435

Index

Page numbers in bold indicate passages covering a parasite or a topic in depth Words in bold indicate important taxa or topics a African Typhus 357 Abortion 106, 179, 181, 189 ala, cervical or caudal 297 Acanthamoeba 74, 108, 115–116 233 Acanthocephala 288 Alces alces 410 – development 289 aleppo boil 148 – morphology 291 alimentary infection 16 – pathology 293 alleles 42 Acanthocephalus anguillae 291 – changes in frequencies 43, 44 Acanthocephalus lucii 291 –rare 45 Acanthocheilonema viteae 66, 68, 326, 334 – selection of 43 Acanthoparyphium 84, 85 allergic diseases 74 Acanthorhynchus 26 alteration of the 78 acanthella, acanthor 290 –hostcells 78 acanthopodia 107 – hormonal system 79 344 –behavior 82 – classification 345 alveolar 286 – morphology 346 Alveolata 153 – development 347 – schematic representation of surface acetabulum 234 154 Achatina fulica 312 amastigote 118 acquired immune responses 62 Amblycera 371, 374, 376 actinopilin 345, 361 354 Actinotrichida 361 357, 360, 361 adaptive immunity 62 357 adenotrophic vivipary 419 357, 360 Aedes 210, 327, 334, 397, 400 Amblyomma maculatum 359 Aedes aegypti 395, 396, 399, 400 357 Aedes africanus 396 amoebapore 112 Aedes albopictus 395, 399, 400 Amoeba proteus 108 Aedes scutellaris 395 amoebae 107 Aedes tritaeniorhynchus 399 amoebiosis 110 aesculapean staff 322 Amoebozoa 107 African Horse Sickness Virus 393 amoebulae 108 African Swine Fever 358 amphid 299, 306 aggregated distribution 30, 43 Anactinotrichida 347, 351

The Biology of Parasites, First Edition. Richard Lucius, Brigitte Loos-Frank, Richard P. Lane, Robert Poulin, CraigW.Roberts,andRichardK.Grencis. © 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2017 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 436 Index

Anaplasma phagocytophilum 361 apical complex 154, 159, 160, 190 361 apical organ 242 braziliense 311 155 Ancylostoma caninum 311 – cell biology 160 Ancylostoma ceylanicum 311 – development 155 3, 16, 295, – host cell invasion 163 308 – gliding motility 162 – development 308 – life cycle 156 – morphology 309 – morphology 157 – genome 309 – ultrastructure 159 – pathology 309 apicoplast 154, 156, 160, 162, 194 – epidemiology 309 Apis cerana 35, 348 Ancylostoma tubaeforme 311 Apis mellifera 35, 348 310 Apterygota 371 antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity arboviurus 342, 359 (ADCC) 65 345, 358 Anelasma squalicola 24 Argas persicus 358 Angiostrongylus cantonensis 311–312 Argas reflexus 358 Anguilla anguilla 36, 37 358, 352, 358 Anguilla japonica 36 Argulus 25, 367 Anguilla rostrata 36 Argulus appendiculosus 367 Anguillicola crassus 37 Argulus foliaceus 26, 367–368 296, 297, 320 Argulus japonicus 367 Anisakis pegreffii 321 arms race 22, 185 Anisakis physeteris 321 Armadillidium vulgare 289, 291 Anisakis simplex 320–321 Arthropoda 337 Anisakis typica 321 – impact of bloodfeeding 343 Anodonta cygnea 26 – phylogeny 339, 340 Anoplocephalidae 273, 361 – transmission 341 Anopheles 83, 191, 193, 196, 199, 200, 210, – vector concepts 340 327, 334, 395, 396, 397, 398 – vectorial capacity 342 Anopheles arabiensis 395 ascariosis 317 Anopheles bwambae 395 Anopheles culicifacies 395 Ascaris 26, 296, 298, 318 Anopheles darlingi 395 3, 11, 295, Anopheles dirus 395 315 Anopheles dureni 399 – development 316 Anopheles funestus 399 – epidemiology 316 Anopheles gambiae 21, 395, 399 – life cycle 317 Anopheles maculatus 395 – morphology 316 Anopheles maculipennis 395 – pathology 317 Anopheles melas 395, 399 Ascaris suum 318 Anopheles merus 395 Asellus aquaticus 292 Anopheles punctulatus 395 asexual reproduction 29 Anopheles quadriannulatus 395 assassin bugs 380 Anopheles stephensi 199, 399 Astigmata 364 Anophelinae 394 Auchmeromyia senegalensis 413 Anoplura 371, 375 Australian sheep blowfly 413 antigen disguise 70, 246 Austrobilharzia 247 antigenic varation 71, 101, 124, 128, Austroconops 392 131, 133, 204, 213 Austrovenus stutchburyi 84 antagonism 6, 38 autoinfection 15, 307, 324 antimicrobial peptides 342 axostyl 103 Aotus 12 Azygia 233 Index 437 b recurrentis 379 155, 211, 216, 404 Borrelia turicatae 360 – 213, 361 bot flies 413 – development and morphology 211 bottle jaw syndrome 253 – life cycle 212 Bovicola bovis 375, 376 – immunobiology 215 Bovine Ephemeral Fever 394 Babesia bigemina 215 Brachycera 390, 408 Babesia bovis 21, 161, 214, 215, 354 Brachylecithum mosquensis 91 Babesia canis 215 Bradypus tridactylus 394 Babesia divergens 211, 212–213, 214, 215 bradyzoites 176, 187 Babesia major 215 brain worm 90, 260 214, 215, 361 Broad Fish Tapeworm 269 Babesia motasi 215 brood 7, 8 Babesia ovis 215 Brown Dog Tick 357 156, 210 21, 325, 326, 334, 400 babesiosis 214 – development 327 Bacillary Angiomatosis 389 – genome 328 Bacillus anthracis 410 – pathology 329 Bacillus subtilis 21 – life cycle 327 Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis 400, 404 – morphology 328 bacterial symbionts 326, 374, 375, 418 Brugia timori 325 balantidiosis 219 book lungs 339 coli 74, 219 bug 380; see Heteroptera 380 – development and morphology 219 buffalo gnat 401 barber’s pole worm 312 239 Bartonella bacilliformis 407 241 Bartonella henselae 389 bursa copulatrix 299, 308 Bartonella quintana 379 basophil 61 c bat flies 418 Caenorhabditis elegans 21, 244, 294, 314 beef measles 277 Calabar swelling 334 beef tapeworm 281 Callithrix 394 behavioral changes 87 Calliphoridae 391, 413 benzimidazoles 44, 315, 330 Calliphora cuprina 412 Bilharziella 247 Calodium hepaticum 300 bilharziosis 238 Camponotus 89, 90, 91 biological vectors 341 Capillaria 299 Biomphalaria 239, 241 Capillaria aerophila 295 Biomphalaria glabrata 80, 240 Capillaria hepatica 300 Bithynia leachi 254, 255 capillary feeder 373 biting rate 342 capitulum 350, 355 black flies 330, 400; see Simuliidae 400 Carasobarbus canis 389 blowflies 413 Carcinus maenas 23, 34, 35, 368 Bluetongue Virus 393 Carrion’s disease 407 Boophilus 355, 359 castor bean tick 355 Boophilus microplus 354 cat avoidance behavior 177 360 cat fleas 387 Borrelia 341, 356, 359, 360 cat flea typhus 389 Borrelia anserina 358 cat fluke 254 360, 410 cat scratch disease 389 Borrelia duttoni 360, 380 cataract 250 360 cement 353 Borrelia lonestari 360 Centrorhynchus 290 360 cephalothorax 367 438 Index

Cephenomyia 26 156, 165 Ceratophyllus gallinae 30, 31, 386 coccidiosis 172 Ceratopogonidae 391 Cochlicopa lubrica 259 – biology 392 Cochliomyia 413 – disease transmission 393 Cochliomyia hominivorax 413 – morphology 392 coenurus 85 cercaria 231, 232, 234, 242 coevolution 18, 38, 41, 45 cercarial dermatitis 247 common liver fluke 251 cercomer 266 cospeciation 40, 41 Cervus canadensis 410 Colpocephalum 14 263 Columbicola columbae 375, 376 – adult 267 commensalism 6 – development 265 concomitant immunity 13, 21, 59, 246 – evolution and origin of life cycles congenital infection 17, 180 – formation of genital organs 268 congenital 180 – genome 269 conoid 154, 155, 160 – morphology 266 Cooperia 312 – strobila 267 Coquillettidia 327 – 268 coracidium 265, 269 CD36 203 Coronula diadema 24 changing of host behavior 82 Corynosoma 290 Chagas disease 134, 136, 380 Corynosoma constrictum 87, 88 chagoma 136 Corridor Fever 215 chewing lice 375, costa 103 chicleros’s disease 151 Covering Sickness 133 cinchona bark 198 Coxiella burneti 361 cirrus 229, 237 crab louse 378 chelicerae 346, 351 creeping eruption 311 chiggers 363, 388 Crithidia 118 chigoe 388 Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever = CCHF Chikungunya 399 359 Cirripedia 368 crowding effect 19, 59, 266 chitin 339 Crustacea 366 chloroquine 47, 195 167, 169 Chorioptes bovis 364 baileyi 169 chorioretinitis 180 Cryptosporidium meleagridis 169 294, 296, 306 Cryptosporidium muris 169 chromatin diminuation 318 Cryptosporidium nasorum 169 Chrysomya 413 13, 16, 21, 73, 160, Chrysops 334, 408, 409, 410 161, 166 Chrysops dimidiata 334, 410 – cell biology 166 Chrysops silacea 334, 410 – cryptosporidiosis 167, 169 Chthamalus stellatus 24 – life cycle 167 Ciliophora 154, 218 – ultrastructure 168 Cimex columbarius 384 Cryptosporidium serpentis 169 Cimex hemipterus 384 CSP = circumsporozoite protein 206 Cimex lecticularius 381, 283 ctenidium 385 Cimex lectularius 382, 383–384 Ctenocephalides 387 Cimicidae 371, 382 Ctenocephalides canis 387, 389 Cinchona officinalis 197 Ctenocephalides felis 384, 386, 387 clasping organs 26 Ctenodactylus gundi 176 cleg 408 cuckoo 8 256 Culex 210, 327, 334, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400 clown fish 5 Culex pipiens 395 Index 439

Culex quinquefasciatus 395, 396 dense granules 154, 155, 160 Culicidae 391, 394 354, 355, 356, 360 – biology and development 395 356, 359, 361 – control 400 Dermacentor marginatus 356 – disease transmission 398 Dermacentor occidentalis 359 – medical importance 394 356, 361 – morphology 396 356, 359, 361 – species complexes 389, 395 Dermanyssus 345 Culicinae 394 348 392, 393 Dermataphagoides 364 Culicoides adersi 394 Dermatobia hominis 414 Culicoides arakawae 394 Diaptomus 269 Culicoides arboricola 393 Dicrocoelium 233, 234 Culicoides biguttatus 393 11, 22, 89, 90, 91, Culicoides downesi 394 235, 237, 259, 295 Culicoides furens 394 – development 259 Culicoides grahami 394 – epidemiology 261 Culicoides imicola 393 – life cycle 260 Culicoides milnei 394 – morphology 261 Culicoides nipponensis 394 – pathology 262 Culicoides obsoletus 393 Dicrocoelium hospes 89, 90, 261 Culicoides oxystoma 394 Dictyocaulus viviparus 295, 315 Culicoides paraensis 394 diethylcarbamazine 330 Culicoides pulicaris 393 230 Culicoides stellifer 393 – adults 234 Curtuteria australis 84 – developmental stages 232 cutaneous leishmaniosis 148, 406 – genital organs 236 Cutebrinae 414 – life cycle 231 cuticle 297 – morphology 232 Ctenodactylus gundi 176 – systematics and evolutionary history 237 272 dinoflagellates 153 Cyclops 269, 367 25, 297 cayetanensis 73, 175 Dipetalogaster maximus 136 cypris larva 368 Dipetalonema 419 282 Diphyllobothriidea 269 Cysticercus ocularis 282 Diphyllobothrium 267, 367 cystacanth 86, 290 Diphyllobothrium latum 25, 27, 265, 269 cystozoites 188 – epidemiology 271 cyst-forming coccidia 165 – life cycle 271 cystic echinococcosis 283 – morphology 271 , cysticercus 271 – pathology 271 cytokines 60, 71 Diplomonadida 99 cytotoxic T cells 64 237 cytomeres 157, 217 spathaceum 234, 235, 237, 248, 250 d – development 248 daughter sporocyst 231, 232 – life cycle 250 delayed hypersensitivity 388 – morphology 249 345, 362 – pathology 250 74, 362 Diptera 371, 390 Demodex canis 362 Dipylidium caninum 341, 375, 387, 389 23, 30, 74, 362 disability adjusted life years (DALYs) 15 dendritic cells 60 Dirofilaria immitis 334, 400 Dengue 342, 399 Dirofilaria repens 400 440 Index

Dirofilaria ursi 404 zuernii 173 dog fleas 387 156 dourine 133 Eleaphora schneideri 410 Dorylaimea 294, 296, 300 elephant skin 333 dracunculiosis 322 elephantiasis 326 25, 296, 321, 367 Encephalitozoon cuniculi 21 Draschia 412 Endemic Typhus 389 Draschia megastoma 412 endodyogeny 157, 187, 189 drug resistance 43, 44 Endolimax nana 115 Duddingtonia flagrans 315 endoparasites 10 dwarf males 27 endopeptidase 140 dwarf tapeworm 275 endopolygeny 157, 188 Entamoeba 108 e Entamoeba coli 114 East Coast Fever 215, 357, 361 Entamoeba dispar 108, 111, 112, 114 ecdysis 295, 339 Entamoeba gingivalis 114 Echinococcus 267, 269, 277, 283, 285 Entamoeba hartmanni 114 Echinococcus canadensis 284 Entamoeba histolytica 3, 15, 21, 74, Echinococcus equinus 284 108 Echinococcus felidis 284 – amoebiosis 110 84, 269, 283, 284, – cell and immune biology 111 285 – colitis 110 Echinococcus multilocularis 16, 29, 84, 269, – genome 111 284, 285, 287 – life cycle 109 Echinococcus oligarthrus 284, 286 – liver abscesses 111 Echinococcus ortleppi 284 – tissue invasion 112, 113 Echinococcus vogeli 284, 286 Entamoeba invadens 115 Echinorhynchus truttae 291 Entamoeba moshkovskii 114 ectoparasite 10, 31 Entamoeba polecki 114 ectopic infection 257 Entamoeba proteus 98 eel 37 Enterobius vermicularis 3, 15, 295, 323 egg raft 397 – development 323 Ehrlichia 361 – epidemiology 324 Ehrlichia chaffeensis 361 – morphology 324 Ehrlichia ewingii 361 – pathology, treatment 324 Eimeria 155, 165, 169 eosinophil 61, 66, 227, 244, 247 305 – cell and immunobiology 174 Ephemerovirus 394 – coccidiosis 172 epimastigote 118 – development 169 Epidemic Typhus 379 – genome 172 epidemiology 17, 343 – life cycle 170 Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus = EHD – morphology 170 393 Eimeria acervulina 173 epizootiology 17 Eimeria arloingi 173 Equine Infectious 411 Eimeria bakuensis 173 erythrocytic schizogony 191 Eimeria bovis 173, 175 Escherichia coli 19, 21 Eimeria debliecki 173 Esox lucius 271 Eimeria falciformis 171, 172 Espundia 151 Eimeria mivati 173 Esthiopterum raphidium 14 Eimeria necatrix 173 263 Eimeria stiedai 173 Euglenozoa 117 Eimeria tenella 170, 171, 173, 174 – cell biology and genome 118 Eimeria truncata 173 – phylogeny 121 Eimeria vermiformis 53, 54 , phylogenetic tree 97 Index 441 eukaryotic parasites 4 g Eulimdana 375 Galba humilis 251 eutely 297 Galba truncatula 80, 81, 251, 252, 253 evasion mechanism 58, 69, 75 gametocyte 157, 194 evolutionary race 22, 185 gamogony 155, 157 excessive inflammatory reactions 67 Gammarus lacustris 87 exflagellation 191 Gammarus pulex 88 externa 369 Gasterophilinae 414 exoerythrocytic schizogony 191 Gasterophilus inermis 414 expression site associated genes 130 Gasterophilus intestinalis 414 extended phenotype 77 generalist 38 eye lens 249 Gené’s organ 352 genetically attenuated parasites 185 f genome size 21 facultative parasites 10 genu 346 Fahrenholz’s rule 41 Giardia agilis 99 Fasciola gigantica 254 Giardia ardeae 99 10, 16, 80, 233, 237, 251, Giardia duodenalis 99 252, 253, 254, 262, 295 Giardia intestinalis 99 – development 251 Giardia lamblia 3, 21, 25, 99 – epidemiology 253 – cell and immune biology 101 – life cycle 252 – development and morphology 100 – morphology 251 – distribution 99 – pathology 253 – pathogenicity 101 favism 50 Giardia microti 99 fecal-oral contamination 16 Giardia muris 99, 101 Felicola subrostratus 375 Giardia psittaci 99 female choice 52 giardiosis 101 feminization of males 81, 369 Gigantobilharzia 247 Ferribia 14 gliding motility 162, 181 Filariae 325 Gliricola porcelli 375 – immunobiology 325 Glossina 123, 125, 131, 133, 415, 416, 418 – Wolbachia endobacterial symbionts 326, Glossina fuscipes 417 374 Glossina morsitans 125, 417 filariasis 326, 330, 334, 400 Glossina palpalis 417 Filicollis anatis 292 Glossina tachinoides 417 filopodia 107 Glossinidae 123, 391, 415 final host 11 – control 418 fish louse 368 – development and biology 416 fitness 14 – morphology 417 flagellar pocket 117 glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase 49 flagellum 117 glycosylphosphatidylinositol = GPI 143 flame cell 229 glycophosphoinositol lipid = GIPL 143 Flavivirus 359 glycosome 119 fleas 384; see Siphonaptera 384 gnathosoma 346, 348 flea infection 31 good-genes model 53 flies 390; see Diptera 390 gordian worm 92 fly belt 416 gordian knot 92 flystrike 413 GP63 = glycoprotein 63 105, 139, 143, 145 Forcipomyia 392 GRA15 = dense granule protein 15 185 Formica 89, 90, 259, 261 Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis = GAE Formica pratensis 91 116 Fossaria bulimoides 251 great tit 30, 31 Francisella tularensis 356, 361, 410 green bottle 413 442 Index

guide RNAs 121 heteroxenous 10 Grammomys surdaster 210 hexacanth larva 265 Guinea worm 321 Hexapoda 370 Gymnocephalus cernuus 271 Hippoboscidae 391, 415, 418 gynecophoric channel 242, 244 histiotropic phase 312 Gyrodactylus elegans 26 hit-and-run strategy 19 holometabolous 370 h honest signals 53 habitat preference 92 honey bee 35 Habronema microstoma 412 308 Habronema muscae 412 horizontal transmission 17 354, 360 horse flies 408; see Tabanidae 408 Haematobia 411 host 2, 11 Haematobia irritans 411, 412 –final 11 Haematobosca 411 –intermediate 12 Haematopinus setosus 379 –paratenic 12 Haematopinus suis 379 –range 13 Haematopota 408 –resistance 12 Haematozoea 156, 190 –reservoir 12 Haemogogus 399 –specificity 13 Haemonchus 296 host cell invasion 139, 146, 150, 303 Haemonchus contortus 21, 295, 312 host switch 40, 41 – development 312 house and stable flies 410; see Muscidae 410 – denome 314 humoral immune response 64 – morphology 314 355, 359, 360 – pathology 315 Hybomitra 408, 410 156 Hydatid worm 283 hair worm 92, 300 Hydatigera 277 Haller’s organ 352, 355 Hydatigera taeniaeformis 264, 277, 278, 279, halteres 390 283 handicap principle 52 hydrocephalus 179 hanging groin 333 hydrogenosomes 103 Hantavirus 21 hydroxylapatit 254 haplont 155 Hydrotaea irritans 411 Harara 407 hygiene hypothesis 74 harvest 363 274 hatchet cell 417 diminuta 274 heart worm 334 Hymenolepis microstoma 269 Heartwater Fever 357 275; see Rodentolepis nana Helicella 259 275 Helicobacter pylori 21 hyperparasitism 7 Heligmosomoides polygyrus 53, 54 hypnozoites 191, 198, 200 helminth 226 hypobiosis 312 Hemiptera 380 hypopharynx 372 hemoglobin C 49 hypopus 364 hemolytic anemia 50 hypostome 346, 351, 355 Hemoproteus 419 Hypoderma 415 hemimetabolous 370 Hypoderma bovis 414, 415 hemozoin 195 Hypoderma lineatum 414, 415 hepatosplenomegalie 149, 201, 245 Hypodermatinae 414 kochi 394 hermaphroditism 28 i Herpes simplex 21 Ibidoecus bisignatus 14 Heteroptera –True Bugs 380 Ibis falcinellus 14 Index 443

Ichneumon 9 k Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 55–57, 219 Kala Azar 150 – life cycle 221 keds 418 idiosoma 346 kentrogon 369 IgE dependent immune attack 65, 75 kentron 369 immune complex glomerulonephritis 67 kinete 211, 212 immune complexes 67 kinetoplast 117, 121 immune evasion 58, 68 Kinetoplastea 117 immunity 13 – cell biology and genome 118 immunological phenotype 71 – phylogeny 121 immunobiology 58 kissing bugs immunopathology 67 knobs 203, 215 immunosuppression 68 Korean Hemorrhagic Fever 348 impregnated bednets 396 Kupffer stellate cells 195 inactivation of effector molecules 73 incidence 17 increase of transmission 83 l incubation period 14 labium 372 induced phagocytosis 140 labrum 346 infection 14 lactogenic infection 319 infestation 227 Lagopus lagopus scoticus 32 inflammatory diseases 74, 76 lancet fluke 89 innate immunity 60 Lasiohelea 392 innate lymphoid cells 61 Laurer’s canal 236 Insecta 370 larva 371 – bloodfeeding and its consequences 373 Larva migrans, cutaneous or visceral or – morphology 372 ocularis 311, 320 – saliva 374 Legionella pneumophila 116 – systematics 371 Leiperia gracilis 26 intensity of infection 17 Leishmania 3, 13, 64, 68, 69, 73, 83, 118, 121, intermediate host 12 139, 141, 341, 404, 407 interna 369 – cell and immune biology 143 intracellular parasitism 10 – development 142 intraspecific competitors 39 – immune escape mechanisms 145 introduced species 34, 36 – leishmaniosis 143, 407 Iodamoeba bütschlii 115 – life cycle 141 Ischnocera 371, 374, 376 – morphology 143 175 – survival in host cell 146 Isospora belli 173, 175 – trojan horse 147 Isospora suis 173, 175 Leishmania aethiopica 144 Ivermectin 333 Leishmania amazonensis 144 345, 355, 357 Leishmania braziliensis 144, 149, 151 359 Leishmania donovani 58, 68, 144, 149, 150 Ixodes ovatus 361 Leishmania infantum 144, 150 Ixodes pacificus 360 Leishmania major 21, 119, 142, 144, 147 351, 356, 359 Leishmania mexicana 142, 144, 149, 151 211, 351, 354, 355, 356, 359, Leishmania tropica 144, 148, 149, 150, 407 360, 361, 389 leishmanisation 149 356, 359, 360, 361 lemniscus 292 211, 352, 354 leopard skin 333 Lepeophtheirus salmonis 367 j Leptoconops 392 Japanese Encephalitis 399 Leptomonas 118 jiggers 388 interrogans 410 444 Index

Leptotrombidium 364 46, 190, 196 deliense 364 – cerebral 202, 210 paradoxum 91, 237, 248, – distribution 197 249 –HbS 48 394, 404 – pigment 195 394 – quartana 200 Leucocytozoon simondi 404 –sicklecellanemia 48 Leucocytozoon smithi 404 – severe 202 life cycle 10 – susceptibility to 50 life/dinner principle 40 – tertiana 198, 199 lipophosphoglucan = LPG 105, 143, – tropica 199 146 – vaccine 207 Lipoptena cervi 23 male-male competition 52 Litomosoides carinii 348 Mallophaga 375 Litomosoides sigmodontis 334 mandibles 372 69, 70, 325, 334, 408, 410 mange 364 lobopodia 107 ozzardi 325, 394, 404 loiosis 410 Mansonella perstans 325, 394 lone star tick 357 Mansonella streptocerca 70, 325, 394 long term strategy 19 Mansonia 327, 334, 396, 400 Lochotrophozoa 228 mass production of offspring 26 Looping ill 359 mast cells 61 Lota lota 271 mate choice 51 louse 374 mating lek 406 – disease transmission 379 Maurer’s clefts 195 Louse flies 23, 418 maxillae 372 Louse-borne 341, 379 maxillary palps 373 Louse-borne Typhus 379 maxicircles 121 lower diptera 390 Meconema thalassinum 92 Lucilia cuprina 413 median bodies 101 Lucilia sericata 412, 413 megacolon 137 Lumbricus terrestris 316 megaesophagus 137 lung fluke 257 Mehlis’ gland 236 lungworm 315 melanesian ovalocytosis 49 Lutzomyia 141, 405, 407 melanin encapsulation 342 Lutzomyia longipalpis 406 Melanoides 257 356, 360 Melophagus ovinus 23, 419 Lymnaea stagnalis 80 membranocalix 246 lymphatic filariosis 326 Menopon gallinae 375 Lynchia maura 23 Menopon plegradis 14 Lystropodia 419 merosome 191 merozoite 156, 194 m Mesocestoides leptothylacus 272 Macaca irus 210 347, 348 Macracanthorhynchus 290 – development 347 Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus 291, – morphology 347 292 metacercaria 232 macrocyclic lactone 315 metacestode 265, 266 macroparasite 227 metagenesis 11 macrophage 61, 142 Metamonada 99 MAF1 = mitochondrial association factor 1 metamorphosis 370 182 methanethiol 396 maggot 408 metasoma 292 maggot debridement therapy = MDT 413 Metastigmata 350 Index 445

– development 353 Nasturtium officinale 253 – morphology 351 Nairobi Sheep Disease 357 – tick bites and saliva 353 natural killer (NK) cells 61 – tick borne diseases 359 nauplius larva 367, 368 MHC genes 56, 209 3, 74, 308 microcephaly 400 – development 308 microfilaria 325 – life cycle 309 micronemes 154, 160 – morphology 309 microparasites 227 – genome 309 micropore 154, 160 – pathology 309 micropyle 165, 171 – epidemiology 309 microtrich 268 negative binominal distribution 43 Mimivirus 116 Nematoda 294 minicircles 121 – development 295 mining anemia 311 – morphology 298 miracidium 230, 232 – systematics 294, 296 missing the boat 41 Nematodirus 312 mite 344, 339 Nematocera 390 mitosome 108, 111 Nematomorpha 92 molting 295 nematophageous fungus 315 mortality 15 Neodermata 228 Mola mola 25 neodermis 229, 268 Moniezia expansa 273, 295 Neoechinorhynchus rutili 291, 292 Moniliformis moniliformis 86, 292 Neoehrlichia mikurensis 361 Monorchis parvus 7 caninum 186–187 monoxenous 10 345 morbidity 15 Neotrombicula autumnalis 363 mortality 15 – life cycle 363 mosquitoes 394; see Culicidae 394 neutrophil granulocyte 61, 142 mother sporocyst 230, 232 nidiculous 347 mourning attitude 175 nit 377 moving junction 163 nitric oxide = NO 148 mucin associated surface proteins 138 Nosema monorchis 7 mucocutaneous leishmaniosis 151, 406 nurse cell-parasite complex 302 mucus ball 259, 261 namaqua 351 Murine Typhus 389 Nycteribiidae 391, 418 Musca 340, 411 nymph 347, 370 Musca autumnalis 410, 412 Musca domestica 411 Muscidae 391, 410 o – biology 411 O’Nyong-Nyong Fever 399 – disease transmission 411 obligate parasites 10 – morphology 411 Odocoileus hemionus 410 Mus musculus 21 Odocoileus virginianus 356 mutualism 5, 38 Oestridae 391, 413 Mycobacteria 148 Oestrinae 415 Mycoplasma hominis 105 Oestrus ovis 415 myiasis 390 Onchocerca 342, 392, 402, 404 Myrmeconema neotropicum 92 Onchocerca cervicalis 332 myxomatosis 341 Onchocerca gibsoni 332 Onchocerca gutturosa 332 n Onchocerca lienalis 332 Nagana 121, 131 Onchocerca ochengi 332 Nairovirus 359 Onchocerca reticulata 332 446 Index

Onchocerca volvulus 3, 10, 58, 69, 70, 71, 325, p 330, 401, 404 Pandoravirus 116 – control 333 Panstrongylus 134 – development 330 Panstrongylus megistus 381 – epidemiology 331 Parabasala 102 – life cycle 331 Parafilaria bovicola 412 – morphology 330 Paragonimus 3, 233, 234, 259 – control programme 235, 237, 257, 367 404 – development 257 – pathology 332 – life cycle 258 onchocercoma 330 – morphology 258 onchodermatitis 333 – pathology 259 Oncomelania 239 Parahaemoproteus nettionis 394 Oncomelania hupensis 241 Paramphistomum 233 oncosphere 265, 266 Paramphistomum cervi 237 Onicola 292 294 Parasite 2 Onobrychis viciifolia 315 parasitic castration 80 oocyst 165 parasitic gigantism 80 ookinete 191 parasitism 2, 6, 97 Opisthorchis felineus 234, 235, 237, 254 parasitoidism 8 – development 254 parasitophorous vacuole 134, 140, 163, 191, – life cycle 255 196 – morphology 255, 256 parasitos mask 4 – pathology 256 parasomal sac 218 256 paratenic host 12, 271, 318, 320 opportunistic parasitic infection 13, 72, 143, Paratenuisentis ambiguus 291 169, 180, 307 paraxial rod 117 oral infection 16 parthenogenesis 28 Orbivirus 393 paruterine organ 272 Oribatidae 273, 361 pathogen associated molecular patterns Orienta tsutsugamushi 364 (PAMPs) 60 oriental boil 148 pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) 60 ornament 51 Passalurus ambiguus 324 Ornithobilharzia 247 patency 14 334, 345, 358, 360 pathogenicity 15 Ornithodoros hermsi 358, 360 pathogenicity factor 15 358, 360 Pediculus 377, 379 Ornithodoros moubata moubata Pediculus humanus 377, 379 358 Pediculus schaeffi 379 Ornithodoros moubata porcinus 358 pedipalps 346 Ornithodoros parkeri 358, 360 pellicle 153, 218 Ornithodoros savignyi 358 Perca fluviatilis 271 Ornithodoros turicata 358, 360 percutaneous infection 16 345 periparturient rise 312 Ornithonyssus bacoti 334, 348 peritreme 346 Oropouche Virus 394 peritrophic membrane 124, 342, 374, 406 Orthobunyavirus 394 perivascular inflammation 126 Ostertagia 312 permanent parasites 10 Otobius 358 pernicious tapeworm anemia 271 Otobius megnini 358 Peromyscus 360 Otodectes cynotis 364 Peromyscus leucopus 356 overdispersed distribution 228 persistence 16, 19 oxidative burst 61 PEXEL motif 195 Index 447

PfEMP1 protein 202, 203 – vaccine 205, 207 phasmid 299, 306 gallinaceum 210 Phlebotominae 141, 391, 404, 406 190, 191, 196, 210 – control 407 46, 190–199, 200 – development and biology 405 46, 190, 191, 192, 194, 200 – disease transmission 407 199, 211 – morphology 406 210 Phlebotomus 141, 405, 406 46, 190–199, 199 Phlebotomus argentipes 406, 407 Plasmodium yoelii 161, 210 Phlebotomus ariasi 406 Platyhelminths 228 Phlebotomus papatasi 406, 407 plerocercoid 265, Phlebotomus perfiliewi 407 Pneumonyssus simicola 348 Phlebotomus perniciosus 407 Pogonophora 25 Phlebotomus sergenti 149 polar rings 154 Phlebovirus 407 Polyctenidae 371 phoresy 8, 375 polyclonal B cell activation 140, 206 Phthiraptera 374, 376 polycystic echinococcosis 286 phylogeny 97, 153, 227, 339, 340 polymorphism 48, 49, 50 Phytomonas 118 Polymorphus marilis 87, 88 323 Polymorphus minutus 292 156, 210 Polymorphus paradoxus 87, 88 piroplasmosis 211 Polystomum integerrimum 26 Piscicola geometrica 26 Pomphorhynchus laevis 88, 291, 292 pitworm 311 pool feeder 373 Placentonema gigantissima 25, 297 population density 19, 32 plague 388 Porcine Respiratory Syndrome Virus = PRRSV Plagiorchiida 237 411 Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus 86, 289, 291 pork tapeworm 282 156, 190 Portunion maenada 35 Plasmodium 3, 46, 55, 69, 83, 161, 190, 342, Potamonautes 402 394, 398 247 – cell biology 195 preadaption 18 – development 190 precocious strains 174 –drugresistance 47 predator-prey relationships 9 – genome 194 premunition 13, 21, 59 – life cycle 193 prepatency 14 – history and significance 196 presoma 291 –hostresistance 48 pretarsus 346, 348 – human pathogenic species 191 prevalence 17 – of monkeys, and 210 primaquine 210 – morphology 193 proboscis 373 210, 399 procercoid 265 210 proglottid 264 210 promastigote 118 21, 46, 70, 78, 161, Prosthenorchis 292 190–199, 200, 395 Prosthenorchis elegans 292 – antigens 203, 206 362 – antigen variation 203 protandric hermaphrodite 267 – cytoadherence 202–204, 206 Protozoa 95, 97 – distribution 198 – phylogenetic tree 97 – evolution 204 pseudopodia 107 – immunobiology 204 Pseudosuccinella columella 251 – life cycle 193 Pseudoterranova decipiens 321 – pathology 202 Psilochasmus 233 448 Index

Psoroptes ovis 364 Rickettsia slovaca 360 Pthirus pubis 26, 376, 378 Rickettsia typhi 389 Pulex 387 ring stage 194, 200 Pulex irritans 386, 387 river blindness 330, 404 Pupipara 415 RNA-editing 121 Pterygota 371 Roble’s disease 332 pupa obtecta, pupa exarata, pupa coarctata Rochalimea quintana 379 372 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever = RMSF 356, punkies 392 357, 359 round worms 294 q 399 Q-fever 361 Rodentolepis nana 3, 275, 295, 389 quartan malaria 200 ROP16, ROP5, ROP17/18 = rhoptry proteins questing 355 183 quinolines 195 s r Sacculina carcini 23, 24, 34–35, 368 Radix peregra 248, 250 – life cycle 369 rapid expulsion 305 sacculinisation 23 rat lungworm 311 SAG = surface antigens 181 Rattus norvegicus 311, 388 salivaria 120 Rattus rattus 311, 388 Salmonella 148 ray bodies 211, 217 sand tampan 358 reciprocal selection pressure 39 sandflies 141, 142, 404; see Phlebotominae Red Grouse, 32 404 redia 231, 232 sandfly fever 407 Red Queen Hypothesis 39 155, 165, 187 reactivation of infection 182 Sarcocystis arieticanis 187 red poultry mite 348 Sarcocystis bertrami 187 red ruhr 172, 175 Sarcocystis capracanis 187 Reduviidae 371, 380 Sarcocystis cruzi 187 reductive evolution 98 Sarcocystis dispersa 187 redwater fever 211 Sarcocystis gigantea 78, 157, 187, 190 refractile body 171 Sarcocystis hirsuta 187 reinfection 14 Sarcocystis hominis 187 resilin 385 Sarcocystis miescheriana 187 reservoir hosts 12 Sarcocystis muris 187 345, 355, 357, 361 Sarcocystis singaporensis 187, 190 Rhipicephalus appendiculatus 216, 357, 361 Sarcocystis suihominis 187, 188, 351, 357, 359, 360 – development 188 Rhipicephalus siberica 360 – life cycle 188 Rhipicephalus zambeziensis 216 – morphology 189 Rhizocephala 368 – pathology 189 Rhodnius 134 Sarcocystis tenella 187 Rhodnius prolixus 381 Sarcophaga 412 rhoptries 154, 160 345 Rickettsia 357, 359, 389 74, 364 Rickettsia conori 357, 360 mite 364 Rickettsia felis 389 scaly leg 364 Rickettsia helvetica 360 Sceloribates 345 Rickettsia parkeri 359 Schistocephalus solidus 28 Rickettsia prowazekii 341, 379, 389 3, 233, 234, 238 Rickettsia quintana 379 – control 247 Rickettsia rickettsii 356, 359 – development 239 Index 449

– egg granuloma 245, 246 Simulium ornatum 402 – epidemiology 247 Siphonaptera 371, 384 – genome 244 – biology and development 384 – immunobiology 245 – morphology 385 – morphology 242 – disease transmission 388 – pathology 245 sleeping sickness 121 248 – advanced stage 121, 127 237–248 – epidemics 126 243 small liver fluke 259 237–248 Snoring Disease 248 21, 29, 58, 69, 70, 74, social parasitism 7 80, 237–248 Sodalis glossinidius 418 Schistosoma matthei 248 somatic larvae 319 243 species complexes 395 248 spicule 299 schistosomosis 245 spinose ear tick 358 schistosomulum 240, 244 Sphaerularia bombi 27 schizogony 155, 157, 191 Spilopsyllus cuniculi 384, 385 schizont 156, 194 Spinochordodes tellinii 92, 93 Schmallenberg-Virus 394 splenomegaly 201 Schüffner’s dots 198 sporoblast 157, 165 scolex 264, 267 sporocyst 157, 165 screwworms 413 sporogony 155, 157 364 sporont 157, 165 scutum 350 sporozoite 155, 157, 165 sea anemone 5 social parasitism 7 secondary endosymbiosis 161 sowda 332 selection pressure 38 spliced leader 120, 244, 294 selfish gene 40 spring rise 313 Semisulcospira 258 SRS = SAG1-related sequence Semisulcospira libertina 257 Steccherinum ochraceum 402 serotonin 88 Stephanofilaria stilesi 413 Sergentomyia 405 Sternostoma tracheaculum 348 setae 346 stercoraria 121 Setaria cervi 412 stichocyte 303 sexual reproduction 42 stichosome 300, 303 sexual transmission 16, 103, 106, 133, 365, stickleback 55 378 165, 172 sexual selection 51, 54 stigmata 346 sheathed larva 295 Stomoxys calcitrans 411, 412 Siberian Tick Typhus 360 Streblidae 391, 418 sickle cell anemia 48 strobila 267 sickle cell gene (HbSS) 48 strobilocercus 283 Simuliidae 330, 391, 401 Strongyloides ratti 28 – biology and development 402 Strongyloides stercoralis 3, 10, 11, 74, 306 – control 404 – development 306 – disease transmission 404 – life cycle 307 – morphology 403 – morphology 308 Simulium 332, 394, 395, 403 – pathology 308 Simulium damnosum 332, 401, 402 Stylorhynchus 26 Simulium exiguum 402 Succinea putris 249 Simulium metallicum 332, 402 sucking lice 375 Simulium neavei 332, 402 summer dermatitis 414 Simulium ochraceum 332, 402 superinfection 15 450 Index

Surra 133 theront 219 SUSA = SAG-unrelated surface antigen 181 Thiara 257 susceptibility 12 Thorn-headed worms 288 swimmer’s itch 247 threadworm 306 sylvatic cycle 304 Thymallus thymallus 271 symbiosis 5 Tick 344, 350; see Metastigmata 350 syndermata 289 Tick-Borne Encephalitis = TBE 356 Syphacia muris 324 Tick-Borne Lymphadenopathy 360 Tick-borne Relapsing Fever = TBRF 358, 360 t 359 Tabanidae 133, 408, 410 Tick Typhus 357 – development and biology 409 tomite 219 – morphology 409 Toxocara 296, 315, 319 – transmission of diseases 410 296, 318 tachyzoite 176 – development 318 Taenia 267, 277, 295 – epidemiology 320 Taenia asiatica 277, 278, 282 – life cycle 319 Taenia crassiceps 71, 81, 82, 268, 277 – morphology 320 Taenia multiceps 85, 278 – pathology 320 Taenia ovis 278 Toxocara cati 298 Taenia polyacantha 264 3, 13, 17, 38, 42, 59, 69, 3, 14, 26, 277, 278, 279, 280, 73, 78, 85, 86, 146, 159, 161, 162, 164, 176 281 – cell biology 181 Taenia serialis 278 – congenital toxoplasmosis 179 26, 82, 269, 277–279, 280, – development 176 282 – encephalitis 180 Taeniidae 277 – effectors 183 – development 277 – immunobiology 183 – immunobiology 279 – life cycle 177 – morphology 278 – morphology 178 Telodorsagia 312 – stage conversion 182 tegument 228, 234, 245, 268 – toxoplasmosis 178, 181 temporary parasites 10 tracheae 339 tertian malaria 199 transmission avoidance model 53 Tetrameres americana 84 trans-sialidases 139 tetrathyridium 272 trematode 230 T helper cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, T reg) 62,63, Trench Fever 379 228, Triatoma 134 T cell subpopulations 63, 148 Triatoma brasiliensis 381 thalassemia 49, 50 Triatoma dimidiata 381 160, 211, 213, 214, 215 Triatoma infestans 10, 380–381 – genome and cell biology 217 Triatominae 380 – development and morphology 217 confusum 274 – life cycle 216 Trichinella 27, 69, 296, 300, 302, 305 Theileria annulata 161, 215, 216, 217 Trichinella britovi 302, 304 Theileria equi 215 Trichinella elegans 303 Theileria hirci 215 Trichinella murrelli 302, 304 Theileria mutans 215 Trichinella nativa 301, 302 Theileria ovis 215 Trichinella nelsoni 301, 302 21, 161, 215, 216, 217, 218, Trichinella papuae 302, 303 357, 361 Trichinella pseudospiralis 300, 302, 303 – 156, 210 11, 14, 79, 297, 300 theileriosis 361 – development 302 412 – epidemiology 304 Index 451

– genome 303 Trypanosoma congolense 122, 131, 341, – immunobiology 304 415 – life cycle 301 Trypanosoma cruzi 3, 67, 69, 71, 119, 120, – morphology 303 122, 134, 146, 341, 380 – pathology 304 – cell and immune biology 138 Trichinella zimbabwensis 302, 303 – Chagas disease 136 247 – development and morphology 134 Trichobilharzia ocellata 80 – life cycle 135 Trichocephalida 300 Trypanosoma equinum 16, 122 Trichodectes canis 375, 376 Trypanosoma equiperdum 16, 121, 122, 133 Trichodina 221–222 Trypanosoma evansi 122, 133, 410, 411 Trichodina myicola 222 Trypanosoma infestans 134 Trichomonas gallinae 105, 106 Trypanosoma lewisii 122 Trichomonas hominis 105 Trypanosoma melophagium 122 Trichomonas tenax 105 Trypanosoma rangeli 122, 136 Trichomonas vaginalis 3, 16, 22, 98, 103 Trypanosoma simiae 341 – cell biology 105 Trypanosoma theileri 122 – genome 105 Trypanosoma vivax 122, 132–133, 415 Trichomonasvirus 105 Trypanosomatidae 117 trichomonosis 105 trypomastigote 118 Trichosomoides crassicauda 27 tsetse flies 415; see Glossinidae 415 298, 312 tsetse belt 124 Trichostrongylus tenuis 32 Tsutsugamushi Disease 364 Trichuris 299 Tunga 388 Trichuris muris 305, 306 Tunga penetrans 386, 388 Trichuris ovis 305 Tunga trimamillata 388 Trichuris suis 76, 295, 305, 306 356, 361 3, 303, 305 Trichuris vulpis 305 u Trimenopon hispidum 375 undulating membrane 103, 118 tritosternum 347 Tritrichomonas foetus 106 v 363 vaccination 185, 247, 279, 311, 315, 354 alfreddugesi 363 vagabond skin 378 trophic transmission 16 valva cardiaca 83 trophont 219 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) 127, 129 trophozoite 107, 155, 194 variant-specific surface protein (VSP) 102 true bugs 380 345, 350 trypanolytic serum factor 125 Varroa destructor 35, 36, 348–350 Trypanoplasma borreli 117 – life cycle 349 Trypanosoma 118, 121, 124, 133, 419 Varroa jacobsoni 348 Trypanosoma brucei 3,19, 21, 64, 69, 71, 119, varroosis 348 121, 143, 415 vector 16, 340 – antigenic variation 128, 129 vectorial capacity 342 – cell and immune biology 127 vertical transmission 17, 176, 186, 211, 213, – control 127 342 – development 121 VESA1 –variable cytoadherence protein 215 – distribution and host range 124 virulence 15 – life cycle 123 visceral leishmaniosis 150, 404 – morphology 124 vitellarium 229 – polycystronic transcription 130 vivipary 321 – sleeping sickness 125 VSG = variant surface Glycoprotein 127, 129 – ultrastructure 119 VSP = variant-specific surface protein 102 452 Index

w – morphology 328 warble flies 413 – pathology 329 West African lagoon cattle 132 West Nile Virus = WNV 393, 399 x whale louse 25 xenodiagnosis 137 whipworm 305 Xenopsylla cheopis 388 white spot disease 219 Wigglesworthia glossinidae 418 y Wolbachia 326, 329, 333, 342, 418 Yellow Fever 342, 399 Wolbachia pipientis 418 Yersinia pestis 388, 389 wormy persons 228 wrong host 12 z 3, 296, 325, 326, 342, Zebrina detrita 259, 260, 261 396, 400 Ziemann’s dots 200 – development 327 Zika Virus 399 – genome 328 13, 99, 141 – life cycle 327