Paleopedology and Stratigraphy on the Condrusian Peneplain (Belgium)

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Paleopedology and Stratigraphy on the Condrusian Peneplain (Belgium) 4//f Pi*/ ^ r*>6 C° P. Buurman Paleopedology and stratigraphy on the Condrusian peneplain (Belgium) with ajeconstructio n of a paleosol BIBLIOTHEEK DER NDBOUTCHOGESCHOOL EN. FOULKESWEG 1» WAGENINGEN NN08201,506 Paleopedology and stratigraphy on the Condrusian peneplain (Belgium) In the original version the title contained the indication 'Ardennes peneplain', wich proved to be lesscorrect . It wasno t possible to make this correction throughout the text. When 'Ardennes peneplain' is used, the whole area between the Sambre-Meuse valley in the north and the Mesozoiccove r of the Paris basin in the south ismeant . Dit proefschrift met stellingen van Peter Buurman, landbouwkundig ingenieur, geboren teArnhe m op2 3 oktober 1943,i sgoedgekeur d door depromotor , dr.ir .L .J . Pons,hoogleraa r ind eregional e bodemkundee n decopromotor , dr. L. van der Plas. DeRecto rMagnificu sva nd eLandbouwhogeschoo l J.M .Pola k Wageningen, 14 december197 1 P. Buurman Paleopedology and stratigraphy on the Condrusian peneplain (Belgium) with a reconstruction of a paleosol Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouwwetenschappen, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Mr. J. M. Polak, hoogleraar in de rechts- en staatswetenschappen van de westerse gebieden, te verdedigen tegen de bedenkingen van een commissie uit de Senaat van de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen op vrijdag 25 februari 1972t e 16uu r 1972 Centrefor AgriculturalPublishing andDocumentation Wageningen Abstract BUURMAN, P. (1972) Paleopedologyan d stratigraphy on the Condrusian peneplain (Belgium), with a reconstruction of a paleosol.Agric .Res .Rept s (Versl.landbouwk . Onderz.) 766. (viii) + 67p. , 129 refs,3 app., 22figs, 2 tables.Eng . summary. ISBN 90 220037 79 Also: Doctoral thesis, Wageningen. Fossilsoi lremnant so nth eCondrusia n peneplainan di nit ssurrounding s weredescribe d and,i fpos ­ sible, dated. These soils are mainly of Tertiary age. In this way a number of important remnants of fossil soils were classified: the flint eluvium,tha t was formed during the Paleocene and Eocene; the Neerrepen soil from the Lower Oligocene; the Boncelles 1and 2 soils from the Upper Oligocene; the Boncelles3 soi lan d theAndenne soil, tha t developed duringth eLowe ran d Middle Miocene;a Middle Mioceneroot horizon; th e Onx soil that was formed during Upper Miocene-Pliocene and theBolder- bergan d Heerlerheide soils from the Pliocene. The Andenne soil, a Miocene soil on Carboniferous limestone that formed the material called 'Andenne clay', was reconstructed. Leaching of silica in this soil appeared to have resulted in the chert caps that are still found on Carboniferous limestone. Thestratigraphi c value of a particular soil profile depends strongly on theregio n where it is found. Finally, some conclusions were made about the stratigraphic position of Tertiary sediments (Onx- gravels) and the time in which some features developed. The Onx deposits are placed in the Middle Miocene; formation of dolinas in Carboniferous rocks is thought to have begun during the Early Oligocene. Dissection of the Condrusian peneplain started as early as the Middle Miocene. ISBN 9022 0037 60 This thesis will also be published as Agricultural Research Reports 766. © Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, 1972. No part of this book may be reproduced and/or published in any form, by print, photoprint, micro­ film or any other means without written permission from the publishers. Stellingen 1 In tegenstelling tot wat nogdikwijl sgebeurt , dienen bij stratigrafische beschouwingen paleosolen nietgereken d teworde nto the tgesteent ewaari nz egevorm d zijn. dit proefschrift De studieva n fossiele pedogene verschijnselen kan in belangrijke mate bijdragen tot dekenni sva n de stratigrafie. dit proefschrift 3 Bij destudi eva n paleosolen isee n gedetailleerde beschouwingva n gezelschappen van kleimineralene nkiezelzuurfase n essentieelvoo rhe tvaststelle nva nd ebodemvormend e omstandigheden, zoalshe tklimaat ,e nva n dedaarme esamenhangend e stratigrafische conclusies. dit proefschrift 4 Het combineren van stratigrafische eenheden uit verschillendegebiede n in€€n kolom vanee ngeologisch etijd-tabe li songewenst . F.W .B .va nEysinga ,1970 .Geologica ltim etable .Amsterda m Het mineraal halloysiet hoeft niet opgerold te ontstaan; het oprollen kan het gevolg zijnva ndehydrati een/o fhydrati en ad evorming . 6 In tegenstelling tot de gangbare opinie zijn de gipskristallen in de Nederlandse en Westfaalse kleien uit het Tertiair en Onder Krijt pas ontstaan na expositie van het sedimentaa nd elucht . Onder terrestrische omstandigheden vindt de verkiezeling van kalk waarschijnlijk plaatsme tee ncalciumsilicaatfas e alstussenstadium . P.Buurma n &L .va nde rPlas , 1971.Geologi e Mijnb. 50:9-28 8 De naam 'opal-cristobalite' voor slecht gedefinieerde silicafasen die ontstaan bij de verkiezelingva n kalke nhou tdien tvervange n teworde n door'disordere d tridymite'. 9 In sommigegevalle nka n destudi eva ngeologi ee narcheologi e ermeegebaa tzij n wan- neerbelangrijk e vondsten pasn aenig etij d aan publiciteitsmediaworde n vrijgegeven. 10 Devraa gnaa rpianostemmer sneem tto eme the taanta lcentraa l verwarmdehuizen . 11 De uitgifte van kinderpostzegels in blokken met zegels van verschillende waarden heeft aan destijgin gi n deverkoo pva n dezezegel see nein dgemaakt .Hoewe ld etotal e opbrengst blijft stijgen, zijn de voordelen voor de P.T.T. groter dan voor de kinder- bescherming. Proefschrift vanP . Buurman Wageningen,2 5februar i 1972 Curriculum vitae De auteur begon, na het behalen van het einddiploma van de Lorentz H.B.S. te Arnhem, in 1961 zijn studie aan de Landbouwhogeschool,richtin gBodemkund e en Bemestingsleer. Na het kandidaatsexamen was hij verschillende malen werkzaamal s student-assistent en vervolgde hij zijn studie onder de hoogleraren Pons, Doeglas en Schuffelen (Regionale Bodemkunde en Palynologie, Geomorfologie en Bemestings­ leer).Seder the t behalen van hetingenieursdiploma , in 1968,i shi j indiens t van de af- delingRegional eBodemkund e vand eL .H. ,waa rzij n belangstelling voornamelijk uit- gaat naar deveranderin gva n mineralen aan het aardoppervlak. Samenvatting De peneplain van de Condroz lag tijdens het Tertiair aan de rand van een gebied waarin trans- en regressies optraden. Om deze reden leek het een ideaal gebied voor debestuderin g van deveranderin g van debodemvormin g in dezeperiode .Di t zou nl. mogelijk zijn, wanneer een bodem, die ontstond tijdens een regressie, door nieuwe sedimenten afgedekt werd tijdens de eerstvolgende transgressie. Bij nader beschouwing bleek een onderzoek in deze zin niet mogelijk omdat - het niet mogelijk was een complete serie Tertiaire sedimenten met ingeschakelde bodems te vinden, - de sedimenten zowel als de bodems nog maar zeer fragmentarisch en vaak in secundaire ligging aanwezig zijn, - de stratigrafie van de Tertiaire sedimenten, met name op de peneplain, nog steeds aanleiding geeft tot verschil van mening. Het onderzoek werd toen gewijzigd: metbehulpvan degevonde nfossiel e bodems isgetrach t de stratigrafie van het Tertiair op depeneplai n te verbeteren. Het veldwerk hiervoor werd uitgevoerd in voor- en najaar van 1968e n 1969. Er werden verschillende fossiele, meest Tertiaire bodems bemonsterd en bestudeerd. Omdat van demeest ebodem sslecht srelicte n aanwezigzijn , isee n profielbeschrijving volgens deklassiek emethode n niet mogelijk. Daarom werden voornamelijk kenmer- ken van verwering, zoals bijvoorbeeld de verandering van de samenstelling van de kleifractie, gebruikt voor karakterisering. Op deze wijze werden 9 belangrijke resten van fossiele bodems beschreven: het vuursteen eluvium (flint-eluvium), dat ontstond tijdens het Paleoceen en Eoceen; de Neerrepen bodemui t hetOnde r Oligoceen;d eBoncelle s 1 en2 bodem sui t het Boven Oligoceen; de Boncelles 3 bodem en de Andenne bodem uit het Onder en Midden Mioceen; een Miocene wortelhorizon uit het Midden Mioceen; de Onx bodemui t Boven Mioceen-Plioceen en de Bolderberg en Heerlerheide bodems, voornamelijk uit het Plioceen stammend. De Andenne bodem, een Miocene bodem op Carbonische kalksteen, waarvan bijna geen resten in situ aangetroffen worden, werd gereconstrueerd gebruik makend van een aantal bodemkundige en stratigrafische overwegingen. De studie werd beeindigd met een aantal conclusies betreffende de stratigrafie van verschillende Tertiaire sedimenten en hettijdsbeste k waarin verschillende geologische processen optraden. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Some problems concerning the Tertiary system of the Ardennes peneplain 3 1.2 Outline of the investigations 3 2 Landscape androck so fth epeneplai n 5 2.1 Pre-Cretaceous 6 2.2 Cretaceous 6 2.3 Tertiary 7 2.3.1 Paleocene and Eocene 7 2.3.2 Oligocene 7 2.3.3 Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) 10 2.4 Quaternary 12 3 Remnantso ffossi l soils 13 4 Analytical data 17 4.1 Procedures 17 4.2 Grain-size frequency distributions 18 4.3 Clay minerals 19 4.4 Heavy minerals 28 5 Synthesis 29 5.1 Reconstruction of a Tertiary soil profile on Carboniferous limestone (Andenne soil) 29 5.2 Characteristics, stratigraphic position and regional occurrence of fossil soil profiles 32 5.3 On the age of the Onxdeposit s 37 6 Summaryan dconclusion s 39 6.1 The soils 39 6.2 The stratigraphy 41 Acknowledgements 44 References 45 Appendix 1 Site andsampl edescription s 51 Appendix2 Numerical resultso f theanalyse s 56 Appendix3 Arevie wo fliteratur eo n theTertiar ycove ro fth eArdenne speneplai n 64 ERA PERIOD EPOCH AGE Holocene WeichselIa
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