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The Trans-Atlantic Community As a Natural Alliance THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public CHILD POLICY service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research POPULATION AND AGING organization providing objective analysis and effective PUBLIC SAFETY solutions that address the challenges facing the public SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and private sectors around the world. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore Pardee RAND Graduate School View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the Pardee RAND Graduate School (PRGS) dissertation series. PRGS dissertations are produced by graduate fellows of the Pardee RAND Graduate School, the world’s leading producer of Ph.D.’s in policy analysis. The dissertation has been supervised, reviewed, and approved by the graduate fellow’s faculty committee. The Enduring Partnership? The Trans-Atlantic Community as a Natural Alliance Jeremy J. Ghez This document was submitted as a dissertation in June 2010 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the doctoral degree in public policy analysis at the Pardee RAND Graduate School. The faculty committee that supervised and approved the dissertation consisted of Forrest Morgan (Chair), James Thomson, and Karl Mueller. PARDEE RAND GRADUATE SCHOOL The Pardee RAND Graduate School dissertation series reproduces dissertations that have been approved by the student’s dissertation committee. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 2010 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Can commonalities in political culture and identity drive states closer together in the long run and result in the formation of natural alliances? This dissertation discusses the possibility that states which share a common constructed identity can better coordinate their international agendas. In particular, it applies this natural alliance theory to the trans-Atlantic community and discusses the implications of a common constructed identity for the future of the partnership. The collapse of the European political system in the first half of the 20th century laid the grounds for an integrative paradigm which not only focused on trade and security cooperation, but also on the construction of a shared trans-Atlantic narrative and identity. This unprecedented integrative paradigm provided the partnership with a historical and intellectual capital that continues to strengthen the alliance’s resilience today: A common constructed identity and intellectual software can drive states closer together by providing them with focal points to coordinate their long-term mutual expectations. As a result, natural alliances tend to endure in spite of changes in the international context and distinguish themselves from other partnerships driven by other logics. In this dissertation, I develop a taxonomy reflecting these different logics and propose a methodology to identify a natural alliance. I apply this methodology to the trans-Atlantic partnership and find it to be a natural alliance since 1991 at least, in spite of three limitations: (1) The extent to which Eastern European countries are part of this natural alliance is still unclear; (2) It is inaccurate to exclude New Zealand and Australia from this natural alliance, although they do not belong to the trans-Atlantic community; iii and (3) In addition, apparent societal shifts in Japan and South Korea since 2000 could further challenge the geographic denomination of the trans-Atlantic community in time. These findings suggest that Washington can increase its leverage by distinguishing between various types of alliance opportunities in order to manage an increasingly wide array of international threats. They also suggest that the trans-Atlantic partnership is going global not only because of its missions but also because of its potential international members. iv CONTENTS CONTENTS........................................................................................................................V FIGURES.......................................................................................................................... IX TABLES .........................................................................................................................XIII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................XV CHAPTER I—INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................1 RETHINKING ALLIANCES IN THE NEW CENTURY What Is a Natural Alliance?............................................................................................ 3 How Strategically Significant Is 21st Century Europe?.................................................. 6 The Asian challenge.................................................................................................... 6 An alternative narrative.............................................................................................. 9 Identity-based alliances ............................................................................................ 13 Puzzles .......................................................................................................................... 16 Previous contribution on alliances ........................................................................... 17 Contribution of a natural alliance theory................................................................. 19 Hypotheses and Methodology ...................................................................................... 20 Research questions, hypotheses and research design............................................... 20 Policy Implications ....................................................................................................... 23 Outline .......................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER II—LITERATURE REVIEW (PART 1)........................................................26 NATURAL ALLIANCES: A HISTORICAL VIEW A Dual Struggle ............................................................................................................ 28 The struggle for unity................................................................................................ 29 A complex system of alliances and no necessary equilibrium .................................. 31 Wilsonianism’s Victory in the West............................................................................. 35 A Universality-based paradigm ................................................................................ 36 The discredit of the balance-of-power model ........................................................... 39 From universality to institutionalization ….............................................................. 41 … To rivalries and bitterness.................................................................................... 43 The Persisting Partnership ............................................................................................ 45 NATO as the epitome for the trans-Atlantic community........................................... 45 Terms of estrangement?............................................................................................ 47 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 51 v CHAPTER III—LITERATURE REVIEW (PART 2) ......................................................52 RIVAL AND SYNTHETIC EXPLANATIONS FOR ALLIANCES The Revenge of the Software Over the Hardware........................................................ 54 Biology and international relations.......................................................................... 54 Intellectual software and
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