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Deadly Speech: Denunciation and the Radicalization of Discourse During the French Revolution

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Deadly Speech: Denunciation and the Radicalization of Discourse During the French Revolution Deadly Speech: Denunciation and the Radicalization of Discourse during the French Revolution Rebecca Sopchik Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2015 © 2014 Rebecca Sopchik All rights reserved ABSTRACT Deadly Speech: Denunciation and the Radicalization of Discourse during the French Revolution Rebecca Sopchik My dissertation examines the question of how the incorporation of literary forms and techniques into written denunciations radicalizes the discursive practices of accusation during the French Revolution. I explore how the exploitation of literary elements such as genre and rhetorical strategies by revolutionary writers increases the scope and virulence of their attacks and contributes to the radicalization in the text of three key figures: the author-narrator, the imagined reader, and the object of denunciation. In the first part, I study the use of these strategies and their impacts on tone and the communication of meaning in two forms of the popular press: the ephemeral newspapers of 1789 (journals with under twenty issues) and the Private Lives (scandalous biographies of important public figures). In part two I show how writers with first-hand knowledge of recent violence and the deadliness of denunciation become confronted with the problem of how to condemn the worst aspects of the Revolution without partaking in incendiary speech themselves. Although still denouncing to a certain extent, these writers also try to resolve this dilemma through plays with perspective and parody. I examine this phenomenon in case studies of three authors who lived through the Revolution and whose writings were impacted to varying degrees by the events of 1789 – 1795: Nicolas-Edme Restif de La Bretonne, Louis Sébastien Mercier, and the Marquis de Sade. My study is situated at the crossroads of previous historical and literary scholarship on denunciation. Historians examining the practice of denunciation have investigated contemporary debates over calumny and the limits of free speech, the de-individualization of the object of attack, and the impact of the period’s obsession with transparency on the conceptualization of the denounced individual. These studies concentrate for the most part on political discourses and debates, laws, and the mechanics of the press and print culture. Scholarship analyzing rhetorical and literary aspects of revolutionary texts has slowly begun to emerge, and these literary analyses by historians on clandestine literature have identified important trends and have performed key case studies. My study supplements this existing work by focusing on such neglected areas as the relationship between the author and his imagined reader, while presenting a wider examination of the circulation of discourses between these texts to begin to grasp how these writers responded to, attacked, and adopted the denunciatory culture of their time. Table of contents Introduction: Attacking Injustice, Targeting Individuals: Denunciation in the Old Regime and the French Revolution 1 Chapter 1: A Platform for Denunciation: The Ephemeral Press of 1789 20 Expanding the Scope of Denunciation .................................................................................................... 27 Identifying a Past and Future Enemy................................................................................................... 27 Enemy Confessions and Multiple Points of View ................................................................................ 33 Threatening Denunciation and Playing with Silence ........................................................................... 40 A Malleable Reader: The Author and His Public ..................................................................................... 45 Forced into a Position: Delimitations of the Intended Reader ............................................................. 46 The Call for Contributions .................................................................................................................... 49 Letters to the Editor.............................................................................................................................. 51 Reflecting on the Practice: Theorizing Denunciation .............................................................................. 56 In Defense of Denunciation ................................................................................................................. 57 Critiquing Denunciation and Some Unintended Consequences ......................................................... 61 Chapter 2: Scandalous Biographies and the Destruction of Reputations: The Genre of the Private Lives 67 The Potential of Polyphony: The Private Lives Play with Perspective .................................................... 72 The Author Emerges: Author as Character, Narrator, and Denouncer ................................................... 92 The Disappearing Reader: Dominated, Judging, and Unreflective ....................................................... 109 Chapter 3: Memories of the Revolution: Mercier and Restif Confront Denunciation 114 Fragmenting and Fictionalizing the September Massacres .................................................................. 117 Grappling with Horror: Restif Experiences the September Massacres ............................................. 117 Grappling with Power: Mercier Fragments the September Massacres ............................................. 129 The Suffering Author Recounts His Trials ............................................................................................. 143 Restif and the Ultimate Enemy: the Evil Son-in-Law ......................................................................... 144 Mercier’s Sufferings and the Fate of the Girondins ........................................................................... 150 Entering the Head of the Other, or Hesitating to Denounce .................................................................. 158 Restif Animates His Reader ............................................................................................................... 159 Mercier Humanizes the King .............................................................................................................. 161 Mercier Questions the Executioner .................................................................................................... 163 i Chapter 4: The Sadean Libertine and the Parody of the Revolutionary Monster 169 A Character of the Time, Highlighting and Resolving Revolutionary Concerns .................................... 176 Images of Revolution ......................................................................................................................... 177 Participation in Denunciation ............................................................................................................. 183 Dissimulation, Self-Recognition, and Unmasking .............................................................................. 193 Playing with the Narrative Conventions of Denunciation ...................................................................... 200 A Slippery Narrator, a Passive Reader .............................................................................................. 201 Surpassing the Surpassed: Sade Exploits the Unsaid ...................................................................... 211 Conclusion 217 Bibliography 222 ii Acknowledgements It is with much gratitude and pleasure that I begin this work by thanking those people without whose help and support it would not have been possible. First and foremost, I would like to recognize my advisors, Joanna Stalnaker, Dorothea von Mücke, and Pierre Force, whose helpful feedback and discussions were truly inspiring and pushed me to clarify, condense, and shape my narrative. Their guidance throughout the process and support in the face of discouragement were invaluable. I would like to thank as well the additional members of my dissertation committee, Andrew Clark and Charly Coleman, for agreeing to consider and evaluate my work, and for their thoughtful comments and suggestions for how to improve it. I would also like to extend a special thanks to my advisor from Washington University, Tili Boon Cuillé, who first inspired and did so much to encourage my interest in Sade and in the eighteenth century more broadly, and Antoine Lilti for his guidance, leading me to discover this topic that has proved demanding but still fascinating years later. My thanks as well to Philippe Roger, for his engagement with my final chapter, challenging me to better defend my ideas. More broadly, I would like to thank the Department of French and Romance Philology at Columbia University for their support and for the many opportunities afforded to me to conduct research in Paris. The long hours spent discovering the large body of clandestine literature at the Bibliothèque National de France were only possible thanks to this generosity. Friends and colleagues at Columbia and my fellow pensionnaires étrangers from the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris have provided a patient ear and commiseration throughout this process, especially Audray Fontaine, Lucy Merkin, Nathalie Segeral, and Paul Wimmer. Finally, these acknowledgements would not be complete without thanking my husband Emmanuel. I had previously wondered why scholars always ended by thanking
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