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Ecological and Geographical Features of Ontogenesis of Holocene Soils of Kamianets-Podilskyi Fortress

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Ecological and Geographical Features of Ontogenesis of Holocene Soils of Kamianets-Podilskyi Fortress SHS Web of Conferences 100, 05006 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110005006 ISCSAI 2021 Ecological and Geographical Features of Ontogenesis of Holocene Soils of Kamianets-Podilskyi Fortress Roman Malyk1*, Andriy Kyrylchuk1, Zinovy Pankiv1, and Ihor Kasiyanyk2 1Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 79000, University str. 1, Lviv, Ukraine 2Ivan Ogienko National University of Kamianets-Podilskyi, 32301, Ogienko str. 61, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine Abstract. The article analyzes the degree of study of the genetic features of Holocene soils of beligerative complexes. A detailed description of natural and anthropogenic conditions and factors determining the geography, genesis and ecological condition of modern and buried soils of beligerative structures of Kamianets-Podilskyi Fortress is given. Considerable attention is paid to the problem of ontogenesis of the dominant natural and anthropogenic soils within the study area, represented by urborendzins and constructional soils. The morphogenetic features of these soils have been studied. The soils of the beligerative complex are represented by naturally anthropogenic soils – urborendzins and constructional soils. They are polygenetic with complex phylogeny and their genesis includes at least two onogenesis. For a long time soils have been evolving naturally in form of typical rendzin, but have undergone quantitative and qualitative changes due to intensive anthropogenic activity. The genetic profile of soils is characterized by significant variability of morphological traits, the presence of eluvium of soil- forming rocks in the entire soil layer. the studied Holocene soils (modern and buried) are an integral part of the historical and cultural lands and need protection, as they contain information about the evolution of the territory and ways of its use. information about the history of development and the 1 Introduction course of landscape evolution in general, which in turn makes it possible to carry out reconstructions of Topicality. The study of the genesis of Holocene soils paleolandscapes. of beligerative complexes at the present stage of The purpose of the study is to study the genetic genetic-geographical research is important and arouses features of Holocene soils of the beligerative complex interest in the world soil science. This is mainly due to of Kamianets-Podilskyi Fortress. To achieve this goal the presence of buried and fossil horizons in the it is necessary to solve the main objectives of the study: genetic profile of these soils. This allows evolutionary, to analyze the degree of study of genetic features of historical and paleo-soil science to solve the problems Holocene soils of beligerative complexes, to of time and evolutionary history by analyzing the characterize natural and anthropogenic conditions and genesis and geography of both modern and paleo soils factors influencing the geography, genesis and within a single landscape complex with the possibility ontogenesis of modern and buried soils of investigated of accurate dating. The buried soils of beligerative beligerative structures; to highlight the features of the complexes, which usually act as archeological genetics of the studied soils, to consider the complexity monuments, are buried mainly due to anthropogenic of the ontogenesis of natural and anthropogenic soils, influence. Consequently, they are well isolated from represented by urborendzins and constructional soils the digenetic action of modern soil-forming processes, within the study area. in contrast to the relict features in the profile of modern The object of research is Holocene soils: urborendzins soils. Holocene soils are better preserved because they and constructional soils of the Old Castle of were not subjected to pedometamorphic processes of Kamianets-Podilskyi Fortress. the periglacial zone of the Pleistocene-Holocene, The subject of research is morphogenetic features of which distinguishes them from fossilized soils of the the studied Holocene soils at different stages of Pleistocene[1]. These genetic features make it possible ontogenesis. to form fair presentation about the presence in the soil The following scientific methods were used while of signs of different age generations of all stages of its investigating the genetic features of Holocene soils of ontogenesis, from the parent breed to modern periods beligerative structures on the territory of Kamianets- of soil life. Podilskyi Fortress: cartographic (when choosing the Soil evolution data contain information about the place for laying the sections, the following were used: evolution of the territory of its formation and ways of the plan-scheme of the territory of the museum-reserve its use. The genetic profile of the soil encodes Kamyanets-Podilsky State Historical Museum-Reserve * Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). SHS Web of Conferences 100, 05006 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110005006 ISCSAI 2021 (scale 1: 1000); large-scale topographic map (scale 1: naturally anthropogenic soils called urborendzins. 10000)), informational (analysis of materials on Rendzins as soil-forming rocks contain a significant geomorphology, geological and tectonic structure, amount of calcium carbonates, which have a unique hydrogeology and historical and local lore archival effect on the soil-forming process and, as a rule, give materials of the museum-reserve), problem- them properties that differ significantly from the chronological (study of soil evolution under the properties of zonal climatic soils. Therefore, rendzins influence of the functioning of the beligerative are considered and classified as typical intra zonal complex), comparative-geographical (substantiation of biolithogenic soils with mandatory presence of CaCO3 conclusions about the genesis of soils and patterns of in the soil-forming rock [9]. their location on the basis of comparison of soils and Depending on the composition and properties of relevant factors of soil formation in their historical soil-forming rocks, rendzins are divided into two development and location), archeological with groups: rendzins, i.e., soils formed on the weathering morphological-genetic, ecological-genetic and crust of dense carbonate rocks, such as chalk, systemic approaches and evolutionary paradigm of soil limestone, marl; pararendzins, i.e. soils formed on formation. loose carbonate rocks, such as loams, clays, moraines [10]. Thus, the ontogenesis of urborendzins occurs under the influence of eluvial and biogenic- 2 Analysis of recent research and accumulative processes (accumulation of litter, publications decalcification, decarbonation), but the dominant are anthropogenic and pedoturbation processes (erosion, Many research works have been done recently to study mixing, burial) [11]. the genesis of Holocene soils of beligerative The geographical location of the fortress territory complexes. Most of the published monographs and and its associate beligerative infrastructure is due to the articles deal with the genesis of buried and fossil soils tactical advantage of the combination of slope of beligerative complexes in the context of exposures at the confluence of the Smotrych River and paleopedological, geoarchaeological and its tributary – the Dibruha River. Morphological paleobotanical research. Analyzing recent publications, features of the relief and genetic combination of local it was established that the genetic features of Holocene landscapes are due to the peculiarities of split tectonics soils of beligerative complexes are actively studied by and lithological basis. They influenced the activity of scientists of evolutionary, evolutionary-genetic, erosion, the formation of the hydrological network, historical soil science and anthropogenic landscape phytocolonization and the formation of natural soil science. Genetic features of Holocene soils of cover. beligerative complexes (archeological monuments) are The vegetation of the beligerative complex is considered thoroughly in the works of S. P. Pozniak, represented by a transformed meadow-steppe Y. M. Dmitruk, J. M. Matviishina, M. F. Veklych. O. formation. In geobotanical terms, the study area is M. Adamenko, O. L. Alexandrovskyi, G. I. Denisyk. located within the South Polish–Western Podolsk sub- S. P. Pozniak and I. Y. Papish in their work "Soil- province of deciduous forests and meadow steppes archaeological research of late Holocene black soils" [12]. define soil research and geochronological analysis of According to palynological studies, in particular buried soils of archeological monuments as those that spore-pollen analysis, the vegetation of this area during allow paleogeographic conditions reconstructing as the Holocene till nowadays has not changed well as reproducing of the evolution of soil cover at all significantly its boundaries, but its floristic stages of the Holocene [1]. In the monograph "Soils of composition has undergone substantial changes [13]. Trojan shafts" by J. M. Matviishina and Y. M. Dmitruk The natural vegetation is preserved by fragments of genetic properties, problems and patterns of evolution meadow steppes and steppe meadows, the species of Holocene soils of beligerative complexes are composition of which in the anthropogenically altered considered in the context of evolutionary and formation is represented by only
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