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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02839-5 - The Cambridge Handbook of Formal Semantics Edited by Maria Aloni and Paul Dekker Index More information Index Ability, see Modality term, 70 Aboutness, 135, 520, 744, 745 universal, 10 Abstraction (λ), 18, 84, 85, 339, 340, 565, 646, Algebraic closure, 381 781 Alternative semantics, see Semantics Accessibility, 79, 80, 112, 165, 497, 530, 531, 598, Ambiguity, 10, 13, 274, 667, 775, 783–786, 788, 609, 611, 621, 731, 742 794 Accomplishment, 50–52, 54, 344, 346, 348, analytical, 70, 83, 233, 250, 273, 299, 314, 350–355, 357–359, 367, 385 324, 327–330, 345, 364, 367, 395, 488, Achievement, 50, 54, 344–346, 348, 352–355, 550, 633–634, 638, 648–650, 657–658, 357–359 739 Activity, 41, 50, 52, 54, 59, 344–346, 348, 352, 353, hypothetical, 46, 186, 198, 251, 253, 289, 297, 355–359, 361, 367, 385 303, 329, 336, 470, 485, 533, 572, 669, 670, Adam’s thesis, 509, 522 674, 687 Additivity, see Anti-additivity lexical, 39–41, 46, 58, 250, 251, 358, 395, 451, Addressee reference, see Reference 455, 533, 534, 669, 785, 789 Adjacency pair, 134, 135 pragmatic, 199 Adjective referential, 558, 769 absolute, 390–394, 401, 402, 430–435, 438, 445, scopal, see Scope 461 Anaphora, see Reference, anaphoric adverbial, 446 Answerhood, see Question attributive, 451, 453, 454 Antecedent, 490, 491 gradable, 424, 446–449, 459, 460, 543 falsity of the, 494, 522 intensional, 449, 450, 452–454 strengthening, 494, 522 intersective, 331, 447, 453, 454 Anthropological linguistics, see Linguistics multi-dimensional, 434 Anti-additivity (additivity), 221, 383, 384, 479, qualitative, 446 482, 488 relational, 446, 448–450, 453, 454 Anti-variation, 258–259, 262–265 relative, 390–393, 395, 401, 422–432, Antisymmetry, 372, 373 438 Antonymy, 57 Adverb Apodosis, 490 degree, 446, see also Modifier Application (domain), 62, 71, 82, 84, 114, 263, frequency, 295–297, 398 340, 391, 395, 401–403, 410, 414, 415, 422, intensifier, 459, 461–463 425–427, 429, 431, 434, 538 manner, 446, 447, 459 Application (functional), 15, 17, 75, 84, 85, 117, modal, 446, 447 163, 209, 339, 452, 483, 485, 565, 569, 639, of quantification, 295, 296, 325, 398, 578, 644, 646, 655, 661 579 Appositive, 246, 715–721 temporal, 315–317, 325–326, 358, Approximation, 435–438, 771 436 Argument alternation (identification), 55–59, Aktionsart, 34, 36, 49, 52, 54, 268, 317, 343, 359, 632, 637, 639–640, 645–646, 655–656 550 Aristotelian logic, see Logic Algebra, 10, 13, 16, 67, 70, 71, 80, 82–84, 97, 376, Aristotle, 36, 91, 175, 187–188, 190, 218, 222, 225, 509, 511, 561, 588, 591 443, 468, 575 Boolean, 376 Articulation, maxim of, 711–713 Heyting, 587, 588 Artificial Intelligence, 63, 108, 688, 780 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02839-5 - The Cambridge Handbook of Formal Semantics Edited by Maria Aloni and Paul Dekker Index More information Index 917 Aspect, 336 Competence, 664 composition, see Composition Composition grammatical, 343, 360, 368, 368, 549, 552, 554 as identity, 377 imperfective, 316, 336, 337, 343, 360–367, 549, aspectual, 347, 349–357, 359, 366–368 550 by computation, 780–786 (in)definite, 336–337 function/type/relation, 17, 61, 64, 104, 116, lexical, 36, 343–360, 366, 368 120, 781 perfective, 316, 317, 323, 326–328, 336, 337, meaning, 15, 34, 116, 120, 254, 664 343, 360–364, 366, 367, 549, 550 modes of, 451–459 progressive, 344, 347, 361, 364, 365, 762, 764 syntactic, 33, 64 prospective, 324, 549, 550, 554, 555 Compositionality, 4, 5, 13, 17, 67–71, 74, 82, 106, Associativity, 271, 376, 376, 737, 742, 747 316 Asymmetry, 668, 670, 682, 709, 713 inverse, 73 Atelicity (atelic), 36, 50, 52, 343, 344, 346–351, Compositionality, Principle of, 3, 7, 13, 15–16, 18, 353, 355–359, 362, 367, 385–387 68, 73, 178, 475, 630, 781 Atom, 270–274, 281, 283, 345, 355–357, 375–378, Computational linguistics, see Linguistics 383, 384, 439 Computational semantics, see Semantics Attitude verb, see Belief report Computer science, 774, 775 Attributive definite, see Definite NP Conceptual cover, 574 Conceptual scheme, 185 Bach-Peters sentence, 649 Conditional, 490–524 Background, 116, 151, 152, 403, 471, 529, 530, counterfactual (subjunctive), 291, 295, 491, 532–535, 538, 539, 541, 548, 580–582, 608, 515–519, 544, 617, 618 728, 743, 747, 750, 753, 778, 779, 796 imperative (anankastic), 577, 617, 618, 620, Bare plural, 211, 239, 293, 297–300, 308, 347, 623, 624 350, 355, 357, 359, 367, 386 indicative, 491, 492, 515–519, 696 Bayesian analysis, 764, 766–769 interrogative, 576–577, 588–590 Bedeutung, see Reference material, 493–496, 500, 508, 509, 523 Behaviorism, 5 probability, 508–509, 512 Belief report, 16, 30, 73, 74, 78–80, 85, 90, 93, 96, quantificational (restricted), 503–506 98, 202, 528, 534, 547, 573, 578, 682, 689, referential (plural), 503–506 704, 719 relevance (biscuit), 491, 519–522 Bisimulation, 117 strict (variably), 496–500, 523 Bivalence, 100, 493, 698, 709, 713 three-valued, 510–514 Bouletic modality, see Modality Conditional Excluded Middle, 498, 522 Brevity, maxim of, 667, 711, 712 Conditional presupposition, 703, 706–708 Bridging antecedent, see Reference Conditional reasoning, 309, 764–769, 798 Congruence, 426, 427, 729, 732, 737, 742, 748, Case Grammar, see Grammar 753, 754 Categorial Grammar, see Grammar Consequent, 490, 491 Categorical judgement, 490 truth of the, 494, 522 Causal intentional chain, 189 Conservativity, 213–216, 218, 219 Centered world, 89 Constraint-satisfaction, 783–784 Centering, 742 Content, see Character Central gap (tolerance), 415 Context change potential, 116, 582, 700, 712, Character (content), 14, 86, 93, 193, 797 730, 733 Characterization lemma, 116 Context dependence, 14, 26–27, 64, 77, 81, 86, 95, Charity, principle of, 78, 79 176, 195, 411, 414, 415, 729, 736 Choice function, 242, 250–253, 504 Context of use, 27, 82, 86–88, 91–93, 190, 191, Circumstance of evaluation, 86–88, 92, 93, 193, 193–195, 204, 390, 395, 533 204, 449 Context set, see Common ground Circumstantial modality, see Modality, eventual Contextualism (relativism), 64, 90–91, see also Coercion, 15, 50, 63, 346, 358, 762, 763, Vagueness 771 Continuation semantics, see Semantics Cognition, 4, 369, 756–774 Contradiction, 395, 396, 468, 666, 705 Collectivity, 248, 249, 270, 272–277, 282, 283, Contraposition, 494, 495, 497, 498, 504, 505, 512, 299, 300, 302, 387, 544 513, 522 Commitment, 133, 153, 182, 184, 377, 413, 414, Contrariety, 218, 468 615, 617, 618 Contrast, 728, 732, 738, 740, 741, 743, Common ground (context set), 14, 502, 516–518, 746–754 582, 605–608, 611–615, 623, 694, 698, 700, rhematic, 750–752 702, 711–713, 730, 796 thematic, 747–750 Commutativity, 271, 278, 374, 376 Conversational move, 133–135, 139, 149–150, Comparative, 220, 393, 423–432, 434, 435, 459, 157, 590, 736, 737, 742, 743, 754 461–463, 477, 482, 610, 611 Conversational relevance, 130, 133, 144, 160, 161, Comparative linguistics, see Linguistics 169, 521, 580, 583, 584, 607, 620, 667, 737, Comparison class, 390, 391, 399, 425, 426, 428, 746, 753, 764, 797 430, 448, 449, 460, 461 Cooper store, 24, 254, 661 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02839-5 - The Cambridge Handbook of Formal Semantics Edited by Maria Aloni and Paul Dekker Index More information 918 INDEX Cooperative Principle, 133, 581, 583, 667, see also Discourse Representation Theory, 4, 14, 16, 25, Articulation, Brevity 108–118, 121, 127, 169, 201, 315, 660–661, Maxim of Manner, see Manner 703–708, 714, 757, 777, 785, 796 Maxim of Quality, see Quality Discourse semantics, see Semantics Maxim of Quantity, see Quantity Discourse structure, 28, 108, 120, 124, 128, 129 Maxim of Relation, see Relation Disjunctive syllogism, 514 Count noun, see Noun Distinctiveness (events), 387 Counterfactual, see Conditional Distributional semantics, see Semantics Counterpart, 538–541, 559 Distributivity, 248, 249, 253, 268–270, 272–276, Credence, 419 279–284, 299, 376, 387 Cross-linguistic, 360, 532, 553, 636–638, 643, Divisive reference, see Reference 651–653, 658–659, 662 Domain restriction, 212–215, 245, 257, 324, 399, Cross-sentential, 110, 119, 315, 328 492, 504–506, 508, 543, 544, 546, 547 Cumulativity, 52, 104, 269, 270, 272, 273, Donkey sentence, 28, 108, 242, 329 276–279, 284, 344, 349–351, 358, 379, Double negation, see Negation 384–386, see also Reference (cumulative) Dutch book argument, 511 Dynamic logic, see Logic De dicto/de re, 294, 575, 647 Dynamic Predicate Logic, 14, 108, 109, 115, De Morgan law, 218, 468, 479 117–121, 127 De re, see De dicto/de re Dynamic semantics, see Semantics Decision Theory, 581, 582 Dynamic syntax, 661 Declarative, 66 Dynamicity, 344, 354 Decomposition, 37, 38, 52, 352–353 feature-based, 34, 35, 53 Elaboration, 128, 129, 163, 733–740, 750, structural, 34, 35, 52–55 752 Default rule (reasoning), 288, 304, 305, 307, 308, Ellipsis, 108, 124, 128, 132, 162, 395, 399, 413, 758, 760, 762, 765, 767, 768, 797 662, 720, 781, 795 (in)Definite tense, see Tense Embedding, see Implicature, Imperative Definite NP, 72, 96, 109, 174, 180, 181, 183, 195, embedding, Question embedding, 225, 245, 246, 300–301, 308, 372, 376, 470, Discourse representation 492, 504, 506, 706, 736 Entailment, 30, 49, 268–270, 272, 305, 333, 347, anaphoric, 315 388, 447, 450, 479, 489, 496, 514, 561, 569, attributive, 197, 203 581, 587, 700, 709, 714, 743, 770, 790 quantificational, 503, 506 downward/upward, see Monotonicity referential, 197, 204, 503, 506 Epistemic modality, see Modality Definite/indefinite,
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  • DOMAINS of QUANTIFICATION and SEMANTIC TYPOI.DGY* Barbara

    DOMAINS of QUANTIFICATION and SEMANTIC TYPOI.DGY* Barbara

    DOMAINS OF QUANTIFICATION AND SEMANTIC TYPOI.DGY* Barbara H. Partee University of Massachusetts/Amherst 1. Background and central issucsl The questions I am ~oncerned with here arise from the interaction of two broad areas of current research in syntax and semantics. One area, a very old one, concerns the systematic semantic import of syntactic categories, a question requiring a· combination of theoretical work and cross-linguistic study. The other area, only recently under active investigation, concerns the structure and interpretation of expressions of quantification, including not only quantification expressed by NP's with determiners like "every" and "no" but also what Lewis 1975 called "adverbs of quantification" ("always", "in most cases", "usually", etc.), "floated" quantifiers, and quantifiers expressed by verbal affixes and auxiliaries. At the intersection of these two areas are pressing questions which seem ripe for intensive investigation. Some key questions noted by Partee, Bach, and Kratzer 1987 are the following: (1) Is the use of NP's as one means of expressing quantification universal, as proposed by Barwlse and Cooper 1981? Does every language employ some other klnd(s) of quantification? Is there some kind of quantification that every language employs? Our current hypothesis ls that the answer to the first of these questions is llQ., to the second ~; the third ls still entirely open. One goal of current research ls the formulation of a finer-grained, possibly lmplicatlonal hypothesis in place of Barwlse and Cooper's categorical universal. (2) What are the similarities and differences, within and across language.s, in the structure and interpretation of quantification expressed with NP's and quantification expressed with "floated" quantifiers, sentence adverbs, verbal affixes, auxiliaries, or other non-NP means? 1.1 ~ semantics 2.f syntactic categories: background 1.1.1 Traditional linguistics YIL.
  • Cross-Linguistic Representations of Numerals and Number Marking∗

    Cross-Linguistic Representations of Numerals and Number Marking∗

    Proceedings of SALT 20: 582–598, 2011 Cross-linguistic representations of numerals and number marking∗ Alan Bale Michaël Gagnon Concordia University University of Maryland Hrayr Khanjian Massachusetts Institute of Technology Abstract Inspired by Partee(2010), this paper defends a broad thesis that all mod- ifiers, including numeral modifiers, are restrictive in the sense that they can only restrict the denotation of the NP or VP they modify. However, the paper concentrates more narrowly on numeral modification, demonstrating that the evidence that moti- vated Ionin & Matushansky(2006) to assign non-restrictive, privative interpretations to numerals – assigning them functions that map singular sets to sets containing groups – is in fact consistent with restrictive modification. Ionin & Matushansky’s (2006) argument for this type of interpretation is partly based on the distribution of Turkish numerals which exclusively combine with singular bare nouns. Section 2 demonstrates that Turkish singular bare nouns are not semantically singular, but rather are unspecified for number. Western Armenian has similar characteristics. Building on some of the observations in section2, section3 demonstrates that re- strictive modification can account for three different types of languages with respect to the distribution of numerals and plural nouns: (i) languages where numerals exclusively combine with plural nouns (e.g., English), (ii) languages where they exclusively combine with singular bare nouns (e.g., Turkish), (iii) languages where they optionally combine with either type of noun (e.g., Western Armenian). Ac- counting for these differences crucially involves making a distinction between two kinds of restrictive modification among the numerals: subsective vs. intersective modification. Section3 also discusses why privative interpretations of numerals have trouble accounting for these different language types.