ABOUT THE PEW FORUM ON RELIGION & P UBLIC LIFE

This report was produced by the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life with generous support from the Tem - pleton Foundation. The Forum provides opinion leaders with timely, impartial information on issues at the in - tersection of religion and public affairs. It also serves as a neutral venue for discussion of these important issues. As an independent, nonpartisan and nonadvocacy organization, the Forum does not take positions on policy debates. The Forum is a project of the Pew Research Center, a nonpartisan “fact tank” that provides in - formation on the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. Both organizations are based in Washington, D.C., and are sponsored by the Pew Charitable Trusts.

This report is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of the following individuals:

Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life Luis Lugo, Director Sandra Stencel, Deputy Director John Green, Senior Fellow in Religion and American Politics Timothy S. Shah, Senior Fellow in Religion and World Affairs Brian J. Grim, Senior Research Fellow Gregory Smith, Research Fellow Robert Ruby, Senior Editor Allison Pond, Research Associate

Pew Research Center Andrew Kohut, President Paul Taylor, Executive Vice President Scott Keeter, Director of Survey Research

The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life 1615 L Street, NW, Suite 700 Washington, D.C. 20036-5610 Phone (202) 419-4550 Fax (202) 419-4559 www.pewforum.org

Copyright 2007 Pew Research Center First released in October 2006 CONTENTS

Preface ...... 1 Executive Summary ...... 3 Glossary ...... 11 Roadmap to the Report ...... 13 Section I. Religion and Demography ...... 15 1. Religious Practices ...... 15 2. Religious Beliefs ...... 25 3. Religious Affiliation ...... 32 4. Demographic Characteristics ...... 35 Section II. Moral and Social Issues ...... 41 Section III. Social and Economic Outlook ...... 49 Section IV. Political Views ...... 61 Appendix: Religious Demography ...... 73 Brazil ...... 75 Chile ...... 77 Guatemala ...... 79 India ...... 81 Kenya ...... 83 Nigeria ...... 85 Philippines ...... 87 South Africa ...... 89 South Korea ...... 91 United States ...... 93 Appendix: Survey Methodology ...... 95 Topline Results ...... 99 PREFACE

When the day of Pentecost came, they were all together in one place. Suddenly a sound like the blowing of a violent wind came from heaven and filled the whole house where they were sitting. ... All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other tongues as the Spirit enabled them. ... ‘In the last days, God says, I will pour out my Spirit on all people. Your sons and daughters will prophesy, your young men will see visions, your old men will dream dreams. Even on my servants, both men and women, I will pour out my Spirit in those days, and they will prophesy.’ Acts 2:1-2, 4, 17-18 (NIV)

Religion, in ways both obvious and subtle, is reshaping the world’s social and political landscape. Despite pre - dictions of religion’s demise, since the late 1970s we have been witnessing the growing power of religion in shaping people’s public identity. Talk of “secularization” and of a “post-religious” society has given way to a renewed recognition of religion’s influence in people’s social and political lives. This re-emergence of “public religion” is happening throughout the world and across religious traditions – from Islam and Hinduism to Buddhism and Judaism. Christianity, the world’s largest religion, is no exception.

Within Christianity, pentecostal and related renewalist or Spirit-filled movements are by all accounts among the fastest growing. The major strands of pentecostalism now represent at least one quarter of all Christians, according to the World Christian Database , ranking second only to Catholicism in the number of followers. In direct and indirect ways, pentecostal beliefs and practices are remaking the face of world Christianity. In Latin America, for example, pentecostals now account for approximately three-in-four Protestants.

Despite the large and growing influence of the pentecostal movement, there is relatively little research avail - able that gauges its influence on global public life. To help gain a better understanding of the nature and dynamics of global pentecostalism and related renewalist movements, the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life has conducted a pathbreaking, cross-national survey of the views of pentecostal publics on a range of politi - cal, social and economic issues, as well as their religious beliefs and practices. With generous support from the John Templeton Foundation, the Forum conducted surveys in the United States and nine countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America with sizable renewalist populations: Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, India, the Philippines and South Korea. The results of the surveys begin to paint a rich portrait of the views of adherents in these renewalist movements.

Pentecostals take their name from the biblical feast of Pentecost (in Judaism, the harvest festival of Shavuot), which took place 50 days after Passover. Early followers of Jesus who had gathered for the festival, as de - scribed in the New Testament Book of Acts, were said to be “filled with the Holy Spirit” and able to “speak in other tongues.” Although closely resembling evangelical Protestants in many of their doctrinal beliefs, pen - tecostals part ways with their evangelical cousins by strongly affirming that such practices as speaking in tongues, prophesying, divine healing and other miraculous signs of the Spirit are as valid today as they were in the early church.

This diverse and dynamic branch of Christianity is difficult for even religious scholars to describe. Most agree, how - ever, that it includes two major groups: pentecostals and charismatics. Together, they are sometimes referred to as “renewalists” because of their common belief in the spiritually renewing gifts of the Holy Spirit.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 1 P REFACE

Pentecostals belong either to one of the historical pentecostal denominations, such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ, that have their roots in the American religious revivals of the early 20th cen - tury, or to newer, largely independent indigenous churches. These newer churches, sometimes labeled “neo- pentecostal” or “neo-charismatic,” number in the tens of thousands and are especially prevalent in Africa, Asia and Latin America.

Charismatics share many of the experiences that are distinctive to pentecostalism but remain members of mainstream Protestant, Catholic and Orthodox denominations. This movement, sometimes referred to as “sec - ond wave” pentecostalism, emerged in significant numbers in the 1960s as part of what its members consid - ered to be a much-needed spiritual renewal within these older churches.

The roots of the modern pentecostal movement are in the American Midwest. In 1901, Charles Parham, the leader of a Bible school in Topeka, Kan., came to believe that the speaking in tongues that he observed there occurred as the direct result of the working of the Holy Spirit. He then spread that theological message dur - ing travels through Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. In 1905, William Seymore, an African-American preacher who heard him speak, was soon himself preaching about the baptism of the Spirit and the gift of tongues at a revival meeting on Los Angeles’ Azusa Street.

“Breathing strange utterances,” the Los Angeles Daily Times reported on its front page of April 18, 1906, “and mouthing a creed which it would seem no sane mortal could understand, the newest religious sect has started in Los Angeles.”

News of the events on Azusa Street quickly spread across the United States, then across the world. Believing that the return of Jesus was imminent, hundreds of new converts began preaching the gospel, speaking in tongues and performing healings, which they considered proof of the Holy Spirit’s workings.

Our report – prepared a century after the Azusa Street revival – does not attempt to quantify the number of renewalists worldwide. However, we have assembled religious demographic profiles for the 10 countries sur - veyed, including the United States. The profiles, published as an appendix to this report, include religious population estimates based on national censuses and similar surveys.

We also have prepared a companion report that provides background on the pentecostal movement in Latin America, Africa and Asia, including a chronology of the political involvement of pentecostals in the nine countries we surveyed in those regions. This report is available on our website at http://pewforum.org.

One of the reasons the renewalist movement has only rarely received close study in the past is because pentecostals have often been considered as being out of the mainstream, not only distinct in their religious practices but also largely apolitical in their outlook. Our survey findings suggest, however, that the wide - spread perception of pentecostals as basically apolitical in outlook might need rethinking. If so, then pente - costalism’s growing numbers will almost certainly guarantee that the movement will be a major force in shaping the political as well as the religious landscape of the 21st century.

Luis Lugo Director, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life

2 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

y all accounts, pentecostalism and related charismatic movements represent one of the fastest-growing B segments of global Christianity. According to the World Christian Database , at least a quarter of the world’s 2 billion Christians are thought to be members of these lively, highly personal faiths, which emphasize such spiritually renewing “gifts of the Holy Spirit” as speaking in tongues, divine healing and prophesying. (For definitions, see the glossary on page 11.) Even more than other Christians, pentecostals and other renewalists believe that God, acting through the Holy Spirit, continues to play a direct, active role in everyday life.

Despite the rapid growth of the renewalist movement in the Pentecostalism: Key Terms last few decades, there are few quantitative studies on the re - • Pentecostals are Christians who belong ligious, political and civic views of individuals involved in these to pentecostal denominations and groups. To address this shortcoming, the Pew Forum on Reli - churches, such as the Assemblies of gion & Public Life, with generous support from the John God, the Church of God in Christ or the Universal Church of the Kingdom of Templeton Foundation, recently conducted surveys in 10 coun - God. tries with sizeable renewalist populations: the United States; • Charismatics are Christians, including Brazil, Chile and Guatemala in Latin America; Kenya, Nigeria Catholics and mainline Protestants, and South Africa in Africa; and India, the Philippines and South who either: Korea in Asia. In each country, surveys were conducted among • describe themselves as “charis - 1 a random sample of the public at large as well as among over - matic Christians,” samples of pentecostals and charismatics. OR • describe themselves as “pente - In this report, the term “pentecostal” is used to describe indi - costal Christians” (but do not be - viduals who belong to classical pentecostal denominations, long to pentecostal such as the Assemblies of God or the Church of God in Christ, denominations) that were founded shortly after the famous Azusa Street Re - OR vival in the early 20th century, as well as those who belong to • speak in tongues at least several pentecostal denominations or churches that have formed more times a year. recently, such as the Brazil-based Universal Church of the King - • Renewalist is an umbrella term that dom of God. refers to both pentecostals and charis - matics as a group. Charismatics, by contrast, are a much more loosely defined group. The term generally refers to Christians who have experienced the “in-filling” of the Holy Spirit but who are not members of pentecostal denominations. Indeed, most charismatics are members of mainstream Protestant, Catholic and Orthodox denominations. In the surveys, respondents were categorized as charismatic if they met one of three criteria: (1) they describe themselves as “charismatic Christians”; or (2) they describe themselves as “pentecostal Christians” but do not belong to pentecostal denominations; or (3) they say they speak in tongues at least several times a year but

1 Surveys were conducted among national samples except in Brazil, South Africa, South Korea and India. The samples in Brazil, South Africa and South Korea were disproportionately urban. In India, surveys were conducted in three states with large Christian popula - tions (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Meghalaya), and in areas within these three states known to have particularly high concentrations of Christians. This survey is NOT representative of the general population of India. See the methodological appendix for details.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 3 E XECUTIVE S UMMARY

they do not belong to pentecostal denomi - Estimated Size of Renewalist Populations nations. 2 The surveys find that the size of the renewalist population varies from country to country. “Renewalist” is used as an umbrella term throughout the report to refer to pente - Pente- Charis- Total costals matics (Renewalists) costals and charismatics as a group. United States 5% 18% =23% How Many Renewalists? Latin America The surveys find that the size and composi - Brazil 15 34 =49 tion of the renewalist population varies Chile 9 21 =30 substantially from country to country, rang - Guatemala 20 40 =60 ing from a low of 5% in the areas of India Africa surveyed to a high of 60% in Guatemala. In Kenya 33 23 =56 every nation surveyed except India, at least Nigeria 18 8 =26 10% of the population can be described as South Africa 10 24 =34 renewalist; in three countries (Brazil, Asia Guatemala and Kenya) membership in the India (localities) 14=5 renewalist movement approaches or ex - Philippines 4 40 =44 ceeds 50%. South Korea 29=11

In two countries (Kenya and Nige - ria), pentecostals outnumber charis - Renewalist Influence on Protestantism matics. In every other country, by In many countries, renewalists constitute the majority of all Protestants. contrast, the renewalist movement is primarily charismatic in character, % of Protestants who are… with charismatics outnumbering Total Pente- Charis- Non- Protestant/ pentecostals by a margin of at least costals matics renewalists AIC † two-to-one. Pentecostals are more United States 10 18 72 =100 (n=388) concentrated in Latin America and Latin America Africa (where they range from 9% Brazil 72 6 22 =100 (n=148) of the population in Chile to 33% in Chile 59 19 22 =100 (n=87) Kenya) than they are in the United Guatemala 58 27 15 =100 (n=341) States or Asia (where they range Africa from 1% of the population in the Kenya 50 23 27 =100 (n=436) areas of India surveyed to 5% in the Nigeria 48 12 40 =100 (n=289) U.S.). The largest charismatic popu - South Africa 14 29 57 =100 (n=533) lations are in Brazil (34% of the Asia population), Guatemala (40%) and India (localities)* --- - the Philippines (40%). In several Philippines 37 30 33 =100 (n=89) other countries, including the U.S., South Korea 9 29 63 =101 (n=150) Chile, Kenya and South Africa, ap - †African Independent Church proximately one-in-five people are *Results for India are not reported here because the general population survey in that country included only a small number of Protestants.

2 For the precise question wording used to identify and oversample pentecostals and charismatics, see questions 4, 5c, 5d and 6b in the topline results included at the end of this report.

4 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals E XECUTIVE S UMMARY

charismatic. 3 Taken together, these findings confirm that members of renewalist movements can be found in sizeable numbers throughout the world.

In six of the 10 countries, the surveys find that renewalists account for a majority of the overall Protestant pop - ulation. Indeed, in five nations (Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Kenya and the Philippines) more than two-thirds of Protestants are either pentecostal or charismatic. In Nigeria, renewalists account for six-in-ten Protestants.

Divine Healings, Divine Revelations and Exorcisms Pentecostals are more likely than other Christians to report having experienced or witnessed divine healings, having received direct revelations from God and having experienced or seen exorcisms.

% who have… % who have… Received Experienced Received Experienced Witnessed direct or Witnessed direct or divine revelations witnessed divine revelations witnessed healings from God exorcisms healings from God exorcisms Africa United States - All 29% 26% 11% Kenya - All 71% 39% 61% Pentecostals 62 54 34 Pentecostals 87 57 86 Charismatics 46 39 22 Charismatics 78 43 67 Other Christians 28 25 7 Other Christians 47 16 39 Latin America Nigeria - All 62 41 57 Brazil - All 38 35 34 Pentecostals 79 64 75 Pentecostals 77 64 80 Other Christians 75 46 62 Charismatics 31 28 30 South Africa - All 38 33 33 Other Christians 32 29 26 Pentecostals 73 64 60 Chile - All 26 22 13 Charismatics 47 41 40 Pentecostals 77 55 62 Other Christians 32 27 25 Charismatics 37 29 20 Asia Other Christians 24 19 8 India (localities) - All 44 17 21 Guatemala - All 56 39 38 Pentecostals 74 31 41 Pentecostals 79 59 62 Charismatics 61 18 47 Charismatics 63 39 41 Other Christians 55 23 19 Other Christians 47 39 28 Philippines - All 38 27 28 Pentecostals 72 58 52 Question wording: Have you ever… Charismatics 44 35 29 a. experienced or witnessed a divine healing of an Other Christians 30 19 26 illness or injury? d. received a direct revelation from God? South Korea - All 10 36 e. experienced/witnessed the devil/evil spirits being driven out Pentecostals 56 20 30 of a person? Charismatics 61 25 35 Other Christians 20 4 11

3 In the U.S., 18% of charismatics are classified as such solely because they describe themselves as charismatic Christians; 15% of charis - matics qualify solely because they describe themselves as pentecostal Christians but do not belong to explicitly pentecostal denomina - tions; 43% of charismatics are classified as such solely because they say they speak in tongues; and the remaining 24% of U.S. charismatics qualify as such by multiple measures.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 5 E XECUTIVE S UMMARY

Renewalist Distinctives The surveys find that there are certain religious experiences and practices that differentiate pentecostals, and, to a lesser degree, charismatics, from other Christians. In seven of the 10 countries surveyed, for instance, at least half of pentecostals say that the church services they attend frequently include people practicing the gifts of the Holy Spirit, such as speaking in tongues, prophesying or praying for miraculous healing. These types of services are less common, but still relatively prevalent, among charismatics. 4 By contrast, in most of the countries surveyed, only small numbers of non-renewalist Christians report attending religious services where these sorts of religious experiences occur.

While many renewalists say they attend religious services where speaking in tongues is a common practice, fewer tend to say that they themselves regularly speak or pray in tongues. In fact, in six of the 10 countries surveyed, more than four-in-ten pentecostals say they never speak or pray in tongues. Views of Scripture Biblical literalism is more common among pentecostals In all 10 countries surveyed, large majorities of pen - than among non-renewalist Christians. tecostals (ranging from 56% in South Korea to 87% in Kenya) say that they have personally experienced or % saying Scripture is actual word of God to be taken literally witnessed the divine healing of an illness or injury. In Other eight of the countries (India and South Korea are the Pente- Charis- Chris- exceptions) majorities of pentecostals say that they All costals matics tians have received a direct revelation from God. United States 35% 76% 48% 37% Latin America Pentecostals around the world also are quite familiar Brazil 53 81 49 65 with exorcisms; majorities in seven of the 10 countries Chile 39 83 54 37 say that they personally have experienced or wit - Guatemala 77 89 81 72 nessed the devil or evil spirits being driven out of a Africa person. Generally, fewer charismatics, and even fewer Kenya 80 91 84 73 other Christians, report witnessing these types of ex - Nigeria 88 94 - 82 periences. South Africa 59 72 72 63 Asia Intensity of Belief India (localities) 50 90 82 66 Philippines 53 55 49 54 In addition to their distinctive religious experiences, South Korea 33 88 82 58 renewalists also stand out for the intensity of their be - lief in traditional Christian doctrines and practices. For Question wording: Which one of these statements comes clos - instance, in eight of the 10 countries surveyed (all ex - est to describing your feelings about [insert “the Bible” for cept the U.S. and Chile), majorities of non-renewalist Christians; “the Koran” for Muslims; “Sacred Scriptures” for all others]? The [Bible is/the Koran is/ Sacred Scriptures are] Christians believe that the Bible is the word of God the actual word of God and [is/are] to be taken literally, word and is to be taken literally, word for word; but this for word OR [the Bible is/the Koran is/ Sacred Scriptures are] the word of God, but not everything in [it/them] should be view is even more common among pentecostals than taken literally, word for word OR [the Bible is a book/the among non-renewalist Christians. Similarly, large ma - Koran is a book/ Sacred Scriptures were] written by men and jorities of all Christians, renewalists and non-re - [is/are] not the word of God. newalists alike, believe that miracles still occur today

4 In Nigeria, the survey included only 67 charismatics, too few for Nigerian charismatics to be analyzed separately. As a result, this report does not include results for Nigerian charismatics.

6 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals E XECUTIVE S UMMARY

as in ancient times. But this belief tends to be even more intense among pentecostals and, to a lesser extent, charismatics than among non-renewalist Christians.

Pentecostals also stand out, especially compared with non-renewalist Christians, for their views on eschatol - ogy, or “the end times.” In six countries, at least half of pentecostals believe that Jesus will return to earth dur - ing their lifetime. And the vast majority of pentecostals (more than 80% in each country) believe in “the rapture of the church,” the teaching that before the world comes to an end the faithful will be rescued and taken up to heaven. This belief is less common (though still widely shared) among charismatics, who in turn tend to express higher levels of belief in the rapture than do other Christians.

Pentecostals also make a concerted effort to share their faith with non-believers. In eight of the 10 countries surveyed, majorities of pentecostals say they share their faith with non-believers at least once a week. And rel - atively few pentecostals say this is something they never do. Charismatics tend to be somewhat less likely than pentecostals to share their faith on a weekly basis.

Pentecostals’ frequent attempts to spread the faith are consistent with their widespread belief that faith in Jesus represents the exclusive path to eternal salvation; in every country surveyed except South Korea, at least 70% of pentecostals completely agree that belief in Jesus is the only way to be saved from eternal damnation.

Renewalists and Politics Religious Groups and Politics Renewalist Christians’ strong focus on the supernatu - Renewalists are just as likely as others to express ral has led to the widespread perception that the support for religious involvement in politics and movement is largely apolitical in outlook. Although public life. renewalists are focused on spiritual matters, many % saying religious groups also say there is a role for religion in politics and pub - should express views on social and political questions lic life. In nine of the 10 countries surveyed, for in - Other stance, at least half of pentecostals say that religious Pente- Charis- Chris- groups should express their views on day-to-day so - All costals matics tians cial and political questions; support for this position United States 61% 79% 71% 61% is equally widespread among charismatics. In every Latin America country surveyed, furthermore, renewalists are at Brazil 57 65 61 53 least as likely as others to express this view. Chile 59 65 61 61 Guatemala 70 72 73 69 Majorities of renewalists in every country surveyed say Africa that it is important to them that their political leaders Kenya 83 84 87 85 have strong Christian beliefs. In six of the 10 countries, Nigeria 75 79 - 69 at least three-quarters of pentecostals share this view; South Africa 63 70 70 60 in the other four countries, at least two-thirds of pen - Asia tecostals agree with this position. Charismatics, as India (localities) 42 48 52 42 well, share the conviction that political leaders should Philippines 61 63 63 60 have strong Christian beliefs. South Korea 36 50 56 51

Question wording: In your opinion, should religious groups In seven of the 10 countries surveyed, majorities or keep out of political matters – or should they express their pluralities of pentecostals say there should be a sepa - views on day-to-day social and political questions? ration between church and state. But in each of these

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 7 E XECUTIVE S UMMARY

Social and Moral Issues % saying behavior is never justified Even in these very conservative countries, pentecostals Other often stand out for their traditional moral values. Pente- Charis- Chris- All costals matics tians % saying behavior is never justified Africa Kenya Other Pente- Charis- Chris- Homosexuality 98% 99% 98% 98% All costals matics tians Drinking alcohol 67 88 79 39 United States Divorce 61 70 71 51 Homosexuality 50% 80% 59% 54% Nigeria Drinking alcohol 29 48 42 26 Homosexuality 98 97 - 98 Divorce 11 15 19 8 Drinking alcohol 82 84 - 63 Latin America Divorce 50 81 - 79 Brazil South Africa Homosexuality 49 76 46 46 Homosexuality 70 79 70 72 Drinking alcohol 45 72 40 46 Drinking alcohol 52 56 52 48 Divorce 15 37 12 15 Divorce 45 48 46 45 Chile Asia Homosexuality 32 64 39 30 India (localities) Drinking alcohol 56 65 61 56 Homosexuality 72 87 86 85 Divorce 21 44 31 19 Drinking alcohol 69 79 82 77 Guatemala Divorce 55 74 77 60 Homosexuality 63 73 61 61 Philippines Drinking alcohol 79 86 78 82 Homosexuality 56 86 59 52 Divorce 47 56 46 45 Drinking alcohol 57 82 57 55 Divorce 70 84 70 72 Question wording: Please tell me, for each of the following South Korea statements, whether you think it can always be justified, some - times be justified or never be justified… a. homosexuality… Homosexuality 78 90 90 86 c. divorce… f. drinking alcohol. Drinking alcohol 26 54 50 28 Divorce 37 63 53 43 countries, sizeable minorities of pentecostals say that their government should take special steps to make their country a Christian country. And in three countries, including the U.S., pentecostals who favor separa - tion of church and state are at least slightly outnumbered by pentecostals who say that the government should take special steps to make their nation a Christian country. Regionally, support for this position is par - ticularly strong among pentecostals in Africa, where 48% of Kenyan pentecostals, 58% of Nigerian pente - costals and 45% of South African pentecostals say the government should take steps to make their nation a Christian nation. In every country, fewer than half of charismatics express support for the idea that their gov - ernment should take steps to make their country a Christian nation.

In many of the 10 countries surveyed, large majorities of the general population hold quite conservative po - sitions on several social and moral issues. But even in these generally conservative countries, pentecostals often stand out for their traditional views on a wide range of social and moral issues, from homosexuality to extramarital sex to alcohol consumption. Majorities of pentecostals in nine countries (all except the U.S.), for example, say that drinking alcohol can never be justified. In six of the 10 countries, majorities of pentecostals say the same thing about divorce.

8 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals E XECUTIVE S UMMARY

In most of the countries surveyed (all except the U.S. and South Korea), large majorities of the general pop - ulation say that abortion can never be justified, and renewalists tend to share this view. The percentage of pen - tecostals who say that abortion can never be justified ranges from 64% in the U.S. to 97% in the Philippines. Similarly, the percentage of charismatics who say that abortion is never justified ranges from 57% in the U.S. to 96% in the Philippines.

Renewalists in the U.S. The patterns of religious belief and practice that set renewalists apart from other Christians around the world also apply to pentecostals and charismatics in the United States. In the U.S., for instance, roughly two-thirds of pentecostals and charismatics report attending church at least weekly, compared with less than half for the population as a whole. And the religious services attended by U.S. renewalists tend to be quite different from the ones attended by others; more than half of U.S. pentecostals who report attending church say that the services they attend frequently include people speaking in tongues and manifesting other signs of the Spirit; the same is true for roughly three-in-ten charismatic church attenders in the U.S. Other U.S. Christians are much less familiar with this type of church service.

U.S. renewalists, like renewalists around the world, also often stand out for their moral conservatism. Eight- in-ten U.S. pentecostals say that homosexuality is never justified, for instance, and nearly six-in-ten charis - matics share this view. Among the public as a whole, by contrast, roughly half say homosexuality can never be justified. Renewalists in the U.S. also are more likely than others to oppose drinking alcohol.

And just as renewalists around the world favor a role for religion in public life, the same holds true for re - newalists in the U.S. For instance, nearly eight-in-ten American pentecostals (79%) say that religious groups should express their views on day-to-day social and political questions, compared with 61% of the public as a whole. And more than half (52%) of American pentecostals say that the government should take special steps to make the U.S. a Christian country, compared with only 25% among Christians overall.

Other Findings In addition to these results, the 10-nation survey also finds: • Contrary to widespread perceptions, pentecostals are not necessarily poorer or less educated than oth - ers in the general population of the countries surveyed. Pentecostals’ socioeconomic status very much depends on the country in question. In the U.S. as well as in Chile and Guatemala, pentecostals indeed are more likely to have lower household incomes than the population as a whole. But in the other seven countries surveyed, they are at least as well off as the general population. • In most countries, pentecostals tend to be somewhat more hopeful than non-renewalist Christians about their future financial prospects. • Pentecostals are divided on the question of whether or not AIDS is a punishment from God; majorities in three of the countries surveyed (Guatemala, Kenya and South Korea) believe that AIDS is a punish - ment from God for immoral sexual behavior, but majorities of pentecostals in five other countries ex - plicitly reject this point of view. • In most countries, pentecostals are somewhat more likely than non-renewalist Christians to sympathize more with Israel than with the Palestinians.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 9 E XECUTIVE S UMMARY

• Pentecostals in six of the countries surveyed are more willing than the public overall to allow women to serve as pastors or church leaders. This pattern, however, does not generally extend to other gender issues, where there is no consistent pattern differentiating pentecostals from others. • Majorities of pentecostals in all 10 countries surveyed agree that God will grant good health and relief from sickness to believers who have enough faith; and in nine of the countries, most pentecostals say that God will grant material prosperity to all believers who have enough faith. • Opinions about the U.S.-led war on terror vary substantially from country to country. In South Korea, for instance, only 16% of pentecostals and 10% of charismatics say they favor U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism. In the U.S. and the Philippines, by contrast, at least seven-in-ten pentecostals (and nearly as many U.S. and Filipino charismatics) support U.S. efforts to fight terrorism.

10 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals GLOSSARY

Baptism in (or of) the Holy Spirit, in-filling of the Holy Spirit The primary experience in the pentecostal and charismatic movements, in which the believer receives spiritual gifts and empowerment, often through the laying on of hands.

Charismatic Those who practice the gifts of the Holy Spirit but are not members of historical pentecostal denominations. Most belong to Catholic, Orthodox, mainline Protestant or evangelical Protestant denominations.

Evangelicals Members of Protestant denominations who hold traditional religious beliefs but are neither pentecostal nor fundamentalist. Evangelicals do not stress the gifts of the Holy Spirit (as do pentecostals), but they are not hos - tile to them (as are fundamentalists). All three groups share certain basic religious doctrines, such as the need for believers to have a conversion experience (i.e., be “born again”) and to convert non-believers. As a con - sequence, they all can be thought of as belonging to a broader evangelical Protestant tradition.

Fundamentalists Protestants who believe the Bible is to be read literally and who maintain ecclesiastical separation from those who believe differently. They generally are hostile to the “gifts of the Spirit,” believing they were bestowed only during the early church period described in the New Testament.

Gifts of the Holy Spirit Listed in 1 Corinthians 12:4-14, these gifts include speaking in tongues, healing, prophecy, spiritual discernment and the performing of miracles. Some Christians contend the Holy Spirit gave these gifts or “charisms” only during the New Testament period, but pentecostals and charismatics believe such gifts are still manifested today among believers.

Health & wealth gospel A teaching that has emerged in recent decades in some pentecostal and charismatic circles that emphasizes biblical verses on health and wealth to make the point that God wants believers to prosper; to release in - tended blessings, believers must have unwavering faith and practice certain principles, such as donating one- tenth of their income (tithing) to a church. Some critics say the movement is too simplistic and overlooks biblical verses on hardship and suffering.

Holy laughter Seemingly uncontrollable laughter believed to be a Spirit-led expression of joy.

Laying on of hands An action intended to invoke the Holy Spirit, conferring power and blessing on the recipient. Often used dur - ing prayer for healing and for the baptism of the Holy Spirit.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 11 G LOSSARY

Mainline Protestants Members of the once-dominant Protestant denominations. Although affirming many traditional beliefs, these churches are known for their generally progressive theology and openness to new ideas and societal changes. These denominations do not stress the gifts of the Holy Spirit but are often tolerant of such practices, and thus include charismatics in their ranks.

Pentecostals Members of denominations that emphasize the gifts of the Holy Spirit, including the belief that speaking in tongues is necessary evidence of the baptism of the Holy Spirit. Pentecostals belong either to one of the his - torical denominations, such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ, that originated in the religious revivals of the early 20th century, or to newer, largely independent churches, sometimes labeled as neo-pentecostal churches.

Prophecy A spontaneous utterance spoken in worship settings believed to be inspired by the Holy Spirit; not necessar - ily a prediction of future events as the term is commonly understood. One of the spiritual gifts listed in 1 Corinthians 12.

Renewalists An umbrella term used to refer to pentecostals and charismatics.

Speaking in tongues Ecstatic worship or prayer using unintelligible speech that is considered a gift of the Holy Spirit; also called prayer language or glossolalia.

Spiritual discernment A spiritual gift to recognize and differentiate the workings of the Holy Spirit and the devil.

Primary source: Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements (Regency Reference-Zondervan, 1988), edited by Stanley M. Burghess and Gary B. McGee.

12 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals ROADMAP TO THE REPORT

his report is divided into four main sections. Section I describes the religious experiences and beliefs of Trenewalists, as well as their religious affiliations and demographic characteristics. The moral values and social attitudes of renewalists are presented and analyzed in Section II. Section III reports on their personal and social outlooks. Finally, Section IV describes the political views of renewalists, comparing them with the views held by other Christians in each of the 10 countries surveyed.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 13 SECTION I. R ELIGION AND DEMOGRAPHY

he surveys find that there are certain religious experiences and behaviors that differentiate renewalist T movements from other Christian traditions. Reports of having experienced direct divine interventions in their day-to-day lives, for example, are relatively common among pentecostals, and, to a lesser extent, charis - matics, but tend to be more rare among other Christians.

Many pentecostals around the world report experiencing divine healings, receiving revelations from God, wit - nessing exorcisms and attending religious services where people speak in tongues and display other signs of the Holy Spirit. Fewer pentecostals say that they have prophesied or interpreted prophecy, but even this is not an uncommon occurrence among this group. These activities tend to be more common among pentecostals than among charismatics, and much more common among pentecostals than among non-renewalist Christians.

While their distinctive religious experiences serve to distinguish renewalists most sharply from other Chris - tians, they also stand out for the frequency with which they engage in activities that are more typical of main - stream Christianity. Renewalists (particularly pentecostals) tend to be more likely than other Christians to say that they go to church regularly, pray frequently and read Scripture often. A similar pattern can be seen in re - ligious beliefs; renewalists adhere to many of the same articles of faith as do non-renewalist Christians, but they tend to hold these beliefs even more intensely than other Christians.

Contrary to widespread perceptions, pentecostals are not necessarily poorer or less educated than others in the general population of the countries surveyed. Pentecostals’ socioeconomic status very much depends on the country in question. In the U.S. as well as in Chile and Guatemala, pentecostals indeed are more likely to have lower household incomes than the population as a whole. But in the other seven countries surveyed, they are at least as well off as the general population.

1. R ELIGIOUS PRACTICES Distinctive Elements of Renewalist Church Services In all 10 countries surveyed, overwhelming majorities of pentecostal church attenders say their religious serv - ices at least occasionally include people speaking in tongues, prophesying, praying for divine healing or dis - playing physical signs of the Holy Spirit, such as laughing or shaking. This type of church service is particularly common in Latin America and Africa, where pluralities of pentecostals in most countries report that their services include these activities either always (Brazil, Guatemala, South Africa) or frequently (Chile, Kenya). Such services are less common in Asia, where pluralities in the regions of India surveyed, the Philippines and South Korea say their religious services only occasionally include these phenomena.

Such features also are quite common in charismatic church services. With the exception of Brazil, at least half of charismatic church attenders report witnessing such behaviors at their religious services at least occasion - ally. But such occurrences tend to be less common among charismatics than among pentecostals.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 15 S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

Signs of the Spirit in Religious Services Africa Kenya - All (579) 37 Pentecostals are more likely than charismatics and other Christians to say their religious services include speaking Pentecostals (403) 71 in tongues, prophesying or other signs of the Spirit. Charismatics (304) 30 Other Christians (218) 7 % saying services frequently include signs of the Spirit* Nigeria - All (389) 47 Pentecostals (479) 58 United States 16 Other Christians (189) 29 All (n=564) 51 South Africa - All (607) 31 Pentecostals (117) 31 Pentecostals (253) 65 Charismatics (403) 8 Charismatics (340) 34 Other Christians (367) Other Christians (345) 22 Latin America 23 Asia Brazil - All (510) 67 India (localities) - All (231) 18 Pentecostals (311) 17 Pentecostals (406) 48 Charismatics (314) 14 Charismatics (120) 30 Other Christians (181) 16 Other Christians (196) 13 Chile - All (443) 72 Philippines - All (956) 16 Pentecostals (271) 25 Pentecostals (308) 42 Charismatics (269) 9 Charismatics (428) 21 Other Christians (282) 38 Other Christians (520) 15 Guatemala - All (846) 79 South Korea - All (205) 11 Pentecostals (410) 38 Pentecostals (131) 43 Charismatics (483) 13 Charismatics (332) 31 Other Christians (253) Other Christians (141) 8 *Based on Christians who attend religious services. Question wording: When you attend religious services, how often do they include people speaking in tongues, prophesying, praying for miraculous or divine healings, or displaying physical signs of the Spirit such as laughing and shaking? Would you say always, frequently, occasionally or never?

In contrast, religious services that include speaking in tongues, prophesying and the like are largely foreign to non-renewalist Christians. With the exceptions of Nigeria and India, majorities of non-renewalist Christian church attenders (ranging from 52% in South Korea to 79% in the U.S.) say their church services never fea - ture such behaviors.

Personal Religious Experiences Although many renewalists attend religious services where speaking in tongues and other signs of the Holy Spirit are common, fewer tend to say they themselves regularly speak or pray in tongues. In fact, in six of the 10 countries surveyed, more than four-in-ten pentecostals say they never speak or pray in tongues. 5 The only country in which a majority of pentecostals say they speak or pray in tongues on at least a weekly basis is Guatemala; slim majorities of charismatics in Guatemala and the regions of India surveyed, and half of the charismatics in the U.S., also fall in this category.

5 By the definitions used in this report, non-renewalist Christians speak in tongues only rarely, if at all.

16 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

There are several distinctive experiences, however, Speaking in Tongues that are quite common among renewalists. For ex - Speaking in tongues is not a universal practice among ample, in every country, majorities of pentecostals say pentecostals and charismatics. they have experienced or witnessed a divine healing % saying they speak or of an illness or injury. Indeed, in every country except pray in tongues …* the U.S. (where 62% of pentecostals report having Weekly or more Never experienced or witnessed divine healing) and South Korea (where 56% of pentecostals are personally fa - United States - All (n=619) 14% 74% miliar with divine healing), more than seven-in-ten Pentecostals 33 49 pentecostals report having experienced or witnessed Charismatics 50 32 miraculous cures. Latin America Brazil - All (n=643) 8 85 Such experiences also are fairly well-known among Pentecostals 29 50 charismatics. In South Korea, for instance, charismat - Charismatics 8 84 ics are just as likely to have experienced divine heal - Chile - All (n=510) 8 84 ing as are pentecostals. And in three other countries Pentecostals 25 45 (Guatemala, Kenya and the regions of India surveyed) Charismatics 30 38 majorities of charismatics say they are familiar with Guatemala - All (n=854) 37 55 divine healings. Pentecostals 53 35 Charismatics 53 39 Compared with renewalists, other Christians have Africa generally had less experience with divine healing, Kenya - All (n=642) 19 61 though in Nigeria and India majorities even among Pentecostals 38 27 this group say they have experienced or witnessed Charismatics 23 53 miraculous cures. Nigeria - All (n=649) 9 76 Pentecostals 37 32 For many renewalists, knowledge of the supernatural South Africa - All (n=720) 11 76 extends to exorcisms. This is particularly true of pen - Pentecostals 38 41 tecostals in Latin America and Africa, where large Charismatics 26 57 majorities in every country surveyed report having ex - Asia perienced or witnessed the devil or evil spirits being India (localities) - All (n=725) 8 75 driven out of a person. Firsthand familiarity with ex - Pentecostals 41 54 orcisms is less common among pentecostals in Asia Charismatics 51 34 and the United States. Philippines - All (n=995) 10 77 Pentecostals 34 45 Charismatics are, for the most part, less familiar with Charismatics 18 65 exorcisms than are pentecostals. But in several coun - South Korea - All (n=346) 4 67 tries (particularly in Kenya and the regions of India Pentecostals 45 18 surveyed) such experiences are relatively common Charismatics 31 12 even among this group. Other Christians tend to be

*Based on those who identified themselves as belonging to a less familiar with exorcisms compared with their re - particular religion. newalist counterparts. Question wording: How often do you speak or pray in tongues? Would you say every day, more than once a week, once a week, at least once a month, several times a year, less often or never?

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 17 S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

Divine Healings and Exorcisms Large majorities of pentecostals in Latin America and Africa report having experienced or witnessed the devil Witnessing or experiencing a divine healing is common or evil spirits being driven out of a person. among pentecostals. % saying they have witnessed or % saying they have witnessed or experienced an exorcism experienced a divine healing Other Other Pente- Charis- Chris- Pente- Charis- Chris- All costals matics tians All costals matics tians United States 11% 34% 22% 7% United States 29% 62% 46% 28% Latin America Latin America Brazil 34 80 30 26 Brazil 38 77 31 32 Chile 13 62 20 8 Chile 26 77 37 24 Guatemala 38 62 41 28 Guatemala 56 79 63 47 Africa Africa Kenya 61 86 67 39 Kenya 71 87 78 47 Nigeria 57 75 - 62 Nigeria 62 79 - 75 South Africa 33 60 40 25 South Africa 38 73 47 32 Asia Asia India (localities) 21 41 47 19 India (localities) 44 74 61 55 Philippines 28 52 29 26 Philippines 38 72 44 30 South Korea 6 30 35 11 South Korea 10 56 61 20

Question wording: Have you ever (insert item)? a. experienced or witnessed a divine healing of an illness or injury? e. experienced or witnessed the devil or evil spirits being driven out of a person?

Prophesying and interpreting prophecy seem to be somewhat less central to the religious experience of re - newalists than divine healing or exorcism, but they are by no means uncommon occurrences. Among pente - costals in South Africa, for instance, a majority say they have experience with prophesying or interpreting prophecy, as do more than four-in-ten pentecostals in Nigeria (44%), the regions of India surveyed (41%) and South Korea (43%). Charismatics tend to have less experience with prophecy than do pentecostals; with the exceptions of Nigeria and India, prophesying and interpreting prophecy are relatively rare among non-re - newalist Christians.

Most renewalists surveyed report that they have at one time received a definite answer to a specific prayer request. This is particularly true of pentecostals (in seven countries, more than eight-in-ten pentecostals report having had a prayer answered), but it also is very common among charismatics. Non-renewalist Christians also report having their prayers answered; but in most countries (with the exceptions of Nigeria and India), fewer non-renewalist Christians report having their prayers answered compared with pentecostals.

18 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

Prophecy Answers to Prayer and Revelations from God Charismatics tend to have less experience than Most renewalists report that they have received a pentecostals giving or interpreting prophecy. definite answer to a specific prayer request.

% saying they have % saying they have given or interpreted prophecy received answer to prayer Other Other Pente- Charis- Chris- Pente- Charis- Chris- All costals matics tians All costals matics tians United States 13% 27% 20% 8% United States 55% 77% 63% 59% Latin America Latin America Brazil 10 30 65 Brazil 67 95 68 65 Chile 7 36 13 4 Chile 50 88 62 54 Guatemala 20 38 26 11 Guatemala 74 92 78 73 Africa Africa Kenya 22 28 21 7 Kenya 85 94 87 77 Nigeria 30 44 - 29 Nigeria 83 92 - 89 South Africa 27 55 35 19 South Africa 56 84 71 51 Asia Asia India (localities) 24 41 32 25 India (localities) 65 67 76 77 Philippines 10 29 13 8 Philippines 64 91 72 58 South Korea 6 43 44 10 South Korea 13 63 70 25

Question wording: Have you ever (insert item)? Receiving a direct revelation from God is generally less b. given or interpreted prophecy? common among charismatics than pentecostals.

% saying they have received revelation Other Pente- Charis- Chris- All costals matics tians

United States 26% 54% 39% 25% Latin America Brazil 35 64 28 29 Chile 22 55 29 19 Guatemala 39 59 39 39 Africa Kenya 39 57 43 16 Nigeria 41 64 - 46 South Africa 33 64 41 27 Asia India (localities) 17 31 18 23 Philippines 27 58 35 19 South Korea 3 20 25 4

Question wording: Have you ever (insert item)? c. received a definite answer to a specific prayer request? d. received a direct revelation from God?

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 19 S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

In addition to receiving answers to their prayers, many pentecostals (including majorities in every coun - Church Attendance try except India and South Korea) say they also have The vast majority of pentecostals say they attend religious services at least once a week. received a direct revelation from God. Receiving such revelations is a less common experience among charis - % saying they attend church matics. In fact, on this measure, charismatics often at least once a week more closely resemble non-renewalist Christians than Other Pente- Charis- Chris- they do their pentecostal counterparts. All costals matics tians United States 44% 65% 63% 50% More Fervent in Their Religious Practice Latin America In addition to their distinctive religious experiences, Brazil 38 86 32 32 renewalists also tend to engage in more traditional Chile 29 79 43 28 Christian practices at somewhat higher rates than do Guatemala 64 87 77 67 non-renewalists. Africa Kenya 80 92 89 64 The vast majority of pentecostals, for instance, report Nigeria 76 83 - 89 attending religious services at least once a week. In South Africa 55 75 71 55 the U.S. and the regions of India surveyed, at least six- Asia in-ten pentecostals say they attend church every India (localities) 36 60 52 51 week, and in every other country surveyed this figure Philippines 62 90 65 58 rises to at least three-in-four. Majorities of charismat - South Korea 28 79 78 75 ics in every country except Brazil and Chile also say they attend church at least once a week. Question wording: Aside from weddings and funerals how often do you attend religious services … more than once a week, once a week, once or twice a month, a few times a In most of the 10 countries, non-renewalist Christians year, seldom or never? also report high levels of church attendance. Indeed, Muslims were asked: On average, how often do you attend the mosque for salah and Jum’ah Prayer? More than once a in eight of the countries, majorities of this group say week, once a week for Jum’ah, once or twice a month, a few they attend church at least once a week. But in most times a year, seldom or never? cases, non-renewalist Christians attend somewhat less frequently than their renewalist counterparts. The only exceptions to this rule are Nigeria (where non-re - newalists attend as often as pentecostals), South Korea (where the figures for pentecostals, charismatics and non-renewalist Christians are nearly equal), Brazil and the regions of India surveyed (where other Christians attend church as often as charismatics).

In most of the countries surveyed, majorities of the general population say they pray to God every day. The exceptions are Chile (where 45% pray daily), the regions of India surveyed (where 37% say they pray every day) and South Korea (where 11% pray daily).

Despite the generally high level of private prayer among all groups, pentecostals, and, to a lesser extent, charismatics, tend to stand out for their relatively high level of private devotion. In nine countries, at least two- thirds of pentecostals say they pray every day. The only exception is South Korea, where even among pente - costals only 34% say they pray daily. Charismatics also pray quite regularly, with majorities in every country except South Korea saying they do so every day.

20 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

A similar pattern is seen on the question of frequency of Bible reading. With the exception of South Korea, pluralities or majorities of pentecostals in the countries surveyed say they read the Scripture every day, with many more saying they do so at least once a week. Charismatics also read the Bible fairly frequently. Non-re - newalists tend to read Scripture less often than do renewalists.

Private Prayer and Scripture Reading

Daily prayer tends to be common among all groups, es - In most countries, pluralities or majorities of pente - pecially among pentecostals. costals say they read Scripture every day.

% saying they pray to God daily % saying they read Scripture daily Other Other Pente- Charis- Chris- Pente- Charis- Chris- All costals matics tians All costals matics tians United States 64% 79% 74% 69% United States 18% 34% 27% 21% Latin America Latin America Brazil 67 83 72 62 Brazil 16 51 13 10 Chile 45 75 56 47 Chile 10 44 21 7 Guatemala 70 69 75 73 Guatemala 22 41 27 16 Africa Africa Kenya 70 82 80 56 Kenya 39 51 40 17 Nigeria 83 86 - 79 Nigeria 27 42 - 25 South Africa 62 77 71 61 South Africa 33 39 31 17 Asia Asia India (localities) 37 67 55 52 India (localities) 16 43 37 29 Philippines 77 93 80 74 Philippines 10 48 11 9 South Korea 11 34 34 26 South Korea 6 27 29 11

Question wording: How often do you (insert item)? Would you say every day, more than once a week, once a week, at least once a month, several times a year, less often or never? a. pray to God outside of religious services f. read Scripture outside of religious services

Fasting is a much less common practice among all groups in every country. But even on this measure, re - newalists (especially pentecostals) appear to be somewhat more religiously active than their non-renewalist counterparts. In fact, in all the countries except the U.S. and South Africa, majorities of pentecostals fast at least several times a year.

In addition to attending church services regularly, praying often and reading the Bible frequently, many re - newalists also make watching or listening to religious programs on television and radio a regular part of their daily lives. Indeed, in all 10 countries, majorities of pentecostals say they watch or listen to religious pro - gramming at least on a weekly basis. Tuning in to religious programming is particularly popular among pen - tecostals in the U.S., Latin America and Africa, where at least half say they do so more than once a week.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 21 S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

Use of Religious Media Africa Kenya - All 78 Majorities of pentecostals in all 10 countries say they watch or listen to religious programming at least once a Pentecostals 92 week. Charismatics 87 Other Christians 67 % saying they use religious media at least weekly Nigeria - All 73 United States Pentecostals 77 All 35 Other Christians 71 Pentecostals 74 South Africa - All 63 Charismatics 56 Pentecostals 76 Other Christians 35 Charismatics 72 Latin America Other Christians 62 38 Brazil - All Asia 78 Pentecostals India (localities) - All 42 Charismatics 42 Pentecostals 56 34 Other Christians Charismatics 61 Chile - All 19 Other Christians 51 Pentecostals 64 Philippines - All 46 Charismatics 32 Pentecostals 61 Other Christians 15 Charismatics 51 Guatemala - All 55 Other Christians 40 Pentecostals 83 South Korea - All 16 Charismatics 63 Pentecostals 58 Other Christians 46 Charismatics 62 Other Christians 28

Question wording: How often do you listen to religious radio or watch religious television programs? Would you say every day, more than once a week, once a week, at least once a month, several times a year, less often or never?

Charismatics also report watching or listening to religious programs regularly. Indeed, in most African and Asian nations surveyed, tuning in to religious programs is roughly as common among charismatics as it is among pentecostals. Watching and listening to religious programs is a relatively less common occurrence among non-renewalist Christians.

The surveys find that pentecostals around the world make a concerted effort to share their faith with non-be - lievers. In eight of the 10 countries, majorities of this group say they share their faith with non-believers at least once a week. And relatively few pentecostals (ranging from a low of 3% in South Korea to a high of 33% in the regions of India surveyed) say that this is something they never do.

Except in Kenya and India, charismatics tend to share their faith with non-believers somewhat less frequently than do pentecostals. Only in Guatemala, Kenya and South Korea do majorities of charismatics share their faith with others on a weekly basis. And, following the pattern observed on other questions, other Christians are generally less likely than renewalists to frequently share their faith with others. In fact, in most countries, pluralities or even majorities (in Brazil and the Philippines) of other Christians say they never share their faith with non-believers.

Renewalists also participate at higher rates in such activities as prayer groups, Bible studies and other reli - gious education activities. In all 10 countries, majorities of pentecostals say they participate in these types of activities on at least a weekly basis.

22 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

Sharing Faith with Non-Believers Africa Kenya - All 48 Majorities of pentecostals in most countries say they 59 share their faith with non-believers at least once a week. Pentecostals Charismatics 56 % saying they share faith at least weekly Other Christians 30

United States Nigeria - All 32 All 27 Pentecostals 41 Pentecostals 57 Other Christians 31 Charismatics 43 South Africa - All 31 Other Christians 27 Pentecostals 58 Latin America Charismatics 44 Brazil - All 28 Other Christians 28 68 Pentecostals Asia Charismatics 30 India (localities) - All 13 Other Christians 21 Pentecostals 37 Chile - All 27 Charismatics 32 Pentecostals 59 Other Christians 18 Charismatics 39 Philippines - All 18 Other Christians 26 Pentecostals 56 Guatemala - All 48 Charismatics 16 Pentecostals 72 Other Christians 15 Charismatics 60 South Korea - All 14 Other Christians 37 Pentecostals 62 Charismatics 51 Other Christians 27

Question wording: How often do you share your faith with non-believers? Would you say every day, more than once a week, once a week, at least once a month, several times a year, less often or never?

Prayer/Bible Study Groups In all 10 countries, majorities of pentecostals say they participate in prayer groups, Bible study and similar activities at least once a week. % saying they participate in % saying they participate in religious groups at least religious groups at least once a week once a week Other Other Pente- Charis- Chris- Pente- Charis- Chris- All costals matics tians All costals matics tians United States 30% 55% 44% 36% Asia Latin America India (localities) 33% 68% 64% 48% Brazil 20 59 15 15 Philippines 25 76 27 18 Chile 16 56 28 15 South Korea 16 71 67 37 Guatemala 41 64 49 34 Africa Question wording: How often do you participate in prayer groups, Scripture study groups or religious education pro - Kenya 64 82 70 39 grams? Would you say every day, more than once a week, once Nigeria 48 75 - 41 a week, at least once a month, several times a year, less often or never? South Africa 35 62 46 26

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 23 S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

The participation of charismatics in these types of groups varies considerably from country to country. Ma - jorities of charismatics in Kenya, the regions of India surveyed and South Korea say they participate in these activities at least weekly; and they are joined by more than four-in-ten charismatics in the U.S., Guatemala and South Africa. Participation in these groups is less common among charismatics in Brazil (where 15% partici - pate in religious education programs at least once a week), Chile (28%) and the Philippines (27%).

Non-renewalist Christians generally are less likely to participate regularly in these small groups. In fact, in half of the countries surveyed (including all Latin American countries, South Africa and the Philippines), majorities of non-renewalist Christians say they never participate in these kinds of activities.

24 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

2. R ELIGIOUS BELIEFS

Renewalists hold many of the same beliefs as other Christians, but they often hold them more firmly or intensely than others. The Bible Beliefs about the Bible provide a good example of this pattern. In the 10 countries surveyed, the view that the Bible is the word of God and is to be taken literally is quite common among all Christians. But in nearly every country, the number of pentecostals who see the Bible as the literal word of God exceeds the number of non- renewalist Christians who do so. (The lone exception is the Philippines, where pentecostals and other Chris -

Views of Scripture % saying Bible is… In every country except the Philippines, at least seven-in- Word of ten pentecostals hold a literal view of the Bible. Word of God NOT Written by God to be to be men, not % saying Bible is… taken taken word of literally literally God Word of Africa Word of God NOT Written by God to be to be men, not Kenya - All 80% 18% *% taken taken word of Pentecostals 91 90 literally literally God Charismatics 84 15 0 United States - All 35% 41% 19% Other Christians 73 26 0 Pentecostals 76 16 5 Nigeria - All 88 10 * Charismatics 48 41 5 Pentecostals 94 41 Other Christians 37 48 12 Other Christians 82 17 0 Latin America South Africa - All 59 26 7 Brazil - All 53 30 12 Pentecostals 72 24 2 Pentecostals 81 14 2 Charismatics 72 22 2 Charismatics 49 37 7 Other Christians 63 27 5 Other Christians 65 21 12 Asia Chile - All 39 37 17 India (localities) - All 50 18 29 Pentecostals 83 15 1 Pentecostals 90 65 Charismatics 54 30 9 Charismatics 82 9 10 Other Christians 37 45 12 Other Christians 66 16 16 Guatemala - All 77 14 5 Philippines - All 53 40 5 Pentecostals 89 62 Pentecostals 55 44 1 Charismatics 81 12 4 Charismatics 49 45 6 Other Christians 72 21 2 Other Christians 54 39 4 Question wording: Which one of these statements comes clos - South Korea - All 33 20 27 est to describing your feelings about [Insert “The Bible” for Pentecostals 88 82 Christians; “The Koran” for Muslims; “Sacred Scriptures” for all others]? The [Bible is/the Koran is/Sacred Scriptures are] the ac - Charismatics 82 13 3 tual word of God and [is/are] to be taken literally, word for Other Christians 58 24 9 word, OR [the Bible is/the Koran is/Sacred Scriptures are] the word of God, but not everything in [it/them] should be taken literally, word for word, OR [the Bible is a book/the Koran is a book/Sacred Scriptures were] written by men and [is/are] not the word of God.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 25 S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

tians are about equally likely to express this point of view.) Similarly, in seven of the 10 countries, charismat - ics are at least slightly more likely than non-renewalist Christians to view the Bible as literally true. The End Times Pentecostals around the world also are remarkably unified in their belief in the teaching known as the rap - ture of the church. In every country surveyed, more than 80% of pentecostals agree that before the world comes to an end, the faithful will be rescued and taken up to heaven. Most charismatics also say they believe in the rapture, though typically not to the same degree as pentecostals. There are differences on this ques - tion between renewalists and other Christians, but this is largely a matter of degree; in all but two countries, majorities of non-renewalist Christians also believe in the rapture of the church.

End-Time Beliefs Africa Kenya - All (n=587) 87 Pentecostals have particularly strong views on “the rap - ture of the church,” the teaching that before the world Pentecostals 95 comes to an end the faithful will be saved and taken up Charismatics 94 to heaven. Other Christians 76 88 % saying they believe in the rapture* Nigeria - All (n=394) Pentecostals 96 Other Christians 83 United States 73 All (n=594) 63 South Africa - All (n=634) 88 Pentecostals 90 Pentecostals 78 Charismatics 69 Charismatics Other Christians 66 Other Christians 59 Latin America Asia 64 Brazil - All (n=553) 56 India (localities) - All (n=258) 84 Pentecostals 93 Pentecostals 73 Charismatics 48 Charismatics 65 Other Christians 47 Other Christians 75 Chile - All (n=493) 61 Philippines - All (n=964) 92 Pentecostals 95 Pentecostals Charismatics 74 Charismatics 72 Other Christians 74 Other Christians 52 South Korea - All (n=211) 52 Guatemala - All (n=851) 81 Pentecostals 81 Pentecostals 96 Charismatics 68 Charismatics 83 Other Christians 44 Other Christians 69

*Based on those who identified themselves as Christian. Question wording: Which, if any, of the following do you believe in? Do you believe in the rapture of the church, that is, that before the world comes to an end, the religiously faithful will be saved and taken to heaven?

26 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

While pentecostals in all 10 countries express consistently high levels of belief in the rapture, there is rela - tively less unanimity on the question of when these events will unfold. In six countries (the U.S., Chile, Guatemala, Kenya, the regions of India surveyed and South Korea) at least half of all pentecostals believe that Jesus will return to earth during their lifetimes. In the other four countries, by contrast, only a minority of pentecostals take this point of view. Miracles Majorities of pentecostals around the world believe that miracles still occur today just as they did in ancient times. In every country, more than eight-in-ten pentecostals express this view. This is perhaps not surprising given that majorities of pentecostals also say that they have actually experienced or witnessed such miracles in the form of divine healings, exorcisms and revelations from God.

The belief that miracles continue to occur today is by no means unique to pentecostals, however. In every country, majorities of both charismatics and non-renewalist Christians also believe that miracles still happen. But this belief tends to be held more intensely among pentecostals than among other groups. In every country , for

Miracles Africa Kenya - All 51 In every country, majorities of pentecostals are con - vinced that miracles still occur today just as they did in Pentecostals 63 ancient times. Charismatics 59 Other Christians 34 % completely agreeing miracles still occur Nigeria - All 59 United States Pentecostals 81 All 39 Other Christians 68 Pentecostals 63 South Africa - All 40 Charismatics 55 Pentecostals 62 Other Christians 41 Charismatics 50 Latin America Other Christians 34 34 Brazil - All Asia 55 Pentecostals India (localities) - All 35 Charismatics 32 Pentecostals 67 Other Christians 30 Charismatics 61 Chile - All 51 Other Christians 46 Pentecostals 80 Philippines - All 32 Charismatics 61 Pentecostals 62 Other Christians 55 Charismatics 34 Guatemala - All 63 Other Christians 30 Pentecostals 74 South Korea - All 10 Charismatics 67 Pentecostals 59 Other Christians 65 Charismatics 49 Other Christians 18

Question wording: Now I am going to read you a series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The first/next one is: Miracles still occur today as in ancient times. Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree?

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 27 S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

instance, the number of pentecostals who completely agree that miracles occur today exceeds the number of non-renewalist Christians expressing this view. Angels and Demons Widespread belief in the intervention of supernatural forces in everyday life is further evidenced by the sim - ilarly large number of pentecostals who say that angels and demons are active in the world. In every country, majorities of pentecostals completely agree that angels and demons are active in the world today. This belief is so common that only in South Korea do fewer than two-thirds of pentecostals express this view.

Majorities of charismatics and non-renewalist Christians in all 10 countries also express agreement with the statement that angels and demons are active on earth. But here, again, fewer charismatics and (especially) non- renewalist Christians tend to express complete agreement with this view compared with pentecostals.

Angels and Demons Africa Kenya - All 61 Majorities of pentecostals in all 10 countries completely 75 agree that angels and demons are active in the world Pentecostals today. Charismatics 70 Other Christians 43 % completely agreeing angels and demons are active Nigeria - All 65 United States Pentecostals 80 All 41 Other Christians 66 Pentecostals 72 South Africa - All 41 Charismatics 58 Pentecostals 66 Other Christians 41 Charismatics 52 Latin America Other Christians 37 58 Brazil - All Asia 81 Pentecostals India (localities) - All 39 Charismatics 57 Pentecostals 66 Other Christians 53 Charismatics 56 Chile - All 54 Other Christians 48 Pentecostals 84 Philippines - All 51 Charismatics 60 Pentecostals 82 Other Christians 55 Charismatics 54 Guatemala - All 74 Other Christians 49 Pentecostals 79 South Korea - All 10 Charismatics 77 Pentecostals 53 Other Christians 79 Charismatics 48 Other Christians 17

Question wording: Now I am going to read you a series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you competely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The first/next one is: Angels and demons are active in the world. Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree?

28 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

Heaven and Hell Duty to Evangelize In all 10 countries surveyed, majorities of Christians of Majorities of pentecostals in all 10 countries believe every kind express belief in heaven and hell. Although that Christians have a duty to convert people to this belief is quite common among all Christians, a fa - Christianity. miliar pattern emerges in response to these questions. % agreeing believers have Renewalists, especially pentecostals, are somewhat a duty to convert others more likely than other Christians to express a belief in Other these traditional Christian teachings. Pente- Charis- Chris- All* costals matics tians Evangelism United States 42% 64% 54% 40% Latin America Many Christians in the countries surveyed believe that Brazil 37 72 31 34 their faith imposes certain obligations and duties Chile 38 77 47 32 upon them. One such example is the duty to evangel - Guatemala 64 79 66 57 ize. In every country, large majorities of pentecostals Africa believe that Christians have a duty to convert people Kenya 91 91 91 87 to Christianity. And most pentecostals who agree with Nigeria 91 96 - 93 this point of view do so quite firmly; pluralities of pen - South Africa 58 70 64 56 tecostals across the board say they completely agree Asia that Christians are obligated to convert others. India (localities) 32 64 57 34 Philippines 58 77 58 57 The obligation to evangelize is also affirmed by charis - South Korea 36 81 72 50 matics; except in Brazil and Chile, majorities of charis - matics say that Christians have a duty to convert *Based on those who identified themselves as belonging to a others. Non-renewalist Christians tend to share this particular religion. U.S. n=518; Brazil n=643; Chile n=510; view; in six of the countries, at least half of non-re - Guatemala n=854; Kenya n=642; Nigeria n=649; S. Africa n=720; India localities n=725; Philippines n=995; S. Korea newalist Christians agree with this position. But the n=346. duty to spread the gospel tends to be felt more Question wording: Now I am going to read you a series of strongly by renewalists than by non-renewalists. statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The The sense of duty to evangelize is consistent with the first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly widespread belief among pentecostals that faith in agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree? d. [INSERT RESPONDENT’S RELIGION] have a duty to convert Jesus Christ represents the exclusive path to eternal people of other religious faiths to [INSERT RESPONDENT’S RE - salvation. In every country except South Korea, at LIGION] least 70% of pentecostals completely agree that be - lief in Jesus Christ is the only way to be saved from eternal damnation. This view also is common among charis - matics and other Christians, but here, as in other areas, pentecostals often stand out for the intensity of their belief.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 29 S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

Health and Wealth Belief that God will grant good health and material prosperity to those who have enough faith, sometimes called the “prosperity” or “health and wealth” gospel, is quite common among Christians in each of the 10 countries surveyed. In all countries, majorities of all Christians believe that God will grant good health and re - lief from sickness to believers who have enough faith. In seven of the 10 countries, pentecostals are at least

Health & Wealth Gospel % agreeing God grants believers…* Belief in the prosperity gospel is quite common among Christians in each of the 10 countries, and Prosperity Health tends to be stronger among pentecostals than among Asia non-renewalist Christians. India (localities) - All (n=726) 82% 83% % agreeing God Pentecostals 93 93 grants believers…* Charismatics 95 97 Prosperity Health Other Christians 87 89

United States - All (n=681) 46% 56% Philippines - All (n=1000) 87 95 Pentecostals 66 68 Pentecostals 90 99 Charismatics 59 71 Charismatics 85 97 Other Christians 43 52 Other Christians 85 95 Latin America South Korea - All (n=420) 46 53 Brazil - All (n=690) 64 74 Pentecostals 86 85 Pentecostals 83 89 Charismatics 75 89 Charismatics 61 72 Other Christians 63 74 Other Christians 70 80 *Based on those who identified themselves as belonging to a Chile - All (n=569) 28 72 particular religion or believing in God. Pentecostals 49 94 Question wording: Now I am going to read you a series of Charismatics 36 81 statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly Other Christians 28 73 disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The first one is Guatemala - All (n=1000) 71 90 (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree? Pentecostals 82 96 f. God will grant material prosperity to all believers who have Charismatics 71 91 enough faith. Other Christians 68 90 g. God will grant good health and relief from sickness to believers who have enough faith. Africa Kenya - All (n=653) 83 90 Pentecostals 85 94 Charismatics 83 94 Other Christians 77 87 Nigeria - All (n=650) 96 97 Pentecostals 95 97 Other Christians 93 95 South Africa - All (n=788) 80 87 Pentecostals 90 97 Charismatics 85 91 Other Christians 78 85

30 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

somewhat more likely than non-renewalist Christians to completely agree (as opposed to mostly agree) that Justice for the Poor God will grant good health to believers, and in sev - Most Christians, in every country, feel responsible to work for justice for the poor. eral countries the number of pentecostals expressing this view far exceeds that of non-renewalist Chris - % agreeing believers have a duty to work for justice tians. In the U.S., for instance, pentecostals are twice for the poor as likely as non-renewalist Christians to completely Other agree with the statement that God blesses believers Pente- Charis- Chris- with good health (42% vs. 21%). All* costals matics tians United States 84% 90% 85% 84% Many Christians around the world also believe that Latin America God will grant material prosperity to all believers who Brazil 77 87 72 78 have enough faith, though this belief is somewhat Chile 83 92 88 81 less common, and held less intensely, than belief in Guatemala 89 91 88 86 God granting good health. Here, too, more pente - Africa costals say they completely agree that God will re - Kenya 96 97 97 96 ward the faithful with financial success compared Nigeria 94 94 - 94 with non-renewalist Christians. South Africa 78 84 79 75 Asia Justice for the Poor India (localities) 79 91 91 87 In every country, strong majorities of both pente - Philippines 87 93 88 87 costals and charismatics believe that if enough peo - South Korea 75 89 86 79 ple were brought to Christ, social ills would take care *Based on those who identified themselves as belonging to a of themselves, a view that also is common among particular religion. U.S. n=518; Brazil n=643; Chile n=510; other Christians. However, renewalists also see it as Guatemala n=854; Kenya n=642; Nigeria n=649; S. Africa their duty to work for justice for the poor. Indeed, n=720; India localities n=725; Philippines n=995; S. Korea n=346. very few people in the countries surveyed reject the Question wording: Now I am going to read you a series of notion that Christians and other religious people have statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell a responsibility to work for justice for the poor. me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree? e. [INSERT RESPONDENT’S RELIGION] have a duty to work for justice for the poor.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 31 S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

3. R ELIGIOUS AFFILIATION Religious Affiliation The religious affiliation of pentecostals varies widely from country to country. In two countries, Chile and South Korea, vast majorities of pentecostals belong to older, more established pentecostal denominations. In Chile, for instance, more than eight-in-ten pentecostals belong to such denominations, and in South Korea nearly all pentecostals are members of the Assemblies of God.

In three nations (Guatemala, Nigeria and the Philippines), the pentecostal movement is composed primarily of those belonging to newer pentecostal denominations. In Guatemala and the Philippines, roughly seven-in- ten belong to these kinds of churches, while in Nigeria more than eight-in-ten pentecostals belong to newer churches.

In the five other nations, pentecostals are more evenly divided between classical pentecostal denominations (such as the Assemblies of God or the Church of God in Christ) and newer pentecostal denominations. In the U.S., Brazil, Kenya and the regions of India surveyed, for instance, more than four-in-ten pentecostals belong to other pentecostal or neo-charismatic churches; in South Africa, this figure stands at 39%.

Charismatics tend to track with the religious affiliation in the general populations of their respective countries. For instance, in countries with large Catholic populations (such as Brazil, Chile, Guatemala and the Philip - pines), large majorities of charismatics are Roman Catholics. By contrast, in countries where Catholics are Changes in Affiliation outnumbered in the general population by Protes - More pentecostals than charismatics or other Chris - tants and other Christians, a different pattern tians say they have changed religious affiliation. emerges. In the U.S., Kenya, South Africa, the regions % saying they have not always of India surveyed and South Korea, for instance, large belonged to their current majorities of charismatics belong either to Protestant religion denominations or African Independent Churches. Other Pente- Charis- Chris- Changes in Affiliation All costals matics tians United States 29% 43% 29% 27% The surveys asked respondents whether they had ever Latin America changed their religious affiliation. The results show Brazil 26 62 10 13 that rates of change vary considerably from country Chile 18 39 14 9 to country. In the regions of India surveyed, for exam - Guatemala 26 49 19 14 ple, nearly everyone (97% of the general public) says Africa they have always maintained their current religious Kenya 26 42 21 13 affiliation. In Brazil, Guatemala and Kenya, by con - Nigeria 9 36 -8 trast, one-in-four say they have changed their affilia - South Africa 16 18 13 11 tion. Asia India (localities) 3 10 61 Philippines 12 74 10 8 South Korea 21 13 16 16

Question wording: Have you always been (insert religion)?

32 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

For the most part, pentecostals are the group most likely to say they have changed churches. And in two countries, Brazil and the Philippines, majorities of pentecostals say that they have changed their religious affiliation.

The surveys find that the previous religious affiliations of pentecostal converts varies widely from country to country. In traditionally Catholic countries, large numbers of pentecostals indicate that they are former Catholics. Indeed, in Brazil, Chile, Guatemala and the Philippines, at least one-quarter of all pentecostals say they are former Catholics. And in the Philippines, two-thirds of pentecostals were, at one time, Roman Catholics. In Kenya and Nigeria, by contrast, where Catholics constitute a much smaller share of the general population, there are fewer former Catholics among the ranks of pentecostals.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 33 S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

Previous Religious Affiliation of Pentecostal Converts United States Lifelong pentecostal 57 Converted 43 From Catholicism 6 From Protestantism 27 From no religion 3 From other religion 5 DK/Refused 1 Don’t know/refused 0 = 100 Latin America Brazil Chile Guatemala Lifelong pentecostal 38 Lifelong pentecostal 61 Lifelong pentecostal 51 Converted 62 Converted 39 Converted 49 From Catholicism 45 From Catholicism 26 From Catholicism 35 From Protestantism 0 From Protestantism 0 From Protestantism 0 From no religion 11 From no religion 11 From no religion 13 From other religion 6 From other religion 1 From other religion 1 DK/Refused * DK/Refused 1 DK/Refused * Don’t know/refused 0 Don’t know/refused * Don’t know/refused 0 = 100 = 100 =100 Africa Kenya Nigeria South Africa Lifelong pentecostal 59 Lifelong pentecostal 63 Lifelong pentecostal 81 Converted 42 Converted 36 Converted 18 From Catholicism 20 From Catholicism 18 From Catholicism 5 From Protestantism 12 From Protestantism 0 From Protestantism 2 From AIC 4 From AIC 3 From AIC 5 From Islam 1 From Islam 2 From Hinduism 1 From no religion 3 From no religion * From no religion 1 From other religion 3 From other religion 13 From other religion 3 DK/Refused 0 DK/Refused 1 DK/Refused 2 Don’t know/refused 0 Don’t know/refused 1 Don’t know/refused 1 = 101 = 100 = 100 Asia India (localities) Philippines South Korea Lifelong pentecostal 90 Lifelong pentecostal 26 Lifelong pentecostal 86 Converted 10 Converted 74 Converted 13 From Catholicism 2 From Catholicism 66 From Catholicism 0 From Protestantism 0 From Protestantism 0 From Protestantism 0 From Hinduism 7 From no religion 1 From Buddhism 6 From Islam 0 From other religion 6 From no religion 7 From no religion 0 DK/Refused 0 From other religion 0 From other religion * Don’t know/refused 0 DK/Refused 0 DK/Refused 0 = 100 Don’t know/refused 1 Don’t know/refused * = 100 = 100 Due to rounding, figures do not always sum to 100. Question wording: Have you always been (insert religion)? (If no, ask): What were you before?

34 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

4. D EMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Demographic Portrait of Renewalist s 6 Contrary to widespread perceptions, pentecostalism does not always draw disproportionately from the lower socioeconomic sectors of society. Whether pentecostals and charismatics have higher or lower income levels than the general population very much depends on the country in question.

In some countries, including the U.S., the survey finds that renewalist groups do tend to have lower income and educational levels. However, they are not necessarily poorer or less educated than the general population in the majority of the countries surveyed. In South Korea, for instance, people with high incomes are more highly represented among renewalists than in the general population. And in Nigeria, there are a higher pro - portion of well-educated people among pentecostals than in the population as a whole.

Another misconception is that renewalism appeals disproportionately to women. Although at least half of the renewalist population in all the countries surveyed indeed is female, the gender composition of renewal - ists in most countries closely resembles that of the country as a whole.

The survey finds that in some countries, including the U.S., certain ethnic or racial minorities are more highly represented among renewalists than in the general population, although the degree to which this is true varies from case to case.

With respect to another demographic characteristic, the survey finds that the number of children born to re - newalists closely resembles the numbers among the general populations surveyed; the only exception is in Nigeria, where pentecostals have significantly fewer children than the general population. In none of the countries does the survey find that the average age of renewalists differs significantly from that of the gen - eral population. Income Income levels among pentecostals and other renewalists vary considerably by country. In the U.S., for instance, 58% of pentecostals have a household income that places them in the bottom two income categories, com - pared with 41% for the population overall, according to this survey. The differences between pentecostals and the general population are smaller but still notable in Chile (44% vs. 35%) and Guatemala (48% vs. 40%).

In most of the countries surveyed, however, those with lower incomes are not necessarily more prevalent among pentecostal and other renewalist groups. For example, in Brazil, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, the re - gions of India surveyed, the Philippines and South Korea, renewalist populations do not include a dispropor - tionately high number of lower-income people.

In two places – South Korea and the regions of India surveyed – the survey finds that there is a notably larger percentage of higher-income people among pentecostals than in the general population. In South Korea, for example, 63% of pentecostals are in the upper two income categories, compared with only 49% of the gen - eral population. Similarly, in the regions of India surveyed, 59% of pentecostals fall into the two higher-income groups, compared with only 39% of the general population. And in South Africa, there is a higher percent - age of pentecostals (29%) in the highest income bracket than among the general population (20%).

6 The wording of demographic questions can be found on the survey questionnaire, which is available at www.pewforum.org.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 35 S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

In this survey, pentecostals have somewhat lower income levels than charismatics in the U.S., but they have higher income levels in the regions of India surveyed. In the other countries, differences in the income levels of pentecostals and charismatics tend to be less pronounced.

Income Renewalists do not necessarily have lower income levels than non-renewalists.

% of religious group % of religious group in income category † in income category † 1 - Low 234 - High 1 - Low 234 - High

United States - All 21% 20% 23% 21% Africa Pentecostals 29 29 23 10 Kenya - All 69% 16% 5% 1% Charismatics 24 20 22 16 Pentecostals 66 20 7* Other Christians 18 19 23 24 Charismatics 61 19 51 Latin America Other Christians 71 15 51 Brazil - All 21 20 30 17 Nigeria - All 27 14 8 13 Pentecostals 20 20 28 13 Pentecostals 33 15 88 Charismatics 16 22 32 19 Other Christians 21 12 7 17 Other Christians 26 20 32 14 South Africa - All 17 21 18 20 Chile - All 16 19 18 36 Pentecostals 12 22 17 29 Pentecostals 17 27 23 21 Charismatics 12 23 16 22 Charismatics 17 20 21 30 Other Christians 18 20 19 21 Other Christians 13 19 18 40 Asia Guatemala - All 16 24 18 22 India (localities) - All 19 38 15 24 Pentecostals 19 29 19 18 Pentecostals 7 26 25 34 Charismatics 20 25 16 21 Charismatics 13 36 24 22 Other Christians 13 18 20 24 Other Christians 19 37 13 26 Philippines - All 21 30 15 15 †Specific response options vary from country to country. Income categories have been designed, as nearly as possible, to resem - Pentecostals 12 35 23 10 ble quartiles. Thus, figures should be used only to compare Charismatics 19 35 13 15 groups within countries and not to make cross-national compar - isons. Figures do not sum to 100 because DK/Ref responses are Other Christians 21 25 17 16 not shown. South Korea - All 14 27 31 18 Pentecostals 11 24 36 27 Charismatics 10 22 31 34 Other Christians 8 23 35 20

36 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

Education In most countries surveyed, renewalists have at least as much schooling as the general population; in fact, in Nigeria, pentecostals are much more likely than the public as a whole to have obtained at least some post-sec - ondary education. In the U.S., however, renewalists, especially pentecostals, tend to be less educated than the population as a whole. In Chile, too, pentecostals have considerably lower educational levels than the overall population, though there is virtually no education gap when it comes to charismatics.

Education Renewalists are not necessarily less educated than other segments of the population.

% of each educational % of each educational category category Primary Col- Primary Col- school High Some lege or school High Some lege or or less school college more or less school college more Asia United States - All 6% 38% 29% 27% India (localities) - All 23% 34% 14% 29% Pentecostals 6 58 25 10 Pentecostals 18 37 15 30 Charismatics 8 45 30 16 Charismatics 16 32 18 34 Other Christians 3 38 30 29 Other Christians 23 28 19 32 Latin America Philippines - All 19 36 21 24 Brazil - All 42 47 75 Pentecostals 8 40 22 30 Pentecostals 45 48 44 Charismatics 18 36 20 27 Charismatics 39 46 96 Other Christians 20 36 21 22 Other Christians 48 44 35 South Korea - All 18 48 3 30 Chile - All 21 58 12 9 Pentecostals 10 47 4 38 Pentecostals 37 57 42 Charismatics 10 42 2 45 Charismatics 20 62 13 5 Other Christians 13 47 3 34 Other Christians 21 56 11 12 Guatemala - All 33 48 14 5 *Specific response options vary from country to country. For Pentecostals 39 46 11 3 Kenya, the two categories of secondary school and high school are combined, and the category of “adult education,” Charismatics 37 44 13 6 which primarily refers to adult literacy training and basic skill- Other Christians 31 48 16 5 building, is combined with “primary school and under.” Africa Kenya* - All 37 44 5 14 Pentecostals 30 49 4 16 Charismatics 34 47 7 12 Other Christians 39 40 6 15 Nigeria - All 27 48 10 15 Pentecostals 10 52 16 22 Other Christians 13 60 12 15 South Africa - All 15 73 57 Pentecostals 12 73 87 Charismatics 18 66 69 Other Christians 13 77 46

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 37 S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

The survey also finds that charismatics and pentecostals tend to have comparable levels of education. Other Christians generally have similar levels of education as the general population. Gender In nine of the 10 countries surveyed, more than half of pentecostals are women, and in India half are women. In four of these countries – the U.S., Kenya, South Africa and the Philippines – women account for more than 55% of pentecostals. However, in most of the countries, renewalists are not substantially more likely to be fe - male than the general population. Only in Kenya, South Africa and the Philippines is the pentecostal popula - tion substantially more female than the general population; and only in Kenya and South Korea is the charismatic population substantially more female than the population as a whole.

Gender Male Female In most countries surveyed, the gender composition of Africa renewalists closely resembles that of the country as a Kenya - All 49% 51% whole. Pentecostals 37 63 Male Female Charismatics 38 62 United States - All 48% 52% Other Christians 61 39 Pentecostals 44 56 Nigeria - All 51 49 Charismatics 43 57 Pentecostals 49 51 Other Christians 46 54 Other Christians 53 47 Latin America South Africa - Al l 51 49 Brazil - All 50 50 Pentecostals 43 57 Pentecostals 47 53 Charismatics 47 53 Charismatics 51 49 Other Christians 49 51 Other Christians 49 51 Asia Chile - All 47 53 India (localities) - All 50 50 Pentecostals 45 55 Pentecostals 50 50 Charismatics 47 53 Charismatics 48 52 Other Christians 43 57 Other Christians 50 50 Guatemala - All 50 50 Philippines - All 50 50 Pentecostals 46 54 Pentecostals 42 58 Charismatics 50 50 Charismatics 45 55 Other Christians 44 56 Other Christians 56 44 South Korea - All 50 50 Pentecostals 45 55 Charismatics 40 60 Other Christians 44 56

38 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

Race According to the survey, in many of the countries there is no clear majority racial or ethnic group. And in South Korea and the regions of India surveyed, there is essentially no racial or ethnic diversity among survey respondents. However, in three of the four countries surveyed where there is a majority race – the U.S., Chile and South Africa – racial minorities are more highly represented among pentecostals than in the general pop - ulation, although the degree to which this is the case varies by country. In the U.S. and Chile, charismatics are also more likely to come from minority racial groups as compared with the general population.

Kenya and Nigeria, where tribal rather than racial distinctions are important, manifest starkly different break - downs in terms of renewalist communities. In Kenya, the distribution of pentecostals and charismatics among tribal groups closely resembles that seen among the general population. In Nigeria, however, the situation is quite different. There pentecostals are disproportionately represented among the Ibo, not at all represented among the Hausa, who are overwhelmingly Muslim, and represented among the Yoruba at about the same percentage as in the general population.

Race and Ethnicity Among... Other In the U.S., Chile and South Africa, racial minorities are Pente- Charis- Chris- more highly represented among pentecostals than % who are... All costals matics tians among the general population. Africa Among... Kenya Other Kikuyu 26 23 29 24 Pente- Charis- Chris- % who are... All costals matics tians Luo 14 14 16 15 United States Luhya 18 18 13 15 White 71 55 58 78 Kamba 12 12 12 19 Black 11 17 18 10 Nigeria Hispanic 12 17 20 7 Hausa 28 0-1 Latin America Ibo 21 41 - 44 Brazil Yoruba 19 17 - 17 Branco 49 47 46 55 South Africa Pardo/mulato 33 34 36 30 White 20 33 26 26 Negro 14 16 14 11 Black 63 41 63 61 Chile Asia White 56 47 44 55 India (Localities) Mapuche 6 14 97 Asian 100 100 100 100 Mestizo 29 32 36 28 Philippines Guatemala Tagalog 30 40 18 41 Ladino/mixed race 80 82 77 84 Cebuano 25 22 35 21 Indigenous 19 17 21 15 Illongo 14 9 21 8 Kapampangan 11 10 10 12 South Korea Korean 100 100 100 100

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 39 S ECTION I. R ELIGION AND D EMOGRAPHY

Number of Children Age The survey finds that in most countries, renewalists on Renewalists are similar in age to non-renewalists average have roughly the same number of children as the general population. Only in one country, Nigeria, Average age do pentecostals have considerably fewer children United States - All 46 than the general population. Pentecostals 44 Charismatics 47 Age Other Christians 49 The average age of renewalist populations is not very Latin America different from that of the general population, or Brazil - All 35 from other Christians, in any of the countries sur - Pentecostals 35 veyed. Charismatics 36 Other Christians 35 Number of Children Chile - All 41 On average, renewalists and non-renewalists have Pentecostals 42 similar numbers of children. Charismatics 40 Average number of children Other Christians 43 Guatemala - All 35 Other Pente- Charis- Chris- Pentecostals 35 All costals matics tians Charismatics 37 United States 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.9 Other Christians 37 Latin America Africa Brazil 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.8 Kenya - All 35 Chile 2.0 2.3 1.7 2.2 Pentecostals 35 Guatemala 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 Charismatics 36 Africa Other Christians 34 Kenya 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.3 Nigeria - All 33 Nigeria 2.4 1.8 - 1.6 Pentecostals 34 South Africa 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Other Christians 32 Asia South Africa - All 40 India 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.4 Pentecostals 39 Philippines 1.9 2.0 1.9 1.8 Charismatics 39 South Korea 1.5 1.5 1.8 1.5 Other Christians 41 Asia India (localities) - All 36 Pentecostals 37 Charismatics 34 Other Christians 35 Philippines - All 40 Pentecostals 39 Charismatics 41 Other Christians 40 South Korea - All 41 Pentecostals 39 Charismatics 43 Other Christians 40

40 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals SECTION II. M ORAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES

he populations of the 10 countries surveyed express a high degree of traditionalism when it comes to T moral and social issues. But even in these generally conservative societies, renewalists (especially pente - costals) often stand out for their moral conservatism on topics from homosexuality to divorce to consumption of alcohol.

Except in the U.S., majorities of the general population in every country say that abortion can never be justi - fied, and renewalists tend to share this view.

Though pentecostals tend to be more supportive than others of allowing women to serve as pastors or church leaders, there are few consistent patterns differentiating pentecostals and charismatics from others when it comes to women’s roles outside the church. Moral Absolutism In most of the countries surveyed, majorities express belief in absolute standards of right and wrong, agree - ing that there are clear guidelines about good and evil that apply to everyone regardless of their situation.

Belief in Moral Absolutes Africa Kenya - All 63 Most Christians believe in absolute standards of right 71 and wrong, but this view is generally held more firmly Pentecostals by pentecostals than by non-renewalist Christians. Charismatics 70 Other Christians 55 % completely agreeing there are clear guidelines Nigeria - All 65 about good and evil that apply to all Pentecostals 64 United States Other Christians 53 All 44 South Africa - All 50 Pentecostals 64 Pentecostals 70 Charismatics 50 Charismatics 53 Other Christians 46 Other Christians 48 Latin America Asia Brazil - All 54 India (localities) - All 49 Pentecostals 58 Pentecostals 72 Charismatics 56 Charismatics 68 Other Christians 50 Other Christians 53 Chile - All 43 Philippines - All 51 Pentecostals 73 Pentecostals 69 Charismatics 47 Charismatics 56 Other Christians 43 Other Christians 46 Guatemala - All 65 South Korea - All 9 Pentecostals 72 Pentecostals 44 Charismatics 69 Charismatics 37 Other Christians 65 Other Christians 14 Question wording: Now I am going to read you a series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The first/next one is: There are clear guidelines about what’s good or evil that apply to everyone regardless of their situation. Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree?

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 41 S ECTION II. M ORAL AND S OCIAL I SSUES

This view is common among both renewalists and non-renewalists but is generally held more firmly by pen - tecostals than by non-renewalist Christians. Sexuality The publics in most of the countries surveyed are particularly conservative when it comes to moral values re - lated to sexuality. In eight of the 10 countries, for instance, at least half of the general population says that homosexuality can never be justified. In Kenya and Nigeria, there is virtual unanimity on this question; 98% of the public in these two countries says homosexuality can never be justified.

Sexual Morality Pentecostals often stand out for their traditional views on a range of issues related to sexuality.

% saying behavior is never justified % saying behavior is never justified Extra- Homo- Pros- marital Polyg- Extra- sexuality titution sex amy Homo- Pros- marital Polyg- sexuality titution sex amy United States - All 50% 67% 37% 71% Africa Pentecostals 80 81 64 71 Kenya - All 98% 93% 79% 60% Charismatics 59 78 47 74 Pentecostals 99 96 91 77 Other Christians 54 73 37 77 Charismatics 98 94 86 73 Latin America Other Christians 98 91 61 46 Brazil - All 49 61 29 83 Nigeria - All 98 94 91 54 Pentecostals 76 81 63 94 Pentecostals 97 92 91 88 Charismatics 46 57 26 85 Other Christians 98 94 86 84 Other Christians 46 64 21 85 South Africa - All 70 80 51 66 Chile - All 32 49 22 81 Pentecostals 79 83 68 81 Pentecostals 64 70 44 90 Charismatics 70 81 54 68 Charismatics 39 56 29 84 Other Christians 72 81 47 67 Other Christians 30 49 20 82 Asia Guatemala - All 63 63 67 86 India (localities) - All 72 72 78 78 Pentecostals 73 71 77 89 Pentecostals 87 86 84 90 Charismatics 61 63 66 86 Charismatics 86 87 90 92 Other Christians 61 65 68 90 Other Christians 85 81 86 88 Question wording: Please tell me, for each of the following Philippines - All 56 86 77 92 statements, whether you think it can always be justified, some - times be justified or never be justified. a. homosexuality … b. Pentecostals 86 95 95 97 prostitution … g. sex between people who are not married to Charismatics 59 87 86 95 each other … i. polygamy. Other Christians 52 86 69 94 South Korea - All 78 87 78 95 Pentecostals 90 97 92 95 Charismatics 90 96 95 95 Other Christians 86 88 85 95

42 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION II. M ORAL AND S OCIAL I SSUES

But even in these very conservative contexts, pentecostals stand out for their moral traditionalism on the issue of homosexuality. In five of the seven countries outside of Africa (where pentecostals and non-pentecostals alike are overwhelmingly opposed to homosexuality), pentecostals are substantially more opposed to homo - sexuality than are non-renewalist Christians.

A similar pattern emerges on other sexual issues. When it comes to prostitution, for instance, majorities in every country except Chile say that prostitution can never be justified. Pentecostals tend to be even more op - posed to prostitution than is the public overall.

Extramarital sex is also largely frowned upon. In seven of the 10 countries, majorities say that sex between peo - ple who are not married to each other can never be justified. Here, again, this view is often more common among pentecostals than others. Indeed, with the ex - ception of Chile (where only 44% of pentecostals say that extramarital sex is never justified), 60% or more AIDS as God’s Punishment of pentecostals in every country say there is never a In several countries, pentecostals are more likely than non-renewalist Christians to say that AIDS is God’s justification for sex outside of marriage. punishment for immoral sexual behavior.

Finally, polygamy is largely now a taboo sexual prac - % agreeing AIDS is God’s punishment tice. However, African nations are somewhat less op - Other posed to polygamy than the countries surveyed in Pente- Charis- Chris- Asia and Latin America. This is not true, however, of All* costals matics tians African pentecostals, who share the generally high United States 20 34 30 15 levels of opposition to polygamy displayed by other Latin America pentecostals around the world. Brazil 27 37 23 26 Chile 21 42 29 19 AIDS Guatemala 44 51 44 39 Although they generally subscribe to the strict sexual Africa mores of the countries in which they live, many re - Kenya 59 62 69 53 newalists reject the idea that AIDS is God’s punish - Nigeria 43 45 - 34 ment for immoral sexual behavior. Majorities of South Africa 46 37 44 46 pentecostals in five countries (Brazil, Chile, the Philip - Asia pines, the U.S. and South Africa) explicitly reject the India (localities) 38 42 44 39 idea that those with AIDS have incurred God’s wrath. Philippines 42 48 39 41 South Korea 45 77 72 55 Unlike many of the other questions where the surveys revealed a fairly strong cross-national consensus, *Based on those who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion or believing in God. U.S. n=681; Brazil however, there is disagreement among pentecostals n=690; Chile n=569; Guatemala n=1000; Kenya n=653; Nige - on the explanation for AIDS. Though majorities of ria n=650; S. Africa n=788; India localities n=726; Philippines n=1000; S. Korea n=420. pentecostals in five countries do not believe that AIDS Question wording: Now I am going to read you a series of is a punishment from God, majorities in three coun - statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell tries (Guatemala, Kenya and South Korea) take the me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The opposite point of view that AIDS is God’s punishment first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly for immoral sexual behavior. And in seven countries, agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree? i. AIDS is pentecostals are more likely than non-renewalist God’s punishment for immoral sexual behavior. Christians to say that AIDS is a punishment from God.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 43 S ECTION II. M ORAL AND S OCIAL I SSUES

In most countries, at least half of charismatics reject the idea that AIDS results from divine retribution. In Kenya and South Korea, however, majorities of charismatics say that AIDS is God’s punishment for sexual mis - deeds. Abortion Large numbers of people in most of the countries surveyed are opposed to abortion. Indeed, with the excep - tion of the U.S., solid majorities in every nation say that abortion can never be justified. The percentage of pen - tecostals who say that abortion can never be justified ranges from 64% in the U.S. to 97% in the Philippines. Similarly, the percentage of charismatics who say that abortion is never justified ranges from 57% in the U.S. to 96% in the Philippines.

But while majorities in most countries are morally opposed to abortion, many publics are closely divided on the question of whether governments should prevent women from obtaining abortions. In Brazil, for instance, 48% of the public agrees with the statement that the government should not interfere with a woman’s abil - ity to have an abortion, while 49% disagree. Chile, South Africa and the regions of India surveyed are also sim - ilarly divided.

Abortion …but people are more divided on the question of whether governments should interfere with a woman’s Many renewalists and non-renewalists alike are ability to have an abortion. opposed to abortion…

% saying abortion is never justified % saying government should not interfere with Other obtaining an abortion Pente- Charis- Chris- All costals matics tians Other United States 45% 64% 57% 45% Pente- Charis- Chris- All costals matics tians Latin America United States 64% 41% 53% 62% Brazil 79 91 76 82 Latin America Chile 71 88 76 72 Brazil 48 41 51 51 Guatemala 85 90 85 86 Chile 46 28 43 45 Africa Guatemala 58 61 58 54 Kenya 88 88 89 81 Africa Nigeria 94 95 - 96 Kenya 18 19 18 16 South Africa 73 78 69 74 Nigeria 30 37 - 32 Asia South Africa 46 47 47 46 India (localities) 68 78 88 77 Asia Philippines 97 97 96 97 India (localities) 46 53 47 43 South Korea 54 77 70 65 Philippines 25 21 21 29 Question wording: Please tell me, for each of the following South Korea 62 41 52 55 statements, whether you think it can always be justified, sometimes be justified or never be justified. h. abortion Question wording: Please tell me whether you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely dis - agree with the following statements: c. The government should not interfere with a woman’s ability to have an abortion.

44 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION II. M ORAL AND S OCIAL I SSUES

A similar pattern holds among pentecostals and charismatics. Even though large majorities express moral opposition to abortion, far fewer in most countries support government interference with a woman’s ability to obtain an abortion. Other Moral Issues Compared with many other moral issues, divorce is more widely viewed as an acceptable practice in most of the countries surveyed. In fact, in six of the countries surveyed (including the U.S., South Africa, South Korea

Other Moral Issues Pentecostals also tend to hold somewhat more traditional views on several other moral issues.

% saying behavior is never justified % saying behavior is never justified Euthan- Drinking Euthan- Drinking asia Divorce alcohol Suicide asia Divorce alcohol Suicide Africa United States - All 36% 11% 29% 72% Kenya - All 89% 61% 67% 96% Pentecostals 50 15 48 76 Pentecostals 93 70 88 98 Charismatics 43 19 42 76 Charismatics 96 71 79 99 Other Christians 37 8 26 74 Other Christians 83 51 39 92 Latin America Nigeria - All 85 50 82 98 Brazil - All 64 15 45 88 Pentecostals 88 81 84 96 Pentecostals 81 37 72 96 Other Christians 85 79 63 97 Charismatics 62 12 40 88 South Africa - All 64 45 52 81 Other Christians 63 15 46 91 Pentecostals 69 48 56 84 Chile - All 43 21 56 74 Charismatics 68 46 52 81 Pentecostals 69 44 65 92 Other Christians 57 45 48 80 Charismatics 51 31 61 80 Asia Other Christians 42 19 56 72 India (localities) - Al l 53 55 69 75 Guatemala - All 73 47 79 88 Pentecostals 75 74 79 89 Pentecostals 78 56 86 90 Charismatics 71 77 82 88 Charismatics 76 46 78 90 Other Christians 70 60 77 87 Other Christians 69 44 82 86 Philippines - All 82 70 57 97 Question wording: Please tell me, for each of the following Pentecostals 86 84 82 98 statements, whether you think it can always be justified, some - times be justified or never be justified. c. divorce … d. euthana - Charismatics 83 70 57 96 sia – ending the life of the incurably sick … e. suicide … f. Other Christians 81 72 55 98 drinking alcohol South Korea - All 40 37 26 88 Pentecostals 69 63 54 95 Charismatics 54 53 50 93 Other Christians 50 43 28 93

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 45 S ECTION II. M ORAL AND S OCIAL I SSUES

and all three Latin American nations) majorities say that divorce can either sometimes or always be justified. But here again, pentecostals stand out for their traditionalism, tending to be more likely than non-renewal - ist Christians to say that divorce can never be justified.

Interestingly, in most countries, drinking alcoholic beverages is viewed as less acceptable than getting a di - vorce. In fact, in seven countries, majorities say that drinking alcohol can never be justified. And in every coun - try except the U.S., at least half of pentecostals share this view.

Few people in any country see suicide as an action that can ever be justified. In most countries, pentecostals, charismatics and non-renewalists alike tend to be equally opposed to the taking of one’s own life. In most countries, majorities also say that euthanasia can never be justified. And in seven countries (including the U.S., Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Kenya, South Africa and South Korea), this view is especially common among pentecostals compared with non-renewalist Christians. Gender Issues Historically, women have played a prominent role in helping to shape the renewalist movement. It might be expected, therefore, to find that pentecostals have a more egalitarian outlook on gender roles compared

Female Clergy Africa Kenya - All 63 In some countries, pentecostals tend to be more willing 77 than non-renewalist Christians to allow women to serve Pentecostals as pastors or priests. Charismatics 60 Other Christians 62 % agreeing women should be allowed Nigeria - All 35 to serve as pastors/priests Pentecostals 70 United States Other Christians 47 All 69 South Africa - All 69 Pentecostals 74 Pentecostals 79 Charismatics 70 Charismatics 77 Other Christians 66 Other Christians 71 Latin America Asia Brazil - All 63 India (localities) - All 32 Pentecostals 64 Pentecostals 39 Charismatics 62 Charismatics 36 Other Christians 68 Other Christians 34 Chile - All 57 Philippines - All 38 Pentecostals 61 Pentecostals 70 Charismatics 57 Charismatics 36 Other Christians 58 Other Christians 39 Guatemala - All 66 South Korea - All 71 Pentecostals 79 Pentecostals 90 Charismatics 64 Charismatics 75 Other Christians 64 Other Christians 75 Question wording: Now I am going to read you another series of statements on some different topics. For each statement, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The first/next one is: Women should be allowed to serve as pastors or priests.

46 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION II. M ORAL AND S OCIAL I SSUES

with non-renewalists, and this expectation is born out on the question of female clergy. In five countries (Guatemala, Kenya, Nigeria, the Philippines and South Korea), pentecostals are more willing to allow women to serve as pastors or church leaders compared with other Christians.

On other measures as well, pentecostals in the 10 countries surveyed express generally egalitarian views when it comes to gender roles. Majorities of pentecostals in every nation, for instance, agree with the statement that a working mother can establish just as warm and secure a relationship with her children as a mother who does not work outside the home.

There is also widespread support among renewalists and non-renewalists alike for egalitarian views when it comes to women in the workplace; in six of the 10 countries, majorities of the public disagree with the state - ment that when jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women. Publics in Asia and Nige - ria, however, stand out for their less egalitarian views on this question; in these countries, at least six-in-ten agree that when jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women.

While many in the 10 countries surveyed express egalitarian views on certain questions, it is by no means the case that women are viewed as the equal of men in all social circumstances. In six countries (including Guatemala, all three African nations, the regions of India surveyed and the Philippines), for instance, majori - ties agree with the statement that a wife must always obey her husband. Only in the U.S., Brazil, Chile and South Korea do majorities disagree with that statement. On this question, pentecostals in six nations (the U.S., Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, the Philippines and South Korea) are somewhat less egalitarian than the pub - lic as a whole.

In five of the countries surveyed (Kenya, Nigeria and all three Asian nations) at least half of the overall pop - ulation agrees that, on the whole, men make better political leaders than women. In the U.S. and all three Latin American countries, however, majorities take the opposite view. There are relatively few differences within countries between renewalists and non-renewalists on this question.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 47 S ECTION II. M ORAL AND S OCIAL I SSUES

Gender Issues On a series of questions related to women’s roles, there are few consistent patterns differentiating pentecostals from others. % agreeing that… % agreeing that… Working Working mothers mothers Men have can estab- Men A wife Men have can estab- Men A wife greater lish just make must greater lish just make must right to as warm better always right to as warm better always jobs than relation- political obey her jobs than relation- political obey her women ships leaders husband women ships leaders husband Africa United States - All 14% 75% 26% 24% Kenya - All 35% 76% 51% 90% Pentecostals 29 70 37 46 Pentecostals 25 81 43 89 Charismatics 20 71 32 37 Charismatics 34 80 48 88 Other Christians 12 75 25 20 Other Christians 42 74 65 85 Latin America Nigeria - All 66 69 78 98 Brazil - All 25 67 30 38 Pentecostals 59 72 67 97 Pentecostals 29 69 36 61 Other Christians 59 78 77 97 Charismatics 26 65 29 34 South Africa - All 40 77 49 71 Other Christians 30 72 36 42 Pentecostals 36 79 43 76 Chile - All 36 72 32 31 Charismatics 36 81 51 74 Pentecostals 41 61 40 52 Other Christians 39 77 48 69 Charismatics 40 72 31 35 Asia Other Christians 36 73 31 29 India (localities) - All 69 66 67 86 Guatemala - All 39 64 38 65 Pentecostals 74 79 73 85 Pentecostals 40 59 40 73 Charismatics 70 74 72 94 Charismatics 32 59 33 58 Other Christians 64 69 64 85 Other Christians 44 70 40 66 Philippines - All 76 75 65 57 Question wording: Now I am going to read you another series Pentecostals 69 77 62 68 of statements on some different topics. For each statement, Charismatics 73 76 61 55 please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. Other Christians 77 74 67 58 The first one is (insert item). How about (insert next item)? South Korea - All 60 59 51 23 a. When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job Pentecostals 65 59 50 40 than women. Charismatics 70 64 55 42 b. On the whole, men make better political leaders than women do. Other Christians 60 58 47 26 c. A wife must always obey her husband. d. A working mother can establish just as warm and secure a relationship with her children as a mother who does not work.

48 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals SECTION III. S OCIAL AND ECONOMIC OUTLOOK

n most of the countries surveyed, majorities of renewalists and non-renewalists say that you cannot be too I careful in dealing with other people. Some people and organizations, however, tend to be trusted more than others. For instance, people trust their family members much more than government or the media. While renewalists tend to closely resemble their countrymen on most measures of trust, there is one exception: pen - tecostals tend to be more trusting than others of people from their own churches.

The surveys also find that renewalists are not substantially more likely than others to engage in various civic activities, such as volunteering for social welfare groups, educational organizations and the like. To the extent that renewalists engage in such volunteering activities, much of it takes place through church-based organi - zations.

When it comes to perceptions of their own financial situation, publics in these countries tend to be some - what pessimistic, though not overwhelmingly so. Pentecostals in most countries are somewhat more hopeful than non-renewalist Christians about their economic prospects for the immediate future.

Majorities in every country say that many factors, including everything from hard work to education to net - working, are important in determining people’s economic success, and renewalists largely share these con - victions. In several countries, however, renewalists stand out compared with non-renewalist Christians for their particularly strong belief that faith in God is a key determinant of economic success. Social Trust When asked whether most people can be trusted or not, majorities in every country (with the exception of South Korea) say no, that one cannot be too careful in dealing with people. This view is particularly wide - spread in Latin America (where 85% of Chileans, 88% of Guatemalans and 95% of Brazilians say that one must be careful in dealing with people) and in the Philippines (where 95% are generally distrustful). Social trust is most common in the regions of India surveyed (where 41% say that most people can be trusted) and the U.S. (where 35% share this point of view). There are few differences between renewalists and others when it comes to general trust in others.

But while these publics are generally distrustful, some groups and organizations are deemed more trustwor - thy than others. Both renewalists and non-renewalists, for instance, say that their family members are trust - worthy. In fact, in eight of the 10 countries (all except Kenya and Nigeria), overall majorities say that people in their immediate family can be trusted a lot.

In every country, majorities of religious people also say that people at their own church or place of worship can be trusted at least to some extent (though only in the U.S. does an overall majority say that their fellow church members can be trusted a lot). In six countries, pentecostals are more likely than non-renewalist Chris - tians to say that church members can be trusted a lot. Renewalists and non-renewalists alike generally are less trusting of people from other religions than they are of people from their own churches.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 49 S ECTION III. S OCIAL AND E CONOMIC O UTLOOK

Neighbors also tend to be accorded a relatively high level of trust; in eight countries, majorities say that peo - ple in their neighborhoods can be trusted at least some. Interestingly, however, relatively few people, rang - ing from 2% among the general public in Brazil to 29% in the U.S., say that their neighbors can be trusted a lot. Renewalists express similar levels of trust in their neighbors as do their fellow countrymen.

While trust in family members, fellow church members and neighbors is relatively high, trust in other organ - izations is lower. For instance, majorities in only four countries (the U.S., Kenya, the regions of India surveyed and the Philippines) say that the military can be trusted at least to some extent. By contrast, in five countries, including all three Latin American nations, Nigeria and South Korea, majorities say that the military can be trusted only a little or not at all.

The publics in the countries surveyed also expressed relatively low levels of trust in the media and their gov - ernments at both the national and local levels. There tend to be few differences between renewalists and non-renewalists on these questions.

Trust in Others % saying % saying most people can’t be There are few differences between renewalists and can be too others when it comes to general trust in others. trusted careful % saying % saying Africa 0 most people can’t be Kenya - All 17 60 can be too Pentecostals 18 55 trusted careful Charismatics 20 58 United States 0 Other Christians 12 70 All 35 59 Nigeria - All 20 66 Pentecostals 25 70 Pentecostals 17 68 Charismatics 27 66 Other Christians 18 67 Other Christians 41 53 Latin America South Africa - All 15 68 17 67 Brazil - All 2 95 Pentecostals 18 66 Pentecostals 3 95 Charismatics Other Christians 15 69 Charismatics 1 96 Other Christians 2 96 Asia India (localities) - All 41 54 Chile - All 11 85 Pentecostals 39 60 Pentecostals 8 87 Charismatics 37 58 Charismatics 11 84 Other Christians 41 53 Other Christians 12 83 Philippines - All 4 95 Guatemala - All 10 88 Pentecostals 4 95 Pentecostals 7 90 Charismatics 4 94 Charismatics 11 87 Other Christians 3 96 Other Christians 8 89 South Korea - All 30 43 Question wording: Generally speaking, would you say that Pentecostals 38 44 most people can be trusted or that you can’t be too careful in dealing with people? Charismatics 35 35 Other Christians 35 37

50 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION III. S OCIAL AND E CONOMIC O UTLOOK

Trust in Other People Pentecostals tend to be more likely than non-renewalist Christians to say they trust people at their place of worship.

% saying can trust a lot % saying can trust a lot Fellow People Fellow People Neigh- church of other Neigh- church of other Family bors members* faiths Family bors members* faiths

United States - All 70% 29% 51% 23% Africa Pentecostals 66 20 57 22 Kenya - All 46% 9% 36% 8% Charismatics 64 24 44 22 Pentecostals 50 10 36 9 Other Christians 72 32 51 24 Charismatics 47 8 37 10 Latin America Other Christians 48 7 33 7 Brazil - All 52 2 13 3 Nigeria - All 42 4 23 4 Pentecostals 50 2 23 3 Pentecostals 43 5 26 7 Charismatics 49 172 Other Christians 33 1 14 2 Other Christians 58 2 12 4 South Africa - All 62 13 41 16 Chile - All 75 14 32 10 Pentecostals 55 14 46 19 Pentecostals 75 11 54 11 Charismatics 65 15 47 20 Charismatics 76 15 42 10 Other Christians 64 11 38 17 Other Christians 79 16 25 11 Asia Guatemala - All 73 15 40 12 India (localities) - Al l 74 25 34 26 Pentecostals 76 12 48 11 Pentecostals 74 24 60 17 Charismatics 74 17 41 13 Charismatics 72 16 49 19 Other Christians 75 17 38 13 Other Christians 71 28 38 24 Philippines - All 85 15 35 13 * ”All” row based on those who identified themselves as be - Pentecostals 86 18 51 15 longing to a particular religion. U.S. n=518; Brazil n=643; Chile n=510; Guatemala n=854; Kenya n=642; Nigeria n=649; S. Africa Charismatics 83 11 34 16 n=720; India n=725; Philippines n=995; S. Korea n=346. Other Christians 86 15 34 12 Question wording: I’m going to read a list of institutions and South Korea - All 73 5 16 1 people. For each one, please tell me whether you feel that you can trust them a lot, some, only a little or not at all. First, how Pentecostals 76 6 31 3 about (insert item), do you feel you can trust them a lot, trust Charismatics 77 10 32 4 them some, trust them only a little or not trust them at all? How about (insert next item), would you say you can trust them Other Christians 75 6 22 2 a lot, some, only a little or not at all? a. people in your immediate family b. people in your neighborhood g. people from other religions h. people at your church or place of worship

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 51 S ECTION III. S OCIAL AND E CONOMIC O UTLOOK

Trust in Institutions There are few differences between renewalists and non-renewalists on issues of trust in specific institutions and organizations. % saying can trust a lot % saying can trust a lot The The Local Nat’l The The Local Nat’l military media govt govt military media govt govt Asia United States - All 35% 5% 9% 5% India (localities) - All 58% 17% 23% 34% Pentecostals 37 279 Pentecostals 37 15 14 29 Charismatics 34 5 10 7 Charismatics 44 15 16 23 Other Christians 38 3 10 5 Other Christians 48 14 16 25 Latin America Philippines - All 12 14 12 11 Brazil - All 5223 Pentecostals 9 13 12 11 Pentecostals 1**1 Charismatics 13 16 11 11 Charismatics 5223 Other Christians 11 13 10 9 Other Christians 7223 South Korea - All 21** Chile - All 12 4711 Pentecostals 5221 Pentecostals 84510 Charismatics 5133 Charismatics 84812 Other Christians 0111 Other Christians 16 5811 Guatemala - All 5 18 64 Question wording: I’m going to read a list of institutions and Pentecostals 7 17 65people. For each one, please tell me whether you feel that Charismatics 7 17 86you can trust them a lot, some, only a little or not at all. First, how about (insert item), do you feel you can trust them a lot, Other Christians 4 23 64trust them some, trust them only a little or not trust them at Africa all? How about (insert next item), would you say you can trust them a lot, some, only a little or not at all? Kenya - All 22 13 7 11 c. your city or local government Pentecostals 18 13 6 12 d. the media Charismatics 17 9811 e. our national government f. the military Other Christians 25 16 49 Nigeria - All 1411 Pentecostals 5212 Other Christians 0000 South Africa - All 13 11 6 13 Pentecostals 10 869 Charismatics 16 16 10 18 Other Christians 13 8514

52 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION III. S OCIAL AND E CONOMIC O UTLOOK

Civic Engagement The survey finds that involvement with various civic and volunteer organizations varies from country to coun - try. Participation in educational, art, music and cultural groups, for instance, ranges from 5% in South Korea to 38% in the United States. Involvement in social welfare organizations ranges from 6% in Guatemala to 22% in the United States, and involvement in community action groups ranges from just 1% in South Korea to 23% in Kenya.

Civic Engagement For the most part, renewalists are not more likely than non-renewalists to be involved with voluntary organizations.

% belonging to or participating in… Social Educ, arts, Political Com- welfare music or Labor orgs or munity Women’s Other services culture unions parties action groups groups United States - All 22% 38% 11% 19% 19% 11% 21% Pentecostals 21 38 11 13 20 15 18 Charismatics 26 31 12 20 20 16 21 Other Christians 22 40 11 21 19 12 21 Latin America Brazil - All 10 10 42 11 51 Pentecostals 12 10 42 13 83 Charismatics 7841840 Other Christians 991210 71 Chile - All 10 12 32 7 8 9 Pentecostals 12 92*512 28 Charismatics 13 11 11 813 14 Other Christians 12 13 43 7 9 9 Guatemala - All 6 10 22 7 6 10 Pentecostals 7 15 11 611 13 Charismatics 8 10 21 8 7 11 Other Christians 7724848 Africa Kenya - All 13 16 7 12 23 28 31 Pentecostals 13 24 12 10 23 37 42 Charismatics 17 11 56 18 32 28 Other Christians 6 13 7 15 23 20 23 Nigeria - All 12 25 8 14 12 17 28 Pentecostals 14 30 11 11 11 23 24 Other Christians 14 28 14 9 11 18 29 South Africa - All 9 12 7 12 12 11 8 Pentecostals 13 15 79 11 19 13 Charismatics 10 15 9 19 11 14 13 Other Christians 8 13 7 12 13 95

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Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 53 S ECTION III. S OCIAL AND E CONOMIC O UTLOOK

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% belonging to or participating in… Social Educ, arts, Political Com- welfare music or Labor orgs or munity Women’s Other services culture unions parties action groups groups Asia India (localities) - All 13% 14% 4% 4% 6% 15% 7% Pentecostals 17 15 21 3 4 6 Charismatics 20 14 24 7 10 14 Other Christians 7734518 5 Philippines - All 13 17 46 10 89 Pentecostals 17 33 3 10 16 14 17 Charismatics 19 21 47 17 12 14 Other Christians 7 11 33 5 3 6 South Korea - All 10 5211*5 Pentecostals 18 13 22 5 1 12 Charismatics 23 12 12 4 4 8 Other Christians 14 911005

Question wording: Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? (U.S. respondents were asked: Which of the following voluntary organizations and activities, if any, do you belong to or participate in?) a. social welfare services for elderly, handicapped or deprived people b. education, arts, music or cultural activities c. labor unions d. political organizations or parties e. local community action on issues like poverty, employment, housing, racial equality or human rights f. women’s groups g. other groups

Membership in labor unions (which ranges from 2% in Guatemala and South Korea to 11% in the U.S.) and political organizations or parties (ranging from 1% in South Korea to 19% in the U.S.) is much less common than involvement with other kinds of groups.

For the most part, renewalists are no more likely than non-renewalists to be involved with voluntary organi - zations. The survey finds, however, that when volunteer activity occurs among renewalists and non-renewal - ist Christians, it often takes place through churches and other houses of worship. Social Services Receiving social services through a church or other religious organization tends to be a relatively infrequent occurrence among both renewalists and non-renewalists. In five countries, for instance, no more than one-in- ten say they “frequently” or “sometimes” receive food or housing assistance, health care or other social serv - ices through a church group. Similarly, large majorities in every country surveyed say that they never or hardly ever participate in language or literacy classes or receive job training and employment services through a church. Publics in Kenya, Nigeria, the regions of India surveyed and the Philippines say they receive such serv - ices from churches and other religious organizations somewhat more than those in other countries.

54 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION III. S OCIAL AND E CONOMIC O UTLOOK

Financial Situation and Future Prospects Personal Financial Situation In most countries surveyed, relatively few people say Pentecostals in several countries are somewhat more they are in poor financial shape. But in every country, satisfied with their financial situation, compared with there are fewer still who say that they are in excellent non-renewalist Christians. financial shape. Rather, in every country most people % saying personal finances are in report that their personal finances are either in good excellent or good shape or fair shape, with those in fair shape outnumbering Other those in good shape in every country except the Pente- Charis- Chris- All costals matics tians United States. In the U.S., those who say their personal United States 52% 51% 45% 58% finances are in good shape outnumber those who say Latin America their finances are in fair shape (42% to 32%). Brazil 34 43 35 34 Chile 25 22 23 26 In five countries, renewalists and non-renewalists are Guatemala 34 39 31 36 rather similar in their perceptions of their own finan - Africa cial well-being. In the U.S., however, charismatics are Kenya 21 27 24 16 somewhat less satisfied with their situation compared Nigeria 40 50 - 47 with non-renewalist Christians, while in Kenya, South South Africa 28 38 32 27 Africa, the regions of India surveyed and South Korea, Asia pentecostals are at least somewhat more satisfied India (localities) 33 56 41 26 with their financial situation than are non-renewalist Philippines 20 25 20 20 Christians. South Korea 11 24 17 13

Most people in the 10 countries surveyed are quite Question wording: Thinking about your own personal hopeful about their own prospects for the future. In finances, how would you rate your own personal financial situation? Would you say you are in excellent shape, good fact, majorities in all 10 countries say that they expect shape, only fair shape or poor shape? their financial situation to improve at least somewhat over the course of the coming year. This sense of financial optimism tends to be even more pronounced among pentecostals, compared with non-renewalist Christians.

In every nation, large majorities say that if they had a choice, they would prefer to be self-employed than to be employed by others. This holds true for renewalists and non-renewalists alike in every country surveyed ex - cept India. The cross-national consistency of responses to this question is striking; in all 10 countries, between 60% and 85% of the public prefers self-employment to being employed by others.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 55 S ECTION III. S OCIAL AND E CONOMIC O UTLOOK

Personal Financial Outlook Africa Kenya - All 20 In most countries, pentecostals tend to be somewhat more hopeful than non-renewalist Christians about their Pentecostals 25 future financial prospects. Charismatics 26 Other Christians 11

% saying financial situation will improve a lot Nigeria - All 39 Pentecostals 55 United States Other Christians 42 All 15 Pentecostals 32 South Africa - All 13 Charismatics 20 Pentecostals 25 Other Christians 12 Charismatics 17 Other Christians 10 Latin America Brazil - All 52 Asia Pentecostals 64 India (localities) - All 22 Charismatics 55 Pentecostals 20 Other Christians 54 Charismatics 17 Other Christians 18 Chile - All 17 Pentecostals 26 Philippines - All 23 Charismatics 20 Pentecostals 36 Other Christians 17 Charismatics 24 Other Christians 23 Guatemala - All 19 Pentecostals 23 South Korea - All 2 Charismatics 17 Pentecostals 16 Other Christians 21 Charismatics 10 Other Christians 3

Question wording: Over the course of the next year, do you think the financial situation of you and your family will improve a lot, improve some, get a little worse or get a lot worse?

The Free Market, Government Guarantees and Globalization There is consistently strong support for a free market economy in all 10 countries surveyed. In every nation, majorities agree that most people are better off in a free market economy, even though some people are rich and some are poor. On this question, the opinions of pentecostals and charismatics tend to resemble those of non-renewalists.

But support for a free market economy does not imply opposition to government efforts to provide for a basic standard of living. In all 10 countries surveyed, majorities also agree that government should guarantee every citizen enough to eat and a place to sleep. Here again, the opinions of pentecostals and charismatics tend, for the most part, to be roughly similar to those of non-renewalists.

In every country, substantial majorities say that their country benefits at least to some extent from the greater influence of international business practices, trade, ideas, communication and products, such as food and TV programs, from other countries. Renewalists and non-renewalists alike view such increased international ties as beneficial for their countries.

56 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION III. S OCIAL AND E CONOMIC O UTLOOK

The Free Market and Government Aid % agreeing that… Both renewalists and non-renewalists agree that most Most are Govt people are better off in a market economy. But they also better off in should aid say that government should guarantee food and shelter free market citizens to citizens. Africa

% agreeing that… Kenya - All 87% 83% Pentecostals 83 80 Most are Govt better off in should aid Charismatics 87 86 free market citizens Other Christians 85 87 Nigeria - All 88 94 United States - All 75% 70% Pentecostals 89 96 Pentecostals 60 77 Other Christians 86 88 Charismatics 67 79 South Africa - All 74 85 Other Christians 79 66 Pentecostals 74 88 Latin America Charismatics 84 89 Brazil - All 72 93 Other Christians 73 83 Pentecostals 78 95 Asia Charismatics 73 93 India (localities) - All 79 85 Other Christians 75 93 Pentecostals 72 78 Chile - All 52 87 Charismatics 88 92 Pentecostals 47 90 Other Christians 77 86 Charismatics 46 86 Philippines - All 86 94 Other Christians 56 85 Pentecostals 83 97 Guatemala - All 72 92 Charismatics 85 93 Pentecostals 74 92 Other Christians 85 95 Charismatics 73 90 South Korea - All 86 77 Other Christians 71 92 Pentecostals 88 87 Question wording: Please tell me whether you completely Charismatics 86 79 agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree with the following statements. (Read list) Other Christians 90 83 a. Most people are better off in a free market economy, even though some people are rich and some are poor. b. The government should guarantee every citizen enough to eat and a place to sleep.

Keys to Success Majorities in every country share the conviction that a variety of factors, from background to work ethic to education, are key to determining personal economic success or failure. For the publics in the 10 countries sur - veyed, one of the paramount factors in determining economic success is faith in God. In every country except South Korea, majorities say that faith in God is a very important factor in people’s economic success. In most countries, including Brazil, Guatemala, all three African nations, the regions of India surveyed and the Philip - pines, support for this view exceeds 70%.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 57 S ECTION III. S OCIAL AND E CONOMIC O UTLOOK

In five countries, this view is more common among pentecostals than among non-renewalist Christians. In the U.S., for instance, more than 80% of pentecostals see faith in God as very important to economic success, com - pared with only 56% among other Christians.

The two other factors overwhelmingly deemed very important to success are hard work and education, both of which are seen as very important by at least half the population in all 10 countries. Within each country, renewalists and non-renewalists express similar levels of conviction that hard work and education are very im - portant factors in economic success.

While there is a strong consensus across countries that hard work, education and faith in God are important determinants of economic success or failure, most also recognize that these attributes alone are not sufficient to guarantee economic prosperity. In every country, majorities (including both renewalists and non-renewal - ists) say that personal connections and contacts and people’s parents’ economic situation are each at least somewhat important in determining economic success. And in nine countries (with the lone exception of Kenya), majorities say that economic success or failure is, at least in part, determined by government policies and fate.

Faith as a Key to Success Africa Kenya - All 88 In five countries, pentecostals are much more likely than Pentecostals 92 non-renewalist Christians to see faith in God as a very important factor in economic success. Charismatics 95 Other Christians 83

% saying faith is very important Nigeria - All 95 to economic success Pentecostals 94 Other Christians 91 United States All 56 South Africa - All 74 Pentecostals 81 Pentecostals 89 Charismatics 76 Charismatics 82 Other Christians 56 Other Christians 76 Latin America Asia Brazil - All 93 India (localities) - All 75 Pentecostals 99 Pentecostals 88 Charismatics 95 Charismatics 95 Other Christians 94 Other Christians 82

Chile - All 57 Philippines - All 94 Pentecostals 85 Pentecostals 98 Charismatics 69 Charismatics 96 Other Christians 63 Other Christians 93

Guatemala - All 87 South Korea - All 16 Pentecostals 87 Pentecostals 64 Charismatics 88 Charismatics 59 Other Christians 89 Other Christians 35

Question wording: As I read from a list, please tell me how important each factor is in people’s economic success. Is faith in God a very important, somewhat important, not too important or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success?

58 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION III. S OCIAL AND E CONOMIC O UTLOOK

Keys to Success Faith in God, hard work and education are widely thought to be very important factors in economic success.

% saying very important factor in economic success Parents’ Faith in Govt Personal economic God Hard work Education Fate policies contacts situation United States - All 56% 84% 84% 34% 36% 50% 36% Pentecostals 81 88 90 53 47 54 53 Charismatics 76 86 83 45 38 49 42 Other Christians 56 86 83 32 35 51 31 Latin America Brazil - All 93 57 93 55 29 67 67 Pentecostals 99 57 96 48 24 66 63 Charismatics 95 58 93 57 30 66 68 Other Christians 94 61 95 57 29 69 72 Chile - All 57 58 85 28 28 55 49 Pentecostals 85 50 82 22 21 41 41 Charismatics 69 59 84 32 28 50 50 Other Christians 63 61 86 28 29 58 50 Guatemala - All 87 86 92 51 35 62 66 Pentecostals 87 86 92 50 40 65 63 Charismatics 88 85 92 55 41 61 68 Other Christians 89 87 92 50 33 66 64 Africa Kenya - All 88 94 74 19 45 48 47 Pentecostals 92 95 78 17 47 45 49 Charismatics 95 94 78 18 47 48 52 Other Christians 83 89 78 21 43 52 47 Nigeria - All 95 84 81 55 41 57 58 Pentecostals 94 86 88 49 43 59 55 Other Christians 91 85 85 50 42 55 53 South Africa - All 74 87 86 35 30 42 40 Pentecostals 89 89 91 44 33 48 42 Charismatics 82 86 87 40 33 48 44 Other Christians 76 88 85 36 29 38 38

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Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 59 S ECTION III. S OCIAL AND E CONOMIC O UTLOOK

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% saying very important factor in economic success Parents’ Faith in Govt Personal economic God Hard work Education Fate policies contacts situation Asia India (localities) - All 75% 94% 95% 30% 33% 56% 56% Pentecostals 88 97 94 55 30 54 41 Charismatics 95 94 97 30 27 52 52 Other Christians 82 96 96 29 34 53 49 Philippines - All 94 92 95 34 42 48 61 Pentecostals 98 93 94 26 45 40 63 Charismatics 96 92 97 32 41 48 65 Other Christians 93 93 94 34 40 45 57 South Korea - All 16 77 50 18 27 53 21 Pentecostals 64 73 47 8 25 56 13 Charismatics 59 76 49 12 21 49 15 Other Christians 35 78 48 12 31 54 22

Question wording: As I read from a list, please tell me how important each factor is in people’s economic success. Is (insert item) a very important, somewhat important, not too important or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? How about (insert next item)? Is/Are (item) (a) very important, somewhat important, not too important or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? a. hard work b. fate c. people’s parents’ economic situation d. faith in God e. government policies f. personal connections and contacts g. education

60 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals SECTION IV. P OLITICAL VIEWS

he surveys find that contemporary renewalists are just as supportive as non-renewalists of an active role T for religion in politics and public life. In fact, in some instances, renewalists actually express more sup - port for a role for religion in politics than do others.

When it comes to bedrock political principles (such as support for certain civil rights and participatory gov - ernment), renewalists tend to resemble their non-renewalist countrymen. Renewalists and non-renewalists also tend to share similar levels of concern over various problems facing their nations, including political cor - ruption and conflict between religious groups.

The survey also finds that sympathy toward Israel, common among evangelical Christians in the United States, is generally more common among pentecostals than non-renewalist Christians around the world, even in countries with no direct political stake in the conflict in the Middle East. However, with some notable excep - tions, renewalists tend not to be any more supportive of the U.S.-led war on terror than others. Religion and Politics In eight out of the 10 countries surveyed, large majorities of pentecostals say that religious groups should ex - press their views on day-to-day social and political questions, and they are joined in seven countries by at least seven-in-ten charismatics. In most countries, renewalists and non-renewalist Christians all share this con - viction.

Public opinion on this question is starkly different in the regions of India surveyed and South Korea, however. In these two countries, majorities of the population (54% in the regions of India surveyed and 58% in South Korea) say that religious groups should keep out of political matters. Renewalists in these countries are also less supportive of religious groups speaking out about politics, compared with renewalists in other countries; in the regions of India surveyed, for instance, less than half of pentecostals say that religious groups should express their views on social and political questions, and relatively slim majorities of pentecostals and charis - matics in South Korea share this point of view.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 61 S ECTION IV. P OLITICAL V IEWS

Religious Groups and Politics % saying that religious groups should … Most people, including pentecostals and charismatics, Express support the right of religious groups to express their Keep out of views on views on politics. political political matters questions % saying that religious groups should … Africa Express Kenya - All 16% 83% Keep out of views on Pentecostals 15 84 political political matters questions Charismatics 13 87 Other Christians 14 85 United States - All 35% 61% Nigeria - All 22 75 Pentecostals 14 79 Pentecostals 16 79 Charismatics 23 71 Other Christians 26 69 Other Christians 36 61 South Africa - All 31 63 Latin America Pentecostals 25 70 Brazil - All 39 57 Charismatics 26 70 Pentecostals 33 65 Other Christians 34 60 Charismatics 35 61 Asia Other Christians 44 53 India (localities) - All 54 42 Chile - All 37 59 Pentecostals 46 48 Pentecostals 30 65 Charismatics 42 52 Charismatics 34 61 Other Christians 53 42 Other Christians 34 61 Philippines - All 38 61 Guatemala - All 27 70 Pentecostals 36 63 Pentecostals 25 72 Charismatics 37 63 Charismatics 24 73 Other Christians 39 60 Other Christians 28 69 South Korea - All 58 36

Question wording: In your opinion, should religious groups Pentecostals 43 50 keep out of political matters – or should they express their Charismatics 38 56 views on day-to-day social and political questions? Other Christians 42 51

62 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION IV. P OLITICAL V IEWS

Majorities of pentecostals and charismatics also say that it is important to them that political leaders have strong religious beliefs. In all 10 countries, a minimum of two-thirds of pentecostals say it is important for po - litical leaders to have strong Christian beliefs, and in several countries (including the U.S., Guatemala and the Philippines) support for this point of view exceeds 80%. Charismatics also tend to express high levels of agree - ment.

Renewalists are not alone in holding this view, however. With the exceptions of the regions of India surveyed and South Korea, majorities of the general population in each country also say that political leaders should have strong religious beliefs. But renewalists tend to feel more strongly about this than their fellow country - men. In six countries (the U.S., Chile, South Africa and all three Asian nations surveyed), both pentecostals and charismatics are more likely than other Christians to say that it is important for political leaders to have strong religious beliefs. Similarly, in Brazil, pentecostals (but not charismatics) are more likely than non-re - newalist Christians to take this view.

Religious Beliefs of Political Leaders Africa Kenya - All 76 Majorities of pentecostals and charismatics around the Pentecostals 80 world say it is important to them that political leaders Charismatics 78 have strong religious beliefs. Other Christians 72

% agreeing important for political leaders Nigeria - All 75 to have strong religious beliefs Pentecostals 69 Other Christians 71 United States South Africa - All 60 63 All Pentecostals 74 87 Pentecostals Charismatics 71 Charismatics 79 Other Christians 61 Other Christians 67 Asia Latin America India (localities) - All 44 57 Brazil - All Pentecostals 70 Pentecostals 73 Charismatics 70 Charismatics 56 Other Christians 42 Other Christians 63 Philippines - All 80 52 Chile - All Pentecostals 84 75 Pentecostals Charismatics 84 62 Charismatics Other Christians 75 Other Christians 53 South Korea - All 37 Guatemala - All 79 Pentecostals 79 Pentecostals 87 Charismatics 79 Charismatics 81 Other Christians 62 Other Christians 81

Question wording: How do you feel about this statement: It’s important to me that political leaders have strong (INSERT RESPON - DENT’S RELIGION FROM Q3 [Christian, Muslim, etc.]; IF RESPONDENT IS NOT RELIGIOUS, INSERT “religious”) beliefs. Do you com - pletely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree?

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 63 S ECTION IV. P OLITICAL V IEWS

Even though most renewalists believe that God is active in the world (see Section I) and support religious in - volvement in politics, they are divided on the question of whether or not God fulfills his purposes through pol - itics. In three countries (Guatemala, Nigeria and South Korea) majorities of pentecostals agree that God fulfills his purposes through politics and elections, and they are joined by a majority of charismatics in South Korea. By contrast, in four other countries (Brazil, Chile, Kenya and the Philippines), majorities of both pentecostals and charismatics take the opposite view, disagreeing with the statement that God fulfills his purposes through politics.

God and Politics Africa Kenya - All (n=653) 37 Renewalists are divided on the question of whether or Pentecostals 38 not God works through politics. Charismatics 35 Other Christians 37 % saying God fulfills his purposes through politics and elections* Nigeria - All (n=650) 52 Pentecostals 57 United States Other Christians 38 All (n=681) 24 South Africa - All (n=788) 40 Pentecostals 46 Pentecostals 44 33 Charismatics Charismatics 49 22 Other Christians Other Christians 39 Latin America Asia 20 Brazil - All (n=690) India (localities) - All (n=726) 30 24 Pentecostals Pentecostals 37 19 Charismatics Charismatics 33 22 Other Christians Other Christians 32 Chile - All (n=569) 13 Philippines - All (n=1000) 31 Pentecostals 32 Pentecostals 42 Charismatics 25 Charismatics 29 Other Christians 9 Other Christians 31

Guatemala - All (n=1000) 42 South Korea - All (n=420) 31 Pentecostals 54 Pentecostals 64 Charismatics 43 Charismatics 54 Other Christians 37 Other Christians 49

*Based on those who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion or believing in God. Question wording: Now I am going to read you a series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The first/next one is God fulfills his purposes through politics and elections. Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree?

64 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION IV. P OLITICAL V IEWS

Given that many reject the notion that God fulfills his purposes through politics and elections, it is perhaps not surprising that most renewalists do not express a desire for a government that is explicitly Christian. In - deed, in seven countries, majorities or pluralities of pentecostals say that there should be a separation be - tween church and state, and they are joined by majorities or pluralities of charismatics in eight countries. Only in Nigeria does a clear majority of pentecostals say that the government should take special steps to “make our country a Christian country”; in the United States and Kenya, however, roughly half of pentecostals also take this view.

Nevertheless, pentecostals in eight of the 10 countries express more support for government action to make their countries Christian countries than do non-renewalist Christians. In fact, in four of these countries (the U.S., Brazil, the regions of India surveyed and South Korea), pentecostals are approximately twice as likely as other Christians to express this point of view.

Separation of Church and State % saying govt % saying should should make our have separation Renewalists tend to prefer separation of church and country [Christian/ of church and state over governments taking special steps to make Muslim/etc.]* state* their country a Christian country. Africa 0 % saying govt % saying should Kenya - All 44 55 should make our have separation Pentecostals 48 50 country [Christian/ of church and Charismatics 47 53 Muslim/etc.]* state* Other Christians 35 63 0 United States Nigeria - All 46 45 All 25 60 Pentecostals 58 35 Pentecostals 52 36 Other Christians 43 43 34 51 Charismatics South Africa - All 43 41 20 67 Other Christians Pentecostals 45 37 Latin America Charismatics 48 36 62 Brazil - All 19 Other Christians 43 39 32 50 Pentecostals Asia 18 65 Charismatics India (localities) - All 21 65 17 67 Other Christians Pentecostals 31 53 Chile - All 23 61 Charismatics 38 47 Pentecostals 23 62 Other Christians 14 68 25 64 Charismatics Philippines - All 38 59 21 62 Other Christians Pentecostals 46 52 Guatemala - All 39 55 Charismatics 43 56 Pentecostals 46 50 Other Christians 36 60 44 51 Charismatics South Korea - All 12 74 29 65 Other Christians Pentecostals 34 49 *U.S.: Based on those who identified themselves as Christian. Charismatics 32 50 Other countries: Based on those who identified themselves Other Christians 13 71 as belonging to a particular religion. Question wording: Which comes closer to your view? The government should take special steps to make our country a [INSERT RELIGION FROM Q3 - CHRISTIAN/MUSLIM/ETC.] coun - try, OR there should be a separation between [INSERT CHURCH/MOSQUE AS APPROPRIATE] and government?

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 65 S ECTION IV. P OLITICAL V IEWS

In five nations (the U.S., Guatemala, Kenya, the regions of India surveyed and South Korea), charismatics are also at least somewhat more willing than non-renewalist Christians to support making their countries Chris - tian countries.

Though renewalists prefer to see religious people and religious groups active in politics, relatively few spend much time actually discussing political issues. Indeed, in every country surveyed majorities of pentecostals say they never discuss politics with their friends and family or that they do so only once or twice a month. With the exception of Kenya, the same is true of charismatics in all countries.

Pentecostals are not unique in their low levels of political discussion, however. In every country except Kenya, majorities of the overall publics say they never discuss politics or do so only once or twice a month. Religious Identity Not surprisingly, given their high levels of religious commitment documented here, pentecostals around the world say their religion is more important to them than their nationality, their continent or their ethnic group. In fact, in all 10 countries, majorities of pentecostals say their religion is the most important identity to them.

But pentecostals are not alone in this strong sense of religious identity. Indeed, in seven of the countries the view that religion is more important than other forms of identity is the majority position of the general pop - ulation. But pentecostals in most of the countries surveyed are more likely to take this point of view than ei - ther charismatics or other Christians. Civil Rights and Participatory Government With the exception of South Korea, majorities of the public in every country say it is very important to them to live in a country where you can openly say what you think and can criticize the government. Similarly large majorities (again with the exception of South Korea) say that it is very important to live in a country where the judicial system treats everyone in the same way. And except in South Korea, at least half of the general public in every country says it is important to live in a country that holds regular, honest elections with a choice of at least two political parties.

There are some differences in certain countries between renewalists and others on these questions. In the re - gions of India surveyed, for instance, pentecostals and charismatics are more likely than the public as a whole to say that freedom of speech is very important. But there is no clear pattern in these differences; renewalists are not consistently more supportive (or less supportive) of these civil rights and liberties than are others.

Broad-based support for civil rights and civil liberties extends to freedom of religion; in nine of the 10 coun - tries surveyed (all except South Korea), majorities, including majorities of renewalists, say it is very important to live in a country where you can practice your religion freely. Similarly, majorities in eight countries (except

66 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION IV. P OLITICAL V IEWS

the regions of India surveyed and South Korea) say it is very important to live in a country where there is “freedom of religion for religions other than your own.” However, in six nations (including all three African countries, the regions of India surveyed, the Philippines and South Korea), living in a country with freedom of religion for everyone is less important to people than living in a country where there is freedom of religion for themselves. In these six countries, this tends to be true of renewalists and non-renewalists alike.

Though majorities in all 10 countries surveyed say that it is important to live in a country where honest elec - tions are held regularly, there is some disagreement over whether participatory government is the best way

Freedom of Speech and Civil Liberties Renewalists and non-renewalists alike say that …as is having a fair and impartial judiciary. freedom of speech is very important... % saying very important that % saying very important judicial system treats everyone to be able to speak openly the same Other Other Pente- Charis- Chris- Pente- Charis- Chris- All costals matics tians All costals matics tians United States 87% 80% 84% 91% United States 82% 66% 72% 85% Latin America Latin America Brazil 84 86 81 88 Brazil 74 69 77 77 Chile 69 67 59 71 Chile 65 61 53 69 Guatemala 65 58 68 70 Guatemala 68 62 71 71 Africa Africa Kenya 86 84 89 87 Kenya 72 71 75 68 Nigeria 79 81 - 70 Nigeria 66 71 - 63 South Africa 65 67 65 65 South Africa 51 53 49 52 Asia Asia India (localities) 61 66 78 67 India (localities) 54 69 70 61 Philippines 71 85 66 74 Philippines 55 60 55 55 South Korea 39 47 41 39 South Korea 40 47 34 43

Question wording: Here is a list of things that you can and cannot do in some countries. How important is it to you to live in a country where (insert item)? Is it very important, somewhat important, not too important or not important at all? a. you can openly say what you think and can criticize the government … c. there is a judicial system that treats everyone in the same way

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 67 S ECTION IV. P OLITICAL V IEWS

to solve national problems. In six countries, majorities say that solving their country’s problems would best be accomplished by a government that allows greater political participation by ordinary people and limits the power of individual political leaders. But in four countries (Guatemala, South Africa, the regions of India sur - veyed and the Philippines), the populations are more divided, with roughly half saying that problems would best be solved by a leader with a strong hand even if it means less participation by ordinary people.

While opinions on this question vary from country to country, there are no consistent differences within coun - tries between renewalists and others.

Freedom of Religion % saying % saying freedom In nearly all the countries surveyed, majorities say it is own religious for other very important to live in a country with freedom of freedom religions religion. very imp very imp

% saying Africa % saying freedom Kenya - All 87% 75% own religious for other freedom religions Pentecostals 87 75 very imp very imp Charismatics 92 81 Other Christians 85 74 United States - All 91% 85% Nigeria - All 90 69 Pentecostals 96 82 Pentecostals 89 67 Charismatics 89 78 Other Christians 82 67 Other Christians 96 89 South Africa - All 75 62 Latin America Pentecostals 84 70 Brazil - All 84 79 Charismatics 81 64 Pentecostals 87 77 Other Christians 73 59 Charismatics 84 82 Asia Other Christians 88 83 India (localities) - All 73 43 Chile - All 75 72 Pentecostals 75 54 Pentecostals 83 74 Charismatics 84 43 Charismatics 73 69 Other Christians 86 54 Other Christians 78 74 Philippines - All 71 52 Guatemala - All 73 69 Pentecostals 81 68 Pentecostals 70 64 Charismatics 72 51 Charismatics 76 69 Other Christians 70 54 Other Christians 79 76 South Korea - All 42 34 Question wording: How important is it to you to live in a coun - Pentecostals 64 39 try where (insert item)? Is it very important, somewhat impor - tant, not too important or not important at all? Charismatics 56 30 d. you can practice your religion freely Other Christians 52 41 e. there is freedom of religion for religions other than your own

68 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION IV. P OLITICAL V IEWS

Perceptions of Political Problems Corruption among political leaders is a major concern in the 10 nations surveyed. Indeed, in all 10 countries, majorities say that in their country corrupt political leaders are a very big problem. Corruption is perceived as a particularly serious problem in Brazil, Guatemala, Kenya, Nigeria, the regions of India surveyed and the Philippines, where in excess of 80% see it as a very big problem. In most countries, there are no substantial dif - ferences between renewalists and others on this question.

Moral decline, although generally seen as a somewhat less serious problem than corruption among politicians, still is a common concern. Indeed, in seven of the countries surveyed, majorities see moral decline as a very se - rious problem for their country. In many countries, pentecostals stand out compared with the general public for their high levels of concern over moral decline.

Conflict between religious groups is, for the most part, viewed as a less serious problem than either corrup - tion among politicians or moral decline, though majorities in five countries (Brazil, Guatemala, Kenya, Nige - ria and the regions of India surveyed) say that religious conflict is a very important problem in their country. In most countries, renewalists’ opinions on this issue tend to resemble those of the overall population.

Corruption Moral Decline Corruption among political leaders is a major concern Pentecostals stand out in several countries for their in all 10 countries, but in most, there are no substan - high level of concern over moral decline. tial differences between renewalists and others on this question. % saying moral decline is very big problem % saying corrupt political leaders are very big Other problem Pente- Charis- Chris- All costals matics tians Other United States 49% 62% 58% 53% Pente- Charis- Chris- All costals matics tians Latin America United States 55% 56% 55% 52% Brazil 79 83 77 83 Latin America Chile 42 54 57 39 Brazil 94 92 94 95 Guatemala 83 83 81 85 Chile 54 50 60 55 Africa Guatemala 86 84 85 88 Kenya 73 74 77 67 Africa Nigeria 68 81 - 71 Kenya 88 87 90 82 South Africa 53 71 57 51 Nigeria 88 92 - 89 Asia South Africa 78 85 75 81 India (localities) 89 85 92 89 Asia Philippines 70 90 71 70 India (localities) 90 86 90 93 South Korea 49 50 52 48

Philippines 90 96 89 91 Question wording: Here is a list of things that may or may not South Korea 62 53 59 60 be problems in our country. As I read each one, please tell me if you think it is a very big problem, a moderately big prob - Question wording: Here is a list of things that may or may lem, a small problem or not a problem at all. c. moral decline not be problems in our country. As I read each one, please tell me if you think it is a very big problem, a moderately big problem, a small problem or not a problem at all. b. Corrupt political leaders

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 69 S ECTION IV. P OLITICAL V IEWS

Satisfaction with Country Substantial majorities in most of the countries surveyed say that they are dissatisfied with the way things are going in their country today. Guatemalans (95% of whom are dissatisfied with the way things are going in their country) and Nigerians (96% of whom are dissatisfied) are particularly discouraged about the direction of things in their nations, while Brazilians (84% dissatisfied) trail only a little behind in their pessimism. The only exceptions to this pattern are Chile (where only a slim 52% majority expresses dissatisfaction), South Africa and the regions of India surveyed (where just as many say they are satisfied as say they are dissatisfied). Renewalists, for the most part, tend to arrive at similar evaluations of their respective countries as do non-re - newalists.

Satisfaction with Country Renewalists are as likely as non-renewalists to say they are dissatisfied with the way things are going in their country today.

% Dissatisfied % Satisfied % Dissatisfied % Satisfied

0 United States Africa 0 All 61 31 Kenya - All 78 22 Pentecostals 66 29 Pentecostals 77 23 Charismatics 61 26 Charismatics 76 24 Other Christians 60 32 Other Christians 80 1

Latin America Nigeria - All 96 3 Brazil - All 84 15 Pentecostals 94 6 Pentecostals 84 15 Other Christians 93 5 82 17 Charismatics South Africa - All 46 50 83 16 Other Christians Pentecostals 51 47 Chile - All 52 45 Charismatics 38 58 Pentecostals 50 42 Other Christians 47 49 Charismatics 47 51 Asia Other Christians 52 44 India (localities) - All 50 50 Guatemala - All 95 4 Pentecostals 67 33 Pentecostals 94 5 Charismatics 66 34 Charismatics 96 3 Other Christians 57 43 Other Christians 94 5 Philippines - All 76 22 Pentecostals 85 14 Charismatics 78 20 Other Christians 74 24 Question wording: Now thinking about (INSERT SURVEY COUNTRY), overall, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the South Korea - All 78 17 way things are going in our country today? Pentecostals 75 22 Charismatics 65 32 Other Christians 78 16

70 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals S ECTION IV. P OLITICAL V IEWS

Foreign Affairs Awareness of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict does not appear to have penetrated as deeply in Latin America, Africa and Asia as it has in the United States. Indeed, in every country except Kenya and the Philippines, plu - ralities or majorities of the general publics say they sympathize with both the Israelis and the Palestinians, with neither Israel or the Palestinians or that they have no opinion on the subject.

Among those who do express an opinion on the topic, however, pentecostals often stand out, especially com - pared with non-renewalist Christians, for their support for Israel. In the U.S. and the Philippines, for instance, at least six-in-ten pentecostals (60% and 67%, respectively) say they sympathize with Israel rather than with the Palestinians, while fewer charismatics and other Christians express this view. Though there are lower lev -

Israeli-Palestinian Conflict In most countries, pentecostals are somewhat more likely than non-renewalist Christians to sympathize with Israel rather than with the Palestinians.

% saying % saying % saying % saying % saying sympathize both, % saying sympathize both, sympathize with neither sympathize with neither with Pales- or don’t with Pales- or don’t Israel tinians know Israel tinians know

United States - All 41% 10% 49% Africa Pentecostals 60 7 33 Kenya - All 42% 16% 42% Charismatics 37 10 53 Pentecostals 43 14 43 Other Christians 40 8 51 Charismatics 51 12 37 Latin America Other Christians 40 16 45 Brazil - All 20 11 69 Nigeria - All 29 29 42 Pentecostals 37 4 58 Pentecostals 46 7 47 Charismatics 19 13 69 Other Christians 53 2 45 Other Christians 14 8 77 South Africa - All 19 16 66 Chile - All 16 9 75 Pentecostals 31 11 57 Pentecostals 28 4 68 Charismatics 23 12 65 Charismatics 17 12 71 Other Christians 15 16 69 Other Christians 15 7 78 Asia Guatemala - All 30 3 66 India (localities) - All 25 20 55 Pentecostals 41 2 54 Pentecostals 49 4 46 Charismatics 29 3 65 Charismatics 51 9 40 Other Christians 24 2 74 Other Christians 30 17 53

Question wording: Turning now to events in the world today, Philippines - All 55 5 40 in the dispute between Israel and the Palestinians, which side Pentecostals 67 2 30 do you sympathize with more, Israel or the Palestinians? Charismatics 57 4 39 Other Christians 54 5 41 South Korea - All 23 12 65 Pentecostals 31 6 63 Charismatics 38 8 54 Other Christians 28 6 66

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 71 S ECTION IV. P OLITICAL V IEWS

els of sympathy for Israel among pentecostals in other countries, the same pattern holds true; in five of the eight other countries, pentecostals are more likely than non-renewalist Christians to say they sympathize with Israel rather than with the Palestinians.

But though pentecostals stand out for their relatively high levels of support for Israel, this is not the case when it comes to opinions about the U.S.-led war on terror. Attitudes on this issue vary substantially from country to country among renewalists; in South Korea, for instance, only 16% of pentecostals and 10% of charismat - ics say they favor the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism, while in the Philippines support for the war on terror rises to 76% among pentecostals and 72% among charismatics. But in most countries, there are only minor differences between renewalists and others.

The one notable exception to this pattern is Nigeria, where Muslims and Christians are deeply split over the issue. Overall support for the war on terror stands at 48% in Nigeria, but it is much higher than that among Christians, standing at 71% among pentecostals. Among Nigerian Muslims, by contrast, support for the war on terror stands at only 17%.

U.S.-Led War on Terror Opinions about the war on terror vary from country to country. But in most countries, there are only minor differ - ences between renewalists and others on this question.

% Oppose % Support % Oppose % Support

0 United States 0 Africa All 19 69 Kenya - All 35 55 Pentecostals 19 72 Pentecostals 38 50 Charismatics 21 68 Charismatics 29 62 Other Christians 17 74 Other Christians 29 61 Latin America Nigeria - All 35 48 Brazil - All 50 40 Pentecostals 7 71 Pentecostals 50 37 Other Christians 8 73 44 42 Charismatics South Africa - All 40 28 Other Christians 53 41 Pentecostals 36 32 Chile - All 54 33 Charismatics 40 26 Pentecostals 52 28 Other Christians 35 31 Charismatics 58 27 Asia Other Christians 47 37 India (localities) - All 36 53 Guatemala - All 48 36 Pentecostals 18 53 Pentecostals 49 34 Charismatics 20 66 Charismatics 49 35 Other Christians 37 50

Other Christians 51 31 Philippines - All 21 72 Pentecostals 19 76 Charismatics Question wording: Which of the following phrases comes 23 72 closer to describing your view? I favor the U.S.-led efforts Other Christians 20 72 to fight terrorism, OR I oppose the U.S.-led efforts to fight South Korea - All 80 13 terrorism. Pentecostals 71 16 Charismatics 83 10 Other Christians 80 12

72 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals APPENDIX : R ELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY

his appendix provides brief analyses of the religious demography of the 10 countries included in the TPew Forum on Religion & Public Life’s 2006 pentecostal survey. These demographic profiles draw on three sources that include religious adherence figures: national censuses, demographic and health surveys, and general population surveys. Readers should be aware that all three sources are limited by their coverage of the population, the choices of religious identity offered in the questionnaires and the accuracy of the cod - ing for open-ended responses on religious affiliation. Sources National censuses are the best starting point for the number of religious adherents because they generally cover the entire population and are conducted on a fairly regular basis. Some censuses, such as Brazil’s and South Africa’s, even provide layers of detail under the major religious traditions. Censuses, however, can be affected by methodological decisions, political bias and social concerns that affect how the data are managed and whether respondents feel free to be truthful.

In the absence of reliable census data on religion, Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) 1 provide nationally representative data on religion that is highly regarded by most experts. DHS usually sample and visit at least 7,000 households, and are often repeated at multiple time points. DHS generally survey people ages 15 to 49 and oversample (and sometimes only sample) women. This is a limitation, since religious adherence differs, albeit slightly, by sex and age.

General population surveys such as the Pew Global Attitudes Project 2 and the World Values Survey 3 also pro - vide valuable information on the percentage of the population belonging to major religious groups. How - ever, since general population surveys typically involve only 1,000 to 2,000 respondents, they cannot provide accurate detail on the size of smaller religious groups. Even larger surveys such as the American Religious Identification Survey, which has as many as 50,000 respondents, 4 can miss regional concentrations of smaller religions (e.g., Muslims) and religious groups that may not have landline telephones (e.g., the Amish). Forum’s Pentecostal Survey Results from the Forum’s 2006 surveys of pentecostals are presented and discussed in the last part of the analy - sis of each country’s religious demography. Readers should note that the Forum’s surveys were not intended primarily to be a demographic survey of each country; rather, the surveys aimed to compare renewalists – pen - tecostals and charismatics – and the general population of each country (or regions of a country, in the case of India). Nonetheless, survey results are presented on the general religious makeup of each country as well as on the number of renewalists in the areas surveyed. Given the limited sample size and coverage of the surveys, these findings should be viewed as broad approximations.

1 The MEASURE DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys) project has provided technical assistance to more than 200 surveys in 75 coun - tries since 1984. DHS is funded by USAID and other donors, and is a recognized leader in collecting and disseminating accurate, na - tionally representative data (www.measuredhs.com/). 2 http://pewglobal.org/ 3 www.worldvaluessurvey.org/ 4 www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/aris_index.htm

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 73 A PPENDIX : R ELIGIOUS D EMOGRAPHY

The Forum’s survey report uses the terms “pentecostal” and “charismatic” in a way that may differ from how other demographic sources use the terms. The term “pentecostal” is used in the Forum report to describe in - dividuals who belong to classical pentecostal denominations, such as the Assemblies of God or the Church of God in Christ, as well as those who belong to newer pentecostal denominations or churches.

“Charismatics,” by contrast, are a much more loosely defined group. The term generally refers to Christians who have experienced the “in-filling” of the Holy Spirit but who are not members of pentecostal churches. Indeed, most charismatics are members of mainstream Protestant, Catholic and Orthodox denominations. In the surveys, respondents were categorized as charismatic if they met one of three criteria: (1) they describe themselves as “charismatic Christians”; or (2) they describe themselves as “pentecostal Christians” but do not belong to explicitly pentecostal denominations; or (3) they say they speak in tongues at least several times a year but they do not belong to pentecostal denominations. 5

5 For the precise question wording used to identify and oversample pentecostals and charismatics, see questions 4, 5c, 5d and 6b in the topline results included at the end of the survey report.

74 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals BRAZIL : R ELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY

ccording to the latest Brazilian Census, 6 73.6% of its 2000 population of 170 million is Roman Catholic A and 15.4% is evangelical or Protestant. The next largest category is comprised of those who said they had no religion (7.4%).

Other groups reported by the Census include Spiritists (1.3%), Jehovah’s Witnesses (0.7%), Brazilian Catholics (0.3%), Afro-Brazilian religions (0.3%) and other Christians (0.2%). Mormons, Jews, Buddhists and other East Asian religions had approximately 0.1% each. Christian Orthodox, Muslims, Hindus, Spiritualists and tradi - tional and indigenous religions each made up less than 0.1% of the population. The Census also reported 0.4% who either did not declare a religion or whose religion could not be determined.

According to the Census, Catholics tend to be more rural while Protestants are more urban. The percentage of non-affiliated in urban areas is also higher than that in the rural areas.

Although Brazil has the largest number of Catholics in the world, the percentage of Catholics in the Religious Affiliation, 2000 Census population has been dropping at an accelerating rate since 1980. According to successive Brazilian All Rural Urban Censuses, 7 the Catholic share of the Brazilian popu - Catholic 73.6% 83.0% 71.4% lation decreased by 4.1 percentage points in the 20 Protestant 15.4 10.8 16.5 years between 1960 and 1980 (dropping from Non-affiliated 7.4 5.0 7.9 93.1% to 89%). But it dropped almost three times Other/DK 3.6 1.2 4.2 as much during the next 20 years, decreasing by 15.4 percentage points (from 89% in 1980 to 73.6% in 2000).

The rapid decline in the Catholic percentage of the population has been accompanied by a corresponding growth in the number of Protestants. The number of Protestants increased by 2.6 percentage points from 1960 to 1980, and by 8.8 percentage points from 1980 to 2000, more than triple the rate of increase of the previ - ous 20 years. The lower Catholic figure reflects not only the growth in the percentage of Protestants but also the rapid growth in the number of non-affiliated (up from 0.5% in 1960 and 1.6% in 1980 to 7.4% in 2000).

6 www.ibge.gov.br/english/ 7 www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/index.html

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 75 B RAZIL : R ELIGIOUS D EMOGRAPHY

Religious Trends in Brazil The Forum’s 2006 survey of adults ages 18 and older was 100% based on a probability sam - 90% ple of Brazilian urban cities 80% and surrounding areas and 70% excluded rural parts of the Roman Catholic Protestant country. 8 In the survey, 57% 60% Non-affiliated identified themselves as 50% Source: Censuses Catholic and 21% as Protes - 40% tant. Although the Forum’s sample misses rural regions 30% that tend to be more heavily 20% Catholic, the findings are 10% generally in line with the 0% trend toward greater Protes - 1950 1960 1970 1980 1991 2000 tant affiliation (and declining Catholic affiliation) in successive Brazilian Censuses. In the Forum survey a larger number of persons also iden - tified themselves as affiliated with other religions (13%).

According to the 2000 Brazilian Census, 10.4% of the population belonged to pentecostal denominations, up from 5.4% in the 1991 Census and 3.3% in the 1980 Census. Census figures make clear that new Renewalists in Urban Brazil, Forum 2006 Survey pentecostal groups are growing rapidly. For ex - ample, the Universal Church of the Kingdom of Renewalist Pentecostal Charismatic God added 1.8 million new members between the 1991 and 2000 Censuses. This represents a Urban Population 49% 15% 34% Catholic 57 - 57 six-fold increase in their share of the Brazilian Protestant 78 72 6 population, from 0.2% in 1991 to 1.2% in 2000.

In the Forum’s 2006 survey, approximately one-in-seven respondents indicated they belong to a pentecostal denomination, and an additional three-in-ten identified as charismatic, bringing the total for renewalists to roughly half of the urban population. Approximately eight-in-ten Protestants interviewed indicated they were either pentecostal or charismatic, and roughly half of Catholics identified as charismatic.

8 See page 95 for a discussion of the survey methodology.

76 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals CHILE : R ELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY

ccording to the 2002 Chilean Census, 9 which presents statistics for those in the population 14 years and Aolder, 70% of the population is Catholic and 15.1% is evangelical or Protestant.

The next largest category is comprised of those Religious Affiliation, 2002 Census who said they have no religion or that they are agnostic or atheist (8.3%). Other groups re - All Rural Urban ported by the Census include Jehovah’s Witnesses Catholic 70.0% 75.3% 69.1% (1.1%), Mormons (0.9%), Jews (0.1%), Orthodox Protestant 15.1 16.4 14.9 Christians (0.1%) and Muslims (0.03%). The Cen - Non-affiliated 8.3 4.6 8.9 sus does not publish a breakdown of the re - Other 6.6 3.7 7.1 maining 4.4% who are associated with other religions.

According to the Census, Catholics and Protestants are both slightly more rural than urban. The percentage of non-affiliated in urban areas, though relatively small, is nearly double that in rural areas.

Although Chile remains pre - dominantly Catholic, the reli - Religious Trends in Chile gious landscape is changing. 90% The number of Protestants increased from 7.1% in the 80% 1970 Census and 12.1% in 70% Roman Catholic the 1992 Census to 15.1% in 60% Protestant 2002, while the number of Non-affiliated 50% Catholics decreased from Source: Censuses 80.9% in 1970 and 76.8% in 40% 1992 to 70.0% in 2002. The 30% lower Catholic estimate re - 20% flected not only the growth in Protestants but also the 10% growth in the number of 0% non-affiliated (up from 2.0% 1970 1982 1992 2002 (religion not asked) in 1970 and 5.8% in 1992 to 8.3% in 2002).

9 http://espino.ine.cl/cgibin/RpWebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=CPCHL2KREG&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 77 C HILE : R ELIGIOUS D EMOGRAPHY

The Forum’s 2006 survey of adults 18 years and older was based on a national probability sample that ex - cluded remote areas and that represents roughly 80% of Chile’s population of approximately 16 million. 10 In the survey, 65% identified themselves as Catholic and 15% as Protestant. Although the Forum’s sample misses some rural regions that tend to be more heavily Catholic, these findings are generally in line with the trend toward greater Protestant and lesser Catholic affiliation reflected in successive Chilean Censuses. The Forum survey also found a larger number of unaffiliated persons (15%). (Since secularism is generally associated with lower birth rates, 11 when the children of both religiously affiliated and unaffiliated adults Renewalists in Chile, Forum 2006 Survey are considered, the number of unaffiliated could

Renewalist Pentecostal Charismatic constitute a somewhat smaller share of the total population.) Total Population 30% 9% 21% Catholic 26 - 26 The Forum’s survey found that renewalists, in - Protestant 78 59 19 cluding charismatics and pentecostals, account for approximately three-in-ten people in Chile. Roughly two-thirds of all Protestants are either pentecostal or charismatic, and approximately one quarter of all Catholics are charismatic.

10 See page 95 for a discussion of the survey methodology. 11 Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart. 2004, pp. 231-239. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge.

78 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals GUATEMALA : R ELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY

ccording to the most recent Guatemalan Demographic and Health Survey, 12 which presents statistics for A a nationally representative sample of women between the ages of 15 to 49, approximately 52.6% of the population is Catholic and 29.4% is evangelical or Protestant. The next largest category is comprised of those who said they have no religion (15.6%). Indigenous Mayans make up 0.5% of the population. The survey does not break down the remaining 1.9% associated with other religions.

The general Guatemalan Census does not ask questions about religion, but the Demographic and Health Sur - veys are carried out by the same organization responsible for the Census, the Guatemalan National Statistics Institute. It should be pointed out that religious adherence rates on censuses tend to be slightly higher for women in most countries. Adherence levels likewise can, but do not always, differ by age.

A comparison of the findings of the 1995 and Religious Affiliation, Demographic and 1998-1999 Demographic and Health Surveys Health Surveys shows that although Catholics remain the largest group in Guatemala, the situation is changing, 1998-1999 1995 just as it is in other Latin American countries. Catholic 52.6% 60.7% Protestant 29.4 25.9 During the short period between the two sur - Non-affiliated 15.6 11.2 Other 1.9 1.5 veys, Protestants increased as a share of the pop - Mayan 0.5 0.7 ulation from 25.9% to 29.4%, while the number of Catholics decreased from 60.7% to 52.6%. The lower Catholic estimate reflects not only the growth in Protestants but also the growth in the number of non-affiliated, which rose from 11.2% in 1995 to 15.6% in 1998-1999.

12 A total of 6,021 women were interviewed in 1998-1999 and 12,403 in 1995; www.measuredhs.com/countries/country.cfm?ctry_id=15&cntrytab=publications

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 79 G UATEMALA : R ELIGIOUS D EMOGRAPHY

The 2006 Forum survey of adults 18 years and older was Religious Trends in Guatemala based on a national probabil - 70% ity sample of Guatemala’s 60% population of approximately 13 50% 12 million. In the survey, Roman Catholic 48% identified themselves as 40% Protestant Non-affiliated Catholic and 34% as Protes - 30% tant. These findings are gen - Source: Demographic and 20% Health Surveys erally in line with the trend toward greater Protestant 10% and lesser Catholic affiliation 0% reflected in the Guatemalan 1995 1998-1999 Demographic and Health Surveys. In the Forum survey, 15% said they were unaffiliated.

According to the Forum survey, renewalists – in - cluding charismatics and pentecostals – account Renewalists in Guatemala, Forum 2006 Survey for approximately six-in-ten of Guatemala’s pop - Renewalist Pentecostal Charismatic ulation. More than eight-in-ten Protestants are either pentecostal or charismatic, and six-in-ten Total Population 60% 20% 40% Catholics surveyed can be classified as charis - Catholic 62 - 62 Protestant 85 58 27 matic.

13 See page 95 for a discussion of the survey methodology.

80 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals INDIA : R ELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY

ccording to India’s 2001 Census, 14 80.5% of its population of 1 billion is Hindu and 13.4% of the popula - Ation is Muslim. Other groups include Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.9%), Buddhists (0.8%) and Jains (0.4%). The Census does not break down the 0.6% of the population that belongs to other religions; 0.1% do not state their religion.

Though India is majority Hindu, there is consid - erable variation by state. Muslims make up the Religious Affiliation, 2001 Census India a Meghalaya b Kerala b Tamil majority of the population in Lakshadweep Nadu b (95.5%) and in Jammu and Kashmir (67.0%), Hindu 80.5% 13.3% 56.2% 88.1% Christians predominate in Nagaland (90.0%) and Muslim 13.4 4.3 24.7 5.6 Mizoram (87%), and Sikhs are the majority in Others 6.1 82.4 19.1 6.3 Christian 2.3 70.3 19.0 6.1 Punjab (59.9%). Buddhists are most prevalent in Sikh 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 Sikkim (28.1%) and Jains in Maharashtra (1.3%). Buddhist 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 Jain 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 Other 0.6 11.5 0.0 0.0 The percentage of Hindus in the population has Not stated 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 decreased by 3 percentage points since 1961, dropping from 83.5% in 1961 to 80.5% in 2001. a Mao Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of the Senapati district of Manipur are not included in the Census. Muslims have increased by nearly 3 percentage b Localities in these states are included in the 2006 Forum survey points in the same period, going from 10.7% in of pentecostals. 1961 to 13.4% in 2001. During this same 40-year period, other religious groups have shown little change. For example, according to the Census, 15 Christians made up 2.3% of the population in both 1991 and 2001. Given India’s population of more than 1 billion, slight changes in percentages represent many people. For example, the percentage of those belonging to other (non-subcategorized) religions increased from 0.4% (3.3 million people) in 1991 to 0.6% (6.6 million people) in 2001, doubling the actual number of people.

14 Archived at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/popchar/popchar2.htm and www.censusindia.gov.in. A Census was not conducted in Assam in 1981 or in Jammu and Kashmir in 1991. Adjusted figures that exclude Assam, Jammu and Kashmir were estimated by the Indian Census. 15 Some have pointed to a potential bias against reporting changes in religious identity, e.g., from Hinduism to Christianity, among cer - tain groups in India such as the dalits (formerly called “untouchables”) and tribal peoples who benefit from government affirmative action programs. The 2006 International Religious Freedom Report on India notes: “According to a 2004 NCM [Indian Government National Commission for Minorities] report, 24 percent of government jobs were reserved for members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, including dalits. Benefits accorded dalits were revoked once they converted to Christianity or Islam, but not to Buddhism or Sikhism” (www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71440.htm).

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 81 I NDIA : R ELIGIOUS D EMOGRAPHY

The Forum’s 2006 survey of adults ages 18 and older was Religious Trends in India based on a probability sam - 90% ple of the adult population in 80% localities in three Indian states that have high per - 70% Hindus centages of Christians: 60% Muslims Meghalaya, Kerala and Tamil Others 50% Nadu. 16 In the survey, ap - Source: Censuses proximately 36% identified 40% as Christian, 55% as Hindu, 30% 8% as Muslim and 2% as 20% other. 10% In the Forum survey, only 0% one-in-one hundred respon - 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 dents indicated they belong to a pentecostal denomination. Less than one-in-twenty identified as charismatic, including nearly one-in-ten Catholics. Renewalists in three states a of India, Forum 2006 Survey

Renewalist Pentecostal Charismatic

Total Population 5% 1% 4% Catholic 8-8

a Localities in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Meghalaya.

16 See page 95 for a discussion of the survey methodology.

82 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals KENYA : R ELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY

ccording to the most recent Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey, 17 which presents statistics for a na - Ationally representative sample of women between the ages of 15 and 49 and men between 15 and 54, approximately 88.5% of the population is Christian, including 62.6% Protestant and 25.9% Catholic. An ad - ditional 7% of the population is Muslim, and 4.2% indicate no religion.

Religious adherence rates for women and men differ only slightly. For example, according to the 2003 De - mographic and Health Survey, 26.6% of men identify as Catholic compared with 25.2% of women. The pat - tern is reversed for Protestants and Muslims, where women adhere to both at higher rates; 64.9% of women versus 60.3% of men identify as Protestant, and 7.6% of women versus 6.4% of men identify as Muslim. 18 It should also be noted that adherence levels likewise can differ somewhat by age.

Kenya remains a predominantly Christian coun - try, although there was a slight decline of 3.6 per - Religious Affiliation, Demographic and centage points in the total Christian share of the Health Surveys a a population between 1989 and 2003. The decline 2003 1998 1993 1989 Christian (Total) 88.5% 90.4% 91.2% 92.1% is driven by an 8.8-percentage-point drop in the Catholic 25.9 29.1 31.4 34.7 Catholic share of the population in this 14-year Protestant b 62.6 61.4 59.8 57.4 period. Protestants increased their share by 5.2 Muslim 7.0 4.9 4.9 3.5 percentage points during this same period. The No Religion 4.2 3.7 2.7 2.6 Other/Missing 0.3 1.0 1.2 1.8 percentage of Muslims doubled, from 3.5% to 7.0%, and those indicating no religion rose from a Average of the results for women and men. b Protestant figure includes other non-Catholic Christians. 2.6% to 4.2% during this period. Adherence to other religions has dropped well below 1%.

17 A total of 8,195 women and 3,578 men were interviewed in 2003; 7,881 women and 3,407 men in 1998; 7,540 women in 1993; and 7,150 women in 1989. The survey is produced by the Central Bureau of Statistics, which also conducts the Kenyan Census, and is imple - mented in collaboration with the Ministry of Health, www.measuredhs.com/countries/country.cfm?ctry_id=20&cntrytab=publications. 18 The 1998 Demographic and Health Survey is similar: 30.4% of men versus 27.7% of women identify as Catholic, 64.5% of women versus 58.2% of men identify as Protestant, and 5.1% of women versus 4.7% of men identify as Muslim.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 83 K ENYA : R ELIGIOUS D EMOGRAPHY

The 2006 Forum survey of adults 18 years and older was Religious Trends in Kenya based on a national probabil - 70% ity sample of Kenya’s adult 60% population, excluding the 50% largely Muslim-populated Catholic North Eastern Province. The 40% Protestant/Other Muslim sample represents roughly 30% 97% of the population. 19 In No Religion 20% the survey, approximately Source: Demographic and Health Surveys nine-in-ten identified them - 10% selves as Christian, comprised 0% of roughly 23% Catholic, 1989 1993 1998 2003 62% Protestant and 5% African Independent Churches (AIC). An additional 8% identified as Muslim, 2% as non-religious and 1% as following a traditional African religion. These findings are very similar to those of the 2003 Demographic and Health Surveys.

According to the Forum survey, renewalists – in - cluding charismatics and pentecostals – account Renewalists in Kenya, Forum 2006 Survey for roughly half of Kenya’s population. Approx - Renewalist Pentecostal Charismatic imately seven-in-ten Protestants surveyed are ei - ther pentecostal or charismatic, and about Population 56% 33% 23% one-third of all Catholics can be classified as Catholic 34 - 34 a charismatic. Protestant 73 53 20 a African Independent Churches (AIC) not included.

19 See page 95 for a discussion of the survey methodology.

84 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals NIGERIA : R ELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY

ccording to the most recent Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey, 20 which presents statistics for a A nationally representative sample of women between the ages of 15 and 49 and men between 15 and 59, 50.5% of the population is Muslim and 48.2% is Christian. Only 1.4% is associated with other religions. Religious adherence rates for women and men are nearly identical; 50.7% of women and 50.2% of men iden - tify as Muslim, while 47.9% of women and 48.5% of men identify as Christian. It should be noted that ad - herence levels also can differ somewhat by age.

The 2006 Nigerian Census did not ask questions Religious Affiliation about religion because the proportion of Mus - lims and Christians is a highly sensitive political 2003 a 1990 a 1963 b 1953 b 21 issue. The latest Censuses available with reli - Muslim 50.5% 47.5% 47.2% 45.3% gion questions are from 1953 and 1963. 22 In Christian (Total) 48.2 47.6 34.5 21.4 1953, 45.3% of the population was Muslim, Catholic 13.7 13.9 Protestant 15.0 33.7 21.4% was Christian and 33.3% belonged to Other Christian 19.6 - other religions. By 1963, the percentage of the Other 1.4 4.8 18.3 33.3 population that belonged to other religions had a Demographic and Health Survey (2003 figures are the average of declined by 15 percentage points, nearly match - the results for women and men). b National Censuses. ing the 13.1-point increase for Christians; during this same time period, the percentage of Muslims increased by less than 2 percentage points. The number of Christians increased by another 13.1 percentage points from 1963 to 1990. This growth trend flattened out by 1990, with the Christian share of the Nigerian population growing by less than 1 percentage point from 1990 to 2003. The Muslim population, however, increased by 3 percentage points during that same time period.

20 A total of 7,620 women and 2,346 men were interviewed in 2003, and 8,781 women in 1990; the quality of the 1999 survey_was adversely affected by data collection practices, so those figures are not reported here,www.measuredhs.com/countries/country _main.cfm?ctry _id=30. 21 See 2006 report from the Population Reference Bureau by Robert Lalasz, www.prb.org/Airticles/2006/IntheNewsTheNigerianCensus.aspx. 22 Archived at the U.S. Census International Data Base (IDB), www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/index.html. The 1991 Census figures are consid - ered unreliable due to a possible undercount of the population (Lalasz 2006). Some irregularities also are alleged for the 1963 Census.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 85 N IGERIA : R ELIGIOUS D EMOGRAPHY

The 2006 Forum survey of adults ages 18 and older was Religious Trends in Nigeria based on a national probabil - 60% ity sample of Nigeria’s popu - lation of approximately 130 50% million. 23 The survey was 40% Total Christian weighted to reflect the as - Muslim sumed balance of Christians 30% Other and Muslims in this country. Source: Censuses 1953, 1963; 20% DHS 1990, 2003

According to the Forum sur - 10% vey, renewalists – including 0% charismatics and pentecostals 1953 1963 1990 2003 – account for approximately three-in-ten Nigerians. Roughly six-in-ten Protes - tants are either pentecostal or charismatic, and Renewalists in Nigera, Forum 2006 Survey three-in-ten Catholics surveyed can be classified Renewalist Pentecostal Charismatic as charismatic. Total Population 26% 18% 8% Catholic 30 - 30 Protestant a 62 54 8

a African Independent Churches (AIC) not included.

23 See page 95 for a discussion of the survey methodology.

86 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals PHILIPPINES : R ELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY

ccording to the 2000 Philippine Census, 24 92.6% of its population of 80 million is Christian. Christian Agroups in the population include Catholics (81.0%), Protestants (7.3%), Iglesia ni Kristos (2.3%) and Agli - payans (2.0%). The next largest group is Muslims (5.1%). Other groups reported by the Census include tribal religions (0.2%) and Buddhists (0.1%). Religious Affiliation, Censuses The percentage of Christians in the population remained constant during the 20th century. 25 2000 1960 1903 a The percentage of Catholics, however, has de - clined by approximately 10.5 percentage points. Christian 92.6% 92.9% 91.5% Roman Catholic 81.0 83.8 91.5 The decrease in the Catholic share of the popu - Protestant 7.3 2.9 lation reflects the increasing number of Protes - Iglesia ni Kristo 2.3 1.0 tant, Aglipayan 26 and Iglesia ni Kristo 27 churches. Aglipayan 2.0 5.2 The Muslim and Buddhist shares of the popula - Muslim 5.1 4.9 Buddhist 0.1 0.1 tion have remained fairly stable since 1960. Others b 1.7 2.1 8.5 None/DK 0.5 a Accessed at www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/cent-qs.html. b Percentage for 2000 includes tribal religions. Previous Census data did not have this category.

24 Archived at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/popchar/popchar2.htm. 25 The 1903 Census divided the population into “civilized” (91.5%) and “wild” (8.5%). Though these terms are imprecise, derogatory and antiquated, they provide valuable religious adherence information. According to the National Statistics Office of the Philippines, “Civilized people, with the exception of those of foreign birth, were practically all adherents of the Catholic Church by 1903 Census definitions,” www.census.gov.ph/data/pressrelease/cent-qs.html. 26 The Aglipayan church separated from the Roman Catholic Church more than a century ago. It is also known as the Philippine Independent Church. 27 The Iglesia ni Kristo church (trans: “Church of Christ”) originated in the Philippines in the early 20th century. It is nontrinitarian and does not accept the divinity of Christ.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 87 P HILIPPINES : R ELIGIOUS D EMOGRAPHY

The Forum’s 2006 survey of adults 18 years and older was based on a national Religious Trends in Philippines probability sample of the 90% adult population. 28 In the 80% survey, 96% identified as Christian, including 80% 70% Roman Catholics Catholic, 10% Protestant, 60% Protestant (born again/JW/SDA 2% Iglesia ni Kristo, 1% 50% Muslim Aglipayan, 1% Jehovah’s 40% Witnesses, less than 1% Source: Censuses Mormon and 2% from other 30% Christian groups. Other 20% groups represented in the 10% survey include 4% Muslim and less than 1% who iden - 0% 1960 1970 1990 2000 tified themselves as having no religion or other.

In the Forum’s 2006 survey, less than one-in- twenty respondents indicated they belong to a Renewalists in Philippines, Forum 2006 Survey pentecostal denomination. Four-in-ten identi - Renewalist Pentecostal Charismatic fied as charismatic, including more than four-in- ten Catholics. Nearly seven-in-ten Protestants Total Population 44% 4% 40% interviewed indicated they were either pente - Catholic 44 - 44 costal or charismatic. Protestant 67 37 30

28 See page 95 for a discussion of the survey methodology.

88 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals SOUTH AFRICA : R ELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY

ccording to the latest South African Census, 79.8% of its 2001 population of 44.2 million is Christian. A The three largest groupings within Christianity are African Independent Churches (31.8%), Protestants (25.5%) and pentecostals (7.6%). Roman Catholics make up 7.1% of the population, and an additional 7.8% identify with various other Christian groups. The next largest category is comprised of those who said they had no religion or did not declare a religion (15.1%). Other categories reported by the Census include Mus - lims (1.5%), Hindus (1.2%) and Jews (0.2%). An additional 2.2% belonged to various other religions.

Traditional Protestants are comprised of Methodists (7.4%), Reformed, (7.2%), Anglicans (3.9%), Lutherans (2.5%), Presbyterians (1.9%), Baptists (1.5%) and Congregationalists (1.1%). African Independent Churches or AICs 29 are comprised of a wide variety of Apostolic churches (12.5%), the Zion Christian Church (11.1%), other Zionist churches (4.2%), Ethiopian churches (1.9%), Ibandla lama Nazaretha (0.6%) and other churches (1.5%). Pentecostal groups include traditional apostolic and pentecostal churches. 30

The number of Christians in South Africa grew by almost 12 percentage points as a share of the pop - Religious Affiliation, Censuses ulation during the second half of the 20th century, 2001 a 1951 b despite a 20.5-point decline among traditional Protestant denominations. The growth between Christian 79.8% 68.0% 1951 and 2001 was fueled by increases in the num - AIC 31.8 13.0 31 Protestant 25.5 46.0 ber of AICs (18.8 percentage points), pentecostals Pentecostal 7.6 0.2 (7.4), Catholics (1.7) and other Christians (4.4). These Catholic 7.1 5.4 shifts indicate that Christianity in South Africa has Other Christian 7.8 3.4 not only become more indigenous but also more Muslim 1.5 1.2 Hindu 1.2 1.9 pluralistic. Jewish 0.2 0.9 Non-affiliated/DK 15.1 Other 2.2 28.0 a Archived at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/ popchar/popchar2.htm. b Archived at www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbnew.html.

29 African Independent Churches go by the acronym “AIC.” (AIC sometimes stands for “African Instituted Churches.”) The term nor - mally refers to churches that came into being through the initiative of Africans. 30 Though many AIC groups are pentecostal/charismatic in practice, they are not categorized as pentecostal in some Census reports. 31 Census numbers for pentecostals were irregularly reported before 2001. A 1996 Census report indicates that pentecostals made up 5.4% of the population compared with 1.4% reported in the 1991 Census. It is possible that prior to 1996 some pentecostals were ei - ther counted under “other Christians” or were put into the “don’t know” (DK) category. (The number of DKs in 1991 was 31%, com - pared with approximately 17% in both 1980 and 2001.) Due to a probable undercount, no 1991 data point for pentecostals is reported on the Religious Trends chart.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 89 S OUTH A FRICA : R ELIGIOUS D EMOGRAPHY

The Forum’s 2006 survey of adults ages 18 and older was Religious Trends in South Africa based on a probability sam - ple of South African urban 50% centers. 32 In the survey, 41% 45% identified themselves as 40% Traditional Protestant (including pente - 35% Protestant costal), 27% as AIC and 11% 30% AIC as Catholic. The findings are Pentecostal 25% generally in line with the Roman Catholic trend toward greater AIC af - 20% Other Christian filiation in successive South 15% Source: Censuses African Censuses. In the 10% Forum survey a smaller num - 5% ber of persons also identified 0% themselves as affiliated with 1951 1960 1970 1980 1991 2001 other or no religions (9%).

In the Forum’s 2006 survey, approximately one- Renewalists in Urban South Africa, in-ten respondents indicated they belong to a Forum 2006 Survey pentecostal denomination, and more than two- in-ten identified as charismatic, bringing the Renewalist Pentecostal Charismatic total for renewalists to roughly one-third of the urban population. Nearly half of Protestants in - Urban Population 34% 10% 24% terviewed indicated they were either pentecostal AIC 37 - 37 Protestant 47 23 24 or charismatic, and roughly one-third of AICs identified as charismatic.

32 See page 95 for a discussion of the survey methodology.

90 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals SOUTH KOREA : R ELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY

ccording to the most recent Korean Census that includes data on religion, 33 49.3% of the population A has no religion, 26.3% is Christian and 23.2% is Buddhist. Of the Christian groups, Protestants account for 19.7% of the population and Catholics for 6.6%. The next largest group is Confucians (0.5%). A number of smaller groups account for the remaining 0.7%.

In the decade between the 1985 and 1995 Cen - Religious Affiliation, Censuses suses, the number of those with no religion de - creased by 8.1 percentage points, from 57.4% to 1995 1985 49.3%. The number of Confucians also declined. No Religion 49.3% 57.4% Christian 26.3 20.7 This decline is matched by increases for both Protestant 19.7 16.1 Christians and Buddhists. During the same 10- Catholic 6.6 4.6 year period, the number of Christians increased Buddhist 23.2 19.9 Confucian 0.5 1.2 by 5.6 percentage points, from 20.7% to 26.3% Other 0.7 0.8 (Catholics gained 2.0 points and Protestants 3.6), and the number of Buddhists increased by 3.3 percentage points. Religious Trends in South Korea The trend shown in the Ko - 70% rean Censuses is similar to the findings of the World Values 60% 34 50% Survey (WVS) , which con - No Religion ducted surveys in Korea in 40% Christian 1982, 1990, 1996 and 2001. Buddhist 30% Between its 1982 and 2001 Source: Censuses surveys, WVS shows a drop of 20% 11.3 percentage points for 10% those with no religion, from 0% 48.3% to 37.0%. The per - 1985 1995 centage of Christians in - creased by 15.8 points during the same time period, going from 23.5% to 39.3%. According to the WVS findings, however, the number of Buddhists declined by 7.1 percentage points during that period, from 27.9% to 20.8%.

33 Summary religious adherence data for Korea’s 1985 and 1995 Censuses are archived at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/scon - cerns/popchar/popchar2.htm. Data on religion from the 2005 Census were not available at the time of publication. 34 www.worldvaluessurvey.org/ See the introduction to this appendix for a discussion of the limitations of general population surveys for making demographic projections.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 91 S OUTH K OREA : R ELIGIOUS D EMOGRAPHY

The 2006 Forum survey of adults ages 18 and older was based on a national probability sample of Korea’s urban population. 35 In the survey, approximately 42% were unaffiliated, 25% identified themselves as Protes - tant, 10% as Catholic, 22% as Buddhist and 1% as other. These findings are generally in line with the trend toward greater Christian affiliation, and lower percentages of non-affiliated, reflected in the Korean Cen - suses as well as WVS.

According to the Forum survey, renewalists – in - Renewalists in Urban South Korea, cluding charismatics and pentecostals – account Forum 2006 Survey for approximately one-in-ten of Korea’s urban population. Approximately four-in-ten Protes - Renewalist Pentecostal Charismatic tants are either pentecostal or charismatic, and roughly one-in-ten Catholics can be classified as Total Population 11% 2% 9% charismatic. Catholic 12 - 12 Protestant 37 9 29

35 See page 95 for a discussion of the survey methodology.

92 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals UNITED STATES : R ELIGIOUS DEMOGRAPHY

he U.S. Census Bureau includes data from three non-government studies in its 2006 Statistical Abstract of Tthe United States. 36 According to one of these studies, the 2001 American Religious Identification Study (ARIS), 76.7% of the 2001 U.S. adult population of 208 million is Christian. This includes Protestants from nu - merous traditions (49.8%), Roman Catholics (24.5%) and those who belong to other self-identified Christian tra - ditions, including Mormons (1.3%), Jehovah’s Witnesses (0.6%), Eastern Orthodox (0.3%) and others (0.2%).

The next largest category is comprised of those who said they had no religion or did not declare a religion (14.2%). Since secularism is generally associated with lower birth rates, 37 when the children of both religiously affiliated and unaffiliated adults are considered, the number of unaffiliated could constitute a somewhat smaller share of the total population. Other groups re - ported by ARIS include Jews (1.4%), Muslims Religious Affiliation, General Population Surveys (0.5%), Hindus (0.4%) and Unitarian Universalists (0.3%). These figures generally accord with the ARIS a GSS b PRC c Baylor d findings of Pew Research Center surveys. Christian 76.7% 81.3% 81.9% Protestant 49.8 50.4% 53.9 60.7 Catholic 24.5 25.1 25.2 21.2 Although the United States continues to register Other Christian 2.4 2.2 high levels of religious adherence, the percent - Jewish 1.4 2.2 1.9 2.5 age of Protestants in the population has been Muslim 0.5 0.7 0.5 Non-affiliated 14.2 14.2 11.8 10.8 dropping since 1974. According to successive na - Other/DK 7.2 7.4 4.5 4.9 tionally representative General Social Surveys, 40 a the Protestant share of the population decreased 2001 American Religious Identification Survey (N=50,281) b 2004 General Social Survey (N=2,812) by nearly 14 percentage points in the 30 years be - c 2006 Pew Research Center Surveys 38 (N=23,255) tween 1974 and 2004, dropping from 64.3% to d 2005 Baylor Religion Survey 39 (N=1,687) 50.4%. (A 2005 nationally representative survey by Baylor University suggests that the decline may not be as large as indicated by the GSS because some evan - gelically oriented independents do not self-identify as denominationally Protestant.) The Protestant decline has been accompanied by a corresponding growth in the number of the unaffiliated and those identifying with other religions. The share of the unaffiliated more than doubled between 1974 and 2004, from 6.8% to 14.2%, and those identifying with religions other than Christianity and Judaism also increased significantly, from 0.5% to 8.1% of the population. During this same period, the Catholic share of the population has re - mained relatively steady.

36 The Census Bureau includes tables from the 2001 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) and its 1990 predecessor (Table 69), the 2005 Yearbook of American and Canadian Churche s (Table 70), the 2000 Church and Church Membership in the United States sur - vey and the American Jewish Yearbook (Table 71). The source of the ARIS data is Barry A. Kosmin and Seymour P. Lachman, 1993, 2001, ‘‘One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society,’’ The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, www.census.gov/compendia/statab. 37 Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart. 2004, pp. 231-239. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide . Cambridge, UK: Cam - bridge. 38 Based on Pew Research Center surveys conducted from January 2006 to September 2006. 39 See www.baylor.edu/isreligion/index.php?id=40634. Other results from the Baylor Religion Survey are available at The Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), http://thearda.com. 40 Religious trend data, including data from recent General Social Surveys, are also available at ARDA.

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 93 U NITED S TATES : R ELIGIOUS D EMOGRAPHY

In the 2006 Forum survey, ap - proximately one-in-twenty Religious Trends in United States respondents indicated they 70% belong to a pentecostal 60% church. 41 Nearly two-in-ten 50% identified as charismatic, Protestant bringing the total number of 40% Catholic None renewalists to more than 30% two-in-ten. Nearly three-in- Other 20% ten Protestants interviewed Source: GSS analyzed by ARDA indicated they were either 10% pentecostal or charismatic, 0% and more than three-in-ten 1974 1984 1994 2004 Catholics interviewed can be classified as charismatic. Renewalists in United States, Forum 2006 Survey

Renewalist Pentecostal Charismatic

Total Population 23% 5% 18% Catholic 36 - 36 Protestant 28 10 18

41 See page 95 for a discussion of the survey methodology.

94 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals APPENDIX : S URVEY METHODOLOGY

esults for the surveys are based on telephone interviews in the U.S. and face-to-face interviews in all R other nations, conducted under the direction of Princeton Survey Research Associates International. The surveys in Guatemala, Nigeria, the Philippines and the U.S. are based on national samples. The survey in Chile is based on a national sample but excludes non-continental and remote areas, and the survey in Kenya is based on a national sample but excludes the largely Muslim North Eastern Province. In Brazil, South Africa and South Korea, the surveys are based on urban samples.

In India, the survey was conducted in three states believed to have among the highest percentage of Chris - tians in India: Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Meghalaya. Within the three selected states, districts with the highest proportion of Christians were first selected, and then sampling points were randomly selected from these dis - tricts. This survey is NOT representative of the general population of India, nor is it representative of the pop - ulation of the three Indian states in which it was conducted.

In each country, interviews were conducted among the general public and among oversamples of renewalists. The information below details the number of interviews conducted among the general public in each coun - try, as well as the total number of interviews conducted among pentecostals and charismatics.

The country information also shows the margin of sampling error based on all interviews conducted among three groups – the general population, pentecostals and charismatics. For results based on the full sample in a given country, one can say with 95% confidence that the error attributable to sampling and other random effects is plus or minus the margin of error indicated for each group. In addition to sampling error, one should bear in mind that question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.

Brazil Survey firm: Research International Brazil Sample design: Probability sample of urban cities Mode: Face-to-face with adults 18+ Language: Portuguese Fieldwork dates: May 13 – May 30, 2006 Data processing: June 1 – July 25, 2006 Sample size: General public – 700; Pentecostals – 313; Charismatics – 329 Margin of error: General public 4%, Pentecostals 6%, Charismatics 5%

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 95 A PPENDIX : S URVEY M ETHODOLOGY

Chile Survey firm: MORI Chile Sample design: National probability sample, excluding non-continental and remote areas Mode: Face-to-face with adults 18+ Language: Spanish Fieldwork dates: May 12 – May 28, 2006 Data processing: June 28 – July 25, 2006 Sample size: General public – 600; Pentecostals – 276; Charismatics – 286 Margin of error: General public 4%, Pentecostals 6%, Charismatics 6%

Guatemala Survey firm: MERCAPLAN Sample design: National probability sample Mode: Face-to-face with adults 18+ Language: Spanish Fieldwork dates: May 5 – May 31, 2006 Data processing: June 26 – July 25, 2006 Sample size: General public – 1,005; Pentecostals – 410; Charismatics – 487 Margin of error: General public 3%, Pentecostals 5%, Charismatics 4%

India Survey firm: TNS India Sample design: Probability sample of disproportionately Christian districts of three states— Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Meghalaya Mode: Face to face with adults 18+ Languages: Hindi, Tamil and Malayalam Fieldwork dates: May 16 – June 9, 2006 Data processing: July 5 – July 25, 2006 Sample size: General public – 726; Pentecostals – 409; Charismatics – 125 Margin of error: General public 4%, Pentecostals 5%, Charismatics 9%

Kenya Survey firm: Research Path Associates Sample design: National probability sample, excluding North Eastern Province Mode: Face-to-face with adults 18+ Languages: English and Kiswahili Fieldwork dates: May 17 – May 26, 2006 Data processing: June 29 – July 25, 2006 Sample size: General public – 655; Pentecostals – 403; Charismatics – 306 Margin of error: General public 4%, Pentecostals 5%, Charismatics 6%

96 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals A PPENDIX : S URVEY M ETHODOLOGY

Nigeria Survey firm: Research International Nigeria Sample design: National probability sample Mode: Face-to-face with adults 18+ Languages: Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa and English Fieldwork dates: May 15 – July 27, 2006 Data processing: July 31 – August 4, 2006 Sample size: General public – 650; Pentecostals – 483; Charismatics – 67 Margin of error: General public 4%, Pentecostals 4%, Charismatics N/A (Due to the small number of Nigerian charismatics surveyed, results for Nigerian charismatics are not presented in this report.)

Philippines Survey firm: TNS Philippines Sample design: National probability sample Mode: Face-to-face with adults 18+ Languages: Tagalog, Cebuano and Ilonggo Fieldwork dates: May 6 – May 29, 2006 Data processing: June 19 – July 25, 2006 Sample size: General public – 1,000; Pentecostals – 309; Charismatics – 433 Margin of error: General public 3%, Pentecostals 6%, Charismatics 5%

South Africa Survey firm: Markinor Sample design: National probability sample of urban areas Mode: Face-to-face with adults 18+ Languages: Afrikaans, Pedi, Sotho, Tswana, Xhosa, Zulu and English Fieldwork dates: May 11 – May 27, 2006 Data processing: June 26 – July 25, 2006 Sample size: General public – 800; Pentecostals – 259; Charismatics – 344 Margin of error: General public 3%, Pentecostals 6%, Charismatics 5%

South Korea Survey firm: Gallup Korea Sample design: National probability sample of urban cities Mode: Face-to-face with adults 18+ Language: Korean Fieldwork dates: May 8 – May 26, 2006 Data processing: June 18 – July 25, 2006 Sample size: General public – 600; Pentecostals – 131; Charismatics – 333 Margin of error: General public 4%, Pentecostals 9%, Charismatics 5%

Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals 97 A PPENDIX : S URVEY M ETHODOLOGY

United States Survey firm: Princeton Survey Research Associates International Sample design: National probability sample Mode: Telephone Languages: English and Spanish Fieldwork dates: July 20 – September 7, 2006 Data processing: September 8 – September 12, 2006 Sample size: General public – 739; Pentecostals – 119; Charismatics – 42e Margin of error: General public 4%, Pentecostals 9%, Charismatics 5%

98 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life 10 Nation Survey of Renewalists -FINAL TOPLINE-

Sample sizes among… Pentecostals Charismatics General (general public and (general public and Country Dates public oversamples) oversamples) United States July 20 – Sept 7, 2006 739 119 421 Brazil May 13 – May 30, 2006 700 313 329 Chile May 12 – May 28, 2006 600 276 286 Guatemala May 5 – May 31, 2006 1,005 410 487 Kenya May 17 – May 26, 2006 655 403 306 Nigeria May 15 – July 27, 2006 650 483 67* South Africa May 11 – May 27, 2006 800 259 344 India (localities) May 16 – June 9, 2006 726 409 125 Philippines May 6 – May 29, 2006 1,000 309 433 South Korea May 8 – May 26, 2006 600 131 333

The “General public” column reports the number of interviews completed among the general public in each country. To increase the number of interviews with renewalists, pentecostals and charismatics were oversampled. The numbers reported in the “Pentecostals” and “Charismatics” columns reflect the total number of interviews completed in each country among these groups after combining pentecostals and charismatics from the general public surveys and the oversamples. Those pentecostals and charismatics interviewed via oversampling are not included in the “General public” column above or in the tables that follow.

Please note that, due to rounding, in some instances the figures reported in this topline do not sum to 100.

Data are based on national samples except in Brazil, South Africa, South Korea and India. In Brazil, South Africa and South Korea samples are disproportionately urban.

In India, surveys were conducted in disproportionately Christian districts of three states with large Christian populations (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Meghalaya); this survey IS NOT representative of the general population of India, nor is it representative of the population of the three Indian states in which it was conducted.

See the Methodological Appendix for more details.

*The Nigerian survey included only 67 charismatics, too few for Nigerian charismatics to be analyzed separately. As a result, this report does not include results for Nigerian charismatics.

99 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q1. Now thinking about (INSERT SURVEY COUNTRY), overall, are you satisfied or dissatisfied with the way things are going in our country today?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Satisfied 31 29 26 Dissatisfied 61 66 61 Don’t know/Refused 8 5 14 100 100 101

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Satisfied 15 15 17 45 42 51 4 5 3 Dissatisfied 84 84 82 52 50 47 95 94 96 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 3 8 2 1 1 * 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char† All Pent Char Satisfied 22 23 24 3 6 - 50 47 58 Dissatisfied 78 77 76 96 94 - 46 51 38 Don’t know/Refused * * 0 1 * - 4 2 4 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Satisfied 50 33 34 22 14 20 17 22 32 Dissatisfied 50 67 66 76 85 78 78 75 65 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 2 1 2 5 3 3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

†In Nigeria, the survey included only 67 charismatics, too few for Nigerian charismatics to be analyzed separately.

100 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q2. Thinking now about religion, how important is religion in your life – is it the single most important thing, very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Single most important thing 17 39 23 Very important 44 45 62 Somewhat important 23 11 12 Not too important 8 4 2 Not at all important 8 1 1 Don’t know/refused 1 0 * 101 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Single most important thing 15 27 13 14 37 19 40 53 43 Very important 54 59 60 37 44 49 44 38 48 Somewhat important 20 10 21 29 16 23 10 6 8 Not too important 6 3 4 13 1 7 3 1 * Not at all important 4 1 2 7 1 1 3 1 * Don’t know/refused * 0 0 * 1 * * 1 1 99 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Single most important thing 18 18 24 37 22 - 21 30 26 Very important 66 76 69 61 74 - 58 62 62 Somewhat important 12 5 5 2 4 - 14 7 10 Not too important 3 1 1 * * - 4 1 2 Not at all important 1 0 0 1 0 - 2 * * Don’t know/refused 0 0 1 0 0 - 1 1 1 100 100 100 101 100 - 100 101 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Single most important thing 21 23 19 30 34 28 4 30 35 Very important 40 64 61 60 56 62 21 46 47 Somewhat important 24 7 9 6 4 7 33 23 16 Not too important 11 3 7 3 5 3 30 1 2 Not at all important 4 3 4 1 1 1 12 0 0 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 * * 0 * 0 * 100 100 100 100 100 101 100 100 100

101 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q3. Do you consider yourself as belonging to a particular religion? [If yes,] which one? Note: Response options vary by country.

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Protestant (include Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Pentecostal, Jehovah’s Witness, Church of Christ, etc.) 53 100 58 Roman Catholic 23 0 38 Jewish 1 0 0 Mormon (include Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) 1 0 2 Orthodox Church (Greek or Russian) * 0 * Islam/Muslim 1 0 0 Jehovah Witness (vol) 1 0 2 Other religion 2 0 0 No religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 16 0 0 Don’t know/refused 2 0 0 100 100 100

NOTE: Due to a question sequencing error in the 2006 U.S. questionnaire the religious affiliation question produced inaccurate results for a small number of respondents. A majority of these respondents were recontacted to collect more accurate information about their religious affiliation, and the corrected measure (shown here) is reliable for nearly all respondents. However, the marginal results may slightly overstate the percent of Americans who have no religion because not all could be recontacted.

LATIN AMERICA

BRAZIL All Pentecostals Charismatics Roman Catholic 57 0 95 Evangelical [Evangélico] (or Protestant) 21 100 5 Afro-Brazilian 6 0 0 Jehovah’s Witness 1 0 1 Orthodox 0 0 0 Muslim 0 0 0 Hindu 0 0 0 Buddhist * 0 0 Kardecist/Spiritism (vol) 5 0 0 Other religion 1 0 0 No religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 8 0 0 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 99 100 101

CHILE All Pentecostals Charismatics Roman Catholic 65 0 76 Evangelical [Evangélico] (or Protestant) 15 100 17 Jehovah’s Witness 2 0 5 Orthodox 0 0 0 Mormon 1 0 2 Jewish * 0 0 Muslim 0 0 0 Hindu 0 0 0 Buddhist 0 0 0 Other religion 3 0 0 No religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 15 0 0 Don’t know/refused * 0 0 101 100 100

102 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q3. Do you consider yourself as belonging to a particular religion? [If yes,] which one? (cont’d) Note: Response options vary by country.

GUATEMALA All Pentecostals Charismatics Roman Catholic 48 0 65 Evangelical [Evangélico] (or Protestant) 34 100 32 Jehovah’s Witness 1 0 2 Mormon 2 0 1 Mayan Traditional Religion * 0 0 Jewish * 0 0 Other religion 0 0 0 No religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 15 0 0 Don’t know/refused * 0 0 100 100 100

AFRICA

KENYA All Pentecostals Charismatics Roman Catholic 23 0 35 Protestant (such as Anglican, Presbyterian, Adventist, Baptist, Methodist, Holiness, Reformed, Africa Inland Church, Friends, or Lutheran) 62 100 54 African Instituted Church (AIC) 5 0 11 Jehovah’s Witness (vol.) * 0 0 Muslim 8 0 0 Hindu 0 0 0 African Traditional Religion (ATR) 1 0 0 Other religion * 0 0 No religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 2 0 0 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 101 100 100

NIGERIA All Pentecostals Charismatics Roman Catholic 12 0 - Protestant (such as Anglican, Presbyterian, Adventist, Baptist, Methodist, Holiness, Reformed, Africa Inland Church, Friends, or Lutheran) 34 100 - Muslim 47 0 - African Independent or Aladura Chruch (AIC) 4 0 - African Traditional Religion (ATR) 0 0 - Jehovah’s Witness 1 0 - Brotherhood of the Cross and Star * 0 - Other religion 1 0 - No religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 1 0 - Don’t know/refused 0 0 - 100 100 -

103 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q3. Do you consider yourself as belonging to a particular religion? [If yes,] which one? (cont’d) Note: Response options vary by country.

SOUTH AFRICA All Pentecostals Charismatics Roman Catholic 11 0 16 Protestant 41 100 46 Muslim 3 0 0 Hindu 3 0 0 African Independent Christian (AIC) (such as Zion Christian Church, another Zionist Church, or an Apostolic Church) 27 0 37 African Traditional Religion (ATR) 1 0 0 Jehovah’s Witness 2 0 2 Jewish 1 0 0 Other religion 1 0 0 No religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 9 0 0 Don’t know/refused * 0 0 99 100 101

ASIA

INDIA (localities) All Pentecostals Charismatics Hindu 55 0 0 Muslim 8 0 0 Catholic Christian 24 0 33 Protestant Christian 9 100 65 Syrian Orthodox Christian 3 0 2 Jain * 0 0 Sikh 0 0 0 Buddhist 0 0 0 Traditional tribal religion 2 0 0 Other religion 0 0 0 No religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic * 0 0 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 101 100 100

PHILIPPINES All Pentecostals Charismatics Roman Catholic 80 0 85 Protestant 10 100 8 Iglesia ni Cristo 2 0 1 Jehovah’s Witness 1 0 * Mormon * 0 * Islam/Muslim 4 0 0 Aglipayan Church (a.k.a. Philippine Independent Church) 1 0 1 Other Christian group/religion 2 0 5 Other non-Christian group/religion * 0 0 No religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic * 0 0 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 100 100 100

104 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q3. Do you consider yourself as belonging to a particular religion? [If yes,] which one? (cont’d) Note: Response options vary by country.

SOUTH KOREA All Pentecostals Charismatics Catholic Christian 10 0 13 Protestant Christian 25 100 86 Buddhist 22 0 0 Confucianist * 0 0 Jehovah’s Witness 1 0 1 Mormon * 0 0 Other religion 1 0 0 No religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 42 0 0 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 101 100 100

105 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q4. As I read a list, tell me which if any of these denominations you are affiliated with. Note: Response options vary by country.

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Protestant (from Q3) 67 100 58 Baptist 22 0 20 Methodist 9 0 8 Presbyterian 5 0 3 Another Protestant denomination (such as Adventist, Episcopalian, Lutheran, or United Church of Christ) 10 0 10 Assembly of God 2 19 0 Church of God in Christ 1 21 0 Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) 1 15 0 Another Pentecostal or neo-Charismatic Church (such as Apostolic Faith Church, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, International Pentecostal Holiness Church, Pentecostal Church of God, United Pentecostal Church, Vineyard Fellowship) 4 45 0 Nondenominational or Independent church 12 0 14 Something else 3 0 2 Don’t know/refused * 0 1 Roman Catholic (From Q3) 29 0 38 Mormon (From Q3) 2 0 2 Orthodox Church (Greek or Russian) (From Q3) 1 0 * Jehovah’s Witness (From Q3) 1 0 2 100 100 100 (n=594)

†Based on Christians (Q3). Q4 was asked only of those identified as Protestant or Other in Q3.

SOUTH AMERICA

BRAZIL All† Pentecostals Charismatics Protestant (From Q3) 27 100 5 Baptist [Batista] 5 0 2 Presbyterian [Presbiteriana] 1 0 1 Methodist [Metodista] * 0 0 Another Protestant denomination (such as Adventist, Lutheran, or Congregational) 1 0 * Assemblies of God [Assembleia de Deus] 9 42 0 Congregacao Crista 3 10 0 Church of the Foursquare Gospel [Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular] * 4 0 Another Pentecostal or neo-Charismatic church (such as Brasil para Cristo, Casa da Bênção, Deus é Amor, Universal Church of the Kingdom of God [Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus], or Renascer em Cristo) 7 44 0 Nondenominational or Independent Church * 0 * Something else 1 0 1 Don’t know/refused * 0 * Catholic (From Q3) 72 0 95 Jehovah’s Witness (From Q3) 1 0 1 100 100 101 (n=553)

†Based on Christians (Q3). Q4 was asked only of those identified as Protestant in Q3.

106 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q4. As I read a list, tell me which if any of these denominations you are affiliated with. (cont’d) Note: Response options vary by country.

CHILE All† Pentecostals Charismatics Protestant 18 100 17 Baptist 1 0 2 Methodist 2 0 5 Presbyterian * 0 1 Another Protestant denomination (such as Adventist, Nazarene, Lutheran, or Anglican) 1 0 3 Iglesia Metodista Pentecostal de Chile 4 31 0 Iglesia Evangelica Pentecostal de Chile 3 34 0 Iglesia Pentecostal de Chile 1 18 0 Another Pentecostal or neo-Charismatic church (such as Iglesia Pentecoste Naciente, Iglesia Pentecostal Libre Mision, Voz de Deserto, Iglesia Evangelica de Dios Pentecostal, or Iglesia Pentecostal Evangelica Mision) 2 17 0 Nondenominational or Independent Church 1 0 1 Something else 1 0 2 Don’t know/refused 1 0 1 Catholic (From Q3) 78 0 76 Jehovah’s Witness (From Q3) 3 0 5 Mormon (From Q3) 1 0 2 100 100 100 (n=493)

†Based on Christians (Q3). Q4 was asked only of those identified as Protestant in Q3.

GUATEMALA All† Pentecostals Charismatics Protestant (From Q3) 40 100 32 Central American Mission 1 0 2 Presbyterian 1 0 1 Methodist * 0 * Another Protestant denomination (such as Nazarene, Adventist, Baptist, Lutheran, or Anglican) 3 0 6 Assemblies of God 5 15 0 Full Gospel Church of God [Iglesia de Dios el Evangelio Completo) 4 17 0 Another Pentecostal or neo-Charismatic church (such as El Shaddai, Elim, Iglesia Evangelical El Verbo, Fraternidad Christiana, Comunidad de Dios) 14 68 0 Nondenominational or Independent Church 9 0 16 Something else 3 0 7 Don’t know/refused * 0 1 Catholic (From Q3) 56 0 65 Jehovah’s Witness (From Q3) 1 0 2 Mormon (Form Q3) 3 0 1 100 100 100 (n=851)

†Based on Christians (Q3). Q4 was asked only of those identified as Protestant in Q3.

107 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q4. As I read a list, tell me which if any of these denominations you are affiliated with. (cont’d) Note: Response options vary by country.

AFRICA

KENYA All† Pentecostals Charismatics Protestant/African Independent Church (From Q3) 74 100 65 Anglican 12 0 15 Presbyterian 6 0 11 Another Protestant denomination (such as Adventist, Baptist, Methodist, Holiness, Reformed, Africa Inland Church, Friends, or Lutheran) 14 0 28 African Independent Pentecostal Church of Africa * 0 1 An African Spirit (Roho) Church 1 0 2 African Israel Church Nineveh * 0 1 Another AIC denomination (such as Nomiya Luo Roho Church, Church of Christ in Africa, or African Brotherhood Church) 4 0 8 Kenya Assemblies of God 5 10 0 Pentecostal Assemblies of God 6 15 0 Full Gospel Churches of Kenya 9 25 0 Another Pentecostal or neo-Charismatic church (such as Redeemed Gospel Church, Free Pentecostal Fellowship in Kenya, Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, or Nairobi Pentecostal Church) 18 49 0 Nondenominational or Independent Church * 0 0 Something else 0 0 0 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 Catholic (From Q3) 26 0 35 Jehovah’s Witness (From Q3) * 0 0 100 100 100 (n=587)

†Based on Christians (Q3). Q4 was asked only of those identified as Protestant or members of an African Independent Church in Q3.

108 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q4. As I read a list, tell me which if any of these denominations you are affiliated with. (cont’d) Note: Response options vary by country.

NIGERIA All† Pentecostals Charismatics Protestant/African Independent Church (From Q3) 74 100 - Anglican Church of Nigeria 11 0 - Baptist Convention 3 0 - Evangelical Churches of West Africa 5 0 - Another Protestant denomination (such as Adventist, Baptist, - Methodist, Holiness, Reformed, Africa Inland Church, Friends, or Lutheran) 11 0 Celestial Church of Christ 1 0 - Christ Apostolic Church 5 0 - Cherubim or Seraphim 1 0 - Another African Independent of Aladura Church (AIC) denomination 1 0 - Assemblies of God 5 12 - Church of God in Christ 1 1 - International Church of the Foursquare Gospel 2 6 - Another Pentecostal or neo-Charismatic church (such as Church of God Mission International, Redeemed Christian Church of God, Deeper Life Bible Church, Charismatic Youth Fellowships, Word of Faith Ministries, or Winners Chapel) 27 81 - Nondenominational or Independent Church 0 0 - Something else 1 0 - Don’t know/refused 0 0 - Catholic (From Q3) 24 0 - Jehovah’s Witness (From Q3) 3 0 - Brotherhood of the Cross and Star (From Q3) * 0 - 101 100 - (n=394)

†Based on Christians (Q3). Q4 was asked only of those identified as Protestant or members of an African Independent Church in Q3.

109 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q4. As I read a list, tell me which if any of these denominations you are affiliated with. (cont’d) Note: Response options vary by country.

SOUTH AFRICA All† Pentecostals Charismatics Protestant/African Independent Church (From Q3) 85 100 83 Anglican Church 7 0 6 Dutch Reformed 10 0 16 Methodist 12 0 12 Zion Christian Church 13 0 11 Another Zionist Church 8 0 8 An Apostolic Church 12 0 14 South African Assemblies of God 1 15 0 Apostolic Faith Mission 2 26 0 Full Gospel church of God 2 21 0 Another Pentecostal or neo-Charismatic church (such as International Fellowship of Charismatic Churches, International Fellowship of Christian Churches) 6 39 0 Another indigenous denomination 1 0 3 Another Protestant denomination (such as Uniting Reformed, Lutheran, or Presbyterian) 7 0 8 Nondenominational or Independent Church 0 0 0 Something else 2 0 4 Don’t know/refused * 0 * Catholic (From Q3) 13 0 16 Jehovah’s Witness (From Q3) 2 0 2 100 100 101 (n=634)

†Based on Christians (Q3). Q4 was asked only of those identified as Protestant or members of an African Independent Church in Q3.

110 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q4. As I read a list, tell me which if any of these denominations you are affiliated with. (cont’d) Note: Response options vary by country.

ASIA

INDIA (localities) All† Pentecostals Charismatics Protestant 24 100 65 Mar Thoma Church 1 0 2 Church of South India or Anglican 4 0 6 Brethren Christian Assemblies 0 0 3 Garo Baptist Convention 2 0 2 Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India 2 0 3 Presbyterian Church of Northeast India 8 0 18 Missouri Synod Lutheran * 0 2 Tamil Evangelical Lutheran Church 0 0 0 Another Protestant denomination (such as St. Thomas Evangelical Church, Adventist, Wesleyan, Presbyterian, Methodist, or Nazarene) 2 0 22 Indian Pentecostal Church 1 11 0 Assemblies of God 1 26 0 Church of God in India (Full Gospel) * 5 0 The Pentecostal Mission 0 3 0 Assembly Church of Jesus Christ Full Gospel 0 12 0 Another Pentecostal or neo-Charismatic church (such as Believers Church, World Missionary Evangelism, Sharon Pentecostal Fellowship Church, New Indian Church of God, New India Bible Church, Elim, Friends Missionary Prayer Band, or Zion Church) 1 43 0 Nondenominational or Independent Church 1 0 3 Something else 0 0 3 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 Catholic (From Q3) 68 0 33 Syrian Orthodox (From Q3) 7 0 2 99 100 100 (n=258)

†Based on Christians (Q3). Q4 was asked only of those identified as Protestant in Q3.

111 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q4. As I read a list, tell me which if any of these denominations you are affiliated with. (cont’d) Note: Response options vary by country.

PHILIPPINES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Protestant (From Q3) 11 100 8 Seventh-Day Adventist 1 0 1 United Church of Christ 2 0 2 Methodist * 0 0 Another Protestant denomination (such as Christian and Missionary Alliance, Baptist, or Episcopal) 3 0 4 Assemblies of God 1 16 0 Church of the Foursquare Gospel * 8 0 Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) * 2 0 Another Pentecostal or neo-Charismatic church (such as Jesus is Lord Fellowship, Jesus Miracle Crusade, Take the Nations for Jesus, Love of Christ, Victory Christian Fellowship, Bread of Life, Church of the Living God, Good Shepherd International Fellowship, Fourth Watch, or United Pentecostal Church) 3 73 0 Nondenominational or Independent Church * 0 * Something else 1 0 * Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 Catholic (From Q3) 83 0 85 Iglesia ni Cristo (From Q3) 2 0 1 Jehovah’s Witness (From Q3) 1 0 * Mormon (From Q3) * 0 * Aglipayan Church (From Q3) 1 0 1 Other Christian (From Q3) 2 0 5 100 100 100 (n=964)

†Based on Christians (Q3). Q4 was asked only of those identified as Protestant in Q3.

SOUTH KOREA All† Pentecostals Charismatics Protestant (From Q3) 71 100 86 Presbyterian-Haptong 35 0 40 Presbyterian-Tonghap 20 0 26 Methodist 5 0 7 Another Protestant denomination (such as Korea Evangelical Holiness Church, Sungkyul Church in Korea (Holiness), Baptist, or Adventist) 3 0 10 Korea Assemblies of God Full Gospel (including Yoido Full 6 99 0 Gospel) Jesus Assembly of God of Korea 1 2 0 Another Pentecostal or neo-Charismatic church (such as Church of God (Cleveland), International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, or Church of God in Prophecy) 0 0 0 Nondenominational or Independent Church 0 0 0 Something else 1 0 3 Don’t know/refused 1 0 * Catholic (From Q3) 27 0 13 Jehovah’s Witness (From Q3) 1 0 1 Mormon (From Q3) 1 0 0 100 100 100 (n=211)

†Based on Christians (Q3). Q4 was asked only of those identified as Protestant in Q3.

112 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q5. As I read from the list, please tell me which if any of the following descriptions apply to you. First, (insert item), does this apply to you, or not? a. Evangelical [FOR CATHOLICS INSERT “Catholic,” FOR ALL OTHERS INSERT “Christian”]

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, applies 23 35 30 No, does not apply 68 53 61 Don’t know/Refused 9 12 9 100 100 100 (n=594)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes, applies 30 45 6 31 66 28 57 90 50 No, does not apply 65 53 93 63 32 67 42 10 50 Don’t know/Refused 5 1 1 6 2 5 1 * * 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (553) (493) (851)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes, applies 45 54 48 68 52 - 48 37 43 No, does not apply 53 45 51 32 47 - 47 59 54 Don’t know/Refused 2 1 1 * * - 5 4 2 100 100 100 100 99 - 100 100 99 (587) (394) (634)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes, applies 17 16 18 46 67 54 76 72 79 No, does not apply 69 79 76 44 31 37 21 24 18 Don’t know/Refused 14 5 6 10 3 9 2 4 3 100 100 100 100 101 100 99 100 100 (258) (964) (211)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as Christian in Q3.

113 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q5. As I read from the list, please tell me which if any of the following descriptions apply to you. First, (insert item), does this apply to you, or not? b. Born-again [Catholic/Christian]

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, applies 43 78 51 No, does not apply 55 21 45 Don’t know/Refused 3 1 4 101 100 100 (n=594)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes, applies 12 11 4 19 35 26 55 74 52 No, does not apply 82 88 94 75 61 69 44 26 48 Don’t know/Refused 6 2 2 6 4 5 1 * * 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (553) (493) (851)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes, applies 61 84 66 74 68 - 31 63 37 No, does not apply 37 15 34 25 32 - 65 34 61 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 * 1 * - 3 2 2 99 100 100 100 100 - 99 99 100 (587) (394) (634)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes, applies 8 32 26 25 85 39 24 47 59 No, does not apply 81 65 66 70 15 56 65 46 35 Don’t know/Refused 11 3 8 5 0 5 11 7 7 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 (258) (964) (211)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as Christian in Q3.

114 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q5. As I read from the list, please tell me which if any of the following descriptions apply to you. First, (insert item), does this apply to you, or not? c. Pentecostal [Catholic/Christian]

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, applies 10 64 33 No, does not apply 85 34 60 Don’t know/Refused 6 2 7 101 100 100 (n=594)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes, applies 10 52 9 14 74 19 25 60 31 No, does not apply 85 47 89 80 24 76 74 38 68 Don’t know/Refused 6 1 2 6 3 6 2 2 1 100 100 100 100 101 101 101 100 100 (553) (493) (851)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes, applies 36 70 55 35 92 - 18 44 46 No, does not apply 61 29 43 51 8 - 73 52 48 Don’t know/Refused 3 2 2 14 * - 9 4 6 100 101 100 100 100 - 100 100 100 (587) (394) (634)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes, applies 8 80 58 13 69 28 12 85 34 No, does not apply 87 20 42 77 30 62 79 10 58 Don’t know/Refused 5 * 0 10 1 10 9 5 8 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (258) (964) (211)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as Christian in Q3.

115 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q5. As I read from the list, please tell me which if any of the following descriptions apply to you. First, (insert item), does this apply to you, or not? d. Charismatic [Catholic/Christian]

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, applies 11 30 37 No, does not apply 80 61 53 Don’t know/Refused 10 9 10 101 100 100 (n=594)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes, applies 40 12 91 13 4 41 24 4 45 No, does not apply 54 86 8 77 90 52 75 94 55 Don’t know/Refused 6 2 1 10 6 7 1 2 * 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (553) (493) (851)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes, applies 33 41 68 17 17 - 16 43 47 No, does not apply 65 57 31 68 82 - 72 50 44 Don’t know/Refused 2 2 1 15 1 - 12 7 9 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 100 (587) (394) (634)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes, applies 2 25 23 38 46 85 18 41 52 No, does not apply 91 71 67 57 53 14 71 50 42 Don’t know/Refused 8 4 10 5 2 1 11 9 6 101 100 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 (258) (964) (211)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as Christian in Q3.

116 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q6. How often do you (insert item)? Would you say every day, more than once a week, once a week, at least once a month, several times a year, less often or never? a. pray to God outside of religious services

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Every day 64 79 74 More than once a week 10 10 11 Once a week 5 3 5 At least once a month 4 1 4 Several times a year 2 3 2 Less often 5 1 2 Never 9 3 2 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 * 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 67 83 72 45 75 56 70 69 75 More than once a week 10 11 9 14 15 18 11 11 12 Once a week 7 4 6 10 6 8 6 4 5 At least once a month 4 * 5 7 1 6 2 2 1 Several times a year 2 * 2 5 1 4 2 1 1 Less often 5 2 4 7 1 5 3 3 2 Never 5 1 1 13 1 3 6 10 4 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 0 0 * * * 100 101 99 102 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 70 82 80 83 86 - 62 77 71 More than once a week 13 12 11 10 8 - 12 13 15 Once a week 7 5 6 2 3 - 9 3 6 At least once a month 4 2 1 1 1 - 3 2 2 Several times a year 2 0 1 1 1 - 3 1 1 Less often 3 1 1 2 2 - 6 1 3 Never 1 0 0 1 * - 5 3 1 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 0 * - 0 * * 100 102 100 100 101 - 100 100 99

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 37 67 55 77 93 80 11 34 34 More than once a week 5 7 12 11 5 12 8 32 28 Once a week 8 11 13 8 1 7 11 17 23 At least once a month 7 5 5 2 * 1 6 5 6 Several times a year 4 2 3 * 0 * 13 4 5 Less often 8 3 4 2 * * 12 8 4 Never 31 4 8 0 * 0 39 1 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * * 0 0 0 0 100 99 100 100 99 100 100 101 101

117 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q6. How often do you (insert item)? Would you say every day, more than once a week, once a week, at least once a month, several times a year, less often or never? b. speak or pray in tongues

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Every day 8 15 30 More than once a week 2 11 9 Once a week 4 7 11 At least once a month 2 9 6 Several times a year 2 2 6 Less often 5 6 3 Never 74 49 32 Don’t know/Refused 4 1 3 101 100 100 (n=619)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Every day 3 8 4 3 6 12 26 37 36 More than once a week 3 14 2 2 10 9 7 10 12 Once a week 2 7 2 3 9 9 4 6 5 At least once a month 2 7 1 3 15 8 2 3 3 Several times a year 1 8 3 1 9 22 1 4 2 Less often 3 5 3 2 5 1 3 4 2 Never 85 50 84 84 45 38 55 35 39 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 (643) (510) (854)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Every day 6 10 7 2 11 - 4 12 9 More than once a week 7 14 9 5 18 - 3 15 5 Once a week 6 14 7 2 8 - 4 11 12 At least once a month 6 15 8 2 6 - 2 6 5 Several times a year 9 14 13 6 12 - 2 8 6 Less often 4 7 4 5 11 - 6 6 5 Never 61 27 53 76 32 - 76 41 57 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 * 2 1 - 3 1 1 100 102 101 100 99 - 100 100 100 (642) (649) (720)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Every day 3 29 32 5 12 7 2 23 9 More than once a week 2 6 10 3 13 6 1 14 14 Once a week 3 6 9 2 9 5 1 8 8 At least once a month 3 1 4 1 5 2 1 5 14 Several times a year 4 2 8 1 5 3 4 10 31 Less often 10 2 3 5 10 5 23 21 11 Never 75 54 34 77 45 65 67 18 12 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 0 6 * 7 1 1 * 101 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 99 (725) (995) (346) †Based on respondents who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion (Q3).

118 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q6. How often do you (insert item)? Would you say every day, more than once a week, once a week, at least once a month, several times a year, less often or never? c. participate in prayer groups, Scripture study groups or religious education programs

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Every day 3 6 4 More than once a week 12 21 14 Once a week 15 28 26 At least once a month 6 10 8 Several times a year 7 3 8 Less often 11 10 5 Never 45 23 32 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 1 100 101 198

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 2 6 2 2 9 3 9 15 10 More than once a week 10 28 5 5 13 11 15 23 18 Once a week 8 25 8 9 34 14 17 26 21 At least once a month 3 5 5 4 9 8 7 7 8 Several times a year 1 2 3 3 7 6 4 5 6 Less often 7 6 7 6 10 8 5 4 5 Never 67 28 70 70 18 50 43 20 33 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 0 1 0 0 * * 0 99 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 101

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 9 10 10 6 10 - 5 13 10 More than once a week 24 34 23 22 47 - 9 20 13 Once a week 31 38 37 20 18 - 21 29 23 At least once a month 7 8 7 14 6 - 6 7 9 Several times a year 4 1 6 6 3 - 3 2 2 Less often 9 3 8 7 5 - 10 8 11 Never 16 6 9 10 4 - 41 18 30 Don’t know/Refused * * * 15 7 - 5 2 2 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 99 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 7 24 20 4 11 2 1 10 13 More than once a week 9 21 22 8 34 9 6 31 26 Once a week 17 23 22 13 31 16 9 30 28 At least once a month 7 11 6 9 9 12 6 8 13 Several times a year 7 3 3 8 4 8 7 11 12 Less often 12 5 14 16 8 21 17 8 7 Never 41 13 12 43 4 32 54 2 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 1 0 100 100 99 101 101 100 100 101 100

119 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q6. How often do you (insert item)? Would you say every day, more than once a week, once a week, at least once a month, several times a year, less often or never? d. listen to religious radio or watch religious television programs

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Every day 13 36 24 More than once a week 10 17 14 Once a week 12 21 18 At least once a month 10 9 9 Several times a year 6 4 5 Less often 10 5 7 Never 39 8 22 Don’t know/Refused * 0 1 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 17 45 20 4 29 10 27 50 32 More than once a week 11 21 10 6 21 8 16 24 17 Once a week 10 12 12 9 14 14 12 9 14 At least once a month 5 4 7 7 15 9 7 4 7 Several times a year 2 1 3 6 5 7 5 4 4 Less often 8 6 9 9 4 11 7 3 8 Never 46 12 38 60 12 40 26 6 18 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 1 0 0 * 0 0 99 101 99 102 100 99 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 33 45 43 18 15 - 13 26 18 More than once a week 23 28 27 34 41 - 19 28 23 Once a week 22 19 17 21 21 - 31 22 31 At least once a month 7 4 6 15 8 - 7 10 5 Several times a year 3 2 4 6 3 - 3 4 4 Less often 7 1 1 4 3 - 8 4 6 Never 4 1 2 2 2 - 17 6 13 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 7 - 3 1 1 99 100 100 101 100 - 101 101 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 16 25 26 11 23 12 4 17 22 More than once a week 14 10 12 10 17 9 5 26 22 Once a week 12 21 23 25 21 30 7 15 18 At least once a month 7 13 5 12 12 14 7 13 14 Several times a year 5 4 2 5 2 4 10 9 11 Less often 17 6 16 16 18 17 20 15 11 Never 29 21 15 22 7 14 48 5 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * * 0 0 1 0 100 100 99 101 100 100 101 101 99

120 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q6. How often do you (insert item)? Would you say every day, more than once a week, once a week, at least once a month, several times a year, less often or never? e. share your faith with non-believers

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Every day 10 23 15 More than once a week 7 18 14 Once a week 10 16 14 At least once a month 13 11 12 Several times a year 11 8 11 Less often 13 8 10 Never 31 13 19 Don’t know/Refused 5 3 5 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 11 26 14 13 27 18 19 31 26 More than once a week 10 25 9 7 20 10 15 20 18 Once a week 7 17 7 7 12 11 14 21 16 At least once a month 6 9 6 9 14 12 10 10 9 Several times a year 7 7 9 12 14 15 7 6 7 Less often 13 9 13 15 7 19 9 4 8 Never 45 7 44 37 6 16 27 7 16 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 0 2 0 0 1 * * 100 100 102 102 100 101 102 99 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 12 14 17 6 9 - 10 24 19 More than once a week 16 20 18 15 16 - 11 21 14 Once a week 20 25 21 11 16 - 10 13 11 At least once a month 14 19 20 18 15 - 9 12 9 Several times a year 7 7 9 17 14 - 10 10 12 Less often 14 8 9 18 17 - 15 10 16 Never 17 6 7 14 6 - 31 9 19 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 0 1 7 - 4 1 2 101 99 100 100 100 - 100 100 102

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 3 15 15 5 18 5 3 12 14 More than once a week 4 10 7 6 23 4 5 22 15 Once a week 6 12 10 7 15 7 6 28 22 At least once a month 7 11 11 11 16 13 8 18 22 Several times a year 7 5 11 7 8 8 10 10 17 Less often 20 14 29 19 12 22 23 5 9 Never 53 33 17 46 10 41 45 3 * Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 0 1 * 2 1 100 100 100 102 102 101 100 100 100

121 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q6. How often do you (insert item)? Would you say every day, more than once a week, once a week, at least once a month, several times a year, less often or never? f. read scripture outside of religious services

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Every day 18 34 27 More than once a week 13 22 20 Once a week 11 17 12 At least once a month 10 9 8 Several times a year 10 4 8 Less often 12 7 8 Never 25 8 15 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 2 100 101 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 16 51 13 10 44 21 22 41 27 More than once a week 11 21 9 9 21 13 19 26 19 Once a week 9 15 9 9 11 12 12 15 14 At least once a month 7 5 11 8 10 11 8 5 9 Several times a year 5 2 7 9 3 9 6 3 6 Less often 12 3 13 12 6 8 11 4 10 Never 40 5 38 44 5 26 23 6 13 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 0 1 * 0 * 0 * 101 102 100 102 100 100 101 100 98

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 39 51 40 27 42 - 21 39 31 More than once a week 21 27 26 25 26 - 12 25 17 Once a week 13 12 16 15 9 - 12 11 17 At least once a month 7 4 8 14 4 - 9 7 9 Several times a year 4 1 2 9 5 - 7 5 6 Less often 10 4 4 6 4 - 10 7 7 Never 7 2 4 4 3 - 25 5 12 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 1 7 - 4 1 1 101 101 100 101 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 16 43 37 10 48 11 6 27 29 More than once a week 6 12 17 10 20 11 8 38 27 Once a week 7 9 10 13 14 18 8 12 20 At least once a month 7 5 2 12 5 12 7 7 12 Several times a year 5 4 6 7 3 7 7 9 8 Less often 13 9 15 17 6 17 16 6 4 Never 46 18 14 31 4 24 50 0 0 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * 0 * 0 1 0 100 100 101 100 100 100 102 100 100

122 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q6. How often do you (insert item)? Would you say every day, more than once a week, once a week, at least once a month, several times a year, less often or never? g. fast

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Every day 2 0 2 More than once a week 2 4 5 Once a week 4 7 8 At least once a month 6 9 10 Several times a year 8 15 12 Less often 16 14 14 Never 59 46 43 Don’t know/Refused 4 5 6 101 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 1 5 * 1 4 3 3 7 3 More than once a week 4 15 2 1 4 3 6 14 7 Once a week 4 12 2 2 8 3 11 20 15 At least once a month 4 14 2 4 18 9 9 13 10 Several times a year 3 10 3 5 17 7 9 13 11 Less often 9 8 9 7 19 13 9 10 10 Never 75 36 82 79 29 62 52 23 44 Don’t know/Refused 1 * * 1 1 1 1 * * 101 100 100 101 100 101 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 3 3 1 2 3 - 1 2 * More than once a week 4 5 2 8 10 - 2 4 2 Once a week 7 9 5 15 12 - 4 7 5 At least once a month 16 23 19 24 25 - 7 15 11 Several times a year 22 28 30 37 27 - 7 17 6 Less often 15 15 21 11 14 - 12 18 13 Never 33 17 22 4 3 - 62 34 60 Don’t know/Refused * * 0 1 7 - 5 3 2 100 100 100 102 101 - 100 100 99

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Every day 1 4 6 * 1 1 * 1 * More than once a week 7 9 10 1 4 1 * 2 2 Once a week 7 24 19 1 10 1 1 6 5 At least once a month 10 12 6 3 20 2 1 17 8 Several times a year 20 10 7 16 20 20 8 31 37 Less often 18 12 14 27 20 34 18 31 37 Never 37 28 38 50 25 40 72 12 11 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 * * * 1 1 100 99 100 99 100 99 100 101 101

123 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) NO QUESTION 7a

Q7. Which, if any, of the following do you believe in? Do you believe (insert item)? b. in Hell?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes 73 93 83 No 23 5 12 Don’t know/Refused 5 2 5 101 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 57 86 57 57 89 70 78 92 79 No 41 14 41 38 10 29 20 8 20 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 2 5 1 1 2 0 2 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 101

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 89 96 94 93 93 - 63 79 71 No 10 3 5 6 6 - 30 18 24 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 1 1 * - 7 3 5 100 99 100 100 99 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 59 87 81 79 95 79 46 97 94 No 39 13 18 17 5 17 48 2 5 Don’t know/Refused 2 * 1 4 * 4 6 2 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 100

124 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q7. Which, if any, of the following do you believe in? Do you believe (insert item)? c. in Heaven?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes 85 98 94 No 12 2 4 Don’t know/Refused 3 0 2 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 80 98 83 80 99 92 92 98 94 No 18 2 15 16 1 7 6 1 5 Don’t know/Refused 2 0 3 4 * 1 2 * 1 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 99 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 96 99 100 99 99 - 87 97 97 No 4 1 * * * - 9 3 3 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 * * - 4 * 1 100 100 100 99 99 - 100 100 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 63 91 86 94 99 95 47 97 97 No 35 8 13 6 1 4 46 2 3 Don’t know/Refused 2 * 1 1 0 1 7 1 1 100 99 100 101 100 100 100 100 101

125 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q7. Which, if any, of the following do you believe in? Do you believe (insert item)? d. in the Rapture of the Church, that is, that before the world comes to an end, the religiously faithful will be saved and taken up to Heaven?

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Yes 63 90 69 No 26 7 21 Don’t know/Refused 11 3 10 100 100 100 (n=594)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes 56 93 48 61 95 72 81 96 83 No 37 7 43 29 3 19 14 3 13 Don’t know/Refused 7 * 9 11 2 9 5 2 4 100 100 100 101 100 100 100 101 100 (553) (493) (851)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes 87 95 94 88 96 - 73 88 78 No 9 2 5 5 1 - 15 6 13 Don’t know/Refused 4 3 1 7 3 - 12 6 9 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 100 (587) (394) (634)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes 64 84 73 75 92 74 52 81 68 No 33 16 26 21 5 22 41 16 25 Don’t know/Refused 2 * 1 5 2 4 7 3 7 99 100 100 101 99 100 100 100 100 (258) (964) (211)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as Christian in Q3.

126 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q7. Which, if any, of the following do you believe in? Do you believe (insert item)? e. in God?

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Yes 58 N/A N/A No 29 N/A N/A Don’t know/Refused 13 N/A N/A 100 (n=106)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes - N/A N/A 67 N/A N/A 97 N/A N/A No - N/A N/A 24 N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A Don’t know/Refused - N/A N/A 9 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A - 100 100 (88) (150)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes - N/A N/A - N/A N/A - N/A N/A No - N/A N/A - N/A N/A - N/A N/A Don’t know/Refused - N/A N/A - N/A N/A - N/A N/A - - -

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Yes - N/A N/A - N/A N/A 29 N/A N/A No - N/A N/A - N/A N/A 64 N/A N/A Don’t know/Refused - N/A N/A - N/A N/A 7 N/A N/A - - 100 (254)

†Asked only of respondents who identified themselves as belonging to no religion, not a believer, atheist or agnostic (Q3). In Brazil, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, India and the Philippines there are not enough cases for analysis.

127 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q8. Have you always been (IF ANSWER GIVEN IN Q4, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q4; OTHERWISE, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q3)?

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Yes 71 57 71 No 29 43 29 Don’t know/Refused * 0 * 100 100 100 (n=619)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 73 38 90 81 61 86 74 51 81 No 26 62 10 18 39 14 26 49 19 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 1 * 0 * 0 0 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 74 59 79 91 63 - 81 81 87 No 26 42 21 9 36 - 16 18 13 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 1 1 - 3 1 0 100 101 100 101 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 97 90 93 88 26 90 79 86 84 No 3 10 6 12 74 10 21 13 16 Don’t know/Refused * * 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

†US results based on respondents who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion (Q3).

128 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q8. Have you always been (IF ANSWER GIVEN IN Q4, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q4; OTHERWISE, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q3)?

(IF NO, ASK): Q9. What were you before? Note: Response options to Q9 vary by country.

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, have always been (current religion) 71 57 71 No, have not always been (current religion) 29 43 29 Formerly Protestant (include Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopalian, Pentecostal, Jehovah’s Witness, Church of Christ, etc.) 17 27 18 Formerly Roman Catholic 5 6 6 Formerly Jewish 0 1 0 Formerly Mormon (include Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) 1 1 * Formerly Orthodox Church (Greek or Russian) 0 0 0 Formerly Islamic/Muslim 0 0 * Formerly other religion 2 3 1 Formerly no religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 3 3 3 Don’t know/refused 1 1 1 Don’t know/refused * 0 * 100 100 100 (n=619)

†US results based on respondents who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion (Q3).

SOUTH AMERICA

BRAZIL All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, have always been (current religion) 73 38 90 No, have not always been (current religion) 26 62 10 Formerly Roman Catholic 18 45 2 Formerly Evangelical or Protestant 4 0 5 Formerly Afro-Brazilian 1 4 * Formerly Jehovah’s Witness * * 0 Formerly Orthodox Church (Greek or Russian) 0 0 0 Formerly Muslim 0 0 0 Formerly Hindu 0 0 0 Formerly Buddhist 0 * 0 Formerly other religion 0 2 * Formerly no religion, non-believer, atheist, agnostic 3 11 2 Don’t know/refused * * * Don’t know/refused * 0 0 99 100 100

129 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q8. Have you always been (IF ANSWER GIVEN IN Q4, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q4; OTHERWISE, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q3)?

(IF NO, ASK): Q9. What were you before? Note: Response options to Q9 vary by country.

CHILE All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, have always been (current religion) 81 61 86 No, have not always been (current religion) 18 39 14 Formerly Roman Catholic 11 26 6 Formerly Evangelical or Protestant 2 0 1 Formerly Jehovah’s Witness 1 0 1 Formerly Orthodox 0 0 0 Formerly Mormon 1 1 0 Formerly Jewish 0 0 0 Formerly Muslim 0 0 0 Formerly Hindu 0 0 0 Formerly Buddhist 0 0 0 Formerly other religion * * 0 Formerly no religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 2 11 3 Don’t know/refused 2 1 3 Don’t know/refused 1 * 0 100 100 100

GUATEMALA All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, have always been (current religion) 74 51 81 No, have not always been (current religion) 26 49 19 Formerly Roman Catholic 15 35 9 Formerly Evangelical or Protestant 5 0 1 Formerly Jehovah’s Witness * 0 * Formerly Mormon 1 1 1 Formerly Mayan Traditional Religion 0 0 0 Formerly Jewish 0 0 0 Formerly Central American Misión (vol) * * * Formerly other religión 0 0 7 Formerly no religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 5 13 0 Don’t know/refused * * 0 Don’t know/refused * 0 0 100 100 100

130 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q8. Have you always been (IF ANSWER GIVEN IN Q4, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q4; OTHERWISE, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q3)?

(IF NO, ASK): Q9. What were you before? Note: Response options to Q9 vary by country.

AFRICA

KENYA All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, have always been (current religion) 74 59 79 No, have not always been (current religion) 26 42 21 Formerly Roman Catholic 10 20 8 Formerly Protestant 8 12 9 Formerly African Instituted Church 3 4 3 Formerly Muslim 1 1 * Formerly Hindu 0 0 0 Formerly African Traditional Religion * 1 * Formerly other religion 1 2 1 Formerly no religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 2 3 1 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 100 101 100

NIGERIA All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, have always been (current religion) 91 63 - No, have not always been (current religion) 9 36 - Formerly Roman Catholic 4 18 - Formerly Protestant * 0 - Formerly Muslim 1 2 - Formerly African Independent or Aladura Church (AIC) 0 3 - Formerly African Traditional Religion (ATR) * 1 - Formerly Jehovah’s Witness * * - Formerly Brotherhood of the Cross and Star 0 0 - Formerly other religion 2 12 - Formerly no religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic * * - Don’t know/refused * 1 - Don’t know/refused 1 1 - 101 100 -

131 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q8. Have you always been (IF ANSWER GIVEN IN Q4, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q4; OTHERWISE, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q3)?

(IF NO, ASK): Q9. What were you before? Note: Response options to Q9 vary by country.

SOUTH AFRICA All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, have always been (current religion) 81 81 87 No, have not always been (current religion) 16 18 13 Formerly Roman Catholic 3 5 3 Formerly Protestant 8 2 6 Formerly Muslim * 0 0 Formerly Hindu * 1 0 Formerly African Independent Christian 2 5 2 Formerly African Traditional Religion 1 1 1 Formerly Jehovah’s Witness * * * Formerly Jewish 0 0 0 Formerly other religion 1 2 1 Formerly no religion, not a believer, atheist or agnostic * 1 * Don’t know/refused 1 2 * Don’t know/refused 3 1 0 100 100 100

ASIA

INDIA (localities) All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, have always been (current religion) 97 90 93 No, have not always been (current religion) 3 10 6 Formerly Hindu 1 7 6 Formerly Muslim 0 0 0 Formerly Catholic Christian * 2 1 Formerly Protestant Christian 0 0 0 Formerly Syrian Orthodox Christian 0 0 0 Formerly Jain 0 0 0 Formerly Sikh 0 0 0 Formerly Buddhist 0 0 0 Formerly other religion 0 * 0 Formerly Traditional tribal 0 * 0 Formerly no religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 0 0 0 Don’t know/refused 2 0 0 Don’t know/refused * * 1 100 100 100

132 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q8. Have you always been (IF ANSWER GIVEN IN Q4, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q4; OTHERWISE, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q3)?

(IF NO, ASK): Q9. What were you before? Note: Response options to Q9 vary by country.

PHILIPPINES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, have always been (current religion) 88 26 90 No, have not always been (current religion) 12 74 10 Formerly Roman Catholic 8 66 6 Formerly Protestant 1 0 * Formerly Iglesia ni Cristo 1 1 1 Formerly Jehovah’s Witness 0 * 0 Formerly Mormon * 0 0 Formerly Islam/Muslim 0 0 0 Formerly Aglipayan Church 1 2 1 Formerly other Christian group/religion 1 3 2 Formerly other non-Christian group/religion * * 1 Formerly no religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 0 1 0 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 100 100 100

SOUTH KOREA All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, have always been (current religion) 79 86 84 No, have not always been (current religion) 21 13 16 Formerly Catholic Christian 3 0 2 Formerly Protestant Christian 11 0 1 Formerly Buddhist 3 6 6 Formerly Confucianist * 0 1 Formerly Jehovah’s Witness * 0 * Formerly Mormon 0 0 0 Formerly other religion * 0 0 Formerly no religion, not a believer, atheist, agnostic 3 7 6 Don’t know/refused 1 0 0 Don’t know/refused 0 1 0 100 100 100

133 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q8. Have you always been (IF ANSWER GIVEN IN Q4, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q4; OTHERWISE, INSERT RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION FROM Q3)?

(IF NO, ASK): Q10. How old were you when you changed your religion to your present religion?

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, always been current religion 71 57 71 No, not always current religion 29 43 29 Converted between 1-17 6 10 8 Converted between 18-25 9 14 7 Converted between 26-35 6 8 9 Converted age 36+ 7 10 3 Don’t know/refused 2 2 2 Don’t know/Refused * 0 * 100 100 100 (n=619) †US results based on respondents who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion (Q3).

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, always been current religion 73 38 90 81 61 86 74 51 81 No, not always current religion 26 62 10 18 39 14 26 49 19 Converted between 1-17 9 13 5 6 7 3 9 13 6 Converted between 18-25 7 18 3 5 11 4 9 17 6 Converted between 26-35 7 20 1 2 12 1 3 10 2 Converted age 36+ 2 10 1 3 8 3 4 8 5 Don’t know/refused 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 * Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 1 * 0 * 0 0 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, always been current religion 74 59 79 91 63 - 81 81 87 No, not always current religion 26 42 21 9 36 - 16 18 13 Converted between 1-17 6 6 5 1 7 - 4 4 4 Converted between 18-25 10 18 9 4 14 - 5 7 5 Converted between 26-35 6 10 4 2 8 - 2 4 1 Converted age 36+ 3 7 3 1 4 - 3 4 3 Don’t know/refused 1 * 1 2 4 - 1 * 1 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 1 1 - 3 1 0 100 101 100 101 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, always been current religion 97 90 93 88 26 90 79 86 84 No, not always current religion 3 10 6 12 74 10 21 13 16 Converted between 1-17 * 3 2 4 24 3 6 1 2 Converted between 18-25 * 3 2 4 20 3 6 3 3 Converted between 26-35 0 2 1 1 11 1 5 6 7 Converted age 36+ * 2 1 3 19 3 3 3 4 Don’t know/refused 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Don’t know/Refused * * 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

134 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q11/Q12. Aside from weddings and funerals how often do you attend religious services… more than once a week, once a week, once or twice a month, a few times a year, seldom, or never?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics More than once a week 16 33 24 Once a week 28 32 39 Once or twice a month 14 15 15 A few times a year 18 7 10 Seldom 13 11 7 Never 11 2 4 Don’t know/Refused * 0 1 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char More than once a week 15 54 8 9 47 19 27 58 34 Once a week 23 32 24 20 32 24 37 29 43 Once or twice a month 14 7 22 17 12 19 10 7 10 A few times a year 11 1 16 19 4 21 8 4 8 Seldom 25 5 25 14 3 12 12 3 4 Never 11 1 5 18 1 5 7 0 1 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 99 100 100 100 100 101 101 101 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char More than once a week 33 50 36 55 64 - 17 37 22 Once a week 47 42 53 21 19 - 38 38 49 Once or twice a month 9 7 8 5 9 - 13 9 17 A few times a year 4 1 1 10 6 - 11 11 7 Seldom 4 0 1 5 1 - 9 4 5 Never 2 0 0 5 * - 11 1 1 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 1 0 1 - 1 * 0 100 100 100 101 100 - 100 100 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char More than once a week 13 22 14 14 41 16 11 52 48 Once a week 23 38 38 48 49 49 17 27 30 Once or twice a month 13 15 6 19 6 16 5 8 9 A few times a year 15 9 10 5 1 4 11 11 9 Seldom 22 15 28 13 2 13 15 2 3 Never 15 1 4 1 * 2 41 0 * Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * 0 * 0 0 0 101 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 99

Note: Muslims were asked the following question: On average, how often do you attend the mosque for salah and Jum’ah Prayer? More than once a week, once a week for Jum’ah, once or twice a month, a few times a year, seldom, or never?

135 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006)

Q13. When you attend religious services, how often do they include people speaking in tongues, prophesying, praying for miraculous or divine healings, or displaying physical signs of the spirit such as laughing and shaking? Would you say always, frequently, occasionally, or never? †

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Always 8 29 17 Frequently 8 22 14 Occasionally 13 24 19 Never 68 25 44 Don’t know/Refused 3 1 6 100 101 100 (n=564) (117) (403)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always 14 36 10 5 28 9 22 54 20 Frequently 9 31 7 11 44 16 16 25 18 Occasionally 19 24 17 23 25 25 18 17 20 Never 55 8 63 60 3 45 43 3 41 Don’t know/Refused 3 1 3 1 * 5 1 * 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 (510) (311) (314) (443) (271) (269) (846) (410) (483)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always 8 21 7 22 24 - 15 37 15 Frequently 29 50 23 25 34 - 16 28 19 Occasionally 26 23 34 35 37 - 22 24 24 Never 35 4 35 15 3 - 43 10 39 Don’t know/Refused 2 2 1 4 2 - 3 2 3 100 100 100 101 100 - 99 101 100 (579) (403) (304) (389) (479) (607) (253) (340)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always 3 13 7 6 17 7 3 21 11 Frequently 15 35 23 10 25 14 8 22 20 Occasionally 35 40 43 28 41 33 41 41 51 Never 44 11 23 54 17 47 47 16 16 Don’t know/Refused 4 1 5 1 0 * 1 0 2 101 100 101 99 100 101 100 100 100 (231) (406) (120) (956) (308) (428) (205) (131) (332)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as Christian and who attend religious services more than never (Q3, Q11).

136 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q14. Have you ever (insert item)? a. experienced or witnessed a divine healing of an illness or injury?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes 29 62 46 No 70 38 52 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 2 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 38 77 31 26 77 37 56 79 63 No 62 23 68 73 23 62 44 21 37 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 1 1 0 1 * 0 0 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 71 87 78 62 79 - 38 73 47 No 29 12 22 37 17 - 61 27 53 Don’t know/Refused * 1 0 1 5 - 1 0 * 100 100 100 100 101 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 44 74 61 38 72 44 10 56 61 No 55 26 38 62 28 56 88 43 37 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 1 * 0 0 2 1 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

137 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q14. Have you ever (insert item)? b. given or interpreted prophecy?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes 13 27 20 No 84 71 74 Don’t know/Refused 3 2 6 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 10 30 6 7 36 13 20 38 26 No 89 68 94 92 63 85 79 62 74 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 * 1 1 3 1 0 1 100 99 100 100 100 101 100 100 101

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 22 28 21 30 44 - 27 55 35 No 76 67 79 68 55 - 71 44 64 Don’t know/Refused 3 5 * 2 1 - 2 1 1 101 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 24 41 32 10 29 13 6 43 44 No 75 59 65 89 71 86 92 56 53 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 3 1 0 * 2 1 4 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 101

138 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q14. Have you ever (insert item)? c. received a definite answer to a specific prayer request?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes 55 77 63 No 42 23 34 Don’t know/Refused 3 0 3 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 67 95 68 50 88 62 74 92 78 No 33 5 32 48 12 36 25 9 21 Don’t know/Refused * * 1 2 * 1 1 0 1 100 100 101 100 100 99 100 101 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 85 94 87 82 92 - 56 84 71 No 13 6 13 17 8 - 42 15 29 Don’t know/Refused 2 * 1 2 1 - 2 1 * 100 100 101 101 101 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 65 67 76 64 91 72 13 63 70 No 34 32 23 35 9 28 85 34 28 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 1 0 * 2 4 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 100

139 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q14. Have you ever (insert item)? d. received a direct revelation from God?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes 26 54 39 No 68 40 56 Don’t know/Refused 6 6 5 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 35 64 28 22 55 29 39 59 39 No 64 34 71 76 44 70 60 40 60 Don’t know/Refused 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 * 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 39 57 43 41 64 - 33 64 41 No 58 40 55 56 36 - 63 35 57 Don’t know/Refused 3 3 2 2 1 - 4 1 2 100 100 100 99 101 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 17 31 18 27 58 35 3 20 25 No 82 69 81 72 41 64 95 76 72 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 1 1 1 1 2 4 3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

140 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q14. Have you ever (insert item)? e. experienced or witnessed the devil or evil spirits being driven out of a person?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes 11 34 22 No 88 64 76 Don’t know/Refused 1 2 2 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 34 80 30 13 62 20 38 62 41 No 65 20 70 86 38 79 62 38 59 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 * 1 0 1 * 1 * 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 61 86 67 57 75 - 33 60 40 No 38 14 32 41 24 - 65 40 58 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 1 2 1 - 2 * 1 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 99

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes 21 41 47 28 52 29 6 30 35 No 76 58 52 72 48 71 92 66 61 Don’t know/Refused 3 1 1 * * * 2 5 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 100

141 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) QUESTIONS 15 AND 16 HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE

Q17. Now I am going to read you a series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it, or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree? a. There are clear guidelines about what’s good or evil that apply to everyone regardless of their situation.

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 44 64 50 Mostly agree 35 28 32 Mostly disagree 9 5 8 Completely disagree 8 1 5 Don’t know/Refused 4 3 5 100 101 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 54 58 56 43 73 47 65 72 69 Mostly agree 28 29 26 27 24 37 26 25 23 Mostly disagree 9 6 11 14 2 8 4 2 3 Completely disagree 5 4 5 10 1 4 4 2 4 Don’t know/Refused 4 3 2 6 1 4 1 * 1 100 100 100 100 101 100 100 101 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 63 71 70 65 64 - 50 70 53 Mostly agree 31 24 24 30 30 - 41 27 39 Mostly disagree 3 2 3 3 3 - 3 1 4 Completely disagree 2 2 3 * 1 - 3 * 3 Don’t know/Refused 2 1 0 3 3 - 3 2 1 101 100 100 101 101 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 49 72 68 51 69 56 9 44 37 Mostly agree 31 25 26 37 23 31 52 50 57 Mostly disagree 10 * 2 6 4 7 27 2 4 Completely disagree 6 2 4 5 3 6 7 2 1 Don’t know/Refused 4 1 0 1 1 1 6 3 1 100 100 100 100 100 101 101 101 100

142 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q17. Now I am going to read you a series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it, or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree? b. Miracles still occur today as in ancient times.

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 39 63 55 Mostly agree 34 28 30 Mostly disagree 9 3 6 Completely disagree 13 3 5 Don’t know/Refused 5 2 4 100 99 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 34 55 32 51 80 61 63 74 67 Mostly agree 27 26 30 26 16 26 21 20 21 Mostly disagree 14 14 18 8 3 8 6 5 5 Completely disagree 23 5 18 11 1 5 9 2 7 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 1 4 * 1 1 * 1 99 100 99 100 100 101 100 101 101

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 51 63 59 59 81 - 40 62 50 Mostly agree 23 22 22 27 17 - 30 23 28 Mostly disagree 13 9 9 5 * - 11 8 9 Completely disagree 11 5 9 4 1 - 13 4 11 Don’t know/Refused 3 * 1 5 * - 7 3 2 101 99 100 100 99 - 101 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 35 67 61 32 62 34 10 59 49 Mostly agree 26 25 20 34 21 31 42 37 43 Mostly disagree 16 7 10 18 11 20 32 2 7 Completely disagree 20 1 9 15 5 15 10 0 * Don’t know/Refused 3 0 1 1 1 * 7 2 1 100 100 101 100 100 100 101 100 100

143 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q17. Now I am going to read you a series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it, or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree? c. Angels and demons are active in the world.

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 41 71 58 Mostly agree 30 23 26 Mostly disagree 10 2 7 Completely disagree 13 3 4 Don’t know/Refused 6 1 5 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 58 81 57 54 84 60 74 79 77 Mostly agree 21 15 22 24 11 28 17 16 15 Mostly disagree 6 2 7 5 2 4 3 4 3 Completely disagree 12 2 11 10 1 4 4 1 4 Don’t know/Refused 3 * 2 7 1 4 2 * 1 100 100 99 100 99 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 61 75 70 65 80 - 41 66 52 Mostly agree 25 17 22 29 16 - 35 24 32 Mostly disagree 7 6 4 3 1 - 8 5 6 Completely disagree 5 1 4 1 * - 6 2 4 Don’t know/Refused 2 2 1 2 1 - 9 3 6 100 101 101 100 98 - 99 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 39 66 56 51 82 54 10 53 48 Mostly agree 20 22 25 24 14 22 31 37 44 Mostly disagree 17 6 10 10 2 9 35 5 4 Completely disagree 21 4 6 12 1 14 16 0 1 Don’t know/Refused 4 2 4 3 1 1 8 5 3 101 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 100

144 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q17. Now I am going to read you a series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it, or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree? d. [INSERT RESPONDENT’S RELIGION] have a duty to convert people of other religious faiths to [INSERT RESPONDENT’S RELIGION].

Example: (NOT READ TO RESPONDENTS) Christians have a duty to convert people of other religious faiths to Christianity

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 18 34 25 Mostly agree 24 30 29 Mostly disagree 24 13 20 Completely disagree 28 20 20 Don’t know/Refused 6 3 6 100 100 100 (619)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 18 40 12 22 47 22 44 60 47 Mostly agree 19 32 19 16 30 25 20 19 19 Mostly disagree 17 12 23 23 15 23 11 9 12 Completely disagree 44 16 43 37 7 25 23 10 20 Don’t know/Refused 2 0 3 3 1 5 2 2 2 100 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 (643) (510) (854)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 70 72 74 66 74 - 21 36 27 Mostly agree 21 19 17 25 22 - 37 34 37 Mostly disagree 5 5 6 4 2 - 15 15 14 Completely disagree 4 4 2 2 2 - 19 12 15 Don’t know/Refused * * 1 3 * - 8 4 8 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 101 101 (642) (649) (720)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 15 36 32 34 50 33 12 44 33 Mostly agree 17 28 25 24 27 25 24 37 39 Mostly disagree 17 10 11 19 10 17 43 15 20 Completely disagree 47 16 23 21 12 24 16 0 3 Don’t know/Refused 4 9 9 2 1 1 4 5 5 100 99 100 100 100 100 99 101 100 (725) (995) (346)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion (Q3).

145 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q17. Now I am going to read you a series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it, or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree? e. [INSERT RESPONDENT’S RELIGION] have a responsibility to work for justice for the poor.

EXAMPLE: (NOT READ TO RESPONDENTS) Muslims have a responsibility to work for justice for the poor

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 46 62 50 Mostly agree 38 28 35 Mostly disagree 7 5 8 Completely disagree 5 3 6 Don’t know/Refused 3 2 2 99 100 101 (619)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 50 57 43 54 67 59 74 74 72 Mostly agree 27 30 29 29 25 29 15 17 16 Mostly disagree 11 6 14 8 6 3 4 5 4 Completely disagree 12 7 14 7 2 7 7 4 7 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 1 2 1 2 1 * 1 101 100 101 100 101 100 101 100 100 (643) (510) (854)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 79 84 84 73 72 - 37 49 37 Mostly agree 17 13 13 21 22 - 41 35 42 Mostly disagree 3 3 1 2 4 - 11 9 12 Completely disagree * * 1 2 1 - 6 3 4 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 0 2 1 - 6 3 4 100 100 99 100 101 - 101 99 99 (642) (649) (720)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 58 77 77 59 66 62 15 44 36 Mostly agree 21 14 14 28 27 26 60 45 50 Mostly disagree 13 1 4 6 3 7 21 5 8 Completely disagree 6 1 2 5 3 4 1 0 2 Don’t know/Refused 2 6 4 1 1 0 2 6 4 100 99 101 99 100 99 99 100 100 (725) (995) (346)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion (Q3).

146 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q17. Now I am going to read you a series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it, or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree? f. God will grant material prosperity to all believers who have enough faith.

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 21 37 33 Mostly agree 25 29 26 Mostly disagree 22 20 18 Completely disagree 27 9 18 Don’t know/Refused 5 4 6 100 99 101 (n=681)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 44 61 38 15 24 19 56 67 56 Mostly agree 20 22 23 13 25 17 15 15 15 Mostly disagree 13 9 18 17 22 18 7 10 10 Completely disagree 22 8 20 49 29 39 20 7 18 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 1 6 * 7 2 1 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 (690) (569) (1000)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 60 62 64 77 75 - 51 60 57 Mostly agree 23 23 19 19 20 - 29 30 28 Mostly disagree 7 7 10 1 3 - 7 3 7 Completely disagree 5 5 6 2 1 - 8 5 5 Don’t know/Refused 4 2 1 * * - 5 1 3 99 99 100 99 99 - 100 99 100 (653) (650) (788)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 55 74 78 62 73 60 7 33 23 Mostly agree 27 19 17 25 17 25 39 53 52 Mostly disagree 9 4 2 9 7 10 41 9 22 Completely disagree 8 2 2 4 3 5 7 1 2 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 * 0 0 5 5 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 101 100 (726) (1000) (420)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion or believing in God (Q3, Q7e).

147 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q17. Now I am going to read you a series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it, or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree? g. God will grant good health and relief from sickness to believers who have enough faith.

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 27 42 41 Mostly agree 29 26 30 Mostly disagree 21 18 15 Completely disagree 20 9 10 Don’t know/Refused 2 5 4 99 100 100 (n=681)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 55 71 47 44 71 49 77 83 77 Mostly agree 19 18 25 28 23 32 13 13 14 Mostly disagree 11 8 15 9 3 6 4 2 4 Completely disagree 14 3 13 14 3 10 6 2 5 Don’t know/Refused 1 * * 6 0 3 * * 0 100 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 (690) (569) (1000)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 72 79 79 80 82 - 57 66 63 Mostly agree 18 15 15 17 15 - 30 31 28 Mostly disagree 3 3 3 2 3 - 6 2 4 Completely disagree 3 3 3 1 * - 3 1 1 Don’t know/Refused 3 * 1 * 0 - 5 * 3 99 100 101 100 100 - 101 100 99 (653) (650) (788)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 58 75 85 78 90 80 10 36 30 Mostly agree 25 18 12 18 9 17 43 49 59 Mostly disagree 8 4 1 2 1 2 35 11 10 Completely disagree 8 2 2 2 * 3 9 0 * Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 * 0 0 3 5 1 100 100 101 100 100 102 100 101 100 (726) (1000) (420)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion or believing in God (Q3, Q7e).

148 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q17. Now I am going to read you a series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it, or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree? h. God fulfills his purposes through politics and elections.

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 7 21 11 Mostly agree 17 25 21 Mostly disagree 25 16 28 Completely disagree 45 29 31 Don’t know/Refused 6 9 9 100 100 100 (n=681)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 9 13 6 5 9 10 26 36 27 Mostly agree 11 11 13 8 23 15 16 18 16 Mostly disagree 9 12 11 15 17 15 13 17 14 Completely disagree 70 62 69 64 49 50 42 26 41 Don’t know/Refused 2 2 1 8 2 10 3 3 2 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (690) (569) (1000)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 24 25 23 31 39 - 21 26 31 Mostly agree 13 13 12 21 18 - 19 18 18 Mostly disagree 17 19 19 21 17 - 15 17 16 Completely disagree 42 41 42 18 18 - 32 30 24 Don’t know/Refused 5 2 4 9 8 - 12 9 12 101 100 100 100 100 - 99 100 101 (653) (650) (788)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 14 23 23 16 24 16 5 21 20 Mostly agree 16 14 10 15 18 13 26 43 34 Mostly disagree 24 16 21 21 21 23 47 26 35 Completely disagree 42 33 35 46 35 46 15 2 7 Don’t know/Refused 4 13 11 2 2 2 7 8 4 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 (726) (1000) (420)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion or believing in God (Q3, Q7e).

149 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q17. Now I am going to read you a series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it, or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree? i. AIDS is God’s punishment for immoral sexual behavior.

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 8 13 13 Mostly agree 12 21 17 Mostly disagree 18 17 17 Completely disagree 56 40 46 Don’t know/Refused 8 9 7 102 100 100 (n=681)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 17 26 14 10 22 13 31 37 29 Mostly agree 10 11 9 11 20 16 13 14 15 Mostly disagree 9 12 9 12 13 19 11 16 13 Completely disagree 62 49 65 59 41 45 41 30 39 Don’t know/Refused 2 2 2 7 4 7 4 3 3 100 100 99 99 100 100 100 100 99 (690) (569) (1000)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 41 44 50 28 32 - 28 24 32 Mostly agree 18 18 19 15 13 - 18 13 12 Mostly disagree 10 11 10 15 17 - 11 12 13 Completely disagree 23 24 18 30 26 - 33 41 31 Don’t know/Refused 7 3 3 12 12 - 10 9 11 99 100 100 100 100 - 100 99 99 (653) (650) (788)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 24 24 25 24 28 24 7 31 27 Mostly agree 14 18 19 18 20 15 38 46 45 Mostly disagree 21 13 6 21 23 19 39 16 18 Completely disagree 35 29 44 36 28 41 10 2 5 Don’t know/Refused 5 15 6 2 1 1 6 5 5 99 99 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 (726) (1000) (420)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion or believing in God (Q3, Q7e).

150 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q18. Which one of these statements comes closest to describing your feelings about [INSERT “THE BIBLE” FOR CHRISTIANS; “THE KORAN” FOR MUSLIMS; “SACRED SCRIPTURES” FOR ALL OTHERS]?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics The Bible is/the Koran is/sacred scriptures are the actual word of God and is/are to be taken literally, word for word 35 76 48 The Bible is/the Koran is/sacred scriptures are the word of God, but not everything in it/them should be taken literally, word for word 41 16 41 The Bible is a book/the Koran is a book/sacred scriptures were written by men and is/are not the word of God 19 5 5 Other (vol.) 2 1 2 Don’t know/Refused 3 2 4 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char The Bible is/the Koran is/sacred scriptures are the actual word of God and is/are to be taken literally, word for word 53 81 49 39 83 54 77 89 81 The Bible is/the Koran is/sacred scriptures are the word of God, but not everything in it/them should be taken literally, word for word 30 14 37 37 15 30 14 6 12 The Bible is a book/the Koran is a book/sacred scriptures were written by men and is/are not the word of God 12 2 7 17 1 9 5 2 4 Other (vol.) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Don’t know/Refused 4 2 5 6 1 6 2 1 1 100 100 99 100 101 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char The Bible is/the Koran is/sacred scriptures are the actual word of God and is/are to be taken literally, word for word 80 91 84 88 94 - 59 72 72 The Bible is/the Koran is/sacred scriptures are the word of God, but not everything in it/them should be taken literally, word for word 18 9 15 10 4 - 26 24 22 The Bible is a book/the Koran is a book/sacred scriptures were written by men and is/are not the word of God * 0 0 * 1 - 7 2 2 Other (vol.) 0 0 0 1 1 - 1 * * Don’t know/Refused 1 0 1 1 1 - 8 2 4 99 100 100 100 101 - 101 100 100

151 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q18. Which one of these statements comes closest to describing your feelings about [INSERT “THE BIBLE” FOR CHRISTIANS; “THE KORAN” FOR MUSLIMS; “SACRED SCRIPTURES” FOR ALL OTHERS]?

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char The Bible is/the Koran is/sacred scriptures are the actual word of God and is/are to be taken literally, word for word 50 90 82 53 55 49 33 88 82 The Bible is/the Koran is/sacred scriptures are the word of God, but not everything in it/them should be taken literally, word for word 18 6 9 40 44 45 20 8 13 The Bible is a book/the Koran is a book/sacred scriptures were written by men and is/are not the word of God 29 5 10 5 1 6 27 2 3 Other (vol.) * 0 0 * * * * 0 0 Don’t know/Refused 3 0 0 1 1 1 20 2 2 100 101 101 99 101 101 100 100 100

152 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q19. Which of the following is most important to you? Your continent, your nationality, your religion, or your ethnic group?

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Your continent 17 5 9 Your nationality 11 7 12 Your religion 56 83 67 Your ethnic group 3 1 4 Don’t know/Refused 13 5 8 100 101 100 (n=619)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Your continent 6 3 6 6 4 4 5 6 5 Your nationality 29 11 35 38 18 34 13 8 12 Your religion 51 80 47 41 71 43 72 78 73 Your ethnic group 9 3 9 8 3 8 5 2 4 Don’t know/Refused 4 3 3 9 4 11 5 6 6 99 100 100 102 100 100 100 100 100 (643) (510) (854)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Your continent 3 4 2 5 3 - 10 5 8 Your nationality 27 23 18 7 5 - 18 10 15 Your religion 64 70 75 83 87 - 59 79 69 Your ethnic group 5 4 5 3 4 - 12 4 6 Don’t know/Refused 1 * * 1 1 - 2 2 2 100 101 100 99 100 - 101 100 100 (642) (649) (720)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Your continent 5 4 6 4 5 6 5 7 5 Your nationality 64 32 51 36 26 35 49 24 24 Your religion 23 61 37 55 63 54 18 52 55 Your ethnic group 5 2 3 3 2 4 25 15 14 Don’t know/Refused 2 * 2 1 4 1 4 2 2 99 99 99 99 100 100 101 100 100 (725) (995) (346)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion (Q3).

153 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q20. Now I am going to read you another series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it, or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree? a. If enough people were brought to Christ, social ills would take care of themselves.

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 20 37 25 Mostly agree 30 31 34 Mostly disagree 24 13 20 Completely disagree 18 11 12 Don’t know/Refused 9 8 9 101 100 100 (n=594)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 48 67 41 20 37 26 42 45 46 Mostly agree 24 22 30 30 35 35 30 34 26 Mostly disagree 12 5 11 19 15 17 9 10 9 Completely disagree 16 6 17 28 11 20 18 12 18 Don’t know/Refused * 0 1 3 2 2 1 * 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 100 (553) (493) (851)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 64 73 67 61 65 - 46 53 47 Mostly agree 28 21 22 22 23 - 33 30 35 Mostly disagree 4 3 6 8 5 - 10 7 7 Completely disagree 2 2 5 2 3 - 6 4 6 Don’t know/Refused 2 1 0 7 4 - 6 6 5 100 101 100 100 100 - 101 100 100 (587) (394) (634)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 43 69 74 55 70 51 23 37 33 Mostly agree 19 17 12 26 19 28 59 53 57 Mostly disagree 22 8 10 9 7 12 15 7 8 Completely disagree 13 3 2 9 4 9 1 0 1 Don’t know/Refused 3 2 3 1 0 * 2 2 1 100 99 101 100 100 100 100 99 100 (258) (964) (211)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as Christian in Q3.

154 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) QUESTIONS 20b AND 20c HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE

Q20. Now I am going to read you another series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it, or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree? d. Belief in Jesus Christ is the only way to be saved from eternal damnation.

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 54 73 61 Mostly agree 20 15 20 Mostly disagree 10 5 9 Completely disagree 12 6 7 Don’t know/Refused 4 * 3 100 99 100 (n=594)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 62 85 53 43 81 57 71 75 71 Mostly agree 18 9 21 25 14 22 18 17 19 Mostly disagree 8 4 11 11 1 7 5 5 5 Completely disagree 11 2 12 13 3 11 5 2 5 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 3 8 2 3 1 * 1 100 100 100 100 101 100 100 99 101 (553) (493) (851)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 77 88 85 80 91 - 57 76 62 Mostly agree 19 11 14 15 8 - 29 20 28 Mostly disagree 1 * 1 2 1 - 6 3 5 Completely disagree 1 * * 1 0 - 4 1 3 Don’t know/Refused 2 1 0 2 0 - 4 * 3 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 101 (587) (394) (634)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 76 73 84 66 85 69 33 54 49 Mostly agree 14 24 14 23 11 20 45 38 43 Mostly disagree 5 2 2 6 2 6 16 5 5 Completely disagree 3 1 0 4 2 5 3 0 0 Don’t know/Refused 2 * 1 1 0 1 3 3 3 100 100 101 100 100 101 100 100 100 (258) (964) (211)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as Christian in Q3.

155 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q20. Now I am going to read you another series of statements on some different topics. For each one, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it, or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree? e. Jesus will return to earth in my lifetime.

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 16 34 20 Mostly agree 19 21 24 Mostly disagree 21 10 20 Completely disagree 18 4 13 Don’t know/Refused 25 31 23 99 100 100 (n=594)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 17 23 13 34 54 40 48 54 47 Mostly agree 13 14 13 17 16 18 23 25 23 Mostly disagree 12 13 12 10 10 12 10 8 12 Completely disagree 40 25 39 16 6 12 11 7 10 Don’t know/Refused 17 25 23 23 13 19 8 7 9 99 100 100 100 99 101 100 101 101 (553) (493) (851)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 29 36 34 33 34 - 24 33 30 Mostly agree 17 18 10 18 15 - 20 15 21 Mostly disagree 10 8 9 4 5 - 8 7 8 Completely disagree 12 11 14 5 6 - 19 14 9 Don’t know/Refused 31 27 33 40 40 - 30 31 32 99 100 100 100 100 - 101 100 100 (587) (394) (634)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Completely agree 43 58 51 31 30 30 8 19 14 Mostly agree 14 16 18 24 17 22 45 31 36 Mostly disagree 11 5 7 13 15 14 23 18 19 Completely disagree 21 5 10 26 26 29 4 0 3 Don’t know/Refused 12 18 14 6 13 5 20 32 28 101 102 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 (258) (964) (211)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as Christian in Q3.

156 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) QUESTION 21 HELD FOR FUTURE RELEASE

Q22. Turning now to another subject, suppose you could choose between different kinds of jobs. Which one would you prefer, being an employee or being self-employed?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Being an employee 26 28 32 Being self employed 69 69 63 Neither/none (vol.) 2 1 2 Don’t know/Refused 3 3 3 100 101 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Being an employee 37 41 34 22 26 23 14 14 14 Being self employed 60 58 63 70 59 68 84 83 84 Neither/none (vol.) 2 1 2 6 12 7 1 2 1 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 1 2 4 2 1 1 1 100 100 101 100 101 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Being an employee 23 28 21 20 21 - 29 30 31 Being self employed 75 70 75 78 75 - 67 67 65 Neither/none (vol.) 2 2 3 2 3 - 3 3 3 Don’t know/Refused * * 1 1 1 - 1 * 1 100 100 100 101 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Being an employee 36 56 52 34 26 36 28 31 30 Being self employed 60 39 46 65 73 63 63 63 61 Neither/none (vol.) 4 5 2 1 * 1 6 5 8 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * 0 * 3 1 1 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100

157 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q23. To what extent, if at all, do you think our country benefits from the greater influence of international business practices, trade, ideas, communication and products such as international foods and TV programs from other countries? Would you say to a great extent, moderate extent, small extent, or not at all?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Great extent 34 31 30 Moderate extent 36 29 43 Small extent 15 23 12 Not at all 9 9 10 Harms our country (vol.) * 1 1 Don’t know/Refused 5 7 5 99 100 101

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Great extent 28 24 31 33 27 33 17 13 18 Moderate extent 38 38 39 38 39 39 49 53 43 Small extent 22 22 18 17 22 16 16 18 17 Not at all 6 8 6 5 4 5 11 9 15 Harms our country (vol.) 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Don’t know/Refused 4 7 4 5 7 6 5 6 6 100 100 100 99 100 100 99 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Great extent 33 35 30 19 26 - 39 41 42 Moderate extent 37 38 34 41 41 - 34 38 35 Small extent 16 17 19 25 22 - 14 10 14 Not at all 4 4 5 7 4 - 6 3 3 Harms our country (vol.) 5 2 9 0 0 - 0 0 0 Don’t know/Refused 5 4 4 8 7 - 7 7 6 100 100 101 100 100 - 100 99 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Great extent 25 20 21 40 45 36 9 17 13 Moderate extent 57 61 67 41 41 41 62 63 58 Small extent 12 12 7 13 11 16 21 15 25 Not at all 4 4 5 4 1 4 7 4 2 Harms our country (vol.) 2 2 0 * 1 * 1 0 1 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 0 3 1 3 2 2 2 101 99 100 101 100 100 102 101 101

158 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q24. Thinking about your own personal finances, how would you rate your own personal financial situation? Would you say you are in excellent shape, good shape, only fair shape or poor shape?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Excellent shape 10 7 10 Good shape 42 44 35 Only fair shape 32 36 32 Poor shape 14 12 21 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 99 100 99

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Excellent shape 2 7 3 2 3 1 4 3 4 Good shape 32 36 32 23 19 22 30 36 27 Only fair shape 50 46 48 51 61 59 48 48 50 Poor shape 15 11 17 24 17 18 17 12 18 Don’t know/Refused * * * * * 0 1 1 1 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Excellent shape 2 2 2 8 8 - 5 4 6 Good shape 19 25 22 32 42 - 23 34 26 Only fair shape 47 48 48 39 40 - 46 45 45 Poor shape 32 25 29 20 8 - 26 17 21 Don’t know/Refused * 1 0 1 2 - 1 * 2 100 101 101 100 100 - 101 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Excellent shape 3 5 2 3 3 3 1 4 2 Good shape 30 51 39 17 22 17 10 20 15 Only fair shape 62 43 56 63 62 62 67 65 71 Poor shape 4 2 2 16 13 18 23 11 11 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * 0 0 * 1 * 99 101 99 99 100 100 101 101 99

159 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q25. Over the course of the next year, do you think the financial situation of you and your family will improve a lot, improve some, get a little worse or get a lot worse?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Improve a lot 15 32 20 Improve some 50 44 47 Get a little worse 13 10 13 Get a lot worse 5 2 5 Stay the same (vol.) 11 8 8 Don’t know/Refused 5 4 7 99 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Improve a lot 52 64 55 17 26 20 19 23 17 Improve some 40 31 38 55 46 57 52 53 54 Get a little worse 2 2 2 6 3 4 13 13 13 Get a lot worse 1 * * 2 1 2 6 4 5 Stay the same (vol.) 3 2 4 16 19 13 4 2 6 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 5 5 5 6 5 5 99 100 100 101 100 101 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Improve a lot 20 25 26 39 55 - 13 25 17 Improve some 52 55 51 43 39 - 53 56 53 Get a little worse 4 4 3 4 2 - 7 7 8 Get a lot worse 5 4 5 3 2 - 4 2 4 Stay the same (vol.) 6 4 5 1 * - 14 8 13 Don’t know/Refused 13 8 10 10 3 - 9 3 6 100 100 100 100 101 - 100 101 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Improve a lot 22 20 17 23 36 24 2 16 10 Improve some 63 66 74 61 47 60 53 50 67 Get a little worse 3 2 1 7 7 6 10 8 8 Get a lot worse * 1 1 4 5 6 2 2 1 Stay the same (vol.) 6 5 3 1 3 1 32 22 14 Don’t know/Refused 6 8 5 4 2 3 2 1 * 100 102 101 100 100 100 101 99 100

160 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q26. As I read from a list, please tell me how important each factor is in people’s economic success. Is (insert item) a very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? How about (insert next item)? Is/Are (item) (a) very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? a. hard work

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very important 84 88 86 Somewhat important 12 12 10 Not too important 2 0 1 Not at all important 1 0 1 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 2 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 57 57 58 58 50 59 86 86 85 Somewhat important 30 30 29 32 42 29 10 11 10 Not too important 10 8 9 9 6 9 1 1 1 Not at all important 3 5 3 1 1 2 3 2 4 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 * 0 0 * * 0 * 100 99 99 100 99 99 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 94 95 94 84 86 - 87 89 86 Somewhat important 6 5 4 13 11 - 12 9 12 Not too important * * 2 3 1 - 1 1 1 Not at all important 0 0 0 1 1 - 1 0 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * * - 0 * 0 100 100 100 101 99 - 101 99 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 94 97 94 92 93 92 77 73 76 Somewhat important 5 2 6 7 7 8 22 26 24 Not too important 1 1 0 * * * 1 1 0 Not at all important * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100

161 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q26. As I read from a list, please tell me how important each factor is in people’s economic success. Is (insert item) a very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? How about (insert next item)? Is/Are (item) (a) very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not a all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? b. fate

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very important 34 53 45 Somewhat important 36 24 27 Not too important 10 6 10 Not at all important 12 9 9 Don’t know/Refused 7 7 9 99 99 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 55 48 57 28 22 32 51 50 55 Somewhat important 24 20 26 39 38 35 29 31 25 Not too important 12 13 10 20 23 20 7 8 8 Not at all important 7 16 6 12 15 10 9 9 10 Don’t know/Refused 1 3 * 2 2 2 3 3 3 99 100 99 101 100 99 99 101 101

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 19 17 18 55 49 - 35 44 40 Somewhat important 19 20 21 31 32 - 35 27 34 Not too important 34 36 33 9 13 - 19 15 15 Not at all important 27 26 28 4 4 - 9 12 7 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 * 1 2 - 2 2 4 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 30 55 30 34 26 32 18 8 12 Somewhat important 42 26 44 37 34 33 47 37 33 Not too important 17 8 14 22 24 25 29 38 43 Not at all important 12 11 13 7 15 10 4 12 11 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 1 * 1 4 1 101 100 101 101 100 100 99 99 100

162 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q26. As I read from a list, please tell me how important each factor is in people’s economic success. Is (insert item) a very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? How about (insert next item)? Is/Are (item) (a) very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? c. people’s parents’ economic situation

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very important 36 53 42 Somewhat important 45 33 38 Not too important 8 6 7 Not at all important 5 1 5 Don’t know/Refused 6 7 9 100 100 101

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 67 63 68 49 41 50 66 63 68 Somewhat important 26 30 26 38 42 35 23 22 21 Not too important 5 5 5 10 13 9 7 9 7 Not at all important 2 2 1 3 4 6 3 5 3 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 * 100 100 100 101 101 101 100 100 99

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 47 49 52 58 55 - 40 42 44 Somewhat important 29 27 28 31 30 - 36 38 34 Not too important 17 17 13 9 10 - 15 14 11 Not at all important 7 7 8 2 3 - 7 5 7 Don’t know/Refused * * 0 * 1 - 2 1 3 100 100 101 100 99 - 100 100 99

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 56 41 52 61 63 65 21 13 15 Somewhat important 34 41 40 32 29 29 62 62 55 Not too important 7 13 6 6 6 5 16 23 23 Not at all important 4 5 2 1 2 1 2 1 5 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 0 * 0 1 1 101 100 100 101 100 100 101 100 99

163 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q26. As I read from a list, please tell me how important each factor is in people’s economic success. Is (insert item) a very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? How about (insert next item)? Is/Are (item) (a) very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? d. faith in God

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very important 56 81 76 Somewhat important 24 17 17 Not too important 8 0 3 Not at all important 10 2 3 Don’t know/Refused 2 0 2 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 93 99 95 57 85 69 87 87 88 Somewhat important 5 1 4 29 14 24 8 9 7 Not too important 1 0 1 9 1 6 5 3 5 Not at all important 1 0 * 4 0 1 1 1 * Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 101 101 101 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 88 92 95 95 94 - 74 89 82 Somewhat important 10 7 3 4 4 - 18 8 16 Not too important 1 1 1 1 1 - 3 1 1 Not at all important * * 0 * * - 3 1 1 Don’t know/Refused * * 0 0 0 - 1 1 0 99 100 99 100 99 - 99 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 75 88 95 94 98 96 16 64 59 Somewhat important 21 11 5 6 2 4 31 31 34 Not too important 3 1 0 * 0 0 38 5 5 Not at all important 1 0 0 * 0 * 13 0 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 100 100

164 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q26. As I read from a list, please tell me how important each factor is in people’s economic success. Is (insert item) a very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? How about (insert next item)? Is/Are (item) (a) very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? e. government policies

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very important 36 47 38 Somewhat important 43 40 39 Not too important 9 8 9 Not at all important 6 2 7 Don’t know/Refused 5 4 6 100 101 99

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 29 24 30 28 21 28 35 40 41 Somewhat important 35 38 36 38 48 40 21 22 20 Not too important 18 21 18 24 22 22 17 15 15 Not at all important 17 16 16 9 7 7 25 21 23 Don’t know/Refused 1 2 0 3 2 2 2 1 2 100 101 100 102 100 99 100 99 101

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 45 47 47 41 43 - 30 33 33 Somewhat important 37 37 39 26 28 - 40 41 42 Not too important 15 13 11 24 18 - 19 16 15 Not at all important 2 2 2 7 9 - 8 9 7 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 2 2 - 3 1 3 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 33 30 27 42 45 41 27 25 21 Somewhat important 47 45 47 37 38 37 56 62 61 Not too important 11 19 18 15 12 16 14 10 16 Not at all important 8 7 8 5 4 5 2 2 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 * 2 1 2 1 99 101 100 100 99 101 100 101 100

165 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q26. As I read from a list, please tell me how important each factor is in people’s economic success. Is (insert item) a very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? How about (insert next item)? Is/Are (item) (a) very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? f. personal connections and contacts

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very important 50 54 49 Somewhat important 39 37 37 Not too important 4 3 6 Not at all important 3 2 3 Don’t know/Refused 4 4 5 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 67 66 66 55 41 50 62 65 61 Somewhat important 27 25 27 37 49 40 25 26 27 Not too important 5 6 5 7 7 7 6 6 6 Not at all important 1 2 2 1 3 2 6 3 5 Don’t know/Refused * * 0 1 0 1 1 * 2 100 99 100 101 100 100 100 100 101

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 48 45 48 57 59 - 42 48 48 Somewhat important 29 32 31 29 30 - 43 39 38 Not too important 17 17 16 12 6 - 9 9 9 Not at all important 5 5 3 2 4 - 4 3 4 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 * 1 - 2 1 1 100 100 99 100 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 56 54 52 48 40 48 53 56 49 Somewhat important 36 36 41 39 47 37 44 42 47 Not too important 5 7 6 10 10 11 2 1 4 Not at all important 2 2 2 3 2 4 * 1 0 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * 1 0 * 0 * 99 99 101 100 100 100 99 100 100

166 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q26. As I read from a list, please tell me how important each factor is in people’s economic success. Is (insert item) a very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? How about (insert next item)? Is/Are (item) (a) very important, somewhat important, not too important, or not at all important factor(s) in people’s economic success? g. education

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very important 84 90 83 Somewhat important 14 9 14 Not too important 1 1 1 Not at all important 1 0 1 Don’t know/Refused * 0 1 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 93 96 93 85 82 84 92 92 92 Somewhat important 6 4 6 14 18 14 7 6 7 Not too important * 0 0 1 * 2 1 2 1 Not at all important * * * * 0 * 1 0 * Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 99 100 99 100 100 100 101 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 74 78 78 81 88 - 86 91 87 Somewhat important 21 17 15 17 11 - 13 8 11 Not too important 5 4 6 2 1 - 1 1 1 Not at all important 1 1 1 * * - * 0 1 Don’t know/Refused * 0 * 0 0 - 0 0 0 101 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 95 94 97 95 94 97 50 47 49 Somewhat important 4 5 3 4 5 3 47 50 48 Not too important * 1 0 * 1 1 3 3 3 Not at all important 0 0 0 * 0 0 * 0 * Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * 0 0 * 0 0 99 100 100 99 100 101 100 100 100

167 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q27. Now I am going to read you another series of statements on some different topics. For each statement, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). How about (insert next item)? a. when jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job than women.

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 7 12 9 Mostly agree 7 17 11 Mostly disagree 18 26 26 Completely disagree 65 40 50 Don’t know/Refused 3 4 4 100 99 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 15 16 13 14 14 16 19 16 15 Mostly agree 10 13 13 22 27 24 20 24 17 Mostly disagree 13 11 11 25 25 22 18 18 16 Completely disagree 61 58 62 39 33 36 43 42 51 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 * * 1 1 * 0 * 100 99 99 100 100 99 100 100 99

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 22 14 20 48 39 - 24 17 24 Mostly agree 13 11 14 18 20 - 16 19 12 Mostly disagree 24 27 23 18 22 - 17 21 21 Completely disagree 41 48 42 15 18 - 41 42 42 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 1 1 - 1 1 1 100 100 99 100 100 - 99 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 44 53 52 47 41 46 17 18 20 Mostly agree 25 21 18 29 28 27 43 47 50 Mostly disagree 16 13 17 13 16 15 34 32 26 Completely disagree 14 12 12 11 16 12 5 2 3 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 * * 0 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 101 100 100 100 100

168 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q27. Now I am going to read you another series of statements on some different topics. For each statement, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). How about (insert next item)? b. on the whole, men make better political leaders than women do

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 8 11 10 Mostly agree 18 26 22 Mostly disagree 24 26 29 Completely disagree 46 33 35 Don’t know/Refused 5 4 5 101 100 101

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 14 15 13 10 14 10 14 12 13 Mostly agree 16 21 16 22 26 21 24 28 20 Mostly disagree 15 16 15 29 29 29 15 14 14 Completely disagree 54 46 55 34 25 35 46 44 51 Don’t know/Refused 1 2 1 5 6 5 2 1 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 99 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 31 20 26 55 43 - 26 22 26 Mostly agree 20 23 22 23 24 - 23 21 25 Mostly disagree 20 22 23 12 20 - 17 25 17 Completely disagree 29 35 29 6 12 - 29 26 28 Don’t know/Refused * * 0 4 2 - 4 6 4 100 100 100 100 101 - 99 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 44 44 50 37 34 35 8 9 12 Mostly agree 23 29 22 28 28 26 43 41 43 Mostly disagree 18 15 16 21 23 24 42 44 40 Completely disagree 14 12 10 13 15 15 4 3 4 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 1 1 0 * 3 3 1 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

169 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q27. Now I am going to read you another series of statements on some different topics. For each statement, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). How about (insert next item)? c. a wife must always obey her husband

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 7 22 11 Mostly agree 17 24 26 Mostly disagree 24 19 26 Completely disagree 49 33 34 Don’t know/Refused 4 2 3 101 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 16 30 11 10 21 13 35 39 31 Mostly agree 22 31 23 21 31 22 30 34 27 Mostly disagree 16 13 19 28 23 26 13 11 16 Completely disagree 47 26 47 41 23 37 21 15 25 Don’t know/Refused * 1 * 1 2 1 1 * 1 101 101 100 101 100 99 100 99 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 70 65 67 88 84 - 43 46 48 Mostly agree 20 24 21 10 13 - 28 30 26 Mostly disagree 7 8 9 2 3 - 13 16 12 Completely disagree 3 3 3 1 1 - 15 8 12 Don’t know/Refused * 0 1 * 0 - 1 1 2 100 100 101 101 101 - 100 101 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 57 61 66 28 34 27 4 8 8 Mostly agree 29 24 28 29 34 28 19 32 34 Mostly disagree 7 8 2 26 23 24 55 42 40 Completely disagree 7 7 3 16 9 21 22 17 17 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 0 * 1 1 1 100 100 99 100 100 100 101 100 100

170 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q27. Now I am going to read you another series of statements on some different topics. For each statement, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). How about (insert next item)? d. a working mother can establish just as warm and secure a relationship with her children as a mother who does not work

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 47 42 44 Mostly agree 28 28 27 Mostly disagree 15 16 14 Completely disagree 8 13 10 Don’t know/Refused 2 1 5 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 47 41 45 45 31 45 40 31 39 Mostly agree 20 28 20 27 30 27 24 28 20 Mostly disagree 15 14 17 20 25 17 14 21 16 Completely disagree 18 16 18 7 13 10 21 20 24 Don’t know/Refused * 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 100 100 101 101 100 101 100 101 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 49 49 51 31 39 - 42 47 44 Mostly agree 27 32 29 38 33 - 35 32 37 Mostly disagree 13 12 12 22 21 - 14 13 12 Completely disagree 9 7 7 7 5 - 8 8 7 Don’t know/Refused 2 * 1 3 2 - 1 * * 100 100 100 101 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 38 40 38 38 37 39 7 5 9 Mostly agree 28 39 36 37 40 37 52 54 55 Mostly disagree 19 14 15 18 17 16 39 37 32 Completely disagree 15 7 11 6 5 8 2 2 3 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * 0 * * 1 2 100 100 100 99 99 100 100 99 101

171 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q27. Now I am going to read you another series of statements on some different topics. For each statement, please tell me if you completely agree with it, mostly agree with it, mostly disagree with it or completely disagree with it. The first one is (insert item). How about (insert next item)? e. women should be allowed to serve as pastors or priests

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 46 46 45 Mostly agree 23 28 25 Mostly disagree 12 13 13 Completely disagree 15 9 12 Don’t know/Refused 4 3 5 100 99 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 45 43 41 27 30 28 44 52 42 Mostly agree 18 21 21 30 31 29 22 27 22 Mostly disagree 9 10 9 15 16 17 9 6 10 Completely disagree 24 24 24 16 17 20 21 13 23 Don’t know/Refused 4 2 5 12 5 6 4 2 3 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 42 56 41 17 38 - 40 45 45 Mostly agree 21 21 19 18 32 - 29 34 32 Mostly disagree 14 11 16 17 13 - 9 6 6 Completely disagree 22 11 21 29 14 - 18 12 15 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 2 19 3 - 5 3 2 100 100 99 100 100 - 101 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 17 24 20 14 36 15 11 17 16 Mostly agree 15 15 16 24 34 21 60 73 59 Mostly disagree 20 15 14 22 15 22 17 8 17 Completely disagree 44 43 46 39 14 41 3 1 4 Don’t know/Refused 3 3 4 2 * 1 9 2 4 99 100 100 101 99 100 100 101 100

172 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q28. Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you can’t be too careful in dealing with people?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Most people can be trusted 35 25 27 Can’t be too careful 59 70 66 Other/depends (vol.) 4 5 4 Don’t know/Refused 2 0 3 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Most people can be trusted 2 3 1 11 8 11 10 7 11 Can’t be too careful 95 95 96 85 87 84 88 90 87 Other/depends (vol.) 4 2 3 2 4 3 1 2 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 * 1 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Most people can be trusted 17 18 20 20 17 - 15 17 18 Can’t be too careful 60 55 58 66 68 - 68 67 66 Other/depends (vol.) 22 25 20 12 14 - 14 13 13 Don’t know/Refused 1 2 2 2 1 - 3 2 3 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 99 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Most people can be trusted 41 39 37 4 4 4 30 38 35 Can’t be too careful 54 60 58 95 95 94 43 44 35 Other/depends (vol.) 5 1 5 1 1 2 26 16 28 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * * 0 1 2 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

173 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q29. Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, sometimes be justified, or never be justified. a. Homosexuality

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Always justified 16 8 9 Sometimes justified 26 9 22 Never justified 50 80 59 Don’t know/Refused 8 3 10 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 18 5 17 21 9 18 9 6 9 Sometimes justified 27 13 32 42 23 39 24 19 25 Never justified 49 76 46 32 64 39 63 73 61 Don’t know/Refused 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 2 5 99 99 100 100 100 101 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified * * * 0 * - 7 7 8 Sometimes justified 1 * 2 1 2 - 17 11 17 Never justified 98 99 98 98 97 - 70 79 70 Don’t know/Refused * 1 0 1 1 - 6 3 5 99 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 4 1 5 8 2 9 1 0 0 Sometimes justified 13 1 5 35 12 31 20 9 7 Never justified 72 87 86 56 86 59 78 90 90 Don’t know/Refused 11 11 5 1 1 1 2 1 3 100 100 101 100 101 100 101 100 100

174 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q29. Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, sometimes be justified, or never be justified. b. Prostitution

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Always justified 4 3 2 Sometimes justified 25 15 16 Never justified 67 81 78 Don’t know/Refused 5 1 4 101 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 7 2 7 9 6 7 7 4 7 Sometimes justified 30 15 32 38 21 34 27 23 27 Never justified 61 81 57 49 70 56 63 71 63 Don’t know/Refused 2 2 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified * * 0 1 1 - 7 6 8 Sometimes justified 7 4 6 4 7 - 11 10 9 Never justified 93 96 94 94 92 - 80 83 81 Don’t know/Refused 0 * 0 1 0 - 2 1 3 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 10 1 3 1 0 1 1 0 0 Sometimes justified 12 4 7 13 5 12 12 2 3 Never justified 72 86 87 86 95 87 87 97 96 Don’t know/Refused 6 8 2 * * * 1 1 2 100 99 99 100 100 100 101 100 101

175 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q29. Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, sometimes be justified, or never be justified. c. Divorce

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Always justified 10 10 6 Sometimes justified 75 73 71 Never justified 11 15 19 Don’t know/Refused 3 3 3 99 101 99

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 33 13 32 28 12 21 14 8 13 Sometimes justified 51 49 54 50 41 47 38 35 39 Never justified 15 37 12 21 44 31 47 56 46 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 5 1 2 13 1 - 12 9 11 Sometimes justified 34 29 27 34 16 - 41 43 40 Never justified 61 70 71 50 81 - 45 48 46 Don’t know/Refused * * 0 3 3 - 2 0 2 100 100 100 100 101 - 100 100 99

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 13 1 6 3 2 3 1 0 0 Sometimes justified 30 19 14 26 14 26 61 37 45 Never justified 55 74 77 70 84 70 37 63 53 Don’t know/Refused 2 6 2 1 * 1 1 0 2 100 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100

176 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q29. Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, sometimes be justified, or never be justified. d. Euthanasia – ending the life of the incurably sick

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Always justified 9 8 6 Sometimes justified 47 37 43 Never justified 36 50 43 Don’t know/Refused 8 6 8 100 101 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 12 2 13 18 6 14 8 6 8 Sometimes justified 22 15 22 35 19 30 17 15 14 Never justified 64 81 62 43 69 51 73 78 76 Don’t know/Refused 2 2 3 4 5 4 3 1 2 100 100 100 100 99 99 101 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 2 1 * 1 1 - 8 6 8 Sometimes justified 7 3 3 6 7 - 22 22 19 Never justified 89 93 96 85 88 - 64 69 68 Don’t know/Refused 2 3 1 8 3 - 6 3 5 100 100 100 100 99 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 16 9 12 3 1 3 5 1 0 Sometimes justified 26 8 11 14 12 14 53 28 43 Never justified 53 75 71 82 86 83 40 69 54 Don’t know/Refused 5 9 6 * 1 1 3 2 3 100 101 100 99 100 101 101 100 100

177 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q29. Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, sometimes be justified, or never be justified. e. Suicide

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Always justified 2 4 3 Sometimes justified 21 17 17 Never justified 72 76 76 Don’t know/Refused 5 3 5 100 100 101

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 2 0 2 4 1 5 3 2 2 Sometimes justified 9 4 8 17 4 12 7 7 6 Never justified 88 96 88 74 92 80 88 90 90 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 3 5 3 3 2 1 2 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified * * * * 1 - 7 5 7 Sometimes justified 3 * 1 1 3 - 11 9 10 Never justified 96 98 99 98 96 - 81 84 81 Don’t know/Refused 1 2 0 * * - 1 2 2 100 100 100 99 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 12 1 6 1 * 1 * 0 0 Sometimes justified 10 2 5 2 1 2 9 4 3 Never justified 75 89 88 97 98 96 88 95 93 Don’t know/Refused 3 8 2 * * 1 2 1 4 100 100 101 100 99 100 99 100 100

178 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q29. Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, sometimes be justified, or never be justified. f. Drinking alcohol

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Always justified 10 9 5 Sometimes justified 58 41 49 Never justified 29 48 42 Don’t know/Refused 3 1 4 100 99 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 11 5 12 7 3 7 4 3 4 Sometimes justified 44 22 47 31 29 28 15 10 16 Never justified 45 72 40 56 65 61 79 86 78 Don’t know/Refused * 1 1 6 3 4 2 1 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 3 1 1 3 1 - 10 9 10 Sometimes justified 30 11 19 15 14 - 36 31 36 Never justified 67 88 79 82 84 - 52 56 52 Don’t know/Refused * 0 1 1 1 - 2 4 2 100 100 100 101 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 17 2 8 3 0 2 9 2 1 Sometimes justified 12 13 8 40 17 40 64 42 46 Never justified 69 79 82 57 82 57 26 54 50 Don’t know/Refused 2 6 2 * * 1 1 2 3 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100

179 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q29. Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, sometimes be justified, or never be justified. g. Sex between people who are not married to each other

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Always justified 13 8 9 Sometimes justified 44 24 39 Never justified 37 64 47 Don’t know/Refused 6 4 5 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 32 12 34 34 17 28 8 6 7 Sometimes justified 38 24 39 40 35 41 23 17 24 Never justified 29 63 26 22 44 29 67 77 66 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 4 5 3 2 1 3 100 100 100 100 101 101 100 101 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 3 0 2 1 * - 13 8 12 Sometimes justified 18 9 12 7 8 - 32 21 29 Never justified 79 91 86 91 91 - 51 68 54 Don’t know/Refused 0 * * 1 * - 4 3 5 100 100 100 100 99 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 7 * 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 Sometimes justified 10 8 6 20 5 12 18 5 4 Never justified 78 84 90 77 95 86 78 92 95 Don’t know/Refused 5 8 2 1 * 1 3 2 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100

180 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q29. Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, sometimes be justified, or never be justified. h. Abortion

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Always justified 5 6 4 Sometimes justified 46 28 35 Never justified 45 64 57 Don’t know/Refused 4 3 4 100 101 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 4 1 3 4 1 6 3 2 2 Sometimes justified 16 8 20 23 9 16 10 7 10 Never justified 79 91 76 71 88 76 85 90 85 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified * 1 * 1 0 - 8 5 8 Sometimes justified 11 10 11 4 5 - 16 17 20 Never justified 88 88 89 94 95 - 73 78 69 Don’t know/Refused * 1 0 1 0 - 3 * 3 99 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 9 1 2 * 0 0 0 0 0 Sometimes justified 19 13 6 3 2 3 45 23 28 Never justified 68 78 88 97 97 96 54 77 70 Don’t know/Refused 4 8 4 * * 1 2 0 2 100 100 100 100 99 100 101 100 100

181 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q29. Please tell me for each of the following statements whether you think it can always be justified, sometimes be justified, or never be justified. i. Polygamy

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Always justified 2 1 2 Sometimes justified 12 9 11 Never justified 71 71 74 Don’t know/Refused 15 19 13 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 3 1 2 3 2 3 4 4 4 Sometimes justified 11 3 9 10 4 8 8 6 9 Never justified 83 94 85 81 90 84 86 89 86 Don’t know/Refused 3 3 4 6 5 5 2 1 2 100 101 100 100 101 100 100 100 101

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 6 2 3 26 * - 7 7 9 Sometimes justified 34 20 24 18 10 - 20 10 17 Never justified 60 77 73 54 88 - 66 81 68 Don’t know/Refused * 1 * 2 1 - 7 3 6 100 100 100 100 99 - 100 101 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Always justified 10 1 2 3 0 1 1 1 0 Sometimes justified 8 * 3 5 3 4 3 5 3 Never justified 78 90 92 92 97 95 95 95 95 Don’t know/Refused 4 9 3 1 1 1 1 0 2 100 100 100 101 101 101 100 101 100

182 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q30. I’m going to read a list of institutions and people. For each one, please tell me whether you feel that you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all. First, how about (insert item), do you feel you can trust them a lot, trust them some, trust them only a little, or not trust them at all? How about (insert next item), would you say you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all? a. people in your immediate family

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Can trust a lot 70 66 64 Can trust some 22 25 26 Trust a little 6 8 6 Not at all 1 1 2 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 1 100 100 99

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 52 50 49 75 75 76 73 76 74 Can trust some 29 31 32 16 19 17 16 13 16 Trust a little 13 13 10 7 6 6 7 7 7 Not at all 5 6 9 2 1 1 4 4 3 Don’t know/Refused * 0 * 0 0 0 * 0 * 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 46 50 47 42 43 - 62 55 65 Can trust some 43 40 42 44 38 - 28 34 23 Trust a little 9 8 7 9 11 - 8 9 10 Not at all 2 2 4 5 8 - 2 2 3 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 74 74 72 85 86 83 73 76 77 Can trust some 19 20 22 13 13 15 26 23 22 Trust a little 5 4 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 Not at all 2 2 2 1 0 1 * 1 0 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 100 100 99 100 100 101 100 101 100

183 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q30. I’m going to read a list of institutions and people. For each one, please tell me whether you feel that you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all. First, how about (insert item), do you feel you can trust them a lot, trust them some, trust them only a little, or not trust them at all? How about (insert next item), would you say you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all? b. people in your neighborhood

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Can trust a lot 29 20 24 Can trust some 45 46 47 Trust a little 14 22 15 Not at all 9 8 11 Don’t know/Refused 3 4 3 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 2 2 1 14 11 15 15 12 17 Can trust some 27 20 31 39 34 38 39 46 39 Trust a little 38 39 32 31 38 28 27 27 28 Not at all 34 38 35 16 14 18 19 15 16 Don’t know/Refused * 1 * * 2 * * * * 101 100 99 100 99 99 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 9 10 8 4 5 - 13 14 15 Can trust some 46 43 42 40 35 - 45 49 42 Trust a little 36 39 33 43 39 - 27 27 25 Not at all 9 8 17 14 21 - 14 10 18 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * * - 1 1 0 100 100 100 101 100 - 100 101 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 25 24 16 15 18 11 5 6 10 Can trust some 53 61 62 58 59 56 63 61 63 Trust a little 17 12 16 23 19 27 28 31 25 Not at all 4 3 6 4 3 5 3 2 2 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * * 0 1 0 * 99 100 100 100 99 99 100 100 100

184 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q30. I’m going to read a list of institutions and people. For each one, please tell me whether you feel that you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all. First, how about (insert item), do you feel you can trust them a lot, trust them some, trust them only a little, or not trust them at all? How about (insert next item), would you say you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all? c. your city or local government

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Can trust a lot 9 7 10 Can trust some 49 45 50 Trust a little 24 35 19 Not at all 15 9 16 Don’t know/Refused 3 4 5 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 2 * 2 7 5 8 6 6 8 Can trust some 12 9 15 35 31 34 21 22 22 Trust a little 29 35 22 39 43 34 32 37 32 Not at all 57 55 61 18 18 23 41 34 38 Don’t know/Refused * * * 1 3 1 * 1 0 100 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 7 6 8 1 1 - 6 6 10 Can trust some 29 32 29 20 15 - 33 31 36 Trust a little 45 44 39 47 44 - 32 32 28 Not at all 18 17 23 32 39 - 27 28 23 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 1 1 - 2 2 2 100 100 100 101 100 - 100 99 99

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 23 14 16 12 12 11 * 2 3 Can trust some 43 55 46 46 46 46 24 25 25 Trust a little 24 24 26 31 34 30 46 57 59 Not at all 10 7 11 10 7 12 27 15 11 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 1 * 1 3 1 2 100 100 99 100 99 100 100 100 100

185 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q30. I’m going to read a list of institutions and people. For each one, please tell me whether you feel that you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all. First, how about (insert item), do you feel you can trust them a lot, trust them some, trust them only a little, or not trust them at all? How about (insert next item), would you say you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all? d. the media

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Can trust a lot 5 2 5 Can trust some 38 34 43 Trust a little 32 38 27 Not at all 23 24 22 Don’t know/Refused 2 2 3 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 2 * 2 4 4 4 18 17 17 Can trust some 17 13 18 29 29 34 26 25 30 Trust a little 36 34 35 45 48 44 30 31 30 Not at all 44 53 44 21 17 16 26 26 23 Don’t know/Refused * 1 1 1 2 1 * 1 * 99 101 100 100 100 99 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 13 13 9 4 2 - 11 8 16 Can trust some 50 51 43 27 18 - 32 29 29 Trust a little 29 30 34 48 46 - 34 33 36 Not at all 7 5 12 20 32 - 21 27 17 Don’t know/Refused 2 1 1 1 1 - 2 3 2 101 100 99 100 99 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 17 15 15 14 13 16 1 2 1 Can trust some 47 38 44 47 51 47 22 23 24 Trust a little 26 37 24 29 29 30 44 55 53 Not at all 9 9 15 8 6 8 31 19 20 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 2 1 1 * 2 2 2 100 100 100 99 100 101 100 101 100

186 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q30. I’m going to read a list of institutions and people. For each one, please tell me whether you feel that you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all. First, how about (insert item), do you feel you can trust them a lot, trust them some, trust them only a little, or not trust them at all? How about (insert next item), would you say you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all? e. our national government

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Can trust a lot 5 9 7 Can trust some 45 46 42 Trust a little 28 34 27 Not at all 19 11 20 Don’t know/Refused 3 * 4 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 3 1 3 11 10 12 4 5 6 Can trust some 12 13 16 37 39 36 17 20 19 Trust a little 28 30 24 34 34 33 30 33 29 Not at all 56 56 57 17 14 18 49 42 46 Don’t know/Refused * * 0 2 3 1 1 1 * 99 100 100 101 100 100 101 101 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 11 12 11 1 2 - 13 9 18 Can trust some 34 35 35 14 13 - 35 34 36 Trust a little 35 39 33 41 38 - 27 27 24 Not at all 19 14 21 44 46 - 23 25 21 Don’t know/Refused 0 * * * 1 - 2 4 1 99 100 100 100 100 - 100 99 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 34 29 23 11 11 11 * 1 3 Can trust some 39 35 40 40 44 41 19 21 20 Trust a little 18 29 28 33 37 31 35 46 52 Not at all 7 7 9 15 8 16 43 31 24 Don’t know/Refused 2 0 0 1 * 1 2 2 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 101 100

187 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q30. I’m going to read a list of institutions and people. For each one, please tell me whether you feel that you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all. First, how about (insert item), do you feel you can trust them a lot, trust them some, trust them only a little, or not trust them at all? How about (insert next item), would you say you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all? f. the military

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Can trust a lot 35 37 34 Can trust some 38 40 40 Trust a little 18 14 16 Not at all 5 4 7 Don’t know/Refused 4 5 3 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 5 1 5 12 8 8 5 7 7 Can trust some 18 19 19 30 29 29 21 20 23 Trust a little 32 30 30 35 37 36 29 36 27 Not at all 44 49 46 22 21 24 44 36 42 Don’t know/Refused * 1 0 2 5 2 * 1 1 99 100 100 101 100 99 99 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 22 18 17 1 5 - 13 10 16 Can trust some 43 43 38 20 11 - 35 35 35 Trust a little 20 25 26 39 37 - 26 29 24 Not at all 12 10 18 36 43 - 21 19 20 Don’t know/Refused 3 3 2 4 4 - 5 7 5 100 99 101 100 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 58 37 44 12 9 13 2 5 5 Can trust some 23 35 36 46 49 47 35 34 39 Trust a little 12 19 10 29 33 29 45 43 44 Not at all 6 8 9 12 8 11 16 17 10 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 1 * 1 2 1 2 100 100 100 100 99 101 100 100 100

188 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q30. I’m going to read a list of institutions and people. For each one, please tell me whether you feel that you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all. First, how about (insert item), do you feel you can trust them a lot, trust them some, trust them only a little, or not trust them at all? How about (insert next item), would you say you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all? g. people from other religions

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Can trust a lot 23 22 22 Can trust some 54 54 56 Trust a little 13 18 12 Not at all 5 5 6 Don’t know/Refused 6 1 4 101 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 3 3 2 10 11 10 12 11 13 Can trust some 34 32 35 37 42 37 41 47 43 Trust a little 37 39 33 29 33 34 23 24 20 Not at all 24 26 27 17 10 16 24 17 23 Don’t know/Refused 3 * 3 7 4 3 * * 1 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 99 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 8 9 10 4 7 - 16 19 20 Can trust some 45 51 43 31 33 - 46 45 45 Trust a little 29 30 20 42 36 - 24 25 24 Not at all 17 10 26 20 22 - 10 10 9 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 1 3 2 - 4 1 2 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Can trust a lot 26 17 19 13 15 16 1 3 4 Can trust some 50 50 52 52 55 52 33 28 35 Trust a little 17 24 22 24 25 20 42 46 43 Not at all 5 8 5 9 5 11 14 19 15 Don’t know/Refused 2 2 2 2 * 1 10 4 5 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 102

189 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q30. I’m going to read a list of institutions and people. For each one, please tell me whether you feel that you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all. First, how about (insert item), do you feel you can trust them a lot, trust them some, trust them only a little, or not trust them at all? How about (insert next item), would you say you can trust them a lot, some, only a little, or not at all? h. people at your church or place of worship

UNITED STATES All† Pentecostals Charismatics Can trust a lot 51 57 44 Can trust some 34 34 39 Trust a little 8 4 9 Not at all 2 1 3 Don’t know/Refused 5 3 5 100 99 100 (n=619)

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Can trust a lot 13 23 7 32 54 42 40 48 41 Can trust some 43 45 42 41 37 43 39 38 39 Trust a little 27 22 29 17 8 10 12 9 12 Not at all 13 9 17 5 2 3 8 5 7 Don’t know/Refused 4 1 5 6 * 2 1 0 * 100 100 100 101 101 100 100 100 99 (643) (510) (854)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Can trust a lot 36 36 37 23 26 - 41 46 47 Can trust some 49 51 43 46 43 - 43 42 44 Trust a little 11 9 13 22 20 - 11 9 7 Not at all 2 2 6 7 11 - 3 1 2 Don’t know/Refused 3 2 1 2 1 - 2 2 0 101 100 100 100 101 - 100 100 100 (642) (649) (720)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Can trust a lot 34 60 49 35 51 34 16 31 32 Can trust some 50 33 41 50 43 52 58 54 52 Trust a little 12 4 10 12 5 11 21 12 14 Not at all 3 3 0 2 1 3 3 2 1 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 1 1 0 * 2 1 1 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 (725) (995) (346)

†Based on respondents who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion (Q3).

190 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q31. How often, if ever, do you discuss politics with your family or friends – never, once or twice a month, once or twice a week, three or four times a week, or every day?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Never 22 30 24 Once or twice a month 36 34 36 Once or twice a week 20 20 21 Three or four times a week 11 5 8 Every day 9 10 8 Don’t know/Refused 2 0 4 100 99 101

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Never 46 56 43 50 66 49 55 58 54 Once or twice a month 26 23 30 25 20 27 28 26 27 Once or twice a week 10 11 9 11 8 12 10 8 11 Three or four times a week 5 4 6 10 5 10 6 7 6 Every day 8 6 7 3 * 2 2 2 2 Don’t know/Refused 4 2 5 1 1 1 * 1 0 99 102 100 100 100 101 101 102 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Never 21 27 20 25 25 - 37 38 31 Once or twice a month 24 30 19 27 33 - 30 37 30 Once or twice a week 22 23 28 14 18 - 15 10 13 Three or four times a week 15 10 15 15 11 - 9 7 13 Every day 15 8 16 16 10 - 6 5 8 Don’t know/Refused 4 2 2 2 4 - 3 4 5 101 100 100 99 101 - 100 101 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Never 42 47 50 31 25 27 34 41 26 Once or twice a month 31 38 36 41 51 42 43 44 53 Once or twice a week 14 9 9 15 14 17 17 10 13 Three or four times a week 7 5 2 8 6 9 4 3 5 Every day 6 1 3 5 3 4 2 1 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * 1 0 1 2 2 100 100 100 100 100 99 101 101 100

191 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q32. Here is a list of things that you can and cannot do in some countries. How important is it to you to live in a country where (insert item)? Is it very important, somewhat important, not too important or not important at all? a. you can openly say what you think and can criticize the government

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very important 82 66 72 Somewhat important 11 23 19 Not too important 4 6 4 Not at all important 2 3 1 Don’t know/Refused 1 2 4 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 74 69 77 65 61 53 68 62 71 Somewhat important 15 21 12 25 29 36 26 30 22 Not too important 8 7 8 6 4 7 3 4 3 Not at all important 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 Don’t know/Refused * * * 2 3 2 1 1 1 100 100 99 101 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 72 71 75 66 71 - 51 53 49 Somewhat important 17 17 16 25 22 - 30 27 33 Not too important 7 7 7 5 6 - 11 13 14 Not at all important 3 5 2 2 * - 6 5 3 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 1 2 * - 3 2 1 100 100 101 100 99 - 101 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 54 69 70 55 60 55 40 47 34 Somewhat important 30 18 19 31 26 33 56 49 57 Not too important 8 5 3 10 11 10 3 4 6 Not at all important 5 3 2 3 3 2 1 0 2 Don’t know/Refused 2 5 6 1 0 0 * 0 1 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

192 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q32. Here is a list of things that you can and cannot do in some countries. How important is it to you to live in a country where (insert item)? Is it very important, somewhat important, not too important or not important at all? b. honest elections are held regularly with a choice of at least two political parties

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very important 82 88 77 Somewhat important 10 11 15 Not too important 2 1 3 Not at all important 3 0 3 Don’t know/Refused 2 1 2 99 101 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 66 66 68 59 56 50 60 58 63 Somewhat important 19 24 18 28 33 36 31 34 29 Not too important 10 6 10 7 5 5 4 5 4 Not at all important 4 3 4 4 2 5 4 2 3 Don’t know/Refused 0 1 * 4 4 4 1 1 1 99 100 100 102 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 79 78 80 64 67 - 50 57 52 Somewhat important 14 14 16 25 22 - 29 27 29 Not too important 4 4 1 7 10 - 9 9 11 Not at all important 2 2 2 2 * - 6 5 3 Don’t know/Refused 1 2 1 2 1 - 6 2 5 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 57 62 69 57 72 57 31 37 29 Somewhat important 26 23 18 30 21 27 57 50 57 Not too important 8 5 4 10 6 11 11 12 11 Not at all important 5 3 3 3 1 4 1 1 1 Don’t know/Refused 4 6 6 * 0 * 1 0 2 100 99 100 100 100 99 101 100 100

193 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q32. Here is a list of things that you can and cannot do in some countries. How important is it to you to live in a country where (insert item)? Is it very important, somewhat important, not too important or not important at all? c. there is a judicial system that treats everyone in the same way

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very important 87 80 84 Somewhat important 8 12 11 Not too important 1 3 2 Not at all important 2 5 2 Don’t know/Refused 2 0 2 100 100 101

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 84 86 81 69 67 59 65 58 68 Somewhat important 11 10 12 18 21 24 27 33 24 Not too important 3 3 3 7 5 8 4 4 5 Not at all important 2 1 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 1 3 4 5 1 1 1 101 100 100 100 99 100 100 99 101

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 86 84 89 79 81 - 65 67 65 Somewhat important 9 10 8 18 17 - 21 20 25 Not too important 2 2 2 2 3 - 7 9 7 Not at all important 2 3 1 * 0 - 4 2 1 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 * 1 * - 3 2 2 100 100 100 100 101 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 61 66 78 71 85 66 39 47 41 Somewhat important 24 24 17 21 12 25 53 45 51 Not too important 7 5 3 5 3 7 7 8 5 Not at all important 5 3 1 2 0 2 * 0 1 Don’t know/Refused 2 3 2 1 0 0 1 0 2 99 101 101 100 100 100 100 100 100

194 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q32. Here is a list of things that you can and cannot do in some countries. How important is it to you to live in a country where (insert item)? Is it very important, somewhat important, not too important or not important at all? d. you can practice your religion freely

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very important 91 96 89 Somewhat important 7 3 9 Not too important 1 0 1 Not at all important 1 0 1 Don’t know/Refused * 1 1 100 100 101

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 84 87 84 75 83 73 73 70 76 Somewhat important 12 12 13 19 15 22 23 27 21 Not too important 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 Not at all important 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 * * Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 2 1 2 1 1 * 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 87 87 92 90 89 - 75 84 81 Somewhat important 10 11 8 9 11 - 20 14 17 Not too important 2 1 * 1 0 - 3 1 1 Not at all important * * 0 0 0 - 1 * 1 Don’t know/Refused 1 * 0 * 0 - 2 * 1 100 99 100 100 100 - 101 99 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 73 75 84 71 81 72 42 64 56 Somewhat important 19 21 14 24 18 23 49 29 38 Not too important 5 2 0 3 1 4 8 6 4 Not at all important 2 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 2 1 0 * * 1 1 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 100

195 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q32. Here is a list of things that you can and cannot do in some countries. How important is it to you to live in a country where (insert item)? Is it very important, somewhat important, not too important or not important at all? e. there is freedom of religion for religions other than your own

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very important 85 82 78 Somewhat important 10 14 15 Not too important 2 2 2 Not at all important 2 1 3 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 2 100 99 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 79 77 82 72 74 69 69 64 69 Somewhat important 16 17 17 21 21 25 26 32 26 Not too important 3 5 1 3 3 4 3 2 4 Not at all important 1 1 * 2 1 1 1 1 1 Don’t know/Refused 1 * * 2 1 1 1 1 * 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 75 75 81 69 67 - 62 70 64 Somewhat important 18 19 17 22 27 - 27 22 26 Not too important 4 5 1 7 5 - 4 4 5 Not at all important 3 1 1 1 * - 4 2 4 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 1 1 - 4 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 - 101 99 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very important 43 54 43 52 68 51 34 39 30 Somewhat important 23 23 26 35 27 36 53 50 54 Not too important 13 10 11 8 4 9 10 10 13 Not at all important 14 7 11 3 1 3 1 1 1 Don’t know/Refused 7 6 9 2 * 1 2 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 99

196 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q33. Here is a list of things that may or may not be problems in our country. As I read each one, please tell me if you think it is a very big problem, a moderately big problem, a small problem, or not a problem at all. a. Conflict between religious groups

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very big problem 34 33 39 Moderately big problem 32 44 31 Small problem 20 16 16 Not a problem at all 10 5 8 Don’t know/Refused 3 2 6 99 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very big problem 61 66 61 25 30 37 57 57 58 Moderately big problem 18 16 15 22 20 25 16 18 15 Small problem 12 9 10 20 25 15 12 9 13 Not a problem at all 8 9 13 30 21 20 14 15 13 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 2 100 101 100 100 99 100 100 100 101

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very big problem 56 57 56 81 89 - 39 46 43 Moderately big problem 14 15 15 17 9 - 25 23 24 Small problem 20 20 14 2 1 - 19 19 19 Not a problem at all 10 7 14 * * - 14 11 14 Don’t know/Refused * 1 1 * 0 - 3 2 1 100 100 100 100 99 - 100 101 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very big problem 84 85 92 37 46 41 16 21 30 Moderately big problem 9 11 4 33 31 32 31 35 39 Small problem 5 3 4 19 14 19 32 30 19 Not a problem at all 2 2 0 9 9 8 16 13 11 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 0 * 5 1 1 100 101 100 99 100 100 100 100 100

197 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q33. Here is a list of things that may or may not be problems in our country. As I read each one, please tell me if you think it is a very big problem, a moderately big problem, a small problem, or not a problem at all. b. Corrupt political leaders

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very big problem 55 56 55 Moderately big problem 32 32 29 Small problem 8 10 7 Not a problem at all 3 2 3 Don’t know/Refused 2 0 6 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very big problem 94 92 94 54 50 60 86 84 85 Moderately big problem 4 7 4 25 28 22 8 10 9 Small problem 1 1 1 9 11 6 3 2 2 Not a problem at all * * 2 8 5 7 2 3 2 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 5 6 6 1 1 1 99 100 101 101 100 101 100 100 99

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very big problem 88 87 90 88 92 - 78 85 75 Moderately big problem 10 11 8 10 7 - 16 13 21 Small problem 2 1 2 2 1 - 3 1 2 Not a problem at all * 0 0 0 0 - 1 * 2 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 * 0 - 2 1 1 100 99 100 100 100 - 100 100 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very big problem 90 86 90 90 96 89 62 53 59 Moderately big problem 7 13 8 7 2 7 34 40 36 Small problem 2 1 2 2 * 2 2 5 3 Not a problem at all * 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 2 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * 0 * 1 2 1 99 100 100 100 99 100 100 101 101

198 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q33. Here is a list of things that may or may not be problems in our country. As I read each one, please tell me if you think it is a very big problem, a moderately big problem, a small problem, or not a problem at all. c. Moral decline

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Very big problem 49 62 58 Moderately big problem 32 22 27 Small problem 9 11 5 Not a problem at all 4 1 2 Don’t know/Refused 6 4 8 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very big problem 79 83 77 42 54 57 83 83 81 Moderately big problem 15 14 15 29 30 27 10 12 12 Small problem 4 1 5 14 8 8 4 2 4 Not a problem at all 1 1 2 10 3 5 2 2 3 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 5 5 4 1 2 1 100 100 100 100 100 101 100 101 101

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very big problem 73 74 77 68 81 - 53 71 57 Moderately big problem 21 20 21 23 13 - 29 19 28 Small problem 5 5 2 6 4 - 9 6 10 Not a problem at all 1 * 0 0 * - 3 0 2 Don’t know/Refused * * 1 2 2 - 5 3 3 100 99 101 99 100 - 99 99 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Very big problem 89 85 92 70 90 71 49 50 52 Moderately big problem 9 13 7 23 8 20 45 46 42 Small problem 1 2 1 5 1 6 5 3 4 Not a problem at all 1 * 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 100 100

199 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q34. Some people say to solve our country’s problems we should have a government that allows greater political participation by ordinary people and limits the power of individual political leaders. Others say to solve our country’s problems we should have a leader with a strong hand even if there is little participation by ordinary people. Which comes closer to your opinion?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Participatory government 67 54 56 Strong leader 24 34 32 Don’t know/Refused 9 12 11 100 100 99

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Participatory government 69 71 75 72 64 72 47 52 45 Strong leader 29 25 23 22 23 21 48 44 51 Don’t know/Refused 2 4 2 6 13 7 5 4 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Participatory government 75 77 72 51 55 - 45 51 50 Strong leader 24 21 27 45 40 - 46 42 41 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 4 5 - 9 8 9 100 99 100 100 100 - 100 101 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Participatory government 47 62 54 46 50 42 56 66 60 Strong leader 50 36 42 52 49 56 41 28 36 Don’t know/Refused 3 2 4 2 1 2 3 6 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

200 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q35. In your opinion, should religious groups keep out of political matters – or should they express their views on day-to-day social and political questions?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Should keep out 35 14 23 Should express views 61 79 71 Don’t know/Refused 5 7 6 101 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Should keep out 39 33 35 37 30 34 27 25 24 Should express views 57 65 61 59 65 61 70 72 73 Don’t know/Refused 4 3 4 4 5 5 3 3 3 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Should keep out 16 15 13 22 16 - 31 25 26 Should express views 83 84 87 75 79 - 63 70 70 Don’t know/Refused 1 * * 3 6 - 7 5 4 100 99 100 100 101 - 101 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Should keep out 54 46 42 38 36 37 58 43 38 Should express views 42 48 52 61 63 63 36 50 56 Don’t know/Refused 4 6 6 1 1 * 6 7 6 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

201 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q36. Please tell me whether you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree with the following statements. (Read list) a. Most people are better off in a free market economy, even though some people are rich and some are poor

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 34 32 27 Mostly agree 41 28 40 Mostly disagree 11 22 13 Completely disagree 7 8 8 Don’t know/Refused 8 12 13 101 102 101

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 37 35 35 17 14 10 32 28 37 Mostly agree 35 43 38 35 33 36 40 46 36 Mostly disagree 13 11 13 19 21 21 9 12 11 Completely disagree 11 8 11 16 11 19 15 10 12 Don’t know/Refused 4 4 3 13 21 14 4 4 3 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 99

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 48 49 47 53 52 - 26 31 32 Mostly agree 39 34 40 35 37 - 48 43 52 Mostly disagree 7 11 5 3 4 - 10 10 6 Completely disagree 3 4 4 2 2 - 5 7 4 Don’t know/Refused 3 2 4 7 5 - 11 10 7 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 101 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 50 39 55 44 39 43 14 11 17 Mostly agree 29 33 33 42 44 42 72 77 69 Mostly disagree 11 10 2 7 8 7 11 8 11 Completely disagree 6 9 3 5 5 6 1 2 * Don’t know/Refused 4 10 6 2 4 2 2 2 4 100 101 99 100 100 100 100 100 101

202 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q36. Please tell me whether you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree with the following statements. (Read list) b. The government should guarantee every citizen enough to eat and a place to sleep

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 41 50 52 Mostly agree 29 27 27 Mostly disagree 19 14 11 Completely disagree 8 7 6 Don’t know/Refused 2 2 4 99 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 75 81 72 53 62 51 62 59 64 Mostly agree 18 14 21 34 28 35 30 33 26 Mostly disagree 4 3 4 10 4 8 6 6 8 Completely disagree 2 2 3 2 * 3 2 2 2 Don’t know/Refused * 1 * 1 5 3 1 * * 99 101 100 100 99 100 101 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 65 64 58 74 78 - 52 57 53 Mostly agree 18 16 28 20 18 - 33 31 36 Mostly disagree 12 15 9 3 3 - 10 8 7 Completely disagree 5 5 4 2 1 - 4 4 3 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 * * - 1 1 1 100 100 99 99 100 - 100 101 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 63 52 70 76 82 79 16 22 19 Mostly agree 22 26 22 18 15 14 61 65 60 Mostly disagree 9 13 1 4 3 5 20 10 16 Completely disagree 5 8 5 1 * 1 2 2 4 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 2 * 0 0 1 1 1 100 100 100 99 100 99 100 100 100

203 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q36. Please tell me whether you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree or completely disagree with the following statements. (Read list) c. The government should not interfere with a woman’s ability to have an abortion

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 40 27 33 Mostly agree 24 14 20 Mostly disagree 12 24 18 Completely disagree 20 30 22 Don’t know/Refused 5 5 8 101 100 101

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 35 30 35 22 10 21 31 32 35 Mostly agree 13 11 16 24 18 22 27 29 23 Mostly disagree 15 13 15 23 21 16 11 11 10 Completely disagree 34 43 32 25 39 30 28 26 30 Don’t know/Refused 3 3 2 6 12 10 2 2 1 100 100 100 100 100 99 99 100 99

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 14 15 13 20 25 - 21 18 20 Mostly agree 4 4 5 10 12 - 25 29 27 Mostly disagree 12 12 13 18 13 - 19 16 19 Completely disagree 69 67 69 46 45 - 28 30 29 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 * 7 5 - 7 7 6 100 99 100 101 100 - 100 100 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 24 28 20 12 11 12 6 4 7 Mostly agree 22 25 27 13 10 9 56 37 45 Mostly disagree 18 18 17 18 18 21 31 47 34 Completely disagree 33 25 33 56 59 58 3 8 9 Don’t know/Refused 3 3 3 * 1 1 5 5 5 100 99 100 99 99 101 101 101 100

204 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006)

Q37. How do you feel about this statement: It’s important to me that political leaders have strong (INSERT RESPONDENT’S RELIGION FROM Q3 [Christian, Muslim, etc.]; IF RESPONDENT IS NOT RELIGIOUS, INSERT “religious”) beliefs. Do you completely agree, mostly agree, mostly disagree, or completely disagree?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Completely agree 31 57 39 Mostly agree 32 30 40 Mostly disagree 18 5 12 Completely disagree 17 6 6 Don’t know/Refused 3 2 3 101 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 29 42 26 20 32 21 47 52 51 Mostly agree 28 31 30 32 43 41 32 35 30 Mostly disagree 14 11 16 16 10 18 8 7 7 Completely disagree 21 9 23 24 8 13 10 4 9 Don’t know/Refused 7 7 5 8 7 7 3 2 3 99 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 38 42 43 36 34 - 26 38 35 Mostly agree 38 38 35 39 35 - 34 36 36 Mostly disagree 14 12 13 15 16 - 16 10 10 Completely disagree 9 8 9 5 9 - 12 8 9 Don’t know/Refused 1 2 * 6 7 - 12 8 10 100 102 100 101 101 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Completely agree 21 24 27 36 41 40 5 24 24 Mostly agree 23 46 43 44 43 44 32 55 55 Mostly disagree 23 9 6 12 9 9 40 17 14 Completely disagree 28 13 12 7 6 6 13 0 1 Don’t know/Refused 5 8 11 2 1 1 10 4 6 100 100 99 101 100 100 100 100 100

205 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006)

Q38. Which comes closer to your view? The government should take special steps to make our country a [INSERT RELIGION FROM Q3 - CHRISTIAN/MUSLIM/ETC.] country, OR there should be a separation between [INSERT CHURCH/MOSQUE AS APPROPRIATE] and government?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Government should make our country a Christian country 25 52 34 Should be a separation of church and state 60 36 51 Don’t know/Refused 15 12 15 101 100 100 (N=594) Note: In the US, respondents were asked the following question: Which comes closer to your view? The government should take special steps to make our country a Christian country, OR there should be a separation between church and state?

For the purposes of comparison, US results are based on those who identified themselves as Christian in Q3.

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Government should make our country a [INSERT RELIGION] country 19 32 18 23 23 25 39 46 44 Should be a separation of church and government 62 50 65 61 62 64 55 50 51 Don’t know/Refused 19 18 17 17 15 11 6 4 5 100 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 (643) (510) (854)

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Government should make our country a [INSERT RELIGION] country 44 48 47 46 58 - 43 45 48 Should be a separation of church and government 55 50 53 45 35 - 41 37 36 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 9 7 - 17 18 16 100 99 101 100 100 - 101 100 100 (642) (649) (720)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All† Pent Char All† Pent Char All† Pent Char Government should make our country a [INSERT RELIGION] country 21 31 38 38 46 43 12 34 32 Should be a separation of church and government 65 53 47 59 52 56 74 49 50 Don’t know/Refused 14 16 15 3 2 2 14 17 18 100 100 100 100 100 101 100 100 100 (725) (995) (346)

*Based on respondents who identified themselves as belonging to a particular religion (Q3).

206 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q39. Turning now to events in the world today, in the dispute between Israel and the Palestinians, which side do you sympathize with more, Israel or the Palestinians?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Israel 41 60 37 Palestinians 10 7 10 Both (vol.) 6 5 4 Neither (vol.) 17 6 20 Don’t know/Refused 26 22 29 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Israel 20 37 19 16 28 17 30 41 29 Palestinians 11 4 13 9 4 12 3 2 3 Both (vol.) 10 14 7 15 13 12 3 3 3 Neither (vol.) 43 32 47 41 39 42 57 44 55 Don’t know/Refused 16 12 15 19 16 17 9 10 10 100 99 101 100 100 100 102 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Israel 42 43 51 29 46 - 19 31 23 Palestinians 16 14 12 29 7 - 16 11 12 Both (vol.) 22 25 19 12 13 - 18 17 15 Neither (vol.) 12 10 10 8 12 - 25 18 26 Don’t know/Refused 8 8 8 22 22 - 23 22 24 100 100 100 100 100 - 101 99 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Israel 25 49 51 55 67 57 23 31 38 Palestinians 20 4 9 5 2 4 12 6 8 Both (vol.) 14 14 13 4 3 5 16 27 25 Neither (vol.) 17 16 12 13 10 11 30 19 17 Don’t know/Refused 24 16 15 23 17 23 19 17 12 100 99 100 100 99 100 100 100 100

207 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q40. Which of the following phrases comes closer to describing your view? I favor the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism, OR I oppose the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism.

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics I favor the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism 69 72 68 I oppose the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism 19 19 21 Don’t know/Refused 12 10 11 100 101 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char I favor the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism 40 37 42 33 28 27 36 34 35 I oppose the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism 50 50 44 54 52 58 48 49 49 Don’t know/Refused 10 13 14 13 20 14 16 17 16 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 101 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char I favor the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism 55 50 62 44 71 - 28 32 26 I oppose the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism 35 38 29 35 7 - 40 36 40 Don’t know/Refused 10 13 10 21 22 - 32 32 34 100 101 101 100 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char I favor the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism 53 53 66 72 76 72 13 16 10 I oppose the U.S.-led efforts to fight terrorism 36 18 20 21 19 23 80 71 83 Don’t know/Refused 11 29 14 6 5 6 7 13 7 100 100 100 99 100 101 100 100 100

208 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q41. Some people talk about politics in terms of left, center and right. On a ten point scale, with one indicating extreme left and ten indicating extreme right, where would you place yourself?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics 1-3 12 7 11 4-7 54 47 51 8-10 17 14 14 Don’t know/Refused 17 32 24 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char 1-3 16 12 14 18 13 14 9 8 9 4-7 61 58 65 49 43 47 41 39 43 8-10 14 14 15 7 3 10 11 12 8 Don’t know/Refused 9 16 5 27 43 29 40 43 40 100 100 99 101 102 100 101 102 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char 1-3 22 27 22 32 23 - 13 17 12 4-7 59 55 53 40 50 - 55 54 54 8-10 15 13 21 24 21 - 20 12 25 Don’t know/Refused 5 5 6 4 7 - 14 19 10 101 100 102 100 101 - 102 102 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char 1-3 40 21 29 7 7 10 19 11 16 4-7 38 40 42 67 75 67 61 73 68 8-10 13 7 9 18 13 15 18 14 15 Don’t know/Refused 11 32 19 8 5 8 2 3 1 102 100 99 100 100 100 100 101 100

209 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? a. social welfare services for elderly, handicapped or deprived people

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, belong 22 21 26 No, do not belong 77 78 73 Don’t know/Refused * 1 1 99 100 100

Note: In the US, respondents were asked the following question: Which of the following voluntary organizations and activities, if any, do you belong to or participate in?

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 10 12 7 10 12 13 6 7 8 No, do not belong 89 87 91 87 84 86 94 93 92 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 2 3 4 2 * 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 101 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 13 13 17 12 14 - 9 13 10 No, do not belong 87 87 83 86 86 - 90 87 89 Don’t know/Refused * * 0 2 * - 2 0 1 100 100 100 100 100 - 101 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 13 17 20 13 17 19 10 18 23 No, do not belong 87 83 80 86 84 81 89 82 77 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 0 * 1 1 * 100 100 100 100 101 100 100 101 100

210 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? b. education, arts, music or cultural activities

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, belong 38 38 31 No, do not belong 62 60 68 Don’t know/Refused * 2 * 100 100 99

Note: In the US, respondents were asked the following question: Which of the following voluntary organizations and activities, if any, do you belong to or participate in?

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 10 10 8 12 9 11 10 15 10 No, do not belong 88 89 90 85 88 87 90 85 90 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 2 4 3 2 * 0 0 99 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 16 24 11 25 30 - 12 15 15 No, do not belong 84 76 89 74 70 - 86 84 84 Don’t know/Refused * * * 1 * - 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 - 99 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 14 15 14 17 33 21 5 13 12 No, do not belong 86 85 86 82 67 78 94 86 87 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 0 * 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100

211 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? c. labor unions

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, belong 11 11 12 No, do not belong 89 88 86 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 2 101 100 100

Note: In the US, respondents were asked the following question: Which of the following voluntary organizations and activities, if any, do you belong to or participate in?

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 4 4 4 3 2 1 2 1 2 No, do not belong 95 95 94 93 94 96 98 99 98 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 2 4 4 2 * * 0 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 7 12 5 8 11 - 7 7 9 No, do not belong 92 88 94 91 89 - 92 92 89 Don’t know/Refused * * * 1 0 - 1 1 2 99 100 99 100 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 4 2 2 4 3 4 2 2 1 No, do not belong 96 99 98 95 96 95 98 97 99 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 * * 1 1 1 100 101 100 100 99 99 101 100 101

212 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? d. political organizations or parties

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, belong 19 13 20 No, do not belong 80 85 79 Don’t know/Refused 1 2 1 100 100 100

Note: In the US, respondents were asked the following question: Which of the following voluntary organizations and activities, if any, do you belong to or participate in?

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 2 2 1 2 * 1 2 1 1 No, do not belong 96 97 97 95 96 96 98 99 99 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 2 4 4 3 * 0 0 99 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 12 10 6 14 11 - 12 9 19 No, do not belong 88 90 94 85 88 - 87 90 80 Don’t know/Refused * * * 2 1 - 1 1 1 100 100 100 101 100 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 4 1 4 6 10 7 1 2 2 No, do not belong 96 99 96 93 91 92 98 97 97 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 0 * 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 101 99 100 100 100

213 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? e. local community action on issues like poverty, employment, housing, racial equality or human rights

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, belong 19 20 20 No, do not belong 81 79 79 Don’t know/Refused * 1 1 100 100 100

Note: In the US, respondents were asked the following question: Which of the following voluntary organizations and activities, if any, do you belong to or participate in?

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 11 13 8 7 5 8 7 6 8 No, do not belong 88 86 90 90 91 90 93 94 92 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 2 3 4 2 * 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 23 23 18 12 11 - 12 11 11 No, do not belong 77 77 82 87 88 - 87 88 88 Don’t know/Refused * * * 1 * - 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 99 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 6 3 7 10 16 17 1 5 4 No, do not belong 94 97 93 89 84 83 98 94 95 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 0 * 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

214 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? f. women’s groups

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, belong 11 15 16 No, do not belong 89 84 82 Don’t know/Refused * 1 1 100 100 99

Note: In the US, respondents were asked the following question: Which of the following voluntary organizations and activities, if any, do you belong to or participate in?

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 5 8 4 8 12 13 6 11 7 No, do not belong 94 91 94 88 84 85 95 89 93 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 2 3 4 2 0 0 0 100 100 100 99 100 100 101 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 28 37 32 17 23 - 11 19 14 No, do not belong 72 63 68 81 76 - 88 80 85 Don’t know/Refused * * 0 2 * - 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 99 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 15 4 10 8 14 12 * 1 4 No, do not belong 85 96 90 91 86 87 99 98 95 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 0 * 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100

215 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? g. other groups

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, belong 21 18 21 No, do not belong 78 82 78 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 100 101 100

Note: In the US, respondents were asked the following question: Which of the following voluntary organizations and activities, if any, do you belong to or participate in?

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 1 3 0 9 28 14 10 13 11 No, do not belong 98 96 98 87 69 84 90 87 89 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 2 4 4 2 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 101 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 31 42 28 28 24 - 8 13 13 No, do not belong 69 57 71 71 72 - 89 86 85 Don’t know/Refused * 1 1 1 5 - 3 1 2 100 100 100 100 101 - 100 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, belong 7 6 14 9 17 14 5 12 8 No, do not belong 93 94 86 90 83 86 94 87 91 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 100 100 100 100 101 101 100 100 101

216 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? a. providing social welfare services for elderly, handicapped or deprived people

(IF BELONG TO GROUP THAT PROVIDES SOCIAL WELFARE SERVICES, ETC., ASK) Q43a. And when you participate in providing social welfare services for elderly, handicapped or deprived people, would you say that it’s mostly through a church or religious group, or mostly through some other kind of group?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, participate in activity 22 21 26 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 5 12 10 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 15 7 13 Both equally (vol.) 2 1 2 Don’t know/Refused * 0 1 No, do not belong or participate 77 78 73 Don’t know/refused * 1 1 99 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 10 12 7 10 12 13 6 7 8 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 5 10 4 10 12 13 3 3 5 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 3 1 3 0 0 0 3 3 3 Both equally (vol.) 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * 0 0 * 0 * No, do not belong or participate 89 87 91 87 84 86 94 93 92 Don’t know/refused 1 1 2 3 4 2 * 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 101 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 13 13 17 12 14 - 9 13 10 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 8 8 12 6 10 - 5 6 7 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 4 3 4 3 2 - 3 5 2 Both equally (vol.) 2 1 1 3 2 - 0 0 0 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 0 0 - 1 2 1 No, do not belong or participate 87 87 83 86 86 - 90 87 89 Don’t know/refused * * 0 2 * - 2 0 1 100 100 100 100 100 - 101 100 100

217 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? a. providing social welfare services for elderly, handicapped or deprived people

(IF BELONG TO GROUP THAT PROVIDES SOCIAL WELFARE SERVICES, ETC., ASK) Q43a. And when you participate in providing social welfare services for elderly, handicapped or deprived people, would you say that it’s mostly through a church or religious group, or mostly through some other kind of group? (continued)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 13 17 20 13 17 19 10 18 23 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 3 9 9 6 11 13 5 15 19 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 9 7 10 7 6 6 4 1 3 Both equally (vol.) 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No, do not belong or participate 87 83 80 86 84 81 89 82 77 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 1 0 * 1 1 * 100 100 100 100 101 100 100 101 100

218 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? b. education, arts, music or cultural activities

(IF BELONG TO EDUCATION GROUP, ARTS GROUP, ETC., ASK) Q43b. And when you participate in education, arts, music, or cultural activities, would you say that it’s mostly through a church or religious group, or mostly through some other kind of group?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, participate in activity 38 38 31 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 5 11 9 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 29 24 19 Both equally (vol.) 2 2 2 Don’t know/Refused 1 1 1 No, do not belong or participate 62 60 68 Don’t know/refused * 2 * 100 100 99

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 10 10 8 12 9 11 10 15 10 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 3 9 2 11 9 11 3 7 4 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 6 1 5 0 0 0 7 7 6 Both equally (vol.) 1 * 1 0 0 0 * * * Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 0 0 * * * No, do not belong or participate 88 89 90 85 88 87 90 85 90 Don’t know/refused 1 1 2 4 3 2 * 0 0 99 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 16 24 11 25 30 - 12 15 15 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 7 10 5 8 18 - 5 6 6 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 6 10 5 12 9 - 6 7 8 Both equally (vol.) 3 4 1 4 3 - 1 2 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 * - * 0 0 No, do not belong or participate 84 76 89 74 70 - 86 84 84 Don’t know/refused * * * 1 * - 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 - 99 100 100

219 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? b. education, arts, music or cultural activities

(IF BELONG TO EDUCATION GROUP, ARTS GROUP, ETC., ASK) Q43b. And when you participate in education, arts, music, or cultural activities, would you say that it’s mostly through a church or religious group, or mostly through some other kind of group? (continued)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 14 15 14 17 33 21 5 13 12 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 2 9 6 6 22 9 2 8 9 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 11 5 6 11 9 11 3 5 2 Both equally (vol.) 1 1 2 * 1 1 * 0 1 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No, do not belong or participate 86 85 86 82 67 78 94 86 87 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 1 0 * 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100

220 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? e. local community action on issues like poverty, employment, housing, racial equality or human rights

(IF BELONG TO LOCAL COMMUNITY ACTION GROUP, ASK) Q43c. And when you participate in local community action on issues like poverty, employment, housing, racial equality or human rights, would you say that it’s mostly through a church or religious group, or mostly through some other kind of group?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, participate in activity 19 20 20 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 5 9 10 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 12 9 9 Both equally (vol.) 2 2 1 Don’t know/Refused * 0 * No, do not belong or participate 81 79 79 Don’t know/refused * 1 1 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 11 13 8 7 5 8 7 6 8 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 5 9 3 6 5 8 4 3 4 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 4 2 3 0 0 0 3 3 4 Both equally (vol.) 2 1 1 0 0 0 * 0 * Don’t know/Refused * 0 * 1 0 * 0 0 0 No, do not belong or participate 88 86 90 90 91 90 93 94 92 Don’t know/refused 1 1 2 3 4 2 * 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 23 23 18 12 11 - 12 11 11 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 9 11 8 1 3 - 3 5 3 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 10 8 9 9 7 - 7 5 8 Both equally (vol.) 3 3 1 2 1 - 1 1 * Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * 0 - * 0 0 No, do not belong or participate 77 77 82 87 88 - 87 88 88 Don’t know/refused * * * 1 * - 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 99 - 100 100 100

221 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? e. local community action on issues like poverty, employment, housing, racial equality or human rights

(IF BELONG TO LOCAL COMMUNITY ACTION GROUP, ASK) Q43c. And when you participate in local community action on issues like poverty, employment, housing, racial equality or human rights, would you say that it’s mostly through a church or religious group, or mostly through some other kind of group? (continued)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 6 3 7 10 16 17 1 5 4 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 1 1 2 4 9 7 * 5 3 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 4 2 4 6 6 9 1 1 1 Both equally (vol.) * 0 1 * 1 1 0 0 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No, do not belong or participate 94 97 93 89 84 83 98 94 95 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 1 0 * 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

222 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? f. women’s groups

(IF BELONG TO WOMEN’S GROUPS, ASK) Q43d. And when you participate in women’s groups, would you say that it’s mostly through a church or religious group, or mostly through some other kind of group?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, participate in activity 11 15 16 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 5 11 9 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 5 3 6 Both equally (vol.) * 1 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 No, do not belong or participate 89 84 82 Don’t know/refused * 1 1 100 100 99

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 5 8 4 8 12 13 6 11 7 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 2 8 2 8 12 12 4 10 5 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 2 Both equally (vol.) 1 * 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * * * 0 0 0 No, do not belong or participate 94 91 94 88 84 85 95 89 93 Don’t know/refused 1 1 2 3 4 2 0 0 0 100 100 100 99 100 100 101 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 28 37 32 17 23 - 11 19 14 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 8 14 10 12 18 - 7 14 12 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 17 19 18 3 2 - 3 4 2 Both equally (vol.) 3 5 4 2 3 - 1 2 * Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 0 * - 0 0 0 No, do not belong or participate 72 63 68 81 76 - 88 80 85 Don’t know/refused * * 0 2 * - 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 99 - 100 100 100

223 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? f. women’s groups

(IF BELONG TO WOMEN’S GROUPS, ASK) Q43d. And when you participate in women’s groups, would you say that it’s mostly through a church or religious group, or mostly through some other kind of group? (continued)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 15 4 10 8 14 12 * 1 4 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 1 * 2 4 11 6 0 1 3 Participate mostly through some 12 3 6 4 3 6 * 1 1 other kind of group Both equally (vol.) 1 * 2 * 0 * 0 0 0 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * No, do not belong or participate 85 96 90 91 86 87 99 98 95 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 1 0 * 1 1 1 100 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100

224 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? g. other groups

(IF BELONG TO OTHER GROUPS, ASK) Q43e. And when you participate in other groups, would you say that it’s mostly through a church or religious group, or mostly through some other kind of group?

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Yes, participate in activity 21 18 21 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 4 6 5 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 16 10 15 Both equally (vol.) 1 2 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 No, do not belong or participate 78 82 78 Don’t know/refused 1 1 1 100 101 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 1 3 0 9 28 14 10 13 11 Participate mostly through a church or religious group * 3 0 9 27 13 5 9 7 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 4 Both equally (vol.) * * 0 0 0 0 * * * Don’t know/Refused * * 0 * * 1 * * 0 No, do not belong or participate 98 96 98 87 69 84 90 87 89 Don’t know/refused 1 1 2 4 4 2 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 101 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 31 42 28 28 24 - 8 13 13 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 14 24 14 10 12 - 3 6 7 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 12 14 9 15 9 - 4 6 5 Both equally (vol.) 5 4 5 3 2 - 1 1 1 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 * * - * 0 * No, do not belong or participate 69 57 71 71 72 - 89 86 85 Don’t know/refused * 1 1 1 5 - 3 1 2 100 100 100 100 101 - 100 100 100

225 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q42. Please look carefully at the following list of voluntary organizations and activities and say which, if any, do you belong to or participate in? g. other groups

(IF BELONG TO GROUP THAT PROVIDES SOCIAL WELFARE SERVICES, ETC., ASK) Q43e. And when you participate in other groups, would you say that it’s mostly through a church or religious group, or mostly through some other kind of group? (continued)

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Yes, participate in activity 7 6 14 9 17 14 5 12 8 Participate mostly through a church or religious group 2 2 4 5 11 7 3 9 6 Participate mostly through some other kind of group 5 4 9 5 5 6 2 2 1 Both equally (vol.) * * 1 * 1 1 0 0 0 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 * No, do not belong or participate 93 94 86 90 83 86 94 87 91 Don’t know/refused 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 100 100 100 100 101 101 100 100 101

226 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q44. How often do you (insert item) through a church or religious organization … frequently, sometimes, hardly ever or never? And how often do you (insert next item)? a. receive food or housing assistance, health care, or other social services

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Frequently 3 8 4 Sometimes 6 13 11 Hardly ever 7 9 11 Never 84 70 73 Don’t know/Refused * * 1 100 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Frequently 2 5 2 3 4 4 1 1 * Sometimes 6 8 6 3 11 7 6 9 6 Hardly ever 3 6 2 5 12 5 6 10 7 Never 89 81 90 86 71 82 87 80 87 Don’t know/Refused * * 0 3 1 2 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 99 100 100 100 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Frequently 2 3 2 3 6 - 3 7 3 Sometimes 25 25 28 20 24 - 9 13 14 Hardly ever 21 24 19 19 16 - 6 5 10 Never 51 48 51 59 54 - 81 75 73 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 * - * 0 0 99 100 100 102 100 - 99 100 100

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Frequently 6 14 14 2 3 2 2 6 5 Sometimes 13 16 13 22 31 27 8 19 19 Hardly ever 15 15 12 9 13 11 13 21 20 Never 65 55 61 66 53 59 77 53 56 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 * * 0 0 0 99 100 100 100 100 99 100 99 100

227 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q44. How often do you (insert item) through a church or religious organization … frequently, sometimes, hardly ever or never? And how often do you (insert next item)? b. participate in language or literacy classes

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Frequently 2 3 6 Sometimes 5 12 10 Hardly ever 6 8 7 Never 87 78 76 Don’t know/Refused * 0 1 100 101 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Frequently 1 3 2 1 5 3 2 3 4 Sometimes 2 2 1 3 8 6 4 7 4 Hardly ever 2 1 2 3 9 3 4 7 6 Never 95 95 96 90 76 86 90 82 86 Don’t know/Refused * 0 0 3 2 2 0 0 0 100 101 101 100 100 100 100 99 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Frequently 4 5 3 2 4 - 4 5 4 Sometimes 14 14 12 14 18 - 9 11 9 Hardly ever 26 27 24 19 15 - 5 5 9 Never 56 54 61 65 63 - 82 79 77 Don’t know/Refused 0 * 0 1 * - * 0 0 100 100 100 101 100 - 100 100 99

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Frequently 4 5 6 3 8 4 1 4 1 Sometimes 13 17 14 12 21 14 4 7 9 Hardly ever 12 8 10 7 12 8 11 15 26 Never 71 70 71 77 59 74 84 74 64 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 * * * 0 0 100 100 101 100 100 100 100 100 100

228 PEW FORUM: 10 NATION SURVEY OF RENEWALISTS (2006) Q44. How often do you (insert item) through a church or religious organization … frequently, sometimes, hardly ever or never? And how often do you (insert next item)? c. receive job training or employment services

UNITED STATES All Pentecostals Charismatics Frequently 2 6 3 Sometimes 3 4 7 Hardly ever 3 8 5 Never 92 82 84 Don’t know/Refused 1 0 1 101 100 100

LATIN AMERICA Brazil Chile Guatemala All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Frequently 2 4 1 4 7 5 2 4 3 Sometimes 3 2 2 5 13 10 4 9 4 Hardly ever 2 3 2 3 10 5 3 4 4 Never 94 91 95 84 69 78 90 82 89 Don’t know/Refused * * 0 4 1 2 * 0 0 101 100 100 100 100 100 99 99 100

AFRICA Kenya Nigeria South Africa All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Frequently 7 9 6 1 2 - 3 5 4 Sometimes 16 16 16 11 24 - 6 9 8 Hardly ever 22 18 18 19 17 - 7 4 11 Never 56 57 60 68 56 - 83 82 77 Don’t know/Refused * * 0 1 * - 1 0 1 101 100 100 100 99 - 100 100 101

ASIA India (localities) Philippines South Korea All Pent Char All Pent Char All Pent Char Frequently 3 6 3 3 6 4 1 2 1 Sometimes 11 11 14 16 21 21 1 2 4 Hardly ever 12 8 10 6 16 6 9 19 22 Never 74 75 74 74 57 69 89 76 73 Don’t know/Refused 0 0 0 1 1 * * 0 0 100 100 101 100 101 100 100 99 100

229