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Sla Ver Y Hinterlandb
SLAVERY HINTERLAND SLAVERY COVER ILLUSTRATIONS Front: Linen bleaching on the banks of the Wupper, ca 1800 (J.H. Bleuler) With permission of Bergischer Geschichtsverein, Bielefeld Back: Vriesenburg Plantation, Suriname Collection Kenneth Boumann (with permission) BRAHM, ROSENHAFT (EDS) ROSENHAFT BRAHM, SLAVERY HINTERLAND explores a neglected aspect of transatlantic slavery: the implication of a continental European hinterland. It focuses on Transatlantic Slavery and historical actors in territories that were not directly involved in the traffic in Africans but linked in various ways with the transatlantic slave business, Continental Europe, 1680-1850 the plantation economies that it fed and the consequences of its abolition. The volume unearths material entanglements of the Continental and Atlantic economies and also proposes a new agenda for the historical study of the relationship between business and morality. Contributors from the US, Britain EDITED BY FELIX BRAHM AND EVE ROSENHAFT and continental Europe examine the ways in which the slave economy touched on individual lives and economic developments in German-speaking Europe, Switzerland, Denmark and Italy. They reveal how these ‘hinterlands’ served as suppliers of investment, labour and trade goods for the slave trade and of materials for the plantation economies, and how involvement in trade networks contributed in turn to key economic developments in the ‘hinterlands’. The chapters range in time from the first, short-lived attempt at establishing a German slave-trading operation in the 1680s to the involvement of textile manufacturers in transatlantic trade in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. A key theme of the volume is the question of conscience, or awareness of being morally implicated in an immoral enterprise. -
Sorbian Languages
Hornjoserbsce Sorbian languages Dolnoserbski Lusatia Sorbian: Location: Germany - Lusatia Users: 20 – 30 thousand Lower Sorbian: Upper Sorbian: Location:Niederlausitz - Location: Upper Saxony Lower Lusatia (Dolna state, Bautzen (Budysin), Luzica), Cottbus (Chósebuz) and Kamenz main town Population: around 18 Population: around 7 thousand thousand Gramma ● Dual for nouns, pronouns, Case Upper Sorb. Lower Sorb. ajdectives and verbs. Nom. žona žeńska Hand - Ruka (one) - Ruce Gen. žony žeńske (two) - Ruki (more than two) Dat. žonje žeńskej ● Upper Sorbian - seven Acc. žonu žeńsku cases Instr. ze žonu ze žeńskeju ● Lower Sorbian - six cases (no Vocativus) Loc. wo žonje wó žeńskej Voc. žono Sounds in comparison to Polish Polish sounds ć and dź in To be - Być - Biś Lower Sorbian change to ś Children - Dzieci - Źisi and ź. Group of polish sounds tr and Right - Prawy – Pšawy, pr change into tš, pś and pš. Scary - Straszny – Tšašny Pronunciation Sorbian Polish 1. č 1. cz 2. dź 2. soft version of dz 3. ě 3. beetwen polish e and i 4. h 4. mute before I and in the end of a word (bahnity) 5. kh 5. ch 6. mute in the end of the word (niósł) 6. ł 7. beetwen polish o and u 7. ó 8. rz (křidło) 8. ř 9. sz 9. š 10. before a consonant is mute (wzdać co - wyrzec 10. w się), otherwise we read it as u ( Serbow) 11. ž 11. z Status Sorbian languages are recognize by the German goverment. They have a minority language status. In the home areas of the Sorbs, both languages are officially equal to German. -
Thirty Years War Manual
Thirty Years War Historical Annex 1.0 Thirty Years War Historical Annex (Version 1.0 for Thirty Years War 1.00) Thirty Years War © - Copyright 2015. All Rights Reserved Headquarter SL and AGEOD Thirty Years War Historical Annex 1.0 Intro This Annex just pretends to give some light into the game as well as in its historical environment. Several countries/states will be represented here: Austria, Bavaria, Bohemia, Brandenburg, France, England, Saxony, Spain, United Provinces, Denmark, Sweden.. Thirty Years War © - Copyright 2015. All Rights Reserved Headquarter SL and AGEOD Thirty Years War Historical Annex 1.0 Table of Contents AUSTRIA ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Historical info .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Game info ................................................................................................................................................ 5 BAVARIA........................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Historical info ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Game info ................................................................................................................................................ -
The Signs of the Times, Vol. 12 (1886)
The Signs of the Times, Vol. 12 (1886) January 7, 1886 "The Ostrogoths and the Visigoths" The Signs of the Times 12, 1 , p. 4. THE peace which Constantine forced upon the Gothic nation in A.D. 331, continued for a period of thirty years. For the proper understanding of the further progress of our subject, it now becomes necessary to clearly define the distinction that existed between the two great divisions of the Gothic nation–the Ostro [Eastern] Goths, and the Visi [Western] Goths. As a matter of act this distinction existed from the earliest times of which we have any knowledge of the nation. "The Ostro and Visi, the eastern and western Goths, obtained those denominations from their original seats in Scandinavia. In all their future marches and settlements they preserved, with their names, the same relative situation."–Dec. and Fall, chap. 10, par. 8, note. Although this distinction was ever observed amongst them as a people, yet in all their wanderings and in all their expeditions, from the time they left the Baltic till the period of which we now treat, A.D. 361,–they were united and acted as one people. Now, however, we shall find them separated, and with the exception of a short interval, never more united. During the thirty years' peace with the Empire (A.D. 331-361), and under Hermanric, the last king of the united nation, the Gothic power was spread from the River Danube and the Black Sea to the Baltic. Of this we read:– "During a peaceful interval of thirty years, the Romans secured their frontiers, and the Goths extended their dominions. -
A FRISIAN MODEL Henryk Sjaardema
THE INDIVIDUATED SOCIETY: A FRISIAN MODEL Henryk Sjaardema Preface It has long seemed to me that the dynamic of human activity is directly related to ecological variables within the society. It is the intimate rela- tionship of-the individual to the requirements of his society that not only channels human energies, but provides a framework for value orientations as well. It is as if society were a vast complex of machinery and man the kinetic force driving it. As machinery falls into social disuse, malfunction and inoperation, man must turn to new or alternative avenues or see his kinetic energy fall into disuse. When the crucial social machinery becomes patterned and routinized a surplus of human energy is made available. The stable society has a way of rechanneling these energies into other roles. Where these addi- tional roles are not present-where energy becomes constricted--social revolu- tions transpire. This study has been directed toward one socio-economic segment of Western man in which the role of the individual has been measured against the ecological requirements of the society. This pilot study is an attempt to probe variables which seem crucial to the rise of the individuated society. Introduction Purpose. To investigate the individuated basis for Frisian society. If the total society can be considered in its broadest sense, as a social configuration which transcends the normal limits of thinking built into political conceptions of the totalitarian state, my meaning will be made clear- er. This social configuration is one which places the requirements of the commun'ity on all levels above that of the commnity's individual constituents. -
4.4-2 Lower Saxony WS Region.Pdf
chapter4.4_Neu.qxd 08.10.2001 16:11 Uhr Seite 195 Chapter 4.4 The Lower Saxony Wadden Sea Region 195 near Sengwarden have remained fully intact. The With the exception of the northern section’s water tower on „Landeswarfen“ west of tourist visitors, the Voslapper Groden mainly Hohenkirchen is a landmark visible from a great serves as a sea rampart for Wilhelmshaven’s distance, constructed by Fritz Höger in 1936 to commercial buildings, a function also served by serve as Wangerooge’s water supply. the Rüstersieler Groden (1960-63) and the Hep- Of the above-mentioned scattered settlements penser Groden, first laid out as a dyke line from characteristic to this region, two set themselves 1936-38, although construction only started in physically apart and therefore represent limited 1955. It remains to be seen whether the histori- forms within this landscape. cally preserved parishes of Sengwarden and Fed- Some sections of the old dyke ring whose land derwarden, now already part of Wilhelmshaven, was considered dispensable from a farming or will come to terms with the consequences of this land ownership perspective served as building and the inexorable urban growth through appro- space for erecting small homes of farm labourers priate planning. and artisans who otherwise made their homes in The cultural landscape of the Wangerland and small numbers on larger mounds. Among these the Jeverland has been able to preserve its were the „small houses“ referred to in oral tradi- unmistakable character to a considerable degree. tion north of Middoge, the Oesterdeich (an early The genesis of landscape forms is mirrored in the groden dyke), the Medernser Altendeich, the patterns of settlement, the lay of arable land and Norderaltendeich and foremost the area west of in landmark monuments. -
The House of Coburg and Queen Victoria: a Study of Duty and Affection
University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Student Work 6-1-1971 The House of Coburg and Queen Victoria: A study of duty and affection Terrence Shellard University of Nebraska at Omaha Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork Recommended Citation Shellard, Terrence, "The House of Coburg and Queen Victoria: A study of duty and affection" (1971). Student Work. 413. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/studentwork/413 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Work by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE HOUSE OF COBURG AND QUEEN VICTORIA A STORY OF DUTY AND AFFECTION A Thesis Presented to the Department of History and the Faculty of the Graduate College University of Nebraska at Omaha In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Terrance She Ha r d June Ip71 UMI Number: EP73051 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Diss««4afor. R_bJ .stung UMI EP73051 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC. -
Keeping up with the Dutch Internal Colonization and Rural Reform in Germany, 1800–1914
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR HISTORY, CULTURE AND MODERNITY www.history-culture-modernity.org Published by: Uopen Journals Copyright: © The Author(s). Content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence eISSN: 2213-0624 Keeping Up with the Dutch Internal Colonization and Rural Reform in Germany, 1800–1914 Elizabeth B. Jones HCM 3 (2): 173–194 http://doi.org/10.18352/hcm.482 Abstract Recent research on internal colonization in Imperial Germany empha- sizes how racial and environmental chauvinism drove plans for agri- cultural settlement in the ‘polonized’ German East. Yet policymakers’ dismay over earlier endeavours on the peat bogs of northwest Germany and their admiration for Dutch achievements was a constant refrain. This article traces the heterogeneous Dutch influences on German internal colonization between 1790 and 1914 and the mixed results of Germans efforts to adapt Dutch models of wasteland colonization. Indeed, despite rising German influence in transnational debates over European internal colonization, derogatory comparisons between medi- ocre German ventures and the unrelenting progress of the Dutch per- sisted. Thus, the example of northwest Germany highlights how mount- ing anxieties about ‘backwardness’ continued to mold the enterprise in the modern era and challenges the notion that the profound German influences on the Netherlands had no analog in the other direction. Keywords: agriculture, Germany, internal colonization, improvement, Netherlands Introduction Radical German nationalist Alfred Hugenberg launched his political career in the 1890s as an official with the Royal Prussian Colonization Commission.1 Created by Bismarck in 1886, the Commission’s charge HCM 2015, VOL. 3, no. 2 173 © ELIZABETH B. -
KH2017 Ang1-III.Kmd
Kwartalnik Historyczny Vol. CXXIV, 2017 Eng.-Language Edition no. 1 PL ISSN 0023-5903 Hans-Jürgen Bömelburg, Edmund Kizik, Altes Reich und Alte Repub- lik. Deutsch-polnische Beziehungen und Verflechtungen 1500–1806, Darm- stadt, 2014, WBG Verlag, 214 pp., WBG Deutsch-Polnische Geschich- te, Bd. 2 This work by two historians from Poland and Germany looks at the bilateral relations between Poland and Germany in the early modern period. Aimed to fill a gap in the publishing market, it presents a comparative synthesis of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Republic) and the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (Reich). Written in German, it is targeted mainly at the German reader. However, Polish readers will also find it very informative. The chronological boundaries of 1500–1806 are rather loose. Considering the history of Poland,the year 1500 is symbolic and stands for two other dates: 1493, when the first bicameral Sejm was summoned, and 1505 when the Nihil Novi constitution (law) was passed. For the German States, the boundary of the year 1500 is even less explicit, although the authors emphasize the historical significance of the beginnings of capitalist forms of production in the German territories. The end date, the year 1806, marks the collapse of the German Reich. The year 1795, the date of the Third Partition of Poland, would be probably more appropriate for the Commonwealth. The geographical area under consideration is marked by the German Reich, the territories settled by the German speaking population, such as Ducal Prussia and Livonia, and many cities in the Polish Crown largely populated by Germans, especially Danzig (Gdańsk), Thorn (Toruń) and Elbing (Elbląg) on one side,and the Commonwealth of the Two Nations, extended by the areas populated by speakers of Polish (that is, Ducal Prussia and parts of Silesia) on the other. -
Coast of Change: Habitat Loss and Transformations in the Wadden Sea
Helgol Mar Res (2005) 59: 9–21 DOI 10.1007/s10152-004-0202-6 ORIGINALARTICLE Karsten Reise Coast of change: habitat loss and transformations in the Wadden Sea Received: 31 July 2004 / Revised: 10 October 2004 / Accepted: 20 October 2004 / Published online: 18 January 2005 Ó Springer-Verlag and AWI 2005 Abstract In the southern North Sea, coastal people commenced with habitat conversions 1,000 years ago. Introduction Partly interrupted in late medieval times by large-scale Sea level rise and sediment supply have been the main inundations of marshland, progressive embankments drivers of change in coastal morphology of the south- transformed the landward half of the amphibic transi- ern North Sea until diking commenced about tion zone between a limno-terrestric and a brackish- 1,000 years ago (Behre 2002; Flemming and Davis marine ecosystem into arable land and freshwater lakes. 1994; Pethick 2001; Rippon 2000; Wolff1992a). Here, Sea walls rigidly separated the land from the sea. Dy- an attempt is made to reconstruct natural states before namic transitional habitats have vanished. Areal loss has diking became the key process affecting habitat diver- diminished the capacity of the Wadden Sea to dissipate sity in the Wadden Sea region. Similar developments wave and tidal energy. A coastal ecosystem once rich in took place at the east coast of Britain (Burbridge and marsh plants, seagrass and diatoms on mud flats became Pethick 2003), in China (Wang et al. 2000) and else- transformed into one with less autochthonous photo- where at sedimentary coasts. However, the tradition of troph production, dominated by sandy tidal flats, and gaining and separating land from the Wadden Sea has dependent primarily on allochthonous plankton supply. -
Fabulous Firsts: Saxony (July 1, 1850)
Fabulous Firsts: Saxony (July 1, 1850) (As with many of our Fabulous Firsts features, this article is based on an ar- ticle by B. W. H. Poole, this one from a German States booklet published by Mekeel’s. JFD.) * * * * * Saxony is a kingdom of Germany, being fifth in area and third in population among the states of the empire. It is surrounded by Bohemia, Silesia, Prussian Saxony, and the minor Saxon States and has a total area of 5,787 square miles. The population grows fast and had nearly quadrupled in the period 1815-1900. At the present time it has nearly reached the five million mark and is the most densely peopled country in Europe. The River Elbe divides the kingdom into two almost equal parts, both hilly and both well watered. The pre- dominating geographical feature of the western half is the Erzgebirge (2,500 feet) separating it from Bohemia; of the eastern half, offsets of the Riesengebirge, and the sandstone formation, above Dresden, known as the Saxon Switzerland. Agriculture is highly developed, though most of the farms are small. Saxony’s chief interests are, however, manufacturing and mining. Coal, iron, cobalt, tin, copper, lead and silver are all found, the latter having been mined at Freiberg since the 12th century. The people are in part of Slav descent, but German- ised. Amongst them are between 50,000 and 60,000 Wends (pure Slavs). Education stands at a high level, the university at Leipzig, for instance, being one of the most important educational centres of the empire. The capital is Dresden, while the three largest towns are Dresden, Leipzig and Chemnitz. -
National Minorities, Minority and Regional Languages in Germany
National minorities, minority and regional languages in Germany National minorities, minority and regional languages in Germany 2 Contents Foreword . 4 Welcome . 6 Settlement areas . 8 Language areas . 9 Introduction . 10 The Danish minority . 12 The Frisian ethnic group . 20 The German Sinti and Roma . 32 The Sorbian people . 40 Regional language Lower German . 50 Annex I . Institutions and bodies . 59 II . Legal basis . 64 III . Addresses . 74 Publication data . 81 Near the Reichstag building, along the Spree promenade in Berlin, Dani Karavan‘s installation “Basic Law 49” shows the articles of Germany‘s 1949 constitution on 19 glass panes. Photo: © Jens Kalaene/dpa “ No person shall be favoured or disfavoured because of sex, parentage, race, language, homeland and origin, faith, or religious or political opinions.” Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Art. 3 (3), first sentence. 4 Foreword Four officially recognized national minorities live in Germany: the Danish minority, the Frisian ethnic group, the German Sinti and Roma, and the Sorbian people. The members of national minorities are German na- tionals and therefore part of the German legal order. They enjoy all rights and freedoms granted under the Basic Law without any restrictions. This brochure describes the history, the settlement areas and the organizations of the national minorities in Germany and explores how they see themselves Dr Thomas de Maizière, Member and how they live while trying to preserve their cultural of the German Bundestag roots. Each of the four minorities identifies itself in Federal Minister of the Interior particular through its own language. As language is an Photo: © Press and Information Office of the Federal Government important part of their identity, it deserves particular protection.