditional increasingly havechoicesanddecisionstomake:DoImigrateSingapore modern educationsystemsofferopportunitiesforsocialmobility. People guidelines losetheirmonopoly. Economicprocessesfostermigrationand Institutions likechurchesandfamiliesthatformerlyprovidedmoral systems; peoplebecomeawarethattherearealternativestotheirwayoflife. security. Masscommunication confrontsindividualswithcompetingmoral cognitive andemotionalsecurity, andfailedmodernizationerodesmaterial modernization. To simply:successfulmodernizationerodes putitvery questions posedbymodernization,successfulmodernizationaswellfailed responsiveness ofthepoliticalsystemtopopulism.Theserootsliein above. Buttheattractivenessofpopulistreligionhasdeeperrootsthan question remains:Whyispopulistreligionsoattractive? and backwardvisionofasocietygovernedbysharedmoralsvalues,one anti-hierarchical, andclass-crossingdrive,aswelltheirsimplesolutions Charismatic movementintheirstyleofmobilization,anti-establishment, Populist ReligionasaRecipeforSuccess broader politicalandeconomicproblems. only asolutionforpersonalproblemsinmodernizingworld,butalso ______41 Populist religionenablespeopletoparticipateinmodernization processes We citedsomerootsofpoliticalpopulisminthePhilippinesystem Having illustratedtheparallelsbetweenpoliticalpopulismand Poewe, asaGlobalCulture Pacific Affairs: VolumePacific Affairs: 79,No.1–Spring2006 41 Thisre-enchantmentoftheworldisnot , p.12. Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 democracies. but mayaddressinclusivistaspirationsofthepeopleinrepresentative for instance,haveshownthatpopulismisnotnecessarilyanti-democratic, recent researchhasbrokenwiththisnegativeview. CanovanandTaggart, Conclusion personal relations. modern individualcivilrightsandpoliticsbasedonsharedvalues community. Thiscombinationresemblesthepoliticalpopulistblendof individual accesstoGodaswellthecomfortof(pre-modern) religion soattractive.TheCharismaticmovementoffersa(modern) that providesorientationandmeaningtolifewhichrendersCharismatic acknowledging theneedofindividualstobeembeddedinasocialnetwork individuals asindependent,empoweredpersonsandsimultaneously their righttochoose.Itisexactlythiscombinationofacknowledging orientation andasocialcohesionforindividualswhoretaintheirability is offeredbyanyreligion.WhatCharismaticreligionhastoofferaremeaning, there ismoretoCharismaticreligiositythancomfort.Thiskindofcomfort the aspectofreligionthatgivesmeaningtodesperatelivingconditions,but the masses”fallshortofexplainingsuccesspopulistreligion.Thereis full ofchoices. the clearmoralsandvaluesthatCharismaticworldviewoffersinaworld communities. Middle-classandwell-educatedpeoplemightbeattractedby their familynetworksmightbeattractedbytheclose-knitsocialtiesof differentiation, becausethis complexityreducesthe structures. Theyrejectthe complexityofmoderninstitutionscausedby toprotecttraditionalsocial individualization andpluralizationtry They criticizethebreakdownofstablesocialstructures causedby state institutionsoflegitimacy. administration inamodern,functionallydifferentiated societyitdeprives democracy, andbydisregardingtheneedfor specialization and values delegitimizesthepluralityofandlifestyles inamodern and government.Atthesametime,populism’s relianceonsharedmoral into complexpoliticalproceduresaimstolegitimizedemocratic leadership rights forequalcitizens.Reintroducingtheethicsofface-to-face interaction the commonpeopleisbasedonmoderndemocraticconceptofequal Taggart, Yves Menyand Yves Surel,eds., ______Much oftheliteraturetreatspopulisminpejorativeterms.However, more Therefore, materialisticexplanationsalongthelinesof“opium Political populismandpopulistreligionattackthedrawbacks ofmodernity. 42 Margaret Canovan,“Taking PoliticstothePeople:Populismas IdeologyofDemocracy,” in Populism andthePathology ofRepresentative Politics 42 Asoutlinedabove,thepopulistsupportforinterestsof Populist ReligioninthePhilippines Democracies andthePopulistChallenge . (Basingstoke:Palgrave,2002); “Gestaltungsmacht” 93 of Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 limited thanthatofPentecostal orEvangelicalchurches. IntheUS,religious hierarchical structure,itscapacity tocreate“freesocialspace”issurelymore Charismatic Movementis firmlyembeddedintheCatholicChurch’s Charismatics canbetransferredtothePhilippines. AstheCatholic it isquestionablewhetherconclusionsdrawnfrompredominantly Protestant Given thepredominantlyCatholiccharacterofPhilippine Charismatics, is muchweakerthanintheUnitedStatesduring SecondAwakening. Philippines theanti-elitistandanti-authoritarianthrust ofpopulistreligion into otherspheresoflife,notleastthepoliticaldomain. However, inthe Latin America. evangelical Protestantismasa“creatoroffreesocialspace” withregardto democracies. Martinhasmadeasimilarpointabout contemporary people toapluralistsocialreality—again,important requisitesfor hierarchies andcentralizedorganization,questionsauthorityaccustoms individualism producesfrequentchurchschisms,iterodesthinkingin thinking, arequisiteusuallyattributedtodemocrats.Asreligious relating spiritualexperiencetopersonalcircumstancesrequiresindependent people fromdogmaticsubordination.Findingone’s ownwayto Godand (1989) indetail.Accordingtohisanalysis,individualspiritualityliberates to Godoverthechurch’s functionhasbeenanalyzedbyHatch intermediary democratizing effectofatheologythatemphasizesthepersonalrelationship culture andpoliticalattitudesisindirect,convolutedambiguous.The strengthen democracyinotherways,althoughitsinfluenceonpolitical institutions couldbeeffectivelyimproved.Populistreligionmayalso within thepoliticalsphere,currentlylackinglegitimizationof and accountabilitygroundedinChristianvalues.Ifthisethicgainsground has apro-democraticpotentialinasmuchitfostersanethicofhonesty if transferredtothereligioussphere.PopulistreligioninPhilippines those whoareperceivedasdifferent. authoritarian regimeswithitsquestforsimplicityandintolerancetowards democracy withitsrelianceonindividuals’rightsanditcanfoster ambiguity ofpopulismresultsinambiguoussocietalpotential:itcanfoster modern notionofindividualrightsandfreedomtochoose.This very premodern qualities,politicalpopulismandpopulistreligionrelyonthe However, infightingtheperceivedillsofmodernityandappealingto basis ofsociety, asthesedeprivepeopleofembeddednessinsocialstructures. applicable bylaity. Theyrejectimpersonalproceduralrelationshipsasthe God). Theyadvocatesimplesolutions,comprehensiblebynon-expertsand people todeterminetheirownlives(andrelationshipwith ordinary 94 ______43 It isassumedthatthesereligiouscharacteristicswould soonspillover Populism retainsthisambivalentcharacterwithregardtodemocratization Martin, Tongues of Fire 43 Pacific Affairs: VolumePacific Affairs: 79,No.1–Spring2006 , p.279. Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 on politicalauthority. populism wenthandinwithJeffersonianRepublicanismanditsassault behaviour, especiallyifembeddedinasocialmovementlikethepopulist approach. one regardsevangelizationandindividualspiritual renewalassuchan pursues asystematicapproachtopovertyalleviationand socialchange,unless hardly gobeyondcharityintheirdevelopmentwork. So farnoneofthem Such anassessmentcoincideswiththefactthatmost Charismaticgroups democracy,conservative ademocracythatofferslittle scopeforsocialaction. in thePhilippinesmayindeedcontributetodemocracy, butcertainlyahighly enlightenment.” Ströbele-Gregor hasaptlycalledthisambiguity“anti-enlightened Literaturstudie quoted in:Yves Bizeul, beidenurbanenAymaraevangelikaler Missionierung inLaPaz(Bolovien) Protestantism inLatinAmerica its tendenciestofragmentationgiveitmoredemocraticimplications?” by Bastian?…IsLatinAmericanProtestantismbasicallycaudillistic,ordo or isitinevitablythaumaturgical—thatmagicalandmystifying—asargued secularizing, andrationalizingLatinAmericansociety, aspredictedbyMartin, Latin AmericanPentecostalismastepontheroadtodemystifying, foster aChristianauthoritarianandtheocraticvisionofsociety. search forthebestarguments.TheCharismaticRenewalthereforemight revelation mighthavedifficultiesparticipatinginademocraticdiscourseto whoever trulybelievesthathisorherpoliticalopinionsreflectdivine worldview ofCharismaticChristianscanbecriticizedasanti-democratic: basicsense,themoraloutlookandenchanted protecting minorities.Inavery substantial Muslimminoritycontradictsthedemocraticprincipleof Christian faith.Enforcingfamilyethicsbylawinasocietywith inherent intheCharismaticmovement’s aimtobuildasocietyrootedin supposedly democratizinginstitutionsinthecountry, suchasNGOs. and Pentecostal churches,atraittheysharewithotherintermediary hierarchic internalstructureofmostCharismaticlayorganizationsand authoritarian andapoliticalelementsofpopulistreligion.Oneisthe considered suitablefordemocratizationmustbeweighedupagainstthe Philippines.Moreover,contemporary theelementsofnewreligiosity ______46 45 44 Although weareconvincedthatreligiousattitudes do affectpeople’s On balance,the“anti-enlightenedenlightenment”ofpopulistreligion Stoll hasaskedsimilarquestionsabouttheLatinAmericancontext:“Is Another counterdemocraticelementisthefundamentalisttendencies Juliane Stroebele-Gregor, David Stoll,“Introduction,”inVirginia Garrard-BurnettandDavidStoll,eds., Hatch, (Bonn:Deutsche Bischofskonferenz, 1995),p.143. TheDemocratizationofAmericanChristianity 46 Christliche Sektenundreligiöse BewegungenindersüdlichenHemisphäre. Eine (Philadelphia:Temple UniversityPress, 1993),p.14. Populist ReligioninthePhilippines 44 Dialektik der Gegenaufklärung. ZurProblematikDialektik derGegenaufklärung. fundamentalistischerund Suchapoliticalmovementismissinginthe , p.10. (Bonn: HolosVerlag, 1988), Rethinking 95 45 Copyright (c) Pacific Affairs. All rights reserved. Delivered by Ingenta to IP: 192.168.39.151 on: Sat, 02 Oct 2021 21:52:50 Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, GermanyAugust2005 Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, BergstraesserInstituteforsocio-culturalresearch,Arnold Freiburg, Germany, and promising taskoffuturework. researching itslastingtangiblepoliticaleffectswillbethechallengingand Christians. Ourstudyexploredthescopeandqualityofpopulistreligion; and theactualpoliticalbehaviourofCharismatic,PentecostalEvangelical difficulties inestablishingtestedcausalrelationsbetweenpopulistreligion analysis. Thisishardlysurprising,consideringtheenormousmethodological the Philippinesareresultofdeductivethinkingratherthanempirical considerations regardingthepotentialpoliticaleffectsofthismovementin Charismatic religiousrenewal,weconcludethisarticlewithacaveat.All 96 Pacific Affairs: VolumePacific Affairs: 79,No.1–Spring2006