Institute of Zoology

LIVING conservation

Science for Conservation Annual Report of the Institute of Zoology 2008/09 I Our Aim O eerhstrategy research Z To undertake and promote relevant high quality zoological and conservation research, to help ZSL achieve its conservation objectives and to inform and influence conservation policy.

Our Objectives

Encouraging and Attracting and engaging Using our unique Managing and Providing policy makers, Raising the profile of 1 rewarding excellence in 2 a diverse range of 3 convening role as a 4 developing a relevant 5 conservationists and the 6 conservation issues and the performance and people and organisations leading learned society and useful body of general public with the priorities, and ensuring communication of in the science of zoology to foster and achieve zoological knowledge information needed to they are well science, conservation and conservation – from international excellence make informed decisions represented at policy and animal husbandry students to leaders in in science relevant to on conservation issues level and in the media their field our core conservation priorities

Our Activities

HEFCE funded programme With the Zoological Society of London University of Cambridge With institutions in London With other organisations

We undertake research and research training in We respond to research questions and We maintain and develop We maintain and develop Collaboration with most the following themes (see pages 8–17): contribute to ZSL’s Conservation Programmes research links with Zoology research links with academic relevant outside bodies for • Biodiversity and macroecology (see pages 20–21): and other relevant bodies, especially the Centre our core research interests • Behavioural and population ecology • Conservation Breeding and Reintroduction; departments. for Ecology and Evolution. (see page 33). • Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability EDGE; Indicators and Assessments; Marine We run MSc courses in Wild • Wildlife epidemiology and Freshwater;Wildlife Health Our research is influenced Animal Health and Wild Our meetings facilities and • Reproductive biology • Africa; South and Central Asia; South East by organisations in the Animal Biology with the programme of talks Asia; UK, Europe and Mongolia Cambridge Conservation Royal Veterinary College and communicate science and We provide education through MSc and PhD Forum. an MSc in Conservation conservation. programmes. We respond to research questions and Science (see page 27). contribute to ZSL’s living animal collection: We contribute to theTropical Science Plan • Animal Health and Welfare research Biology Association Our research is influenced by The major topics: • Reproductive monitoring programme and Cambridge London-based conservation • Biodiversity patterns and processes Student Conference. issues. How can we explain and model biological We run a programme of meetings and diversity at a range of spatial, temporal and publications (see page 22): Our meetings facilities and biological scales? • Journal of Zoology and Animal Conservation programme of talks • People and the environment in a changing • Annual programme of evening Scientific communicate science and world Meetings conservation. How can we manage wild species and habitats • Biannual international symposia on topical sustainably alongside human population themes in conservation biology growth and development? •Technical publications to support best practice in zoos (International ZooYearbook) and in field conservation (Conservation Reports) • Conservation Science and Practice book series published with Wiley-Blackwell foreword

The stated aim of the Institute of Zoology is to undertake and promote relevant high-quality zoological and conservation research, to help ZSL to achieve its conservation objectives and to inform and influence conservation policy. This requires the Institute to balance opposing pressures. The quality of the research the Institute produces is assessed by the government’s Research Assessment Exercise (RAE), and is judged against the research carried out across British university biological sciences departments. To score highly, an organisation has to produce ground-breaking research published in high impact journals, and bring in large amounts of grant money. Both of these criteria favour departments with a distinctly molecular biological or biomedical bent. However, Institute scientists need to pursue research with a distinct conservation focus. While this work is important, it does not attract large grants, and is less attractive to the top scientific journals. Thus, the Institute needs to weigh the requirements of the RAE against its aim of science for conservation.

All the evidence suggests that the Institute is skilfully managing this balance. The outcome of the 2008 RAE (reported on page 3) proves that the Institute is producing high-quality research, and on this measure holds its own amongst the country’s best universities. Some of the scientific highlights from the last year that have helped contribute to this assessment include analyses of the extinction risk to coral reefs, of the distribution of the body sizes of all the world’s birds, of decision making in baboon troops, of what limits the geographic distributions of species, and of disease threats to the fauna of the Galapagos islands. Yet, the relevance of these studies to conservation planning and policy is also abundantly clear.

Moreover, Institute scientists play a significant role in helping to achieve applied conservation objectives and to inform and influence conservation policy. They provide advice to 16 branches of the UK government, 13 foreign governments, Contents and more than 50 non-governmental organisations. Institute scientists also 1 Foreword help build capacity in science and conservation through PhD supervision, MSc 2 Introduction courses and overseas work on infrastructure and training, while disseminating 3 IoZ news the importance of scientifically informed conservation to the public via direct 4 Research news 6 Research themes engagement and print and broadcast media. 8 Biodiversity and macroecology 10 Behavioural and population ecology The Institute could not achieve so much without the support of its many 12 Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability partners, and most notably the University of Cambridge. Collaborations link 14 Wildlife epidemiology 16 Reproductive biology not only to the Department of Zoology, but also to Applied Maths, Biological 18 Indicators and assessments unit Anthropology, Pathology, Veterinary Medicine, and the Cambridge Infectious 20 ZSL conservation programmes Diseases Consortium. These links also demonstrate the breadth of research 22 Communicating science at the Institute of Zoology. 24 ZSL scientific awards 2008 26 Library 27 Education and training On behalf of ZSL I congratulate the Institute on its distinction and progress. 28 Funding 30 Governance, staff and students 33 Collaborations 37 Staff representation Professor Sir Patrick Bateson 38 Publications President of the Zoological Society of London

Foreword 1 Introduction

In December the government finally published the results of the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). In last year’s introduction I expressed the hope that the RAE panel would share my personal view that IoZ carries out notably high-quality research. This year, I am happy to report that they did. You can read about the statistics in the IoZ News section opposite, and while the format in which the RAE results were presented this time means that they can be spun in a variety of ways, the bottom line is that however you look at it, IoZ did very well. The outcome was no more than was deserved for all the hard work, commitment and innovation from the dedicated group of scientists that have worked at IoZ over the past six years, who have made this such an exciting and inspiring place to work.

The next time the government reviews academic research performance, RAE will have given way to REF, or the Research Excellence Framework. Exactly how REF will measure performance quality is currently unclear, but it seems likely to involve a combination of bibliometric indicators (essentially measures of the impact of research publications), research income and postgraduate student data. Thus, over the coming years IoZ scientists will need to continue publishing in high-quality journals, and attracting research grants and research students. The research theme reports presented over subsequent pages show that a good start has already been made.

Nevertheless, it is likely that research income will be harder to secure in the coming years because of upheavals in the global financial markets. IoZ has not yet suffered as a result of the credit crunch, but cuts to HEFCE and research council budgets, plus lower investment incomes for charitable grant-giving organisations, suggest that there will be tougher times ahead. However, I am confident that the quality of our work and the ever-growing importance of science for conservation will stand us in the best possible stead.

Tim Blackburn Director of the Institute of Zoology

2 Introduction IOZ News

December saw the release of the results year across five topics, which vary from of the 2008 Research Assessment year to year. Kate was awarded hers Exercise.The RAE is a six-yearly review for contributions to zoology, recognising of the quality of all UK academic her research on macroevolution and departments, based on grant income, macroecology and her ongoing work on research outputs and strategies, graduate the global bat monitoring programme iBats. student supervision, and quality of research environment. IoZ is not formally Congratulations are also due to Samuel required to submit to the RAE, but does so Turvey, who was awarded a highly to ensure that the quality and focus of its prestigious Royal Society University research is maintained. All science Research Fellowship (URF).These submitted to the RAE was ranked on a Fellowships last for five years, with the five point system where: opportunity to extend to eight, and are 4* equates to world-leading, awarded to outstanding scientists who 3* to internationally excellent, have the potential to become leaders in 2* to international standard, their chosen field. Only 30 are given each 1* to national standard and year across all branches of science, and 0 to unclassified research. the success rate for applicants in 2009 (from top to bottom) was only 6.2%.This is the first URF that Virginia Hayssen, Kate Jones, Rhiannon Lloyd, IoZ scored 10% at 4*, 40% at 3*, 45% at IoZ has ever hosted. Samuel will use the SamuelTurvey at Shaanxi Wild Animal Rescue 2*, and 5% at 1*. None of our science was URF to further his work on Holocene and Research Centre unclassified. For comparison, we achieved extinctions in island faunas, focusing on the same rating as the biological sciences south-east Asia. department at Bristol University, and were the natural history, evolution and ecology ahead of Bath, Birmingham, Durham, Rhiannon Lloyd has been awarded an of the baiji, as well as a personal account Leicester, Liverpool, Nottingham, Early Career Fellowship from the of the harrowing attempts to raise Southampton, Sussex, UEA and Warwick. LeverhulmeTrust to develop a model that conservation awareness and funds to All these departments were ranked above accurately predicts the impact of support an intensive recovery programme IoZ in the previous RAE. IoZ’s performance hybridisation events on the fitness of any for the species, which ultimately failed due is actually better even than these raw resulting embryos and/or offspring.The to a lack of sufficient international interest numbers suggest. In general, larger model will be developed in amphibians or support. departments also have higher quality and its accuracy tested by comparing the ratings, and IoZ did much better than predicted fitness of hybrids against the The sobering insights into how expected given its small size. Moreover, observed fitness of hybrid embryos conservation projects succeed or fail will most of the departments that performed produced artificially by transplanting the be increasingly essential in our era of better than us for their size are heavily nuclei of embryonic cells from one species escalating biodiversity loss. Holocene oriented towards molecular biology. of amphibian into the eggs of another Extinctions, edited by SamuelTurvey, Our quality rating is thus exceptional species of amphibian. With habitats provides an academic overview of the given the type of research organisation continuing to shift and shrink in response magnitude of human-caused extinctions that we are, and by necessity have to be. to human encroachment and climate over the past 11,500 years, from the end change, the ability to predict the impact of of the last Ice Age glaciation until the Congratulations are due to Kate Jones, potential hybridisation events on the present day. who was one of the winners of a 2008 future fitness of populations is likely to be Philip Leverhulme Prize.These prizes are a valuable conservation management tool. As part of its Centennial celebration, awarded to outstanding scholars who the Special Libraries Association, an have made a substantial and recognised Samuel Turvey has had two books international body representing the contribution to their particular field of published this year with Oxford University interests of information professionals in study, who have an international profile in Press. Witness to Extinction: How We over eighty countries worldwide, voted their field, and whose future contributions Failed to Save theYangtze River Dolphin the Journal of Zoology as one of the are held likely to be of correspondingly describes the decline and disappearance Ten Most Influential Journals in Biology high promise.The prize takes the form of of theYangtze River dolphin or baiji, a and Medicine of the Last 100Years. £70,000 to be spent on whatever the unique cetacean species found in China's The presentation ceremony, attended by winner thinks will best advance their Yangtze River, which was declared extinct Editor Virginia Hayssen, was held in research. Only 25 Prizes are available each in 2007. The book provides an overview of Washington DC in June.

IoZ news 3 Research News

Over the year research undertaken at IoZ Mass stranding event of common The effect of drought on calf has continued to respond to a wide range dolphins in Cornwall survival in elephants of conservation issues. As a result of this On 9 June 2008, a mass stranding event Climate change is expected to lead to a work, some of which is described below, (MSE) of common dolphins Delphinus higher occurrence of severe droughts in ever-more accurate predictions about delphis occurred in the Fal estuary in semi-arid and arid ecosystems. population changes in the light of Cornwall.The total number of dolphins Understanding how animal populations environmental pressures can be made to involved in the event is not definitely react to such events is thus crucial to inform national and international known but 24 common dolphins were address future challenges for wildlife decision-making processes. eventually found dead and another two management. A recent examination of that stranded alive were euthanased. A patterns of calf mortality in elephants team of IoZ staff from the UK Cetacean during the drought of 1993 inTanzania's Strandings Investigation Programme Tarangire National Park, the most severe (www.ukstrandings.org), which is drought in that region in the past 35 years, currently managed by ZSL, led an revealed that during a nine-month period, extensive investigation of the MSE.The 16 out of 81 elephant calves in the three investigation, which was one of the most study groups died, a mortality rate of 20% comprehensive ever undertaken, was (the normal mortality rate of calves during funded by Defra. Pathological findings non-drought years is 2%).Young males from the individuals that died were were particularly sensitive to the drought analysed together with all other available and calf loss was higher among young evidence to try to determine possible mothers than among more experienced causes. Based on these systematic mothers.The study also revealed high examinations, a number of potential variability in calf mortality between causes were either excluded or considered different family groups, with the family highly unlikely.These included distemper groups that remained in the Park suffering (morbillivirus), brucellosis, other heavy calf loss compared to the ones that infectious diseases, gas embolism, fat left the Park. Interestingly, the matriarchs embolism, boat strike, by-catch, attack of the groups that left were 45 and 38 from killer whales or bottlenose dolphins, years of age respectively, whereas the feeding unusually close to shore group that remained had a matriarch that immediately prior to stranding, ingestion was only 33 years of age, owing to heavy of harmful algal toxins, abnormal poaching during the 1970s and 1980s that weather/climatic conditions and high- targeted older females with large tusks. intensity acoustic inputs from seismic One possibility is that the two groups that airgun arrays, recreational craft and left benefited because their leaders were natural sources (e.g. earthquakes).The able to draw on knowledge of previous findings were most consistent with an droughts, suggesting that extreme adverse group behavioural response to climatic events might act as a selection one or more specific triggers on the force on vertebrate populations, allowing morning of 9 June 2008 within an only individuals with the appropriate

© PA photos otherwise healthy social group of behaviour and/or knowledge to survive. common dolphins.The naval exercises that took place in the vicinity prior to the mass stranding could not be ruled out as having either indirectly or directly impacted on the large group of dolphins seen unusually close to shore in the days immediately preceding the mass stranding. IoZ staff continue to work with the UK government, including the Ministry of Defence, to improve mitigation of naval activities in relation to their potential impact on cetaceans.

4 © S. Durant

New test for genotype–fitness or detecting genotype–fitness combined with the detailed information associations reveals a single associations. Using this method, available on many other aspects of avian microsatellite allele that predicts correlations between heterozygosity and biology. Avian Invasions covers the the nature of tuberculosis bovine tuberculosis infections in wild boar history of exotic bird introductions, the infections in wild boar were investigated.The results demonstrate contributions of exotic bird study to basic Evolutionary theory suggests that that a single microsatellite marker ecology, and the post-establishment heterozygosity–fitness correlations (HFCs), accurately predicts disease progression in genetics and evolution of exotic bird commonly observed in natural infected individuals.These results are populations.The result is a comprehensive populations, may result from genome- relevant for wild boar management but, description of the invasion process that wide reduction in heterozygosity (as more importantly, they demonstrate how also provides insights into conservation would be expected from inbreeding) or local HFCs could be used to identify genes biology and the basic principles of from local effects due to chance linkage to under selection in free-living populations. ecology and evolution. a gene experiencing balancing selection. To date, most empirical studies that report HFCs have attributed correlations to Using birds to understand the inbreeding depression. However, it has mechanisms behind biological been argued that a small number of invasions genetic markers are unlikely accurately to As humans have spread around the world, reflect a genome-wide pattern. A recent they have taken with them a broad range study used stochastic simulations to of other species to satisfy a variety of determine the conditions under which human needs. Some of these species single-locus effects arise.This approach went on to establish wild populations well offers improved detection of HFCs, as well outside their native ranges.These as a more general and powerful method biological invaders are a major component of current global change, and often represent threats to the maintenance of global biodiversity, human health, and the success of human economic enterprises.The continuing globalisation of our society ensures that the need to understand the process of biological invasion will only increase in the future. Tim Blackburn and colleagues present an overview of the process of biological invasions in their book Avian Invasions: The Ecology and Evolution of Exotic Birds, published by Oxford University Press in 2009. Exotic birds provide a particularly good opportunity to study the causes and consequences of biological invasions, because there is a good historical record

© J. Ardaiz of bird introductions, which can be

Research news 5 Research Themes

Research at the Institute of Zoology is organised into five Research Themes: Biodiversity and Macroecology page 8 Behavioural and Population Ecology page 10 Genetic Variation, Fitness and Adaptability page 12 Wildlife Epidemiology page 14 Reproductive Biology page 16

Each Research Theme group is made up of several research fellows, post-doctoral research assistants and PhD students, and is led by a Senior Research Fellow or Reader. Most staff work across several Research Themes in broad internal and external collaborations. The following pages outline some of the outcomes of current research programmes in each theme.

6 ©T. Alexander [email protected]

Research themes 7 Biodiversity & MacroEcology

The Biodiversity and Macroecology Spectral mouth colour of nestlings Global biogeography and ecology ResearchTheme aims to describe patterns changes with carotenoid of body size in birds of diversity in the biology, ecology and availability In 1847, Carl Bergmann proposed that distribution of animal species and their Two recent studies have contributed to temperature gradients are the key to habitats at regional and global scales, and our understanding of the relationship understanding geographic variation in the to test hypotheses about the evolutionary between nestling mouth colour, nestling body sizes of warm-blooded animals.Yet, and ecological processes that may explain health and the roles of nestling mouth the geographic patterns of body size the origin and maintenance of this colour in parent–offspring communication. variation and their underlying diversity. We also aim to work with The research focuses on carotenoids, a mechanisms remain controversial.To help practitioners to apply this knowledge in class of phytochemicals important for resolve these issues, Olson et al. used setting priorities for conservation action. immune function and that are pigments data for birds to conduct the first for yellow-orange colours.The interactions assemblage-level global examination of were studied in an endangered New ‘Bergmann’s rule’ within an entire animal Hihi chicks Zealand bird, the hihi Notiomystis cincta, class. Olson et al. produced the first global where managers have hypothesised that maps of avian body size variation.These habitat availability and food resources reveal a general pattern of larger body limit population viability. Carotenoids are sizes at high latitudes, consistent with good candidates for research given their Bergmann’s rule. However, these maps importance in health and that they need to also demonstrated that median body size be ingested through the diet. In the first within bird assemblages is systematically study (Ewen et al., 2008) we report that large on islands and small in species-rich nestling mouth colour is condition areas.Temperature was found to be the dependent.That is, a positive relationship single strongest environmental correlate was found between the mouth colour of a of body size, but there were also © R.Thorogood nestling and its condition. Furthermore, secondary correlations with resource we discovered that male parents provide availability, and a strong pattern of (a) Mouth palate 16 more care to more colourful broods. In the decreasing body size with increasing 14 second study (Thorogood et al., 2008), we species richness. However, the maps of 12 examined the proximate mechanism for body size distribution for higher taxa also 10 this mouth pigmentation. We present the showed that geographic patterns of body 8 first direct evidence for the importance of size are caused both by adaptation within 6

Reflectance (%) 4 control carotenoid availability in determining lineages, as invoked by Bergmann, and by hand-fed 2 parentally-fed nestling mouth coloration. Enhanced taxonomic turnover among lineages. 0 carotenoid availability increased These results indicate that while 200 300 400 500 600 700 Wavelength (nm) saturation in the yellow wavelengths of Bergmann’s prediction on the importance the spectrum of both the palate and of temperature to body size variation in (b) Rictal flanges of nestlings flanges, but reduced the reflectance of endotherms is remarkably accurate, it is 30 ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths of the rictal far from the full picture. Global patterns of 25 flanges of nestling mouths. While these body size in birds are driven by 20 research findings are in the realms of interactions between the physiological 15 evolutionary biology we are also demands of the environment, resource 10 Reflectance (%) investigating how increased condition availability, species richness and control 5 hand-fed will affect survival and impact on taxonomic turnover among lineages. parentally-fed 0 demographics of hihi populations. Olson, V.A., Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L.,Thomas, G.H., Meiri, 200 300 400 500 600 700 S., Blackburn,T.M., Gaston, K.J., Owens, I.P.F. and Bennett, Wavelength (nm) Ewen, J.G.,Thorogood, R., Karadas, F. and Cassey, P. (2008) P.M. (2009) Global biogeography and ecology of body size in Condition dependence of nestling mouth colour and the effect birds. Ecology Letters 12: 249–259. of supplementing carotenoids on parental behaviour in the Reflectance spectra (mean ± SE) of (a) mouth palate hihi (Notiomystis cincta). Oecologia 157: 361–368. and (b) rictal flanges of nestlings from nests provided with either sugar water (control, dashed Thorogood, R., Kilner, R., Karadas, F. and Ewen, J.G. (2008) Spectral mouth colour of nestlings changes with carotenoid line), hand-fed carotenoids (grey line), or parentally- availability. Functional Ecology 22: 1044–1051. provided supplementary carotenoids (orange line). Means calculated from all individuals, irrespective of nest, and curves smoothed by binning readings at 7.5nm intervals. Figure reproduced fromThorogood et al. (2008).

8 (a) Persisted (b) Failed to persist (left) (below) (i) (i) The distribution of release locations across Inferences about sociality in the Smilodon were Australia for five species of dung beetle, made by comparing the frequencies of African where the populations (a) persisted and carnivores in playbacks and the fossil record from (b) failed to persist. Rancho La Brea.The patterns between the playbacks (i) Euoniticellus africanus, and fossil records are remarkably similar if we (ii) (ii) (ii) Euoniticellus intermedius, assume that Smilodon was social.The bars present (iii) Onitis alexis, the percentage of individual African carnivores (iv) Onthophagus binodis and attending playbacks (yellow bars) against the mean (v) Onthophagus gazella. percentage of individual North American carnivores (iii) (iii) recorded in the La Brea tar seeps (grey bars) for four size/social structure categories, assuming Smilodon was (a) social and (b) solitary.

(iv) (iv)

(v) (v) Did sabretooth cats hunt in packs? (a) Social Smilodon It is often impossible to gain an Percentage of individuals understanding of the social lives of extinct 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 animals from fossil records. We examined Large Do climate envelope models fossil records of the extinct sabretooth cat, Social transfer? A manipulative test using Smilodon, and other carnivores from Late Large dung beetle introductions Pleistocene tar seep deposits at Rancho Solitary Climate envelope models (CEMs) are La Brea in North America.These ancient Small widely used to forecast future shifts in records were compared with counts from Social species ranges under climate change. audio playback experiments used in Africa Small However, their fundamental assumption to estimate carnivore abundance. In this Solitary that climate limits species distributions is research we argue that social grouping rarely tested. A recent study by Duncan would be favoured when competitive (b) Solitary Smilodon et al. used data on the introduction of five encounters between predators are Percentage of individuals South African dung beetle species to common, such as when carnivores 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Australia to test whether CEMs developed regularly compete over the carcasses of Large in the native range can predict distribution recently deceased prey.The fossils, at Social in the introduced range.The key features Rancho La Brea, were deposited over tens Large of these introductions are that they were of thousands of years and represent the Solitary deliberately planned, to areas with outcome of encounters where multiple Small abundant resources, no parasites and few predators were lured by dying herbivores Social predators, and their outcomes were trapped in the tar seeps, becoming Small All Playbacks subsequently monitored.Thus, the trapped themselves. Predator encounters Solitary La BreaTar Seeps confounding effects of dispersal around these sites must have been highly limitation, resource limitation and natural competitive with several species attending enemies on population establishment and fossils of predatory mammals and Small social species (jackals) were next have been removed.That leaves climate as birds in these sites far outnumber most common and solitary species of all the dominant constraint, which means herbivores. In the African playback sizes were rare, appearing to avoid such that CEMs derived from the native range experiments, the sounds of dying animals encounters. In the fossil record at La Brea, should well predict exotic distributions if are used to lure carnivores and again, two species dominated: the presumably climate limits those native distributions. these situations represent competitive social dire wolf (51%), and the sabretooth encounters between predators over prey. cat (33%). As in the playbacks, a smaller Duncan et al. found that only for two of In these playbacks, large social species social canid, the coyote, was third the five species (Euoniticellus africanus (e.g. lions and spotted hyenas) actively most common (8%), and known solitary and E. intermedius) did CEMs developed moved towards these sounds and made species were rare (less than 4%).The in the native range predict distribution in up 84% of individuals attending. predominance of Smilodon and other the introduced range about as well as striking similarities between playbacks models developed in the introduced range and the fossil record support the where we know climate limits distribution. conclusion that Smilodon hunted in packs This implies that non-climatic factors limit and was a social species.This has the native distribution of the remaining implications for our understanding of three species, and would need to be Smilodon behaviour and the evolution of accounted for in models of species social behaviour in predators. distributions. Hence, non-climatic factors Carbone, C., Maddox,T., Funston, P.J., Mills, M.G.L., and their likely interactions with climatic Grether, G.F. and Van Valkenburgh, B. (2009) Parallels variables will in many cases need to be between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, Smilodon. Biology quantified to forecast range shifts under Letters 5: 81–85. climate change.This will be a challenging task, especially as it will be difficult to predict a priori for which species climatic variables are not enough. Image of a Smilodon family group Original artwork by Mauricio Anton Duncan, R.P., Cassey, P. and Blackburn,T.M. (2009) Do climate envelope models transfer? A manipulative test using dung beetle introductions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 276: 1449–1457.

Research themes 9 Behavioural & Population Ecology

Our research in behavioural ecology and The evolution of female sexual mathematical simulation model which population ecology has two major signals indicated that females producing larger interlinked aims: to test fundamental Males from many species typically swellings can achieve higher mating hypotheses in behavioural and population advertise their quality through striking success even when selection may be ecology and to use our knowledge of the ornaments that attract mates. In contrast, relatively weak, namely when female- behavioural and population ecology of the evolution of female signals is less well female competition is low (as in wild species, and the human populations understood. In particular, the functional multimale-multifemale groups of non- that interact with them, to inform significance of primate sexual swellings, seasonally breeding species, like baboons) conservation policy and management. borne by our closest relatives (including and when within-female variance in chimpanzees and bonobos), have attracted swelling size is high. a great deal of controversy in recent years. Taken together, our results suggest that Evidence suggests that sexual swellings individual traits – such as sexual swellings – advertise female fertility within an that initially indicate fertility (such as the oestrous cycle (by reaching maximal size probability of conception) may become around the time of ovulation), as well as indicators of quality (such as good genes) between oestrous cycles of the same in evolutionary time.These findings add to female (with larger swellings indicating accumulating evidence that sex roles, those cycles where conception is more traditionally depicting choosy females and likely). If so, a male preference for large combative males, are more flexible than swellings might evolve, driving sexual originally thought, and thus help to swellings to reliably indicate female explain why striking sexual signals are not quality just as male signals do. solely the privilege of males.

Huchard, E., Courtiol, A., Benavides, J.A., Knapp, L.A., We carried out a field study on wild Raymond, M. and Cowlishaw, G. (2009) Can fertility signals baboons in central Namibia. We predicted lead to quality signals? Insights from the evolution of primate sexual swellings. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276: that, if sexual swelling size was an 1889–1897. indicator of female quality, (1) between- female differences in swelling size would be maintained across cycles, (2) females in better physical condition would have Baboon leaders larger swellings and higher reproductive Group-living animals routinely have to success, and (3) males would choose between mutually exclusive A sexually swollen female baboon Papio ursinus in Namibia. Sexual swellings are produced each preferentially choose females with large actions in order to coordinate their month by sexually receptive females and reach swellings. All three predictions were activities and benefit from sociality. maximal size around ovulation. supported. We then developed a Theoretical models predict ‘democratic’ rather than ‘despotic’ decisions to be widespread, because they result in lower ‘consensus costs’– the costs of an individual forgoing its optimal action to comply with the decision – for the group as a whole.Yet, quantification of consensus costs is entirely lacking, and empirical observations provide strong support for the occurrence of both democratic and despotic decisions in nature. Research by King et al. asked what, or more precisely, who, determined group decisions in wild chacma baboons Papio ursinus living at the edge of the Namib Desert in Namibia, as part of a wider study of baboon behaviour and ecology at ZSL, the Tsaobis Baboon

© E. Huchard Project.The results indicate that despotic

10 Shown are plots for the mean foraging benefits obtained by individual baboons belonging to two groups (one large group and one small group) at the ZSL Tsaobis Baboon Project field site in Namibia.The amounts of food individuals attain at naturally occurring patches are shown in blue and the amount of food attained by individuals at the experimental patches provided by researchers is shown in red (for comparable time periods).The plots are normal quantile plots, which indicate skew from normality: where the points fall approximately along a straight line, all baboons get a similar amount of food, where the points are extremely skewed at one end, some baboons get a lot of food and most get very little. In addition, a binomial ‘B’ skew index is given, in which zero indicates a random distribution and higher values indicate increasing skew.The mean daily ‘consensus cost or gain’, i.e. how much food individuals gain or lose by choosing to visit the experimental patch over the natural patches by a despotic group decision-making process, is also shown.

Foraging benefits Cost/gain of Natural food patches (blue) despotic decision Experimental food patches (red) 4500 © ZSL 3500 3 2500 addressed the welfare of zoo elephants by 1500 comparing the viability of African and 0 Large group 500 -500 Asian elephants living in European zoos -3 -1500 with those of a natural population in 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 -2500 Kenya and the captive logging elephants of Burma. We were able to make this

3 Foraging cost/gain 2500 comparison unusually robust by bringing Normal quantile plot 1500 together three unique data sets, providing 0 Small group 500 -500 longevity information on a total of more -1500 -3 than 4,500 elephants living over the last 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 -2500 half century.

Foraging benefits Individual (ordered by cost/gain) We found that the expected lifespan of zoo elephants was around half those of group decisions were the norm and selective when they had young cubs than the in-country comparison populations. groups were led by the individual who when they were without cubs.This result In African elephants, this difference was acquired the greatest benefits from those was more expected, and supports some of primarily down to increased mortality in decisions, namely the dominant male.The our previous findings. Cheetah cubs are adulthood, while in Asian elephants, both researchers suggest that follower confined to a den during their first two adults and infants had higher mortality behaviour was mediated by social ties to months and the mother leaves the den rates. Among Asian elephants in zoos, we the leader, and found that where these ties each day to hunt, returning at dusk to found that mortality risk was elevated for were weaker, group fission was more provide them with milk. Even once the several years after transfer into or likely to occur.These findings highlight the cubs have left the den at two months, until between zoos, suggesting that stress may importance of leader incentives and social they are at least four months, they are not play a role. Furthermore, adult mortality relationships in group decision-making noted for their agility and continue to rate was greater in Asian elephants born processes and the emergence of despotism. hamper their mother’s freedom, restricting in zoos than in those transferred from the the distance she can cover each day. wild. Given that the average age at which King, A.J., Douglas, C.M.S., Huchard, E., Isaac, N.J.B. and Cowlishaw, G. (2008) Dominance and affiliation mediate This limits the mother’s movements and new elephants are imported is only 3.4 despotism in a social primate. Current Biology 18: 1833–1838. restricts the choices she can make about years, this suggests that the risk factor for which habitats she uses. higher mortality in adulthood operates during gestation or early infancy, and is Pettorelli, N., Hilborn, A., Broekhuis, F. and Durant, S.M. Habitat use by cheetahs using (2008) Exploring habitat use by cheetahs using ecological probably related to nutrition. While there ecological niche factor analysis niche factor analysis. Journal of Zoology 277: 141–148. was evidence that mortality rates are Understanding why animals choose improving over time in African elephants, different habitats helps explain the mortality in zoos is still higher than in the distribution of species and provides key wild in the most recent years, and there information to conservation planners and was no evidence of improvement in protected area managers. Recently, we Asian elephants. made use of the long-term data on movements of individual cheetah from the These results indicate some clear steps Serengeti Cheetah Project to increase our that are needed to improve the viability understanding of how cheetahs living on of elephants in zoos. In particular, the plains use their environment, and how monitoring for stress and obesity will

this is affected by their age, sex and © S. Durant help to identify at-risk individuals, and, reproductive status. Surprisingly, females over time, increase our understanding of tended to be more selective in their choice the mechanisms underlying the mortality of habitats when they were young than Compromised survivorship in patterns we found. when they were older. Perhaps young zoo elephants Clubb, R., Rowcliffe, M., Lee, P., Mar, K.U., Moss, C. and females are more cautious, selecting Mason, G.J. (2008) Compromised survivorship in zoo features and habitats that they perceive as Modern zoos work hard to ensure the elephants. Science 322: 1649. less risky, and gain more confidence as health and welfare of the animals in their they get older, making use of a greater keeping. However, best practice is not diversity of habitats. We also found that always obvious, and some welfare individual cheetah females were more problems may go undetected. We

Research themes 11 Genetic variation, fitness & adaptability

The aim of the Genetic Variation, Fitness Investigating declines in coral reefs In view of this ecosystem-level decline, and Adaptability Research Theme is to Coral reefs harbour the highest we used IUCN Red List Categories and develop and apply empirical and concentration of marine biodiversity. Criteria to determine the extinction risk of theoretical methods to describe patterns Globally, rapid build-up of carbon dioxide 845 zooxanthellate reef-building coral of relatedness among individuals, and other greenhouse gases in the species. Of the 704 species that could be populations and species. Our research atmosphere is leading to both rising sea assigned conservation status, 32.8% are in aims to test hypotheses on the effects of surface temperatures and acidification. categories with elevated risk of extinction. genetic diversity on individual fitness and Ocean acidification is reducing ocean Declines in abundance are associated with population persistence and to apply this carbonate ion concentrations and the bleaching and diseases driven by elevated knowledge of genetic structure and ability of corals to build skeletons. Local sea surface temperatures, with extinction genetic diversity/fitness relationships to threats include human disturbances, such risk further exacerbated by local-scale the management of animal populations. as increased coastal development, anthropogenic disturbances.The sedimentation resulting from poor land- proportion of corals threatened with use and watershed management, sewage extinction has increased dramatically in Investigating declines in coral reefs discharges, nutrient loading and recent decades and exceeds that of most (A) Critically Endangered species as percentage of eutrophication from agrochemicals, coral terrestrial groups.The Caribbean has the total species in area (B) Critically Endangered and Endangered species mining, and overfishing. Local largest proportion of corals in high as percentage of total species in area anthropogenic impacts reduce the extinction risk categories, whereas the (C) Species in all threatened categories (Critically resilience of corals to withstand global CoralTriangle (western Pacific) has the Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable) as threats, resulting in a global deterioration highest proportion of species in all percentage of total species in area of reef structure and ability of these categories of elevated extinction risk. (D) Species inThreatened and NearThreatened categories as percent of total species in area. ecosystems to sustain their characteristic Calculations are based on a cell size of 10 km2 complex ecological interactions. Our analysis indicates that the extinction risk for many corals is now much greater than it was before recent massive

Science bleaching events. Whether corals actually © go extinct this century will depend on the continued severity of climate change, the (A) extent of other environmental disturbances, and the ability of corals to adapt. If bleaching events become very 0.16–2 2.01–4 4.01–6 6.01–8 frequent, many species may be unable to re-establish breeding populations before subsequent bleaching causes potentially irreversible declines, perhaps mimicking conditions that led to previous coral (B) extinctions. If corals cannot adapt, the cascading effects of the functional loss of reef ecosystems will threaten the geologic structure of reefs and their coastal protection function and have huge economic effects on food security for hundreds of millions of people dependent (C) on reef fish. Our consensus view is that the loss of reef ecosystems would lead to large-scale loss of global biodiversity.

Carpenter, K.E., Abrar, M., Aeby, G., Aronson, R.B., Banks, S., Bruckner, A., Chiriboga, A., Cortes, J., Delbeek, J.C., DeVantier, L., Edgar, G.J., Edwards, A.J., Fenner, D., Guzman, H.M., Hoeksema, B.W., Hodgson, G., Johan, O., Licuanan, (D) W.Y., Livingstone, S.R., Lovell, E.R., Moore, J.A., Obura, D.O., Ochavillo, D., Polidoro, B.A., Precht, W.F., Quibilan, M.C., Reboton, C., Richards, Z.T., Rogers, A.D., Sanciangco, J., Sheppard, A., Sheppard, C., Smith, J., Stuart, S.,Turak, E., Veron, J.E.N., Wallace, C., Weil, E. and Wood, E. (2008) One- third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from 1.16–10 10.01–20 20.01–30 30.01–40 40.01–50 50.01–60 60.01–70 70.01–80 80.01–90 90.01–100 climate change and local impacts. Science 321: 560–563.

12 (left) A female bitterling with long ovipositor (right) A male and female (with ovipositor) about to spawn © M. Reichard

Identifying species as units for events, making phylogenetic inference ecological gradient).These models couple conservation difficult, but the single haplotype found in population genetics with ecology, in that Bitterling are small fishes belonging to the R. sericeus populations was detected at density increases as the trait mean Acheilognathinae, a subfamily of the low frequency (one of 24 individuals) in approaches the value demanded by the Cyprinidae, a group comprising R. amarus and R. colchicus populations. local selective optimum. Empirical approximately 40 species largely Eight control region haplotypes were evidence for these contrasting effects of restricted to Asia. Bitterling have an found in R. amarus populations, which gene flow are lacking, largely because it unusual spawning relationship with were distinct from the two haplotypes in remains difficult to acquire. We have freshwater mussels, which they use for a R. colchicus population. Cytochrome b developed a way to explore theoretical oviposition. Resolution of the taxonomic data produced a phylogeny with strongly- models by estimating genetic divergence status of European bitterling is crucial to supported differentiation between a in traits that confer stress resistance along an understanding of the evolutionary clade of two R. sericeus haplotypes and similar ecological gradients in rainforest context of the relationship between these a clade of six R. amarus/colchicus Drosophila.This approach allows testing fishes and freshwater mussels. However, haplotypes.The star-like topology of the for the coupling of clinal divergence with the phylogenetic relationships of bitterling R. amarus/colchicus haplotypes in a local density, and the effects of genetic are equivocal. Cyprinus sericeus, the minimum spanning network suggested variance and the rate of change of the Amur bitterling, was first described from a rapid radiation in this clade. Our results optimum on the response to selection. the River Amur system in 1776. A second are consistent with an hypothesis of In support of a swamping effect of species was described from the River Elbe relatively ancient divergence of migration on phenotypic divergence, our as Cyprinus amarus in 1782. Despite the R. sericeus from R. amarus/colchicus and data show no evidence for a cline in geographic separation of these two more recent and rapid differentiation stress-related traits where the altitudinal species, they were considered conspecific between R. amarus and R. colchicus. gradient is steep, but significant clinal and both were designated as subspecies Future work will involve comparative divergence where it is shallow. However, of Rhodeus sericeus; the Amur bitterling studies of the genetic and morphological where clinal divergence is detected, sites as Rhodeus sericeus sericeus and the patterns of variation in the unionid showing trait means closer to the European bitterling as Rhodeus sericeus mussels on which bitterling depend. presumed local optimum have more amarus. A later study found the characters genetic variation than sites with trait Zaki, S.A.H., Jordan, W.C., Reichard, M., Przybylski, M. and used to separate the species/subspecies to Smith, C. (2008) A morphological and genetic analysis of the means distant from their local optimum. be size- and temperature-dependent and European bitterling species complex. Biological Journal of This pattern suggests that gene flow also the Linnean Society 95: 337–347. not sufficiently reliable to separate the aids a sustained response to selection. two. Consequently, the designation R. sericeus was retained for both the Our research suggests that the population eastern and western groups. However, a Explaining the limits to the genetic factors explored by theoretical review of the taxonomy reclassified the distribution of species models do directly affect the distributional western populations as R. amarus and All species have limited geographic limits of populations in natural situations. the eastern populations as R. sericeus on ranges beyond which they appear unable The results also show that empirical tests the basis that such a large geographic to spread. Explaining the presence of of maximum rates of evolutionary disjunction between them must necessarily geographic range limits is perplexing responses to ecological change are mean the two represent discrete species. because clines in fitness traits attest to the possible in the field, although obtaining A new species of bitterling, R. colchicus, ability of species to diverge in ecological sufficiently accurate estimates of key from WestTranscaucasia was recently tolerances under some conditions.There parameters is very data intensive. We described. are two explanations of as to adaptation hope that these data will encourage others fails in nature. First, populations at to tackle this critical, but difficult, issue, We used morphological and genetic data species’ edges may be unable to adapt to allowing the predictions of theory to be to resolve the taxonomic relationships of local conditions because they continually applied to natural populations. bitterling in Europe. Morphometric and receive immigrants from nearby, well- Bridle, J.R., Gavaz, S. and Kennington, W.J. (2009)Testing meristic data identified differences adapted populations. Second, range limits to adaptation along altitudinal gradients in rainforest between three putative species; with a margins may form where there is Drosophila. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276: 1507–1515. clear distinction between the eastern insufficient genetic variation for Asian R. sericeus, western European populations to track changing selective bitterling R. amarus, and colchian optima. Several theoretical models have bitterling, R. colchicus. Polymorphism in explored under what conditions the mitochondrial DNA control region was organisms can adapt to an ecological predominantly due to insertion/deletion optimum that varies linearly in space (an

Research themes 13 Wildlife Epidemiology

The Wildlife Epidemiology ResearchTheme Common frog immune system is Natural colonisation and aims to identify where disease is a threat key in fight against Ranavirus adaptation of a mosquito species in to wildlife conservation, either as a In the late 1980s, common frogs Rana Galapagos: implications for disease primary cause of species declines or as temporaria in the UK began to die by the threats to endemic wildlife a threat to remnant wildlife populations. tens of thousands, and the cause was later Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife The ResearchTheme also aims to discovered to be a virus belonging to the are recognised as a major threat to global investigate the emergence of disease as Ranavirus genus. Often, pathogens and biodiversity. Endemic species on isolated a conservation threat and develop an their hosts will co-evolve in an arms race, oceanic islands often evolved in the understanding of the consequences of where over time, the host develops absence of many pathogens or pathogen changes in wildlife disease epidemiology; resistance to a pathogen, and the types and are, therefore, particularly at both to wildlife conservation and welfare pathogen then evolves to withstand this risk of disease and decline from and to human health and welfare, resistance.This pattern occurs over introduced pathogens and disease particularly where these changes are multiple generations and so it can be vectors.The introduction of the southern driven by anthropogenic forces. difficult to track. Recent research has house mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus to shown that we can see evidence of this the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1800s, for type of evolution in the frog–Ranavirus example, allowed avian malaria and avian system by looking at a snapshot in time. pox to be transmitted between endemic The immune system of frogs is, in part, birds for the first time.This led to controlled by the individuals’ genes. In catastrophic declines and contributed to particular, the Major Histocompatibility the extinction of 17 species of endemic Complex (MHC class I) is a region that is honeycreeper. known to be involved in resistance to viruses.This research has shown that this In Galapagos, where there have been region is very simple in the common frog, island species radiations similar in and consists only of a single gene. In magnitude to those seen in Hawaii, the general, high diversity at the MHC is black salt-marsh mosquito Aedes thought to be beneficial. For example, if taeniorhynchus is the only mosquito an individual has two different copies of widely distributed throughout the this gene, they may be able to recognise archipelago. We used genetic techniques twice as many pathogens. However, if to investigate if this mosquito was native there is a very common or highly lethal to Galapagos, or if, like the southern pathogen, it might be more beneficial for house mosquito in Hawaii, it had been an individual to have one particular MHC introduced by humans.The results Characteristic skin ulceration of a common frog type that confers resistance. By comparing showed that A. taeniorhynchus in caused by Ranavirus. wild frog populations that have been Galapagos was distinct from A. affected by Ranavirus for a decade with taeniorhynchus on the mainland and that those that have no history of the disease it had naturally colonised the archipelago we were able to look for differences in the around 200,000 years ago. In fact, the MHC gene.The results showed that the Galapagos mosquito is as different infected frogs were much more likely to genetically from its mainland cousins as have a particular type of MHC.This finding they are from other species of mosquito. implies that the frogs are undergoing These results suggest that Galapagos may natural selection, where only have its own species of mosquito,

© A.Teacher those with a particular MHC although further work is required before type survive infection.This work this can be confirmed. allows us to begin to understand how Ranavirus is affecting UK frog Unlike the mainland population of populations, and also provides a rare A. taeniorhynchus that normally lives in opportunity to track an example of host– coastal mangroves and salt marshes, the pathogen co-evolution over time. Galapagos mosquito breeds up to 20 km inland and at altitudes of up to 700 metres Teacher, A.G.F., Garner,T.W.J. and Nichols, R.A. (2009) Evidence for directional selection at a novel major as well as along the coast. Some genetic histocompatibility class I marker in wild common frogs (Rana variants of the mosquito were found only temporaria) exposed to a viral pathogen (Ranavirus). PLoS One 4(2): e4616. inland, suggesting that the mosquito is

14 © S. Goodman © A. Cunningham © A. Cunningham

continuing to evolve to its Galapagos Important new findings on poxviral monitored by telemetry and mark- niche. Further evidence of adaptation of disease in red squirrels recapture, were shown to occur in a the mosquito to its island environment Empirical evidence for the ecological temporal pattern, suggesting that direct was found when we examined its feeding impact of pathogens introduced by transmission is the principal mechanism preferences. On the mainland invasive alien mammals is in short supply. for transfer of the virus.This is supported A. taeniorhynchus feeds on mammals Two new studies markedly improve our by the even spread of cases of the disease and occasionally on birds. In Galapagos, understanding of the epidemiology of across months of the year, shown through giant tortoises and marine iguanas are squirrelpox virus (SQPV), which causes scanning disease surveillance. the preferred hosts, although blood meals epidemic disease in the immunologically Interestingly, post mortem examinations from mammals and, more rarely, birds naïve populations of red squirrels Sciurus on eight squirrels diagnosed to have died were also found.The preference for vulgaris in Britain, and was almost of other causes were found to have feeding on reptiles is probably because certainly introduced to the British Isles antibodies to SQPV, suggesting that these the Galapagos Islands were depauperate with the alien grey squirrel Sciurus red squirrels had survived SQPV infection in mammals prior to the arrival of humans carolinensis. Red squirrel populations or disease.This is the first evidence that some 500 years ago.This is an important were monitored through scanning disease free-living red squirrels can mount an finding when considering disease risks to surveillance, and epidemics in northern effective immune response to the virus, the Galapagos endemic fauna, as the England were mapped over a 13 year and may indicate that the virus and host iconic reptiles must now be considered at period.The results showed that the spatial are co-adapting, resulting in a less virulent risk from mosquito-borne diseases. distribution of cases of SQPV-disease in infection. Importantly, the finding that Moreover, A. taeniorhynchus has the red squirrels followed that of the red squirrels are capable of counteracting potential to act as a bridge-vector, expanding geographic range of the sero- the virus means that methods to control transmitting diseases between mammals, positive grey squirrel population, this anthropogenically initiated disease birds and reptiles.This is particularly providing important evidence that the are possible. important when considering West Nile grey squirrel is a reservoir of this virus Sainsbury, A.W., Deaville, R., Lawson, B., Cooley, W.A., Farelly, virus, which can cause significant (Sainsbury et al., 2008). In a second study S.S.J., Stack, M.J., Duff, P., McInnes, C.J., Gurnell, J., Russell, morbidity and mortality in mammals, (Carrol et al., 2009) epidemics of SQPV- P.H., Rushton, S.P., Pfeiffer, D.U., Nettleton, P. and Lurz, P.W.W. (2008) Poxviral disease in red squirrels Sciurus vulgaris in the birds and reptiles, and which recently has disease in translocated red squirrels, UK: spatial and temporal trends of an emerging threat. spread from an introductory focus in EcoHealth 5: 305–316. NewYork to much of the North and South Carroll, B., Russell, P., Gurnell, J., Nettleton, P. and Sainsbury, A.W. (2009) Epidemics of squirrelpox virus disease in red American mainland and which is predicted squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris): temporal and serological findings. soon to reach the Galapagos Islands. As Epidemiology and Infection 137: 257–265. A. taeniorhynchus has adapted to the Galapagos highlands, unlike Hawaii, there are likely to be no high altitude refugia © M. Cooke free from invading mosquito-borne diseases in Galapagos, suggesting bleak outcomes to possible future pathogen introduction events.

Bataille, A., Cunningham, A.A., Cedeño, V., Patiño, L., Constantinou, A., Kramer, L.D. and Goodman, S.J. (2009) Natural colonisation and adaptation of a mosquito species in Galapagos and its implications for disease threats to endemic wildlife. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106: 10230–10235.

The proportion of red squirrels examined in each administrative area of Scotland, Wales and England (i) which were positive or suspected for poxvirus onTEM (red pie), (ii) had skin lesions negative for poxvirus onTEM (green pie), and (iii) were also examined post mortem (pink pie).The diameter of the pie is proportional to the number of red squirrels examined in each area.

Research themes 15 Reproductive biology

Our understanding of reproductive biology Heat-shock proteins and sperm to capitalise on it in a practical sense, with comes largely from a small number of survival the development of new methods for intensely studied model species, but nature Captive-breeding programmes nearly prolonging the shelf-life of semen during presents a bewildering array of adaptations always involve some kind of genetic transportation.This research has been with almost every new species we management, where the general aim is to ongoing for about ten years, in examine. In the Reproductive Biology avoid the deleterious effects of inbreeding; collaboration with colleagues at the ResearchTheme we aim both to explore these effects can range from poor growth University of Sheffield and the Royal and understand some of this diversity and and development at one end of the Veterinary College, London, and we to use some of this knowledge for the spectrum to serious inherited diseases at recently found that a particular group of development of technologies that may the other. Often, however, the captive- proteins present within the oviduct seem have practical applications. In addition, we breeding plans are thwarted if the animals to play a key role in modulating sperm aim to find out whether and how in question are either incompatible or survival.These are the heat-shock proteins environmental change may affect geographically separate. Artificial and one in particular called Heat Shock reproductive and developmental processes. insemination with chilled semen offers a 70kDa protein 8, or HSPA8 for short, is possible solution to the problem because especially effective at keeping sperm alive air travel allows semen to be transported (Elliott et al., 2009; Lloyd et al., 2009a).The long distances within 24–48 hours. In heat-shock proteins are widespread in principle, semen can be sent half way nature, occurring in all species, and their around the world and used to inseminate role is to protect other proteins and to the female. For some species, however, ensure that the peptide chains are folded such short-term storage reduces its correctly during synthesis. As these fertility and limits the use of this approach. proteins are so highly conserved in an

70 The loss of fertility is caused by two evolutionary sense, with HSPA8 being problems: many spermatozoa simply die regarded as one of the most highly during the storage period and those that conserved of all known proteins, we 60 survive frequently become less able to predicted that its protective ability should reach and fertilise the egg. We have been transcend the species barrier.This 50 investigating how to improve this prediction has so far been vindicated, as situation by studying the action of the we have shown that the bovine version of

Vitability Index (%) oviduct, part of the female reproductive the protein supports the survival of ram 40 tract, which is known to provide the and boar, as well as bull, spermatozoa. We spermatozoa with a protective are continuing to investigate the practical 30 environment in which they can survive for utility of this protein and will be aiming to 0 0.25 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 many hours at body temperature (Lloyd et test it with spermatozoa from some wild HSPA8 protein concentration (µg/mL) al., 2008; Yeste et al., 2009).The oviduct as well as domesticated species. also provides a beneficial environment for Elliott, R.M.A., Lloyd, R.E., Fazeli, A., Sostaric, E., Georgiou, embryo development and we have shown A.S., Satake, N., Watson, P.F. and Holt, W.V. (2009) Effects of that oviductal fluid actually optimises their HSPA8, an evolutionarily conserved oviductal protein, on Graph showing that the HSPA8 protein boar and bull spermatozoa. Reproduction 137: 191–203. produces improved sperm survival during 24 h ability to express certain key genes (Lloyd incubation at body temperature, and that the et al., 2009b). Lloyd, R.E., Badia, E., Fazeli, A., Watson, P.F. and Holt, W.V. (2008)Temporal dynamics of ram sperm binding and survival effect is dose dependent. during 48-h coculture with oviducal epithelial cells. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20: 835–845. We have previously reported that mammalian spermatozoa survive in the Lloyd, R.E., Elliott, R.M.A., Fazeli, A., Watson, P.F. and Holt, W.V. (2009a) Effects of oviductal proteins, including heat oviduct by establishing intimate contact shock 70 kDa protein 8, on survival of ram spermatozoa over 48 h in vitro. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21: with the surface of the epithelia that they 408–418. encounter and actively interacting with Lloyd, R.E., Romar, R., Matas, C., Gutierrez-Adan, A., Holt, them.The epithelia respond by expressing W.V. and Coy, P. (2009b) Effects of oviductal fluid on the development, quality, and gene expression of porcine novel genes and producing new proteins blastocysts produced in vitro. Reproduction 137: 679–687. and the spermatozoa themselves tend to Yeste, M., Lloyd, R.E., Badia, E., Briz, M., Bonet, S. and Holt, become quiescent forming a sperm W.V. (2008) Direct contact between boar spermatozoa and reservoir within the oviduct, with a porcine oviductal epithelial cell (OEC) cultures is needed for optimal sperm survival in vitro. Animal Reproduction Science lifespan of several days depending on the 113: 263–278. species. If we could find out the secret of this protective mechanism we may be able

16 a

Sperm DNA fragmentation The principle of the test is relatively Gosalvez, J., Cortes-Gutierrez, E., Nuñez, R., Fernandez, J.L., Caballero, P., Lopez-Fernandez, C. and Holt, W.V. (2009) A assessment straightforward; the spermatozoa are dynamic assessment of sperm DNA fragmentation versus The basic structure of spermatozoa is enclosed within a thin film of agarose, and sperm viability in proven fertile human donors. Fertility and Sterility. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.136. remarkably conserved across different their proteins are removed with a lysing Lopez-Fernandez, C., Fernandez, J.L., Gosalbez, A., Arroyo, F., species, probably because these solution. If the DNA contains single- or Vazquez, J.M., Holt, W.V. and Gosalvez, J. (2008) Dynamics specialised cells have evolved with a double-strand breaks it unravels from the of sperm DNA fragmentation in domestic animals III. Ram. Theriogenology 70: 898–908. single task to fulfil, namely to transport core of the sperm head, and produces a genetic material from the male to the egg. ‘halo’ that can be stained and visualised Zee,Y.P., Lopez-Fernandez, C., Gosalvez, J., Holt, W.V. and Johnston, S.D. (2009) DNA fragmentation dynamics of koala In most cases the spermatozoa conform to (Figure a).The presence of DNA breaks in spermatozoa. Reproduction Fertility and Development 21: a common plan: they have a head, which the halos can be demonstrated by using a 141–142. contains the DNA but is surrounded by DNA polymerase enzyme to replicate new, cellular cytoplasm and membranes, and a but fluorescently-labelled DNA, starting Images © J. Gosalvez tail, which is responsible for propulsion. from the breakage sites. As the enzyme This plan is much the same regardless of can only bind to, and replicate from sites whether the species in question has that contain strand breaks, the presence of evolved an internal or external mode of fluorescent staining confirms that the fertilisation. Assessment of sperm quality halos contain damaged DNA (Figure b). and likely fertility has, for many years, Using this technique we have shown, been focused on the measurement of moreover, that sperm DNA degradation is ‘motility’, i.e. the speed and quality of a dynamic and progressive process, but sperm motion, and integrity of the plasma that there is a high level of individual membrane which surrounds the entire variability in the rate at which strand cell. If the plasma membrane is damaged breaks, i.e. DNA damage, accumulates. or if motility is compromised the This technique therefore promises to be spermatozoon will probably never reach an important predictor in the diagnosis the egg. If these characteristics are fully of male infertility and a useful tool in the functional and intact, the spermatozoon is search for methods that maintain the more likely to reach the egg and may even fertility of spermatozoa during storage penetrate it, but recent work has and transport. demonstrated clearly that not all spermatozoa contain DNA of sufficient quality and integrity to support embryo development. We have been collaborating b with colleagues at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid who have developed a simple way to assess the incidence of DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa, and have applied the technique to several species including sheep, pigs, koalas and African elephants. The DNA typically sustains single- or double-stranded breaks, especially if the spermatozoa are subjected to stresses such as heating, cooling or freezing. More importantly, we have shown that the sperm DNA integrity not only varies between species, but also between individuals.This finding is especially important for explaining cases of infertility, where the more traditional measures of sperm quality do not reveal any apparent problem.

Research themes 17 indicators & assessments unit

The Indicators and Assessments Unit was A broader view of biodiversity In the year 2010, the world’s governments formed in 2006 to consolidate work at The number of described species still lags will have to decide whether or not they ZSL on defining the status and trends of a long way behind the estimated global have met the CBD 2010 target of achieving biodiversity.The unit is a joint Institute of total species richness; even describing a significant reduction in the rate of Zoology and Conservation Programmes biodiversity remains a significant biodiversity loss.The assessment of this initiative, and comprises around 20 staff, challenge, and so defining its status is target relies not only on robust baseline students and interns. The five main larger still.The conservation status of less data on the status of biodiversity, but also projects of the unit are primarily designed than 2.5% of the world’s described information on how rapidly humans are to produce scientifically robust global biodiversity is currently known. Clearly degrading our natural capital.This year biodiversity indicators for global targets this limits understanding of the impact of has seen the delivery of the first such as the Convention on Biological humans on biodiversity, and with it the assessments of the sampled approach to Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations ability to make informed decisions on Red Listing, for dragonflies and Millennium Development goals. This year, conservation planning and action. One of damselflies, tropical freshwater crabs and work is expanding to develop novel the major challenges for the IUCN Red List reptiles.These initial studies of the world’s analytical approaches to understanding is assessing the larger groups that lesser known species indicate that threat the distribution of biodiversity and represent the majority of the world’s levels may be similar or even greater than species threat. The projects are designed biodiversity. With these larger groups of for the well known vertebrate groups, and to produce biodiversity information at a less well-known organisms, a that rather than differences between level more amenable to national comprehensive survey of extinction risk vertebrates and invertebrates per se, the conservation planning, and a focus for for the whole group is not feasible.The assessments highlighted in these studies conservation attention. need for a broader view of the status of suggest that key differences exist between biodiversity is urgent. It has become system and habitat, regardless of whether increasingly clear that taxa differ in the the species is a vertebrate or not. relative level of threat they face, with Collen, B., Ram, M., Dewhurst, N., Clausnitzer, V., Kalkman, certain groups at higher risk of extinction V.J., Cumberlidge, N. and Baillie, J.E.M. (2008) Broadening than others. Determining the reasons for the coverage of biodiversity assessments. In Wildlife in a changing world: An analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of these differences is one of the key actions Threatened Species. Vié, J-C., Hilton-Taylor, C. and Stuart, needed for proactive conservation. As a S.N. (Eds). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. first step, increased coverage of baseline Cumberlidge, N., Ng, P.K.L.,Yeo, D.C.J., Magalhães, C., Campos, M.R., Alvarez, F., Naruse,T., Daniel, S.R., Esser, L.J., data is required for the IUCN Red List. A Attipoe, F.Y.K., Clotilde-Ba, F-L., Darwall, W., McIvor, A., Baillie, truly global picture of biodiversity requires J.E.M., Collen, B. and Ram, M. (2009) Freshwater crabs and the biodiversity crisis: importance, threats, status, and coverage of all major taxonomic groups. conservation challenges. Biological Conservation 142: 1665–1673.

Clausnitzer, V., Kalkman, V.J., Ram, M., Collen, B., Baillie, J.E.M., Bedjanic, M., Darwall, W.R.T., Dijkstra, K-D.B., Dow, R., Hawking, J., Karube, H., Malikova, E., Paulson, D., Schütte, K., Suhling, F.,Villanueva, R., von Ellenrieder, N., and Wilson, K. (2009) Odonata enter the biodiversity crisis debate: the first global assessment of an insect group. Biological Conservation 142: 1864–1869.

Schipper, J., Chanson, J., Chiozza, F., Cox, N.A., Hoffmann, M., Katariya, V., Lamoreux, J., Rodrigues, A.S.L., Stuart, S.N., Temple, H.J., Baillie, J.E.M., Boitani, L., Lacher,T.E., Mittermeier, R.A., Smith, A.T., Absolon, D., Aguiar, J.M., Amori, G., Bakkour, N., Baldi, R.A., Berridge, R.J., Bielby, J., Black, P.A., Blanc, J.J., Brooks,T.M., Burton, J.A., Butynski, T.M., Catullo, G., Chapman, R., Cokeliss, Z., Collen, B., et al. (2008).The status of the world’s land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge. Science 322: 225–230.

Trends in vertebrate abundance Over the past 35 years, during a time period when the human population has almost doubled, trends in vertebrate populations show a decline of nearly 30%. In the Living Planet Report, produced in collaboration with WWF and the Global Footprint network, the Living Planet Index

18 1.4 Living Planet Index –The black line is the average of two indices which measure overall trends in

1.2 populations of temperate (green) and tropical (orange) vertebrate species.The index declined by 28% from 1970 to 2005. Bars are 95% 1 confidence limits.

0.8

0.6

Index value (1970 = 1.0) 0.4

0.2

0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 shows that wild species and natural investing in local institutions, and Accurate extinction risk assessment is ecosystems are under pressure to a formulating a global biodiversity vital to determining conservation priorities greater or lesser degree across all biomes observation system, systematically and establishing biodiversity and regions of the world.Tropical species designed across regions and taxa, could management plans at all governance show much greater rates of decline than provide an impetus to address the tropical levels. National Red Lists enable nations their temperate counterparts over this biodiversity data gap, and will improve readily to determine the conservation time period. understanding of species decline. status of species, allowing them to identify species or ecosystems under Collen, B., Loh, J., Whitmee, S., McRae, L., Amin, R. and These findings unveil a deeper issue that Baillie, J.E.M. (2009) Monitoring change in vertebrate greatest threat, raise awareness of must be addressed.Tropical areas in abundance: the Living Planet Index. Conservation Biology 23: threatened species, and develop effective 317–327. particular suffer from lack of baseline conservation policies and action plans. information for local and regional Loh, J., Collen, B., McRae, L., Carranza,T.T., Pamplin, F.A., Many countries throughout the world Amin, R. and Baillie, J.E.M. (2008) Living Planet Index. Hails, biodiversity conservation.This barrier C. (Ed.). Living Planet Report 2008. Gland, Switzerland: WWF. have developed National Red Lists. weakens the efficacy of conservation However, this information is often measures and the ability to predict future inaccessible, dispersed throughout changes in the health of species and A national level tool for conservation academic libraries and government ecosystems. In the context of the Information on the status and trends of offices, their potential for knowledge Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2010 biodiversity at the national level has sharing not fully utilised. In an effort to target to reduce biodiversity loss, become increasingly important to both make national level Red Lists more widely biodiversity data sets are still far from science and policy. National Red Lists and available, a centralised data portal has being a complete resource in tropical National level indices of trends in species been built to host National threatened countries. We also investigated the use of abundance may provide suitable data for species assessments: generalised additive models in reporting on progress towards biodiversity www.nationalredlist.org.This hosts more aggregating large quantities of population goals, as well as for informing national than 65,000 species assessments, along trend data, evaluated potential bias that conservation priority-setting. In a joint with online support tools, species action results from collation of existing trends, project with the 2010 Biodiversity plans and an online forum. and explored the feasibility of Indicators Partnership, IUCN and WWF, McRae, L., Loh, J., Bubb, P.J., Baillie, J.E.M., Kapos, V. and disaggregating the data (e.g. guidance for national and regional level Collen, B. (2009)The Living Planet Index - Guidance for geographically, taxonomically, regionally, use of global level indicators (the Living National and Regional Use. Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC. and by thematic area). Developing Planet Index and Red List Index) has been Bubb, P.J., Butchart, S., Collen, B., Dublin, H., Kapos, V., methods such as these, filling existing produced and made available to national Pollock, C., Stuart, S.N. and Vié, J-C. (2009) IUCN Red List Index - Guidance for National and Regional Use. Gland, gaps on key regions, habitats and taxa, agencies (www.twentyten.net). Switzerland: IUCN.

Threatened species richness map for terrestrial vertebrate species (n = 9,606 species). Sources: ZSL, BirdLife International, IUCN.

Proportion of species assessed as threatened

0.01 0.05 0.12 0.23 0.40 1

Indicators and assessments unit 19 zsl conservation programmes

Research carried out at IoZ focuses on Developing new conservation tools programmes have been established and scientific issues relevant to the timber company workers, university conservation of species and their habitats. Wildlife Picture Index students and government wildlife guards This work directly supports ZSL’s field (Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia are trained in traditional and innovative conservation programmes, which are and Mongolia) monitoring methodologies. WWP also currently run in over 60 countries The Wildlife Picture Index uses the latest carries out socio-economic studies in worldwide.The combination of applied camera-trapping technology to monitor communities around the target and pure research means that we are wildlife trends in conservation and concessions to assess the impact of engaged in and can inform conservation wilderness areas.This novel approach is wildlife management and hunting policy and practice at all levels, in being developed in collaboration with activities on local livelihoods. partnership with governments, NGOs and WCS to provide information on status and local communities. trends of wildlife species in countries Berbak Carbon Value Initiative throughout the world. In time, it is hoped The developing market for carbon credits The projects described here demonstrate that camera-trap technology will provide from avoiding deforestation – rather the wide-ranging contribution IoZ the first global indicator capable of than replanting – represents a unique research provides for field conservation identifying where conservation and opportunity to make forests full of wildlife programmes. wilderness areas are protecting species worth more than trucks full of logs. and where they are not.This information ZSL’s ‘Berbak Carbon Value Initiative’, • Conservation Breeding and Reintroduction is currently unavailable but is essential for funded by the Darwin Initiative, is setting • EDGE understanding global trends in biodiversity scientifically robust baselines for • Indicators and Assessments and setting conservation priorities. biodiversity levels and carbon emissions • Marine and Freshwater in a national park in Indonesia, and • Wildlife Health developing the necessary political • Africa framework to ensure funds from carbon • South and Central Asia sales are targeted appropriately. ‘Tiger- • South East Asia friendly carbon’ will be attractive to • UK, Europe and Mongolia buyers, while the income will enable prevention of illegal logging and fires in the park, and provide benefits for communities around it. © B. Collen

Finding business and biodiversity solutions

Wildlife Wood Project, Ghana and Cameroon The Wildlife Wood Project (WWP) was established to help logging companies adopt low-impact logging practices and apply innovative, practical and cost- effective measures for monitoring and managing wildlife in concessions by identifying simple, cost-effective but scientifically-rigorous wildlife indicators © S. Christie that can be used to audit timber companies’ management of wildlife in their concessions.The WWP works in collaboration with companies in Ghana

© C. Ransom and Cameroon where bio-monitoring

20 being carried out to evaluate their population size and distribution, as well as participatory research with local communities to identify alternative, more sustainable livelihoods.

Slender Loris Project, Sri Lanka

Amidst ethnic and social turmoil, the © S. Christie Building conservation capacity Slender Loris Conservation Project has been established in partnership with the King Khalid Wildlife Research EDGE Fellows Open University of Sri Lanka. Bringing Centre, Saudi Arabia (China, India, Indonesia, Haiti, together academics, experts, field This past year celebrated 20 years of Kenya, Liberia, Mongolia, South biologists and government departments, engagement with the National Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand) the project aims to identify the remaining Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Conceived and refined at IoZ, the extent of this threatened species within Development in the Kingdom of Saudi Evolutionary Distinct and Globally rainforest patches, by establishing Arabia.There has been a marked increase Endangered (EDGE) species conservation pioneering adaptive management in output from the Conservation Science prioritisation method identifies species on monitoring through assessment of department after recruitment of new staff, the verge of extinction that represent a temporal patterns of occupancy, and also Drs Peter Cunningham andTorsten disproportionate amount of evolutionary supports the resolution of loris taxonomic Wronski.This included work extending the history.The EDGE of Existence known range of Blanford’s fox Vulpes Programme has developed into a multi- cana, foraging and activity patterns of faceted conservation project, one spiny lizard Uromastyx aegyptiae, a component of which is the EDGE Fellows checklist of reptiles in three Protected programme which aims to build Areas, observations of the seasonal conservation capacity in developing dietary preference of male Gazella countries. EDGE Fellows are given subgutturosa marica and characterisation technical, financial and institutional of spatial distribution of latrines in support to research or implement reintroduced mountain gazelles G. gazella. conservation activities for top-priority species, and are trained both in the field Desert conservation, North Africa and through a conservation skills training ambiguity.The programme is in the In a major programme in Niger, working course in the UK. capacity building/strategic planning phase in collaboration with the Sahara and intends to seek support to develop Conservation Fund and the Saharan into a national programme capable of antelope project of the Convention on Monitoring and managing species significantly contributing to Sri Lanka’s Migratory Species, ZSL is ensuring that and ecosystems commitment to the Convention on future national conservation management Biological Diversity. plans to protect the richest known Okapi Monitoring and location for Saharan biodiversity are Management, Democratic Republic Community-led Mangrove Forest founded on a science-based approach to of Congo Rehabilitation and Management, ecological assessments and monitoring. Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo is Philippines In Algeria andTunisia we have been active emerging from over a decade of civil in introducing national counterparts to a conflict, during which capacity to manage systematic monitoring of managed stocks, its protected areas has been substantially while promoting the need for national reduced. In 2008 ZSL and the Congolese strategic conservation planning. conservation authority, ICCN, carried out a rapid assessment of the impacts of a newly rehabilitated road cutting through From science to policy the Watalinga forest in northern Virunga National Park.The team captured the first GLOBE International pictures of okapi in the wild, confirming ZSL has recently been appointed as the that the species was still surviving in the scientific advisory body to the GLOBE park despite the conflict.The surveys also ZSL is working with government agencies (Global Legislators Organisation for a documented their presence on the east in Panay Island, Philippines, to implement Balanced Environment) International side of the river Semliki for the first time. a demonstration project for successful Commission on Land Use Change and However, okapi are under intensive mangrove rehabilitation. We are Ecosystems. GLOBE’s membership pressure from hunting and habitat supporting communities to revert comprises senior parliamentarians from degradation due to charcoal and timber abandoned fishponds and areas of coastal all G8+5 countries, as well as a number extraction, and further surveys are now deforestation to mangrove forestland.This of other nations.The Commission is a will provide increased coastal protection, specialised political forum designed to food resources and livelihood income foster ambitious global leadership on through the sustainable and equitable marine and terrestrial environmental management of the forest. Scientific policy.The ZSL team is engaged with research underpins the rehabilitation, with leading organisations and individuals in assessment and monitoring of species the fields of tropical forests and marine diversity and hydrological features of the fisheries, ensuring that the Commission’s recovery sites. Communities are receiving policy recommendations are founded technical training to establish mangrove on the most up-to-date and robust nurseries and planting strategies. scientific evidence.

ZSL conservation programmes 21 COMMUNICATING SCIENCE

A major part of IoZ’s work is facilitating Publications International ZooYearbook the communication of science between In recent years zoos and aquariums have researchers, professional zoologists and Animal Conservation made good progress in improving their the public. We achieve this through a Animal Conservation provides a forum for conservation outputs, responding with varied programme of meetings and the rapid publication of novel, peer-reviewed energy and initiative to the biodiversity publication of scientific journals and books. research into the conservation of animal extinction crisis. However, they are now species and their habitats.The journal turning that critical eye back onto focuses on quantitative studies detailing themselves, examining their ex situ important new ideas and findings that activities and questioning the ways in have general implications for the scientific which what they do within the boundaries basis of conservation. In 2008 the number of their zoos affects the wider world.The of issues published annually was latest volume of the International Zoo increased from four to six. Each issue Yearbook sets out to examine where the includes a special Feature Paper and current compromises may lie for zoos and invited commentaries on an important aquariums in how we manage our animal topic in conservation. collections and facilities, and how we communicate with our visitors. Concepts such as triple bottom line reporting, planning Journal of Zoology sustainable facilities, measuring performance The Journal of Zoology, our pre-eminent using environmental management journal dedicated to academic zoology, systems, and the links between education was voted one of theTen Most Influential and sustainability are discussed. Journals in Biology and Medicine of the Last 100Years by the Special Libraries Published by Wiley-Blackwell, ZSL’s Association (see page 3). Published monthly, scientific journals continue to be offered for the Journal promotes hypothesis-driven free or low cost in many countries with a studies that advance our knowledge of GNI below $3,500 per annum as part of animals and their systems. Initiatives the United Nations agency programmes of developed over the year include the HINARI, AGORA and OARE – now collectively Journal of Zoology podcast called Research4Life.These initiatives are www.wiley.com/bw/podcast/jzo.asp, the used by more than 3,500 registered Editorial Board Member’s Choice feature institutions across Africa, South East Asia, on the website and a series of South America and the Middle East and commissioned review papers. there is growing evidence of the impact they are having on local research and policy making.The journals are also available for free or at very low cost through the INASP (International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications) initiative.

Conservation Science and Practice book series Recreational Hunting, Conservation and Rural Livelihoods, edited by Barney Dickson, Jon Hutton and William Adams, explores the debate on recreational hunting with respect to its history, scale, biodiversity impacts and social context. This controversial subject is discussed in both the developed and developing world and contributors bring together different perspectives on issues of science, ethics, livelihoods, policy and governance.

22 Meetings Stamford Raffles Lecture The symposium provided a synopsis of The 2009 Stamford Raffles Lecture was the best current thinking on how to Scientific Meetings given by Professor John Beddington, monitor biodiversity loss and ensure ZSL's popular lecture series is held on the Government Chief Scientific Adviser monitoring results have real impacts on secondTuesday of each month (above centre). ‘Biodiversity and conservation. throughout the academic year. Involving ecosystems in a changing world’ focused some of the most renowned experts on the challenges policy-makers face in worldwide, Scientific Meetings present providing enough safe, clean and Science for Conservation Seminar the latest developments in the field of affordable energy, water and food for our Series conservation science, discuss research growing global population, and how these This series provides our staff and students avenues and explore the practical critical issues are intimately linked to the with the opportunity to learn more about implications of new knowledge.Topics are challenge of mitigating and adapting to the work of visiting researchers, varied, covering a range of zoological, climate change. collaborators and invited speakers. A conservation and environmental issues. range of subjects was covered during the This year’s programme included meetings year, including Arctic terrestrial food webs on Communication in mammals: Symposia and diet proxies: elements for spatio- deciphering messages in visual, acoustic A two-day joint ZSL/WCS symposium, temporal comparisons and The causes and olfactory signals,The climate change Halting the global decline in amphibians: and consequences of MHC diversity in the threat to corals and Extinction risk in research and practice, was held on 20 and water vole Arvicola terrestris. common species. 21 November. With a large number of amphibian species facing an uncertain A new series of meetings, Conservation future, speakers at the symposium Challenges for the 21st Century, was brought together researchers and introduced in 2008. With a focus on conservation practitioners to discuss the field-conservation initiatives, the series current threats and present potential describes the response of policy-makers solutions to avert this imminent and practitioners to specific conservation biodiversity crisis. questions.The first event in the series, Saving Africa’s athletes: conserving cheetahs and wild dogs, co-organised with WCS, detailed the long-term conservation initiatives for wild dogs in Kenya and cheetahs inTanzania and outlined the problems faced by African countries in meeting conservation objectives.

Scientific Meetings are free and open to anyone who would like to attend. Organisers of the Biodiversity Monitoring and Details can be found at Conservation symposium. From left: Ben Collen, www.zsl.org/science/scientific-meetings Linda Krueger, Nathalie Pettorelli, Matthew Hatchwell, Jonathan Baillie and Sarah Durant

A second joint ZSL/WCS symposium, Biodiversity monitoring and conservation: bridging the gaps between global commitment and local action, was held on 18 and 19 June. Speakers reviewed the range of diversity indicators that are under development to assess progress towards the 2010 targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity and discussed the difficulties facing countries in meeting these conservation commitments.

Communicating science 23 ZSL SCIEnTIFIC AWARDS 2008

ZSL recognises outstanding achievements Frink Medal Scientific Medal in conservation and zoological research Presented to a professional scientist for Presented to research scientists with no through its annual presentation of awards substantial and original contributions to more than 15 years postdoctoral and prizes. In 2008 the following awards zoology. Awarded to: experience for distinguished work in were presented: Professor Chris Stringer FRS, Natural zoology. Awarded to: History Museum, for outstanding Dr Simon Hay, University of Oxford, for contributions to our knowledge of human research on spatial and temporal aspects origins and, in particular, the Ancient of mosquito-borne disease epidemiology Human Occupation of Britain project to support the more rational which is reconstructing the pattern of the implementation of disease control and earliest human colonisation of England intervention options. and Wales. Dr Loeske Kruuk, University of Edinburgh, for improving our understanding of the role of genes and environment in shaping Silver Medal the biological diversity and evolutionary For contributions to the understanding dynamics. Her research uses cutting-edge and appreciation of zoology, including statistical and molecular techniques to such activities as higher and public analyse the genetic and environmental education in natural history and wildlife basis of complex traits, and to test conservation. Awarded to: modern evolutionary theory in wild Dr RosieTrevelyan, Director of theTropical populations. Biology Association, an organisation dedicated to working in partnership with institutions in Africa to build expertise in The Marsh Award for Conservation biodiversity conservation and research Biology through practical training, fundraising and For contributions of fundamental science by providing information and resources. and its application to the conservation of animal species and habitats. Awarded to: Professor Isabelle Côté, Simon Fraser Frink Medal Bronze bison, designed by University, for research on tropical coastal Dame Elisabeth Frink for the Zoological Society ecosystems, particularly coral reefs, and of London (actual size). the use of meta-analysis to tackle broad- scale ecological questions.

The Marsh Award for Marine and Freshwater Conservation For contributions of fundamental science and its application to conservation in marine and/or freshwater ecosystems. Awarded to: Dr Nicholas Dulvy, Simon Fraser University, for his research on the effects of climate change on fisheries and coastal communities, as well as threat and extinction risks in the context of improving fisheries management.

24 (left to right) Professor Steve Jones –TheThomson Reuters Zoological Record Award Dr Nicholas Dulvy –The Marsh Award for Marine and Freshwater Conservation Nigel Robinson (Thomson Reuters) Jonathan Carruthers – Charles Darwin Award Dr Hannah Rowland –Thomas Henry Huxley Prize and Marsh Award Professor Chris Stringer FRS – Frink Medal Brian Marsh OBE (Marsh ChristianTrust) Dr Loeske Kruuk – Scientific Medal Professor Sir Patrick Bateson Dr Rosie Trevelyan – Silver Medal Dr Simon Hay – Scientific Medal Professor Isabelle Côté –The Marsh Award for Conservation Biology

The Thomson Reuters Zoological Record Charles Darwin Award The Zoological Society of London Award Presented for the best zoological project thanks the Marsh ChristianTrust and Presented for the public communication by an undergraduate student attending a Thomson Reuters for their continued of zoology. Awarded to: university in the UK. Awarded to: support of the awards. Professor Steve Jones, University College Jonathan Carruthers, University of London, for his book Coral: A Pessimist Sheffield, for his project Overt or covert: in Paradise. Do social parasitic bumblebees repel or mimic their hosts?

Thomas Henry Huxley Prize and Marsh Award Presented for the best zoological doctoral thesis produced in the UK. Awarded to: Dr Hannah Rowland, University of Liverpool, for her thesis The visual and behavioural ecology of countershading and other prey defences.

ZSL scientific awards 2008 25 LIBRARY

During 2008, almost 2,500 books were Artefact of the month on the ZSL website added to the online catalogue, 3,500 has featured the application form journals accessioned and 3,600 loans were completed by Charles Darwin to become made to Fellows and ZSL staff.The online a member of the Zoological Society catalogue http://library.zsl.org now lists (bottom left); Darwin’s journal – Narrative over 23,000 books and all our journal of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's holdings; use of the online catalogue Ships Adventure and Beagle, between the increased by 111% to almost 27,000 hits years 1826 and 1836, describing their over the year. examination of the southern shores of South America and the Beagle's ZSL's Library's serial holdings continue circumnavigation of the globe. Vol. III. to be updated on a quarterly basis in Journal and remarks, 1832–1836, by SUNCAT http://edina.ac.uk/suncat/. Charles Darwin, London: Colburn, 1839 ZSL’s archives and their use to SUNCAT, the Serials UNion CATalogue for with some images of finches from The genealogists. A ‘Meet the archives’ event, the UK, can be used to locate serials Zoology of the Voyage of the H.M.S. was held for Fellows in June. We intend to within contributing libraries and includes Beagle …; letters from Charles Darwin to repeat this popular event in the autumn. links to the web pages of these libraries. P. L. Sclater, Secretary of ZSL, dated 1870–1871. Displays in the Reading Room A collection of paintings by Joseph Wolf Library staff contributed to ZSL's Darwin and ZSL Reception have also celebrated was displayed in the Library Gallery.The 200 celebrations by attending the Fellows’ Darwin 200. Other Artefacts included: a originals of these paintings are on loan to Dinner in January to talk about photograph of Obaysch the hippopotamus theYale Center for British Art for their publications by and about Charles Darwin. by FrederickYork circa 1870; Laurence exhibition Endless Forms: Charles Darwin, The publications were displayed on the Savage’s drawings which were presented natural science and the visual arts to afternoon of the February Scientific to ZSL by the artist; watercolours of British celebrate Darwin 200.The exhibition has Meeting on Darwin’s legacy and on the birds' eggs from a collection formed by transferred to the Fitzwilliam Museum, Fellows' Day in June.The display included Major Henry Jones circa 1900; drawings of Cambridge, until October 2009. documents which influenced Charles red panda from Brian Houghton Hodgson’s Darwin; a few resulting from the voyage manuscripts Mammals of India; letters of The screw mobile by Kenneth Martin has of H.M.S. Beagle; the paper presented at Mary Anning to William Buckland; History been conserved by SusanTebby with the Linnean Society on ‘species’ and the of Java by Sir Stamford Raffles. funding from the Calouste Gulbenkian first edition of On the Origin of Species. Foundation. Following conservation the Original research continues to be carried mobile was exhibited at the Camden Arts out on ZSL’s archives. Visitors looked at Centre,Tate St. Ives and the De La Warr a range of items, including documents Pavilion. It has now been returned to ZSL relating to Charles Darwin and ZSL; and has been hung in the foyer of the material on zoo advertising and the ZSL Meeting Rooms. requisition of the zoo canteen for soldiers during World War II.There was also much Memorial giving has been featured on the use of the Daily Occurrences, Council ZSL website since the beginning of 2009. Minutes and historic zoo guides. This encourages the purchase of new books, Architecture students from Bauhaus and the conservation of paintings and University of Weimar, Germany, visited historic books in memory of loved ones. the Library in May to research the landmark modernist designs of Berthold We are extremely grateful for the Lubetkin. A researcher from the Imperial continued help of our dedicated team of War Museum used ZSL archives to look volunteers and the many Fellows and at how the declaration of war in 1939 Friends of ZSL who continue to support affected the Zoo, and research on the the Library with their time, and by evacuation and donation schemes in donating books, archives, zoo ephemera European zoos during World War II was and funds for the conservation of items carried out. Elizabeth Burling, editor of in our collections. the London family history magazine Metropolitan, visited the Library in (top right) February and has written an article on ‘Row in the Jungle’, 1863 by Joseph Wolf.

26 Library Education & training

Education and training are central to IoZ’s amphibian population and activities and we have a strong immunocompetent genetic variation. commitment to hosting research projects, MSc students, Wild Animal Biology particularly those leading to a PhD degree. Twenty-four students graduated from our MSc courses in Wild Animal Biology Our PhD students are co-registered at a (WAB) and Wild Animal Health (WAH). university department but most spend the Two students from each course received majority of their time at IoZ. During the distinctions, Liz Bonnin and Katherine year PhDs were awarded to Patricia Brekke George on the MSc WAB and Mark Jones (Imperial College London) for her genetic and Priya Bapodra on the MSc WAH. studies of an island endemic bird, the hihi We keep in contact with our graduates (Notiomystis cincta); Ruth Brown (Queen through our Wild Animal Alumni Mary, University of London) for research Newsletter, which provides a central on the molecular ecology of petrels resource for information and job MSc students, Wild Animal Health (Pterodroma spp.) from the Indian Ocean opportunities; we are pleased to hear and NE Atlantic; Gerardo Acosta-Jamett from two of our recent graduates: Priya important publication on the control of (University of Edinburgh) for studies of Bapodra was awarded a highly avian tuberculosis in captive bird the impacts of dog-wildlife co-existence competitive residency in wildlife and collections, emphasising the ability of on conservation and public health; Sophie conservation medicine at The Wilds, Ohio, students to build on previous graduates’ Allebone-Webb (Imperial College London) and Puja Basu, a graduate of the 2007 work and provide continuity in research for research evaluating dependence on WAH course, has accepted a veterinary (Drewe, J.A., Mwangi, D., Donoghue, H.D. wildlife products in rural Equatorial post at the Vulture Conservation Breeding and Cromie, R.L. (2008) ‘PCR analysis of Guinea; Jon Bielby (Imperial College Centre in Pinjore, India. the presence and location of London) for investigating extinction risk Mycobacterium avium in a constructed and population declines in amphibians; MSc students are encouraged to publish reed bed, with implications for avian and Andrew King (University College the results from their research projects tuberculosis control’ FEMS Microbiology London) for research on leadership, and in the 16 years since our students first Ecology 67: 320–328). coordinated behaviour, and information graduated, over 80 publications have been use in a social primate. Others who produced. We have established The MSc course in Conservation Science, successfully completed PhD theses this collaborations with a number of established in 2007, continues to provide year were Nathalie Cooper (Imperial international research groups so that long- a growing number of students with the College London) for research on term studies can be undertaken. For skills required for success in the field of phylogenetic approaches for studying example, a recent publication ‘Diet international conservation. Run in competition in mammals; Amy Dickman composition, food intake, body condition partnership with Imperial College, the (University College London) for studies on and faecal consistency in captive tapirs in Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, IoZ and the determinants of conflict between people UK collections’ (Clauss, M., Wilkins,T., Durrell Wildlife ConservationTrust, the and wildlife around Ruaha National Park, Hartley, A. and Hatt, J-M., Zoo Biology course focuses on interactive learning, Tanzania; Emily Fitzherbert (University of 27: 1–13) was the fourteenth publication and includes training in both practical East Anglia) for research on the ecology, arising from studies supervised by the skills, such as project planning, economics and conservation in oil palm; nutrition research group at University of management and stakeholder Maurus Msuha (University College Zurich.Two students who carried out work engagement, and quantitative methods, London) for investigating human impacts in successive years teamed up to write an such as decision theory, socio-economic on carnivore biodiversity inside and surveys, and population modelling. outside protected areas inTanzania; Graduates are well placed to become Esteban Payan (University College future leaders in science-based London) for researching hunting conservation action. sustainability, species richness and carnivore conservation in Colombian Amazonia; Joseph Smith (Imperial College London) for studies on mammalian diversity and distribution in human- (from left) Professor Stephen May, Vice Principal of the Royal Veterinary College, altered tropical landscapes and Amber Liz Bonnin (Wild Animal Biology MSc prize winner), Teacher (Queen Mary, University of Mark Jones (Wild Animal Health MSc prize winner), London) for field-based studies of Ralph Armond, Director General, ZSL

Education and training 27 funding

Institute of Zoology Income As usual, we received our annual core 12 months, income from HEFCE via the University of 1 August 2008 – 31 July 2009 Cambridge; however this year 53% of our income came from other sources, particularly the Research Councils and government departments. In total, 57 new Core Grant £2,097,024 grants were received during the year.

Research Grants & Contracts £2,161,520

(European Union £191,393) © A. Weatherill (Government Bodies £535,652) Seirian Sumner was awarded £105,246 from NERC for a New Investigator grant (Research Councils £625,461) on nest-drifting behaviour in primitively eusocial paper wasps. Eusociality has (Other Organisations £809,014) been regarded as a paradox of evolution, since some individuals forgo reproduction and instead help raise the offspring of A collaboration between the Institute of others. Kin-selection theory provides an Other Income £243,640 Zoology, Imperial College and the Consejo elegant explanation for helping behaviour, Superior de Investigaciones Científicas whereby helpers gain indirect fitness by has found that a newly emerged infectious helping raise related (non-offspring) pathogen, Batrachochytrium brood. Nest-drifting behaviour, where dendrobatidis, a previously undiagnosed helpers spend time on nests other than threat to Europe’s amphibians, is infecting their own, presents a challenge to kin- over a third of European amphibian selection theory. Drifting has been species. Eighteen out of 81 species are reported in several different species of experiencing some degree of extinction social insect; individuals often gain fitness threat and even widespread species are benefits from drifting, either directly disappearing from large portions of their through social parasitism or indirectly by ranges.The extent of the impact of helping on several related nests. Any chytridiomycosis on amphibian biodiversity fitness benefits from drifting behaviour is yet to be evaluated.To address this lack are likely to be an important component of of knowledge, a collaboration of seven kin-selection theory that has previously

© C. Weldon, M. Gericke European research institutions, including been overlooked.This project expands on IoZ, has received funding of €1.5 million the interesting discovery of extremely from the European Union’s ERA-net high nest-drifting rates in the primitively project BiodivERsA to produce the Risk eusocial paper wasp Polistes canadensis, Assessment of Chytridiomycosis to where more than half the females in the European amphibian biodiversity (RACE). population spent time on two or more

© M. Fisher This project seeks to describe the nests. Using radio frequency identification distribution of the fungus in Europe, what (RFID) tags for real-time continuous is contributing to the on-going spread of monitoring of the movements of disease, ascertain which European species individual wasps, the project aims to are most at risk of chytridiomycosis and determine whether nest-drifting behaviour produce the EuropeanThreat Abatement enables helpers to maximise their indirect Plan (ETAP) that will hopefully be used to fitness, and whether nest-drifting is a (top) Calcofluor White M2R and FUN 1 laser- guide European-wide policy regarding strategy for gaining insurance-based scanning confocal micrograph of Batrachochytrium conservation actions taken in response to fitness advantages. Based on estimates of dendrobatidis in culture. (bottom) Alytes obstetricans chytridiomycosis the threat posed by this invasive the costs and benefits of drifting, the mortality, Pyrennees, Spain. infectious disease. project will explore how drifting behaviour

28 changes our current understanding of Funding helping behaviour and the evolution of sociality in a theoretical context. Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour AXA Foundation The Indicator Bat (iBats) project Biodiversity Synthesis Center (coordinated jointly with the Bat British Andrology Society ConservationTrust) has gone from British Ecological Society strength to strength over the last British Herpetological Society 12 months.The original funding for three Centre for Ecology and Evolution

years of £179,000 from the Darwin © E. Wilson Chester Zoo Initiative andThe Rufford Foundation came to an end in May 2009. However, John Ewen was awarded £91,794 from the Darwin Initiative because of its huge success the project LeverhulmeTrust for the project ‘Signal Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has been awarded £196,000 follow-on content of plumage colour.’ Bright and Environment Canada funding from the Darwin Initiative until bold plumage coloration is among the Global International April 2011 to expand the project’s scope most widespread and noticeable of Higher Education Funding Council for England into Hungary, Ukraine and Russia. So far ornamental traits in nature. Despite a long LeverhulmeTrust the project has acoustically surveyed 304 history of studying plumage ornaments, National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and transects for bats covering approximately however, we still know little about the Reduction of Animals in Research 11,000 km throughout Romania and information content encoded in these National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Bulgaria and has involved a total of over signals.This project will test the effects of Natural England 200 local people. With additional money multiple environmental and genetic Natural Environment Research Council from the EDGE Programme, British factors simultaneously on ornamental New Zealand Department of Conservation Ecological Society and the Black Rock colour expression in plumage coloration Nuffield Foundation Forest Agency NewYork, the programme of New Zealand’s endemic passerine, the Panthera Kaplan Graduate Award Program has also set up pilot projects inThailand, hihi Notiomystis cincta. People’sTrust for Endangered Species Mongolia, Madagascar, Mexico, NewYork Riverbanks Zoo and Garden and Zambia.The project has employed Jon Russ as the iBats Programme Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Manager and Charlotte Walters as a Scottish Natural Heritage Programme Assistant. Charlotte will be Society for Reproduction and Fertility starting her PhD (Natural Environment The Royal Society Research Council funded) here at IoZ on United Biscuits species habitat associations from the data United Nations Environment Programme gathered throughout the region in October Universidad Internacional Menendez Pelayo 2009. With matching funding from the University of Kent Leverhulme Trust, the project aims to Veterinary Laboratories Agency develop a ‘bat phone’ to reduce the WildlifeTrust complexity of the monitoring equipment, Zebra Foundation for Veterinary Zoological Education and to work on automatic identification systems for the bat calls collected.

Funding 29 governance, staff & students

The Zoological Society of London William Holt PhD,Theme Leader, Reproductive Amy Dickman MSc Biology Amanda L. J. Duffus BSc.H. (SSP-Biol), MSc Paul Jepson PhD BVMS MRCVS, PostgraduateTutor Officers Gillian Eastwood Kate Jones PhD Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS (President) Emily Fitzherbert MSc William Jordan PhD,Theme Leader, Genetic Aisyah Faruk BSc Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS Variation, Fitness and Adaptability (Secretary) Kate Feldman Alex D Rogers PhD Paul Rutteman CBE BSC (Econ) FCA (Treasurer) David Hayman BVM&S, MSc (Con. Bio.), MRCVS Anthony Sainsbury BVetMed CertLAS CertZooMed MRCVS Nicholas Hill MSc Senior Management Jinliang Wang PhD Olivier Hymas Ralph Armond MA (Director General) Rosie Woodroffe PhD Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS Jonathan Baillie PhD (Director of Conservation Alanna Maltby MSc Programmes) Postdoctoral Research Staff Harry Marshall Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Institute of Zoology) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse BVMS, MSc, PhD Laura Martinez David Field BSc MBA (Zoological Director) Sophia Ahmed PhD • Peter Minting Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director) Jon Bielby PhD Kirsty Morris Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director) Monika Böhm PhD Maurus Msuha Rich Storton MA (Marketing Director) Edward Brede PhD • Johanna Nielsen BSc(Hons) JackieTanner BSc (Development Director) Jakob Bro-Jørgensen PhD • Olutolani Oni Ruth Brown PhD • Carlos Esteban Payan Garrido BSc Kate Ciborowski PhD Alison Peel BSc(Vet) BVSc MSc MRCVS ZSL/University of Cambridge Ben Collen PhD Robert Pickles BSc Joint Committee John Ewen PhD Björn Schulte-Herbrüggen BSc MRes FRS Simon Harding PhD Jennifer Sears Ralph Armond, Director General ZSL Tom Hart PhD Joseph Smith MSc Professor Malcolm Burrows FRS, University of Owen Jones PhD MichelleTaylor BSc MRes Cambridge Kirsty Kemp PhD AmberTeacher BSc MRes DrTony Fincham BSc PhD Andrew King PhD Dr Rhys Green, University of Cambridge (Chairman) Rhiannon Lloyd PhD Affiliated Postgraduate Research Students Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS, Nathalie Pettorelli PhD Julio Benavides University of Oxford Nichola Raihani DPhil Alecia Carter Dr Andrea Manica PhD, University of Cambridge Marcus Rowcliffe PhD Thibault Lengronne Professor Ian Owens PhD, Imperial College London Anna Santure PhD • Ilana Pizer Mason Professor William Sutherland PhD, University of Cambridge Seirian Sumner PhD SamuelTurvey DPhil Administrative and Support Staff In attendance: ChristopherYesson PhD Amrit Dehal BSc (Assistant Institute Administrator - Information Systems) Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Institute Idrish Dudhwala BA Hons Accounting & Finance (Finance of Zoology) Postgraduate Research Assistants Administrator) Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director) Patricia Brekke PhD Breda Farrell (GeneralTechnician) Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director) Katie Colvile MA VetMB MSc MRCVS Christina Herterich LLM ACIS (Institute Administrator) Nick Wilson, University of Cambridge Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS David Hitchcock (Assistant Institute Administrator – Christina Herterich LLM ACIS, Institute Louise McRae MSc Buildings & Capital Projects) Administrator (Committee Secretary) Fieke Molenaar DVM MSc MRCVS Joanne Keogh (PA to Director of Institute and Senior Staff) Rebecca Vaughan BSc BVMS MRCVS PhD Marie Knudsen MSc BSc (Health & Safety and Research Institute of Zoology Support Administrator) Postgraduate Research Students Alison Rasmussen (Assistant Institute Administrator – Gerardo Acosta-Jamett DVM MSc Finance) Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Institute of Zoology) Arnaud Bataille BSc Farid Belbachir Research Technicians Senior Research Staff Paddy Brock Dada Gottelli BSc (ChiefTechnician) Chris Carbone DPhil,Theme Leader, Biodiversity Rose Cairns Kim Ballare (ResearchTechnician) and Macroecology Savrina Carrizo MSc George Busby (ResearchTechnician) • Guy Cowlishaw PhD,Theme Leader, Behavioural Natalie Cooper MSc Frances Clare (ResearchTechnician) and Population Ecology Ian Craigie MSc Robert Deaville BSc (Cetacean Strandings Programme Andrew Cunningham BVMS PhD MRCVS,Theme Manager) Leader, Wildlife Epidemiology Helen Cross Christopher Durrant (ResearchTechnician) Sarah Durant PhD Robin Curtis Andres Fernandez Loras (LaboratoryTechnician) Trenton Garner PhD Daria Dadam MSc Daphne Green HNC (SeniorTechnician) Martina Di Fonzo

30 Shinto John MLT (MicrobiologyTechnician) Scientific Publications and Others working at the Institute, including Frances Orton (ResearchTechnician) • Meetings volunteers working on projects in the field Solenn Patalano (ResearchTechnician) Matthew Perkins BSc (PathologyTechnician) Journals and Meetings Abdul Alhaider William Justice Lisa Stevens (PathologyTechnician) Linda DaVolls BA (Head of Scientific Publications Edward Almond Flora Kipuyo and Meetings) Haoues Alout Ishmael Kipuyo Project Assistants Fiona Fisken BSc (Managing Editor, International Sayako Arai Edwin Konzo ZooYearbook) Ana Ardid Aline Kuhl Julie Black (Global Octocoral Deep Sea Database Project Administrator) • Lucinda Haines BSc (Journals Manager) • Cristina Ariani Laura Kurpiers James Hansford (YouTHERIA Project Assistant) Joy Hayward BSc (Scientific Meetings Co-ordinator) Rose Arthur Mosha Jenny Lange Tom Avent Mike Lawes Charlotte Walters (iBats Project Assistant) Paul Baran Kyunglee Lee Editors Journal of Zoology Ashley Barratclough Sarah Lewis Indicators & Assessment Unit Coordinators Nigel Bennett PhD (Editor-in-Chief) Leigh Barrett Fiona Livingston Nadia Dewhurst MSc (Sampled Red List Index Tim Halliday MA DPhil Alison Batchelor Alexander Lobora Administrator) Virginia Hayssen PhD Caroline Bennett Maiko Lutz Julia Latham MSc (Convention on Migratory Andrew Kitchener PhD Alison Beresford Rajabu Makwiro Species Administrator) Jennifer Beschizza Melissa Marr Jean-Nicolas Volff PhD Mala Ram MSc (Indicators & Assessments Unit Sapna Bhagdev Jenny Martin Gunther Zupanc PhD Administrator) • Holly Bik Aniela Mazan Tara Zamin MSc (Regional Red List Administrator) • Reviews: Steven LeComber PhD Will Birkin Zawadi Mbwambo Elizabeth Boakes Niall McCann Honorary Research Fellows Editors Animal Conservation Rebecca Bodenham Marta Merono Dr Andrew Balmford, University of Cambridge Trenton Garner PhD Katharine Bowgen Carlos Moura Selina Brace Allen Msafiri Mmbaga Professor Malcolm Bennett, University of Liverpool Matthew Gompper PhD Nicolas Camaras Claire Narraway Iain Gordon PhD ProfessorTim Coulson, Imperial College London TharsilaTrautvetter Carranza Darren Nevard Dr Peter Daszak, Consortium for Conservation Todd Katzner PhD Chiara Cassinelli Sarah Niklos Medicine, USA Karen Mock PhD Alienor Chauvenet Deise Nishimura Dr Matthew Fisher, Imperial College London Stephen Redpath PhD Alessandro Cini Fiona Pamplin Professor John Gittleman, University of Virginia, Reviews: Nathalie Pettorelli PhD Elizabeth Clark Stuart Parsons USA Jennifer Crees Giovanni Pastorino Dr E J Milner-Gulland, Imperial College London Georgia Cryer Hannah Peck Editors International Zoo Yearbook Professor Katherine Homewood, University College Simon de Graaf Yeng Peng Zee London David Field BSc MBA Stefanie Deinet Cristina Pinedo Professor Ian Owens, Imperial College London Kristin Leus LIC PhD Sarah Devery Gabriela Peniche Dr Andy Purvis, Imperial College London Alex Rübel Dr Med Vet Thomas Doherty-Bone Benjamin Pettit Professor CharlesTyler, University of Exeter Miranda Stevenson MBA PhD Emily Dolan Jumanne Ramadhani Caitlin Douglas Gina Ramirez Professor Paul Watson, Royal Veterinary College Chris West BvetMed CertLas MRCVS CBiol MIBiol Stephanie Drier Daniel Rasmussen Ann-Beatrice Dufour Jon Russ Honorary Research Associates Sam Earle Jorge Salgado Bonnet Teresa Abáiger Library Louise Ellender Maria Sanchez Jonathan Baillie Marion Foley-Fisher Anna Santure Jon Bridle Ann Sylph MSc MCLIP (Librarian) Katherine Forsythe Nana Satake Jim Fouracre Claudia Sick Jakob Bro-Jørgensen Michael Palmer MA (Deputy Librarian/Archivist) Aisling Fowler Daniel Simmons James Godwin (Library Assistant) Boris Dzyuba Raquel Garcia Laura Simpson Simon Goodman Ruth Jones MSc (Assistant Librarian) Irene Garonna Nadia Sitas Judit Hidalgo Vila Sophie Gauss Jeremy Smith Nick Isaac Diane Gendron Miriam Isabel Smith Marcella Kelly Eliamani Godwin Charlotte Staples Stephen Green Elizabeth Sturgess Jonathan Loh • departures Nicola Harrison Kathryn Sullivan Valerie Olson Lindsay Hodgson Will Symes Kamran Safi Isla Hoffman Heap Marc Sztatecsny DerekTittensor Elise Huchard UmaThiruchelvam Katrien Van Look Rhiannon Hughes-Lloyd Claudia UsecheTrujillo Jenifer Iles Joseph Vattakaven Joy Iliff Natasha Verma Visiting Research Fellows Hanna Javed Judit Vörös Tiffany Bogich Nicola Jenner Leila Walker Marta Hernandez Meroño Colin Johnston Aidan Weatherill Judit Hidalgo Vila Blythe Jopling Susan Wilson

Governance, staff and students 31 IoZ Research Fellow Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse has developed a non-invasive method to collect and analyse whale blow to screen for pathogens and assess health. With the method already standardised for large whales in the Gulf of California, her team, in collaboration with CIRCE, is now tackling long-finned pilot whales in the strait of Gibraltar.

Inset: MSc students Mike Williamson and Janie Steele process the collected blow aboard the research boat. This research will add key data for conservation and management strategies of the long-finned pilot whale population.

32 Collaborations

Adelphi University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium Impact COSEWIC Regional Red Listing Index of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory Britain; Zoonotic virus infections in African bats; Afrotheria Specialist Group Conservation priorities (Australia) Anthropogenic change and emerging Epidemiology of zoonotic viruses in Eidolon for EDGE mammals zoonotic paramyxovirus; Zoonotic virus infections in helvum; Henipavirus in African bats African bats; Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in American Museum of Natural History (USA) IUCN Canterbury Museum (New Zealand) Extinct birds India Sampled Red List Index and bird extinctions in the South Pacific Applied Biomathematics (USA) IUCN Sampled Red Carnegie Museum of Natural History (USA) IUCN List Index Sampled Red List Index Deakin University (Australia) Ecology and evolution Arafura Timor Research Facility (Australia) IUCN Cenderawasih University (Indonesia) Conservation of introduced avian malaria; IUCN Sampled Red List Sampled Red List Index priorities for EDGE mammals Index ArtDataBanken (Sweden) IUCN Sampled Red List Center for Cartography of Fauna and Flora Department of Conservation (New Zealand) Index; Regional Red Listing (Slovenia) Conservation priorities for EDGE Regional Red Listing Australian National University Evolution of mammals Department of Forests (Cyprus) Regional Red personality in social species Center for Disease Control and Prevention Listing Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project Department de l'Etude du Milieu et Agricole Center of Expertise for Rabies, Ottowa (Canada) (Belgium) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre (Canada) Impact of vulture declines on public and animal Desert Research Foundation of Namibia International Programme on the State of the Ocean health in India Optimisation and social constraints in group-living (IPSO) Central Science Laboratory Health surveillance for vertebrates; Coordination of social foragers in Bat Conservation Trust Monitoring bat biodiversity species recovery programmes patchy environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate in Eastern Europe; Bat ultrasonic acoustic choice in desert baboons Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Management of monitoring protocols; Biodiversity indicators for bumble bee habitat in agricultural landscapes; Doñana Biological Station (Consejo Superior de 2010 and beyond; Sustainable monitoring of bats in Health surveillance for species recovery Investigaciones Cientificas) (Spain) Amphibian Thailand; Conservation status of bats in Europe programmes; Resource limitation in butterflies chytrid fungus in Doñana Bermuda Biological Station IUCN Sampled Red List Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Downstream Research Group Conservation of the Index Science Cetacean strandings investigation; IUCN Yangtze River dolphin Bigelow Marine Laboratory (USA) International Sampled Red List Index Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Chytridiomycosis Programme on the State of the Ocean (IPSO) Centre National de la Rechereche Scientifique emergence in Dominica; West Indian mammal Biodiversity Synthesis Centre (USA) IUCN Sampled (France) Occurrence, distribution and abundance of extinctions; Conservation priorities for EDGE Red List Index African mammals;The role of individual biology in mammals; Chytridiomycosis in Leptodactylus fallax determining population level processes in in Montserrat BIOSCAPE IUCN Sampled Red List Index vertebrates Bird Conservation Nepal Conservation of Gyps spp. Centro de Proteccion e Higiene de las Radiaciones vultures in India (Cuba) Effects of ultraviolet radiation on cetacean Eden Project IUCN Sampled Red List Index BirdLife International IUCN Sampled Red List Index health Edith Cowan University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Bombay Natural History Society (India) Centro Internacional de Ecologia Tropical Red List Index Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India; Impact (Venezuela) Regional Red List Programme of vulture declines on public and animal health in Environmental Volunteer Programme, Murcia Charles Darwin University (Australia) IUCN India (Spain) Living Planet Index Sampled Red List Index Borugo Limited Jaguar, ocelot and mammal prey Essex Wildlife Trust IUCN Sampled Red List Index Charles University (Prague) IUCN Sampled Red List conservation in Amazonia Index Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (Spain) Bournemouth University IUCN Sampled Red List Reproductive studies in gazelles Chiang Mai University (Thailand) Health and Index reproduction in elephant populations in Asia European Bird Census Council Living Planet Index Brigham Young University (USA) IUCN Sampled Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) North European Environment Agency IUCN Sampled Red Red List Index American bullfrogs as potential Batrachochytrium List Index British Antarctic Survey Chemosynthetically-driven dendrobatidis reservoirs in China; IUCN Sampled ecosystems south of the Polar Front; International Red List Index Programme on the State of the Ocean (IPSO); Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme Conservation genetics of macaroni penguins; Farmed Environment Company Ltd Management of Living Planet Index Molecular approaches to coral conservation bumble bee habitat in agricultural landscapes biology; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Clemson University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Fauna and Flora International Chytridiomycosis Index British Embassy in Quito (Ecuador) Building emergence in Dominica; Habitat use of tigers in capacity and determining disease threats to Communications Inc International Programme on altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic Galapagos taxa the State of the Oceans (IPSO) mammals; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; Pygmy hippopotamus monitoring in British Herpetological Society Evaluating threat to CONABIO IUCN Sampled Red List Index Sapo National Park, Liberia the sand lizard from parasites harboured by the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Living introduced wall lizard Federal University of Amazonas (Brazil) IUCN Planet Index Sampled Red List Index British Trust for Ornithology Garden Bird Health Conservation, Information and Research on Initiative Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) Cetaceans (Spain) Zoonotic potential of whale IUCN Sampled Red List Index Bulgarian National Museum of Natural History watching Monitoring bat biodiversity in Eastern Europe Finnish Environment Institute Regional Red Listing Conservation International IUCN Sampled Red List Butterfly Conservation Resource limitation in Index; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals FishBase IUCN Sampled Red List Index butterflies; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Consortium for Conservation Medicine (USA) Fisheries Research Services Odorant receptor gene Emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus; Anthropogenic expression in homing in Atlantic salmon drivers of emerging infectious diseases Food and Environment Research Agency Garden CAB International IUCN Sampled Red List Index Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Bird Health Initiative Scienze del Mare (Italy) Deep-sea fauna of oceanic California Academy of Sciences IUCN Sampled Red Forestry Development Agency (Liberia) Pygmy islands List Index hippopotamus monitoring in Sapo National Park, Convention on Biological Diversity IUCN Sampled Liberia Red List Index; Living Planet Index Convention on Migratory Species Living Planet Index

Collaborations 33 Forestry and Wildlife Division (Dominica) International Association of Astacology IUCN Nanjing Normal University (China) Conservation of Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica; Sampled Red List Index theYangtze River dolphin Amphibian conservation in the Caribbean International Pacific Halibut Commission National Aeronautics and Space Administration Frankfurt Zoological Society (Germany) Long-term Conservation genetics of Pacific sleeper sharks (USA) Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond; demography of the Serengeti cheetah population Determinants of occurrence, distribution and Israel Ministry of the Environment Regional Red abundance of African mammals FrogLife Molecular and adaptive genetic variation of Listing ranavirus in the UK National Agricultural Research Foundation (Greece) IUCN SSC IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Deep-sea IUCN Sampled Red List Index fauna of oceanic islands; Conservation of the Yangtze River dolphin National Birds of Prey Trust Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India Galapagos Conservation Trust Building capacity and determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa National Institute for Medical Research Modelling amphibian response to Batrachochytrium Galapagos National Park Building capacity and JM Kaplan Foundation (USA) International dendrobatidis determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa; Programme on the State of the Ocean Ecology of West Nile virus in Galapagos; Genetics, National Museum of Natural History of Spain IUCN Joint Nature Conservation Committee IUCN parasitology and ecology of mosquito spp. impacts Sampled Red List Index Sampled Red List Index; Regional Red Listing of disease vectors on biodiversity in Galapagos National Museum of Nature and Science (Japan) Game and Fisheries Research (Finland) IUCN IUCN Sampled Red List Index Sampled Red List Index National Museum of Wales IUCN Sampled Red List Kenya Wildlife Service Conservation priorities for German Primate Centre (Germany) Optimisation Index EDGE mammals; Samburu-Laikipia wild dog project and social constraints in group-living vertebrates National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kesatsart University (Thailand) Health and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (Denmark) (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index reproduction in elephant populations in Asia Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond National Taiwan Ocean University IUCN Sampled Gobabeb Training and Research Centre (Namibia) Red List Index Coordination of social foragers in patchy National University of Ireland, Cork Deep-sea fauna environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choice La Trobe University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red of oceanic islands in desert baboons List Index National University of Ireland, Galway Deep-sea Government of St Vincent and the Grenadines Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics fauna of oceanic islands; IUCN Sampled Red List Amphibian conservation in the Caribbean DNA damage and cancer: a biomolecular approach Index to understanding urogenital carcinoma in California Green Balkans (Bulgaria) Monitoring bat sea lions National University of Mongolia Conservation biodiversity in Eastern Europe priorities for EDGE mammals; Regional Red Listing Liberian Forestry Development Authority Pygmy Greendale Veterinary Diagnostics Ltd Impact of hippopotamus monitoring in Sapo National Park Natural England Impact of Batrachochytrium disease in the decline of house sparrows in the UK dendrobatidis emergence in Britain; Health Lighthouse Foundation Deep-sea fauna of oceanic Griffith University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red surveillance for species recovery programmes; islands List Index Evaluating threat to the sand lizard from parasites Lincoln University (New Zealand) Ecology and harboured by the introduced wall lizard Group on Earth Observations Secretariat evolution of invasive alien species (Switzerland) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Natural History Museum Cetacean strandings Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine investigation;The Frozen Ark project; Extinction risk Evaluating threat to the sand lizard from parasites and declines in amphibians; IUCN Sampled Red List harboured by the introduced wall lizard Index; Developing species identification systems for bat echolocation calls; Health surveillance for Ludwig Maximilians University (Germany) Ecology Harvard Medical School (USA) Anthropogenic species recovery programmes and evolution of invasive alien species change and emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus Naturalis (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled Red List Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (Greece) Index Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands Nature Conservancy IUCN Sampled Red List Index Macaulay Institute Susceptibility of social species to Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research population decline in changing environments NatureServe (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index (Germany) Determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian Macquarie University (Australia) Provisioning rules Netherlands Institute for Ecology Deep-sea fauna of populations and maintenance of group stability in cooperatively oceanic islands breeding vertebrates; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Herpetological Conservation Trust Health New York State Department of Health (USA) West surveillance for species recovery programmes Makerere University (Uganda) Living Planet Index Nile virus emergence in Galapagos; Genetics, parasitology and ecology of mosquito species: Hokkaido Fisheries Experimental Station (Japan) Marine Environmental Monitoring Cetacean impacts if disease vectors on biodiversity in IUCN Sampled Red List Index strandings investigation Galapagos Humboldt Institute (Colombia) Regional Red Listing Marine Mammal Center (USA) DNA damage and New York State Diagnostic Laboratory (USA) cancer: a biomolecular approach to understanding Humboldt State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions; Red List Index Phylogeographic patterns of disease occurrence in North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences California sea lions (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Marine Research Institute (Iceland) Deep-sea fauna North of England Zoological Society IUCN Sampled Idea Wild Jaguar, ocelot and mammal prey oceanic islands Red List Index; Jaguar, ocelot and mammal prey conservation in Amazonia conservation in Amazonia; Chytridiomycosis Marine Resources Assessment Group Molecular emergence in Dominica Illinois Natural History Survey (USA) IUCN Sampled approaches to studying the conservation biology of Red List Index corals North-West University, Louis du Perez (South Africa) Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals IMV Enhancement of sperm cell survival by Massey University (New Zealand) Sexual selection epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells and the hihi Northern Michigan University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Innovis Ltd Enhancement of sperm cell survival by Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Conservation and epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells molecular ecology of Round Island petrels Northern Rangelands Trust (Kenya) Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals Institut Français de Recherche Pour L’Exploitation Max Planck Institute (Germany) Evolutionary de la Mer (France) Deep-sea fauna of oceanic perspective on group decision-making; Northern Territories Parks and Wildlife Service islands Determinants of occurrence, distribution and (Australia) Mammalian biodiversity patterns abundance of African mammals Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (France) Dynamics of species extinctions Ministry of Environment (Japan) Regional Red O’Malley Fisheries (Ireland) Deep-sea fauna of Listing Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and oceanic islands Cryomedicine – National Academy of Sciences Ministry of Environment (Prague) Regional Red Organizacion Aviatur Jaguar, ocelot and mammal (Ukraine) Intrusion dynamics of euryhaline fish Listing prey conservation in Amazonia species in fresh waters of the Ukraine Ministry of Environment and Tourism (Namibia) Oxford Brookes University Conservation priorities Institute of Cancer Research A bimolecular Coordination of social foragers in patchy for EDGE mammals approach to understanding urogenital carcinoma in environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choice California sea lions in desert baboons Institute of Ecology Anthropogenic change and Ministry of Lands and Resettlement (Namibia) emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus Coordination of social foragers in patchy Paignton Zoo and Environmental Park Health environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choice surveillance for species recovery programmes Institute of Hydrobiology (China) Conservation of in desert baboons theYangtze River dolphin; Conservation priorities Palaecol Research Ltd Extinct birds and bird for EDGE mammals Missouri Botanical Gardens (USA) IUCN Sampled extinctions in the South Pacific Red List Index Institute of Marine Research (Norway) Deep-sea Parques Nacionales de Colombia Jaguar density, fauna of oceanic islands Moredun Research Institute Epidemiology of prey availability and hunting pressure in the poxviruses in squirrels Colombian Amazon Institute of Zoology (China) Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Spain) People’s Trust for Endangered Species Health Emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in surveillance for species recovery programmes Instytut Ochrony Przyrody PAN (Poland) Regional the Mallorcan midwife toad; Determinants of Red Listing Poultry Diagnostic and Research Centre Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in European Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine Sciences amphibian populations; Conservation priorities for (CICIMAR) Zoonotic potential of whale watching; EDGE mammals Prince of Songkla University (Thailand) Sentinel-based ecosystem health monitoring; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; Museo Regionale di Scinze Naturali (Madagascar) Effects of ultraviolet radiation on cetacean health Sustainable monitoring of bats inThailand Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals

34 Princeton University (USA) Anthropogenic change Swedish Board of Fisheries IUCN Sampled Red List University of Bristol Evolution of echolocation in and emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus Index bats; Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems south of the Polar Front; Deep-sea fauna of oceanic Swedish Museum of Natural History Sexual islands; Optimisation and social constraints in selection and the hihi group-living vertebrates Queens University Belfast IUCN Sampled Red List Swedish Species Information Center IUCN Sampled University of British Columbia (Canada) Index Red List Index International Programme on the State of the Ocean Queensland Department of Primary Industries Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and University of California (USA) DNA damage and (Australia) Anthropogenic change and emerging Landscape Research IUCN Sampled Red List Index cancer: a biomolecular approach to understanding zoonotic paramyxovirus urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions; Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project Tanzania National Parks Long-term demography of RAMAS IUCN Sampled Red List Index the Serengeti cheetah population; National Conservation Action Plan forTanzanian mammals; A Rebikoff Foundation (Portugal) Deep-sea fauna of national plan for carnivore conservation inTanzania oceanic islands Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Long-term Roehampton University London Individual demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; optimization and social constraints in group-living National Conservation Action Plan forTanzanian vertebrates University of Cambridge MHC, parasite loads and mammals; A national plan for carnivore mate choice in desert baboons; Evolutionary Romanian Bat Protection Organisation Monitoring conservation inTanzania; Determinants of genetics of cooperation in meerkats; Optimisation bat biodiversity in Eastern Europe occurrence, distribution and abundance in African and social constraints in group-living vertebrates; mammals. Rothamsted Research Management of bumble bee Wildlife immunogenetics;The Frozen Ark project; habitat in agricultural landscapes Tarangire Elephant Project (Tanzania) A national Effectiveness of parks in maintaining biodiversity; plan for carnivore conservation inTanzania Towards a deeper understanding of extinction; Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh IUCN Sampled Sexual selection in hihi; Determining disease Red List Index Technical University of Denmark IUCN Sampled Red threats to Galapagos taxa; Epidemiology of List Index Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew IUCN Sampled Red zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; Conservation List Index Tel Aviv University (Israel) Evolution of activity of amphibians using nuclear transfer technology; patterns in mammals Collective decisions and shelter choice in a Royal Netherlands Institute for Ocean Research gregarious insect; Zoonotic virus infections in Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands Texas A&M University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red African bats; IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India; Garden Tidewater Inc (USA) Regional Red Listing Bird Health Initiative; Health surveillance for species Tour du Valat (France) Living Planet Index recovery programmes; Impact of disease in the University of Canterbury (New Zealand) The Hope decline of house sparrows in the UK; Living Planet Tromso University (Norway) Deep-sea fauna of River Forest Fragmentation Project Index oceanic islands University of Cendrawasih (Indonesia) Conservation Royal Veterinary College Enhancement of sperm cell Tsaobis Leopard Nature Park (Namibia) priorities for EDGE mammals survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells; Coordination of social foragers in patchy Optimisation and social constraints in group-living environments; Optimisation and social constraints University of Colombia Jaguar, ocelot and mammal vertebrates; Predictors of boar sperm fertility in group-living vertebrates; MHC, parasite loads and prey conservation in Amazonia following cryopreservation; Epidemiology of mate choice in desert baboons University of Columbia (USA) Anthropogenic parapoxvirus in squirrels drivers of emerging infectious diseases Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation Jaguar, ocelot University of Copenhagen (Denmark) Chytrid and mammal prey conservation in Amazonia UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre disease in Kenya Rutgers University (USA) Comparative studies Effectiveness of parks in maintaining biodiversity; University of Delhi (India) Conservation priorities linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Ecology IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living Planet Index for EDGE mammals and evolution of invasive alien species Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain) University of East Anglia Management of bumble Enhancement of sperm cell survival by epididymal bee habitat in agricultural landscapes; Relatedness and oviduct epithelial cells and information in reproductive conflicts in social Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Center (Russia) Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) Wildlife groups; Garden Bird Health initiative; Pigs, palms, IUCN Sampled Red List Index immunogenetics people and tigers: integrating conservation and commerce in Sumatra; IUCN Sampled Red List Salmonella Reference Unit, Health Protection Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain) Index Agency Garden Bird Health Initiative Ecology and evolution of introduced avian malaria University of Edinburgh Implications of dog-wildlife South African National Biodiversity Institute IUCN Universidad de Chile Conservation priorities for co-existence for conservation and public health; Sampled Red List Index; Regional Red Listing; EDGE mammals Impact of vulture declines on public and animal Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico health in India; Emerging disease threats to UK ScarabNet IUCN Sampled Red List Index Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; IUCN newts; Evolutionary genetics of cooperation in Sampled Red List Index meerkats; Evolutionary perspective on group Scottish Agricultural College Cetacean strandings decision-making investigation; Garden Bird Health Initiative Universidade do Vale do Itajai (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Erlangen (Germany) Deep-sea fauna of Scottish Salmonella Reference Laboratory Garden oceanic islands Bird Health Initiative Universita di Firenze (Italy) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Florida (USA) Habitat use of tigers in Scripps Institute of Oceanography (USA) altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic International Programme on the State of the Ocean Universite de Poitiers (France) IUCN Sampled Red mammals List Index Sea Mammal Research Unit Cetacean strandings University of Girona (Spain) Enhancement of sperm investigation; Sentinel-based ecosystem health Universite de Savoie (France) Determinants of cell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells monitoring; Parasitism, immunity and sexual Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in dimorphism in the Galapagos sea lion European amphibian populations University of Guam IUCN Sampled Red List Index Simon Fraser University (Canada) Odorant receptor Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Garden University of Guayaquil (Ecuador) Building capacity gene expression in homing in Atlantic salmon Bird Health Initiative and determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa; West Nile virus emergence in Galapagos; Genetics, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History University College Dublin (Ireland) Sustainable parasitology and ecology of mosquito spp. impacts (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index national monitoring of bats inThailand of disease vectors on biodiversity on Galapagos Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (USA) University of Aberdeen Cetacean strandings University of Hohenheim (Germany) Evaluating Genetics of caste determination in polistine wasps programme; Monitoring bats in Mongolia; threat to the sand lizard from parasites harboured Evolutionary dynamics of major histocompatibility Sociedad Ornitologica de la Hispaniola West Indian by the introduced wall lizard genes in Arctic charr; Deep-sea fauna of oceanic mammal extinctions islands University of Hong Kong IUCN Sampled Red List Index Societe Audubon d’Haiti Conservation priorities for University of Alberta (Canada) IUCN Sampled Red University of Kansas (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List EDGE mammals; West Indian mammal extinctions List Index Index State University of New York (USA) IUCN Sampled University of Auburn (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List University of Kent Emergence of Batrachochytrium Red List Index Index dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwife toad; Species 2000 IUCN Sampled Red List Index Invasive species as vectors of disease and University of the Azores (Portugal) Deep-sea fauna amphibian declines; Factors influencing cooperative Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS á of oceanic islands behaviour and group performance in humans; Moulis (France) Determinants of Batrachochytrium University of Bangor IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond Conservation status of European bats; Ecology and populations evolution of invasive alien species;The role of University of Birmingham Sexual selection and the State Institute for Nature Protection (Croatia) individual biology in determining population level hihi; Extinction, island biogeography and Regional Red Listing processes in vertebrates; Invasive species as community structure in island birds; Ecology and vectors of disease in amphibians State Museum of Natural History (Germany) evolution of introduced avian malaria; Comparative Regional Red Listing studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; University of Koblenz-Landau (Germany) IUCN Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species Sampled Red List Index Statistics Netherlands IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Braunschweig (Germany) IUCN University of Kuopio (Finland) IUCN Sampled Red Stellenbosch University (South Africa) Comparative Sampled Red List Index List Index studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species University of Bremen (Germany) Deep-sea fauna of University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (South Africa) MHC, oceanic islands parasite loads and mate choice in desert baboons; Stony Brook University (USA) West Indian mammal Dynamics of species extinctions extinctions

Collaborations 35 University of Las Palmas (Spain) Cetacean University of Padova (Italy) IoZ hormone assay West University of Timisoara (Romania) IUCN strandings investigation service Sampled Red List Index University of Leeds West Nile virus emergence in University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka) Health and Wild Camel Protection Foundation Conservation Galapagos; Social change, economic growth and reproduction in elephant populations in Asia priorities for EDGE mammals drivers of conservation threats in Galapagos; University of Presov (Slovakia) IUCN Sampled Red Wildlife Conservation Society (USA) Long-term Parasitism, immunity and sexual dimorphism in the List Index demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; Galapagos sea lion National Conservation Action Plan forTanzanian University of Puerto Rico Amphibian conservation University of Leicester Population genetics and mammals; Investigating human–carnivore conflict in the Caribbean phylogeography of the European bitterling inTanzania; Jaguar, ocelot and mammal prey University of Queensland (Australia) Semen conservation in Amazonia; Wildlife Picture Index; University of Liverpool Garden Bird Health freezing in macropods; Comparative studies linking Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; Human Initiative; Cetacean strandings investigation; Impact ecology, evolution and physiology; Evolution of impacts on carnivore biodiversity inTanzania; of disease in the decline of house sparrows in the personality in social species; IUCN Sampled Red Occurrence, distribution and abundance of African UK;The role of individual biology in determining List Index mammals population level processes in vertebrates University of Quintana Roo (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Wildlife Division (Ghana) Zoonotic virus infections University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index in African bats; Epidemiology of zoonotic viruses in Red List Index Eidolon helvum University of Reading Patterns of genetic variability University of London, University College during population decline in Iberian Atlantic salmon Wildlife Trusts UK Health surveillance for species Coordination of social foragers in patchy recovery programmes environments; Jaguar, ocelot and mammal prey University of Rochester (USA) Modelling the conservation in Amazonia; Determinants of human- amphibian response to infection by Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre Garden Bird carnivore conflict inTanzania; Social and ecological Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Health Initiative dynamics of the bushmeat trade; Metapopulation University of Salzburg (Austria) IUCN Sampled Red Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (USA) dynamics of colobus in the coastal forests of Kenya; List Index Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems south of the Human impacts on carnivore biodiversity in Polar Front Tanzania; Resource limitation in butterflies; University of Sheffield A postgenomic approach to Echolocation in bats; Marine resources, livelihoods the role of odour and gustatory receptors in Working Dogs for Conservation (USA) Long-term and conservation around a West African marine Drosophila speciation; Enhancement of sperm cell demography of the Serengeti cheetah population protected area; Changing livelihoods: a comparison survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells; World Dragonfly Association IUCN Sampled Red of land tenure systems; Factors influencing Conservation genetics of macaroni penguins; List Index cooperative behaviour in group performance in Maintenance of group stability in cooperatively humans; Evolutionary perspective on group breeding vertebrates; Comparative studies linking World Wildlife Fund Living Planet Index decision-making. ecology, evolution and physiology; Predictors of Wurzburg University (Germany) Evolution of nest- boar sperm fertility following cryopreservation; University of London, Imperial College Comparative drifting by workers of the tropical paper wasp Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Energetic constraints on animal ecology; Habitat University of Southampton Chemosynthetically- requirements of Sumatran mammals in human- driven ecosystems south of the Polar Front; Deep altered landscapes; Macroecology and sea fauna of oceanic islands ‘Zirichiltaggi’, Sardinian Wildlife Conservation (Italy) macroevolution of mammals; Determinants of Disease threats to endangered Sardinian newts University of St Andrews A postgenomic approach pathogen distribution and prevalence in a multi- to the role of odour and gustatory receptors in Zoological Museum of Copenhagen (Denmark) host and island system; Sexual selection and Drosophila speciation; Patterns of genetic variability IUCN Sampled Red List Index extinction in birds; Wildlife management indicators during population decline in Iberian Atlantic for timber certification in West African forests; salmon; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Occurrence, Emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in distribution and abundance of African mammals the Mallorcan midwife toad; Determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in University of Sussex Molecular basis of a major European amphibian populations; Invasive species evolutionary transition; Chytrid effects on natterjack as vectors of disease in amphibians; Emerging toad population genetics disease threats to newts in the UK; Molecular University of Swansea Patterns of genetic variability approaches to he conservation biology of corals; during population decline in Iberian Atlantic salmon Effects of private ecotourism on a subsistence fishing community; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; University of Tasmania IUCN Sampled Red List Index Mammalian diversity patterns; Inferring extinction University of Teesside West Indian mammal risk and causation from population trends; Bovine extinctions tuberculosis in badgers; Determinants of tiger occurrence and population viability in fragmented University of Texas (USA) Regional Red Listing landscapes;The role of individual biology in University of Trondheim (Norway) Provisioning determining population level processes in rules and maintenance of group stability in vertebrates; Susceptibility of social species to cooperatively breeding vertebrates; population decline in changing environments University of Victoria (Canada) Conservation University of London, Queen Mary and Westfield genetics of the Pacific sleeper shark; Determinants College Population and immunocompetent genetic of pathogen distribution and prevalence in a variation; Effects of ultraviolet radiation on cetacean multihost and island system health; Conservation and molecular ecology of Round Island petrels; Molecular and adaptive University of Washington (USA) Long-term genetic variation of ranavirus in the UK; Sex, flies demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; and fungus; Epidemiology of poxviruses in Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and squirrels; Identifying emerging disease threats to physiology; Ecology and evolution of invasive alien UK newts; Epidemiology of zoonotic viruses in species Eidolon helvum; Forest fragmentation and University of the West Indies Amphibian parasitism of Malaysian amphibians conservation in the Caribbean University of London, Royal Holloway West Indian University of York International Programme on the mammal extinctions State of the Oceans (IPSO); IUCN Sampled Red List University of Malaya (Malaysia) Anthropogenic Index change and emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus University of Zurich (Switzerland) Determinants of University of Marburg (Germany) IUCN Sampled Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in Red List Index European amphibian populations University of Missouri (USA) Building capacity and Uppsala University (Sweden) Collective decision determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa and shelter choice in a gregarious insect University of Montpellier (France) MHC, parasite US Fish and Wildlife Service Regional Red Listing loads and mate choice in desert baboons; Influence US Geological Survey IUCN Sampled Red List Index of sociality on disease spread in socially-structured populations Utrecht University (The Netherlands) Health and reproduction in elephant populations in Asia University of Murcia (Spain) Enhancement of sperm cell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells University of Natal (South Africa) Dynamics of species extinctions Vaquita.org Foundation Conservation of theYangtze River dolphin University of Newcastle Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems south of the Polar Front; Epidemiology Veterinary Laboratories Agency Cetacean strandings of poxviruses in squirrels; International Programme investigation; Health surveillance for species on the State of the Ocean recovery programmes; Zoonotic virus infections in African bats; Evaluating the threat of vulture University of Nottingham The Frozen Ark project declines to public and animal health in India University of Oslo (Norway) The role of individual Veterinary Services Division (Ghana) Zoonotic virus biology in determining population-level processes infections in Eidolon helvum; Zoonotic virus in vertebrates infections in African bats University of Oxford Population genetic units in the Veterinary Services Division (Dominica) Ethiopian wolf; Camera trapping as a census tool; Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; West Indian mammal Implementation of a regional management plan for extinctions; Regional Red Listing amphibians in the Caribbean

36 staff Representation

Professional Affiliations International Council for Exploration of the Student Conference on Conservation Science Sea Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Conference Advisory Agencia Nacional de Evaluación y Prospectiva Paul Jepson (Member, Ad hoc Advisory Group on Committee) (ANEP) the Impact of Sonar on Cetaceans) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Reviewer) UK Cetacean and Marine Turtle Biodiversity International Embryo Transfer Society Action Plan Steering Group Amphibian Ark Biobanking Advisory Group William Holt (Co-chair, CANDES Regulatory Paul Jepson (Member) Rhiannon Lloyd (Secretary) Committee) University of Birmingham Animal Health Information Specialists (UK International Foundation for Science Tim Blackburn (Honorary Professor) and Ireland) Marcus Rowcliffe (Member, Scientific Advisory Ann Sylph (Member) Committee) University of Liverpool Andrew Cunningham (Honorary Senior Research Bat Conservation Trust, UK International Union for the Study of Social Fellow) Kate Jones (Trustee) Insects Seirian Sumner (Member, Secretary for British University of Oxford British Andrology Society Section) Tim Blackburn (Visiting Professor) William Holt (Chairman); Rhiannon Lloyd (Member, Steering Committee) IUCN SSC Wildlife Direct Jonathan Baillie (Coordinator, IUCN Sampled Red Jonathan Baillie (Scientific Advisor) British Ecological Society List Index; Co-chair, IUCN Red List Working Group; Tim Blackburn (Council Member); Nathalie Pettorelli Member, Biodiversity Assessments Sub-Committee; World Congress of Herpetology (Member) Member, Biodiversity Indicators Assessments Trent Garner (Member, Executive Committee) Committee); Jakob Bro-Jørgensen (Member, British Veterinary Zoological Society Antelope Specialist Group); Ben Collen (Member, Zebra Foundation for Veterinary Zoological Becki Lawson (Council Member); Fieke Molenaar Red List Index Working Group; Member, Sustainable Education (Council Member) Use Indicators Group; Member, Red ListTechnical Becki Lawson (Council Member); Fieke Molenaar Working Group; Member, Users Working Group; (Council Member) Bushmeat Working Group Member, Classification Schemes Working Group); Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Marcus Rowcliffe Andrew Cunningham (Member, Veterinary (Member) Specialist Group; Member, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group); Sarah Durant (Member, Cat Editorial Positions Centre for Ecology and Evolution Specialist Group); John Ewen (Member, Tim Blackburn (Member, Steering Committee); Kate Reintroduction Specialist Group);Trent Garner Animal Conservation Jones (Member, Steering Committee) (Member, Amphibian Specialist Group); Dada Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Associate Editor); Jon Gottelli (Member, Canid Specialist Group); Kate Bielby (Associate Editor);Tim Blackburn (Associate Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology Jones (Member, Chiroptera Specialist Group); Alex Editor), Nick Isaac (Associate Editor);Trent Garner Tim Blackburn (International Science Advisor) Rogers (Marine Invertebrate Red List Authority); (Editor); Nathalie Pettorelli (Reviews Editor) Anthony Sainsbury (Member, Veterinary Specialist Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas Group; Member, Conservation Breeding Specialist Animal Reproduction Science Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Honorary Professor) Group) William Holt (Member, Editorial Board)

Charity Archivists and Records Managers Leverhulme Trust Biological Reviews Group Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Advisory Board for the Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board) Michael Palmer (Member) Philip Leverhulme Prizes in Zoology) Conservation Science and Practice book Conservation Commons London Biology Librarians Group series Ben Collen (Member, Steering Committee) Ann Sylph (Member) Alex Rogers (Series Editor)

Conservation International Linnean Society Cryobiology Jonathan Baillie (Member, Steering Committee on Alex Rogers (Fellow) William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) Conservation Outcomes) London Learned and Professional Societies Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Consortium for Conservation Medicine, USA Librarians Group Andrew Cunningham (Review Editor) Andrew Cunningham (Associate); Kate Jones Michael Palmer (Member) (Associate) EcoHealth Marine Mammal Society Andrew Cunningham (Member, Editorial Board) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Committee Member; Affairs Sea Lion Carcinoma Working Group) Endangered Species Research Andrew Cunningham (Member,TB Advisory Group; Andrew Cunningham (Editor); Marcus Rowcliffe Reviewer, Statutory and Exotic Diseases Research Mexican Society of Marine Mastozoology (Editor) Programme);Trent Garner (Member, Amphibian Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member; European Health Advisory Committee) Delegate; Committee Member, Veterinary Specialist Evolutionary Ecology Research Group) Tim Blackburn (Editor) European Cetacean Society Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member) Natural Environment Research Council Global Ecology and Biogeography Alex Rogers (Member, Peer Review College) Tim Blackburn (Editor); Kate Jones (Editor) Frozen Ark William Holt (Member, Steering Group); Rhiannon Nature Conservation Trust, South Africa Journal of Applied Ecology Lloyd (Member, Steering Group) Sarah Durant (Trustee) Nathalie Pettorelli (Associate Editor)

GEO BON Office International des Épizooties Journal of Zoology Ben Collen (Task Co-Chair) Andrew Cunningham (Member, Ad hoc Group on Trent Garner (Member, Editorial Board) Amphibian Diseases) Global Biodiversity Information Facility Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Ben Collen (Task Co-Chair) SCOR Panel on New Technologies for Sciences Observing Marine Life Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board) Global Invasive Species Programme Alex Rogers (Vice Chair) Tim Blackburn (Member, Expert Working Group on Tropical Conservation Science Invasive Alien Species Indicators) Sheep Trust Ben Collen (Associate Editor) William Holt (Trustee) International Advisory Group for the Northern Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society Bald Ibis Societas Europea Herpetologica Alex Rogers (Sub-Editor) Andrew Cunningham (Committee Member) Trent Garner (Member, Conservation Committee)

Staff representation 37 publications

Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. (2009)The importance of Bubb, P.J., Butchart, S., Collen, B., Dublin, H., Kapos, Collen, B., Ram, M., Zamin,T. & McRae, L. (2009)The disease management programmes for wildlife V., Pollock, C., Stuart, S.N. & Vié, J-C. (2009) IUCN tropical biodiversity data gap: addressing disparity conservation. Animal Conservation 12: 185–186. Red List Index - Guidance for National and Regional in global monitoring. Tropical Conservation Science Use. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 1: 75–88. Alvergne, A., Huchard, E., Caillaud, D., Charpentier, M.J.E., Setchell, J.M., Ruppli, C., Fejan, D., Martinez, Burrowes, P.A., Longo, A.V. & Cunningham, A.A. Colvile, K. & Sainsbury, A.W. (2008) Assessing the L., Cowlishaw, G. & Raymond, M. (2009) Human (2008) Geographic distribution of Batrachochytrium disease risks of wolf (Canis lupus) reintroduction in ability to recognize kin visually within primates. dendrobatidis in Puerto Rico. Herpetological Review Scotland. In Proceedings of the Veterinary International Journal of Primatalogy 30: 199–210. 39: 321–324. Association for Wildlife Management Symposium on Wildlife Diseases and Zoonotic Infections,The Amos, W. & Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. (2009) A new Carbone, C., Maddox,T., Funston, P.J., Mills, M.G.L., Royal Society of Medicine, London, Wednesday, test for genotype–fitness associations reveals a Grether, G.F. & Van Valkenburgh, B. (2009) Parallels November 19, 2008: 6. Chieveley, Newbury: single microsatellite allele that strongly predicts the between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps Veterinary Association for Wildlife Management. nature of tuberculosis infections in wild boar. suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, Molecular Ecology Resources 9: 1102–1111. Smilodon. Biology Letters 5: 81–85. Cowlishaw, G., Pettifor, R.A. & Isaac, N.J.B. (2009) High variability in patterns of population decline: the Baillie, J.E.M.,Turvey, S.T. & Waterman, C. (2009) Caro,T., Gardner,T.A., Stoner, C., Fitzherbert, E. & importance of local processes in species extinctions. Survival of Attenborough’s long-beaked echidna Davenport,T.R.B. (2009) Assessing the effectiveness Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276: 63–69. Zaglossus attenboroughi in New Guinea. Oryx 43: of protected areas: paradoxes call for pluralism in 146–148. evaluating conservation performance. Diversity and Coy, P., Lloyd, R., Romar, R., Matas, C., Adan, A.G. & Distributions 15: 178–182. Holt, W.V. (2008) Bovine oviductal fluid affects Balseiro, A., Dalton, K.P., del Cerro, A., Marquez, I., quality and gene expression of in vitro derived Cunningham, A.A., Parra, F., Prieto, J.M. & Casais, R. Carpenter, K.E., Abrar, M., Aeby, G., Aronson, R.B., porcine blastocysts. Reproduction in Domestic (2009) Pathology, isolation and molecular Banks, S., Bruckner, A., Chiriboga, A., Cortes, J., Animals 43 (Suppl. 4): 66–66. characterisation of a ranavirus from the common Delbeek, J.C., DeVantier, L., Edgar, G.J., Edwards, midwife toad Alytes obstetricans on the Iberian A.J., Fenner, D., Guzman, H.M., Hoeksema, B.W., Cumberlidge, N., Ng, P.K.L.,Yeo, D.C.J., Magalhães, Peninsula. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 84: 95–104. Hodgson, G., Johan, O., Licuanan, W.Y., Livingstone, C., Campos, M.R., Alvarez, F., Naruse,T., Daniels, S.R., Lovell, E.R., Moore, J.A., Obura, D.O., S.R., Esser, L.J., Attipoe, F.Y.K., Clotilde-Ba, F.-L., Bataille, A., Cunningham, A.A., Cedeño, V., Patiño, L., Ochavillo, D., Polidoro, B.A., Precht, W.F., Quibilan, Darwall, W., McIvor, A., Baillie, J.E.M., Collen, B. & Constantinou, A., Kramer, L. & Goodman, S.J. (2009) M.C., Reboton, C., Richards, Z.T., Rogers, A.D., Ram, M. (2009) Freshwater crabs and the Natural colonisation and adaptation of a mosquito Sanciangco, J., Sheppard, A., Sheppard, C., Smith, biodiversity crisis: importance, threats, status, and species in Galapagos and its implications for disease J., Stuart, S.,Turak, E., Veron, J.E.N., Wallace, C., conservation challenges. Biological Conservation threats to endemic wildlife. Proceedings of the Weil, E. & Wood, E. (2008) One-third of reef-building 142: 1665–1673. National Academy of Sciences USA 106: 10230–10235. corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts. Science 321: 560–563. Cunningham, A.A. & Daszak, P. (2008) Blackburn,T.M. & Jeschke, J.M. (2009) Invasion Chytridiomycosis: driver of amphibian declines and success and threat status: two sides of a different Carroll, B., Russell, P., Gurnell, J., Nettleton, P. & extinctions. In Threatened Amphibians of the World: coin? Ecography 32: 83–88. Sainsbury, A.W. (2009) Epidemics of squirrelpox 49–50. Stuart, S.N., Hoffmann, M., Chanson, J.S., virus disease in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris): Cox, N.A., Berridge, R.J., Ramani, P. &Young, B.E. Blackburn,T.M., Lockwood, J.L. & Cassey, P. (2009) temporal and serological findings. Epidemiology (Eds). Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. Following birds along the pathway to invasion. and Infection 137: 257–265. The Biologist 56: 80–85. Danielsen, F., Beukema, H., Burgess, N.D., Parish, F., Cassey, P. & Ewen, J.G. (2008) Relationships Bruhl, C.A., Donald, P.F., Murdiyarso, D., Phalan, B., Blackburn,T.M., Lockwood, J.L. & Cassey, P. (2009) between nestling condition and variability in Reijnders, L., Struebig, M. & Fitzherbert, E.B. (2009) Avian Invasions:The Ecology & Evolution of Exotic coccidian prevalence among three species of wild- Biofuel plantations on forested lands: double Birds. Oxford: Oxford University Press. nesting birds in New Zealand. Australian Journal of jeopardy for biodiversity and climate. Conservation Zoology 56: 75–78. Biology 23: 348–358. Bovero, S., Sotgiu, G., Angelini, C., Doglio, S., Gazzaniga, E., Cunningham, A.A. & Garner,T.W.J. Clausnitzer, V., Kalkman, V.J., Ram, M., Collen, B., Davies,T.J., Fritz, S.A., Grenyer, R., Orme, C.D.L., (2008) Detection of chytridiomycosis caused by Baillie, J.E.M., Bedjanic, M., Darwall, W.R.T., Dijkstra, Bielby, J., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Cardillo, M., Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the endangered K.-D.B., Dow, R., Hawking, J., Karube, H., Malikova, Jones, K.E., Gittleman, J.L., Mace, G.M. & Purvis, A. Sardinian newt Euproctus platycephalus in southern E., Paulson, D., Schütte, K., Suhling, F.,Villanueva, (2008) Phylogenetic trees and the future of Sardinia, Italy. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 44: 712–715. R., von Ellenrieder, N. & Wilson, K. (2009) Odonata mammalian biodiversity. Proceedings of the enter the biodiversity crisis debate: the first global National Academy of Sciences of the United States Breed, A.C., Plowright, R.K., Hayman, D.T.S., Knobel, assessment of an insect group. Biological of America 105 (Suppl. 1): 11556–11563. D.L., Molenaar, F.M., Gardner-Roberts, D., Conservation 142: 1864–1869. Cleaveland, S., Haydon, D.T., Kock, R.A., Dechmann, D.K.N. & Safi, K. (2009) Comparative Cunningham, A.A., Sainsbury, A.W. & Delahay, R.J. Clauss, M., Wilkins,T., Hartley, A. & Hatt, J.-M. (2009) studies of brain evolution: a critical insight from the (2009) Disease management in endangered Diet composition, food intake, body condition, and Chiroptera. Biological Reviews 84: 161–172. mammals. In Management of Disease in Wild fecal consistency in captive tapirs (Tapirus spp.) in Mammals: 215–239. Delahay, R.J., Smith, G.C. & UK collections. Zoo Biology 28: 279–291. Dechmann, D.K.N., Heucke, S.L., Giuggioli, L., Safi, Hutchings, M.R. (Eds).Tokyo: Springer-VerlagTokyo, Inc. K., Voigt, C.C. & Wikelski, M. (2009) Experimental Clubb, R., Rowcliffe, M., Lee, P., Mar, K.U., Moss, C. evidence for group hunting via eavesdropping in Bridle, J.R., Gavaz, S. & Kennington, W.J. (2009) & Mason, G.J. (2008) Compromised survivorship in echolocating bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society Testing limits to adaptation along altitudinal zoo elephants. Science 322: 1649. B 276: 2721–2728. gradients in rainforest Drosophila. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276: 1507–1515. Clubb, R., Rowcliffe, M., Lee, P., Mar, K., Moss, C. & Demont, M., Blanckenhorn, W.U., Hosken, D.J. & Mason, G.J. (2009) Fecundity and population Garner,T.W.J. (2008) Molecular and quantitative Bro-Jorgensen, J. & Dabelsteen,T. (2008) Knee-clicks viability in female zoo elephants: problems and genetic differentiation across Europe in the yellow and visual traits indicate fighting ability in eland possible solutions. Animal Welfare 18: 237–247. dung fly. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21: antelopes: multiple messages and back-up signals. 1492–1503. BMC Biology 6: 47. Collen, B., Loh, J., Whitmee, S., Mcrae, L., Amin, R. & Baillie, J.E.M. (2009) Monitoring change in Doherty-Bone,T.M., Bielby, J., Gonwouo, N.L., Bro-Jorgensen, J., Brown, M.E. & Pettorelli, N. vertebrate abundance: the Living Planet Index. LeBreton, M. & Cunningham, A.A. (2009) In a (2008) Using the satellite-derived normalized Conservation Biology 23: 317–327. vulnerable position? Preliminary survey work fails to difference vegetation index (NDVI) to explain detect the amphibian chytrid pathogen in the ranging patterns in a lek-breeding antelope: the Collen, B., Ram, M., Dewhurst, N., Clausnitzer, V., highlands of Cameroon, an amphibian hotspot. importance of scale. Oecologia 158: 177–182. Kalkman, V.J., Cumberlidge, N. & Baillie, J.E.M. Herpetological Journal 18: 115–118. (2008) Broadening the coverage of biodiversity Brown, R.M. & Jordan, W.C. (2009) Characterization assessments. In Wildlife in a changing world: An Drewe, J.A., Mwangi, D., Donoghue, H.D. & Cromie, of polymorphic microsatellite loci from Round analysis of the 2008 the IUCN Red List ofThreatened R.L. (2009) PCR analysis of the presence and Island petrels (Pterodroma arminjoniana) and their Species. Vié, J-C., Hilton-Taylor, C. & Stuart, S.N. location of Mycobacterium avium in a constructed utility in other seabird species. Journal of (Eds). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. reed bed, with implications for avian tuberculosis Ornithology. DOI: 10.1007/s10336-009-0411-5. control. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 67: 320–328.

38 Duncan, R.P., Cassey, P. & Blackburn,T.M. (2009) Do Huchard, E., Courtiol, A., Benavides, J.A., Knapp, Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Raine, N.E., Koning, J.W., climate envelope models transfer? A manipulative L.A., Raymond, M. & Cowlishaw, G. (2009) Can Brown, R.M., Pereboom, J.J.M., Ings,T.C., Ramos- test using dung beetle introductions. Proceedings of fertility signals lead to quality signals? Insights from Rodriguez, O., Jordan, W.C. & Bourke, A.F.G. (2009) the Royal Society B 276: 1449–1457. the evolution of primate sexual swellings. Lifetime reproductive success and longevity of Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276: 1889–1897. queens in an annual social insect. Journal of Elliott, R.M.A., Lloyd, R.E., Fazeli, A., Sostaric, E., Evolutionary Biology 22: 983–996. Georgiou, A.S., Satake, N., Watson, P.F. & Holt, W.V. Jenkins, H.E., Woodroffe, R. & Donnelly, C.A. (2008) (2009) Effects of HSPA8, an evolutionarily conserved The effects of annual widespread badger culls on Luger, M., Garner,T.W.J., Ernst, R., Hodl, W. & oviductal protein, on boar and bull spermatozoa. cattle tuberculosis following the cessation of culling. Lotters, S. (2008) No evidence for precipitous Reproduction 137: 191–203. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 12: declines of harlequin frogs (Atelopus) in the 457–465. Guyanas. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Ewen, J.G.,Thorogood, R., Karadas, F. & Cassey, P. Environment 43: 177–180. (2008) Condition dependence of nestling mouth Johnstone, K.A., Ciborowski, K.L., Lubieniecki, K.P., colour and the effect of supplementing carotenoids Chow, W., Phillips, R.B., Koop, B.F., Jordan, W.C. & McClean, R., Holt, W.V., Zee,Y.P., Lisle, A. & on parental behaviour in the hihi (Notiomystis Davidson, W.S. (2009) Genomic organization and Johnston, S.D. (2008)The effect of cryoprotectant on cincta). Oecologia 157: 361–368. evolution of the vomeronasal type 2 receptor-like kangaroo sperm ultrastructure and mitochondrial (OlfC) gene clusters in atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. function. Cryobiology 57: 297–303. Ewers, R.M., Scharlemann, J.P.W., Balmford, A. & Molecular Biology and Evolution 26: 1117–1125. Green, R.E. (2009) Do increases in agricultural yield McClean, R., Zee,Y.P., Holt, W.V. & Johnston, S.D. spare land for nature? Global Change Biology 15: Kabat, A.P., Blackburn,T.M., McKechnie, A.E. & (2008) Cryopreservation of kangaroo spermatozoa 1716–1726. Butler, P.J. (2008) Phylogenetic analysis of the using alternative approaches that reduce cytotoxic allometric scaling of therapeutic regimes for birds. exposure to glycerol. Cryobiology 57: 304–307. Feldman, K., Foord, A., Hayman, D., Suu-Ire, R., Journal of Zoology 275: 359–367. McEachern, J., Cunningham, A. A., Wood, J., Heine, McRae, L., Loh, J., Bubb, P.J., Baillie, J.E.M., Kapos, H., Broder, C. & Wang, L. (2009) Henipavirus King, A.J. & Cowlishaw, G. (2008) Foraging V. & Collen, B. (2009) The Living Planet Index - infection in Ghanaian fruit bats. In Proceedings of opportunities drive interspecific associations Guidance for National and Regional Use. the 1st International Symposium on Bat Migration, between rock kestrels and desert baboons. Journal Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC. Berlin, 16–18 January 2009. Berlin: Leibniz Institute of Zoology 277: 111–118. for Zoo and Wildlife Research. Medrano, A., Holt, W.V. & Watson, P.F. (2009) King, A.J., Douglas, C.M.S., Huchard, E., Isaac, N.J.B. Controlled freezing studies on boar sperm Feldman, K.S., Foord, A., Heine, H.G., Smith, I.L., & Cowlishaw, G. (2008) Dominance and affiliation cryopreservation. Andrologia 41: 246–250. Boyd, V., Marsh, G.A., Wood, J.L.N., Cunningham, mediate despotism in a social primate. Current A.A. & Wang, L.-F. (2009) Design and evaluation of Biology 18: 1833–1838. Molenaar, F.M., Breed, A.C., Flach, E.J., McCandlish, consensus PCR assays for henipaviruses. Journal of I.A.P., Pocknell, A.M., Strike,T., Routh, A.,Taema, M. Virological Methods 161: 52–57. Kitzes, J., Galli, A., Bagliani, M., Barrett, J., Dige, G., & Summers, B.A. (2009) Brain tumours in two Ede, S., Erb, K., Giljum, S., Haberl, H., Hails, C., Bactrian camels: a histiocytic sarcoma and a Fisher, M.C., Bosch, J., Zhiking,Y., Stead, D.A., Jolia-Ferrier, L., Jungwirth, S., Lenzen, M., Lewis, K., meningioma. Veterinary Record 164: 684–688. Walker, J., Selway, L., Brown, A.J.P.,Walker, L.A., Loh, J., Marchettini, N., Messinger, H., Milne, K., Gow, N.A.R., Stajich, J.E. & Garner,T.W.J. (2009) Moles, R., Monfreda, C., Moran, D., Nakano, K., Mudenda, N., Sainsbury, A.W., Macgregor, S.K., Proteomic and phenotypic profiling of the Pyhala, A., Rees, W., Simmons, C., Wackernagel, M., Flach, E.J. & Owen, R.J. (2008) Prevalence of amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium Wada,Y.,Walsh, C. & Wiedmann,T. (2009) A research Campylobacter species in corncrakes (Crex crex) in dendrobatidis shows that genotype is linked to agenda for improving national Ecological Footprint a reintroduction programme in the UK. Veterinary virulence. Molecular Ecology 18: 415–429. accounts. Ecological Economics 68: 1991–2007. Record 163: 274–275.

Foley, C., Pettorelli, N. & Foley, L. (2008) Severe Kumpel, N.F., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Rowcliffe, J.M. & Oehlmann, J., Schulte-Oehlmann, U., Kloas, W., drought and calf survival in elephants. Biology Cowlishaw, G. (2008) Impact of gun-hunting on Jagnytsch, O., Lutz, I., Kusk, K.O., Wollenberger, L., Letters 4: 541–544. diurnal primates in continental Equatorial Guinea. Santos, E.M., Paull, G.C., Van Look, K.J.W. &Tyler, International Journal of Primatalogy 29: 1065–1082. C.R. (2009) A critical analysis of the biological Gardiner, A., Butlin, R.K., Jordan, W.C. & Ritchie, impacts of plasticizers on wildlife. Philosophical M.G. (2009) Sites of evolutionary divergence differ Kumpel, N.F., Rowcliffe, J.M., Cowlishaw, G. & Transactions of the Royal Society B 364: 2047–2062. between olfactory and gustatory receptors of Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2009)Trapper profiles and Drosophila. Biology Letters 5: 244–247. strategies: insights into sustainability from hunter Olson, V.A., Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L.,Thomas, G.H., behaviour. Animal Conservation. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469- Meiri, S., Blackburn,T.M., Gaston, K.J., Owens, I.P.F. Garner,T.W.J., Nishimura, D., Antwi, J. & Oliver, N. 1795.2009.00279.x. & Bennett, P.M. (2009) Global biogeography and (2008) Human disturbance influences behaviour and ecology of body size in birds. Ecology Letters 12: 249–259. local density of juvenile frogs. Ethology 114: 1006–1013. Kurt, F., Mar, K.U. & Garai, M.E. (2008) Giants in chains: history, biology, and preservation of Asian Pain, D.J., Bowden, C.G.R., Cunningham, A.A., Garner,T.W.J., Garcia, G., Carroll, B. & Fisher, M.C. elephants in captivity. In Elephants and Ethics: Cuthbert, R., Das, D., Gilbert, M., Jakati, R.D., Jhala, (2009) Using itraconazole to clear Batrachochytrium 327–344. Wemmer, C. & Christen, C.A. (Eds). Y., Khan, A.A., Naidoo, V., Oaks, J.L., Parry-Jones, J., dendrobatidis infection, and subsequent Baltimore, MA:The Johns Hopkins University Press. Prakash, V., Rahmani, A., Ranade, S.P., Baral, H.S., depigmentation of Alytes muletensis tadpoles. Senacha, K.R., Saravanan, S., Shah, N., Swan, G., Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 83: 257–260. Law, R.J., Bersuder, P., Barry, J., Wilford, B.H., Swarup, D.,Taggart, M.A., Watson, R.T.,Virani, M.Z., Allchin, C.R. & Jepson, P.D. (2008) A significant Wolter, K. & Green, R.E. (2008)The race to prevent Garner,T.W.J., Walker, S., Bosch, J., Leech, S., downturn in levels of hexabromocyclododecane in the extinction of South Asian vultures. Bird Rowcliffe, J.M., Cunningham, A.A. & Fisher, M.C. the blubber of harbor porpoises (Phocoena Conservation International 18: s30–s48. (2009) Life history tradeoffs influence mortality phocoena) stranded or bycaught in the UK: an associated with the amphibian pathogen update to 2006. Environmental Science and Peel, A., Cunningham, A.A., Hayman, D., Sargan, D., Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Oikos 118: 783–791. Technology 42: 9104–9109. Rossiter, S. & Wood, J. (2009) Population connectivity in the straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon Gosalvez, J., Cortes-Gutierrez, E., Nuñez, R., Lermen, D., Blomeke, B., Browne, R., Clarke, A., helvum) using mitochondrial DNA. In Proceedings Fernandez, J.L., Caballero, P., Lopez-Fernandez, C. & Dyce, P.W., Fixemer,T., Fuhr, G.R., Holt, W.V., of the 1st International Symposium on Bat Holt, W.V. (2009) A dynamic assessment of sperm Jewgenow, K., Lloyd, R.E., Lotters, S., Paulus, M., Migration, Berlin, 16–18 January 2009. Berlin: DNA fragmentation versus sperm viability in proven Reid, G.M., Rapoport, D.H., Rawson, D., Ringleb, J., Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research. fertile human donors. Fertility and Sterility. Ryder, O.A., Sporl, G., Schmitt,T.,Veith, M. & Muller, doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.136. P. (2009) Cryobanking of viable biomaterials: Pettorelli, N., Hilborn, A., Broekhuis, F. & Durant, implementation of new strategies for conservation S.M. (2008) Exploring habitat use by cheetahs using Hayman, D., Wood, J., Cunningham, A. A., Rowcliffe, purposes. Molecular Ecology 18: 1030–1033. ecological niche factor analysis. Journal of Zoology M., Restif, O. & Suu-Ire, R. (2009) A radiotelemetry 277: 141–148. study of Eidolon helvum in Ghana. In Proceedings Lloyd, R.E., Badia, E., Fazeli, A., Watson, P.F. & Holt, of the 1st International Symposium on Bat W.V. (2008)Temporal dynamics of ram sperm Pettorelli, N., Bro-Jorgensen, J., Durant, S.M., Migration, Berlin, 16–18 January 2009. Berlin: binding and survival during 48-h coculture with Blackburn,T.M. & Carbone, C. (2009) Energy Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research. oviducal epithelial cells. Reproduction, Fertility and availability and density estimates in African Development 20: 835–845. ungulates. American Naturalist 173: 698–704. Hazell, S.P., Pedersen, B.P.,Worland, M.R., Blackburn, T.M. & Bale, J.S. (2008) A method for the rapid Lloyd, R.E., Elliott, R.M.A., Fazeli, A., Watson, P.F. & Phalan, B., Fitzherbert, E.B., Rafflegeau, S., Struebig, measurement of thermal tolerance traits in studies Holt, W.V. (2009) Effects of oviductal proteins, M.J. & Verwilghen, A. (2009) Conservation in oil- of small insects. Physiological Entomology 33: including heat shock 70 kDa protein 8, on survival of palm landscapes. Conservation Biology 23: 244–245. 389–394. ram spermatozoa over 48 h in vitro. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21: 408–418. Pickles, R.S.A., Groombridge, J.J., Zambrana Rojas, Holt, W.V. & Lloyd, R.E. (2008) Artificial insemination V.D. & Jordan, W.C. (2009) Cross-species for the propagation of CANDES: the reality! Lloyd, R.E., Romar, R., Matas, C., Gutierrez-Adan, A., characterisation of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Theriogenology 71: 228–235. Holt, W.V. & Coy, P. (2009) Effects of oviductal fluid the giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis). Molecular on the development, quality, and gene expression of Ecology Resources 9: 415–417. Huchard, E., Benavides, J., Raymond, M., Knapp, porcine blastocysts produced in vitro. Reproduction L.A. & Cowlishaw, G. (2008) Evolution of sexual 137: 679–687. Rist, J., Rowcliffe, M., Cowlishaw, G. & Milner- swellings: size and shape under examination in a Gulland, E.J. (2008) Evaluating measures of hunting wild population of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus). Loh, J., Collen, B., McRae, L., Carranza,T.T., Pamplin, effort in a bushmeat system. Biological Folia Primatologica 79: 340. F.A.,Amin, R. & Baillie, J.E.M. (2008) Living Planet Conservation 141: 2086–2099. Index. Hails, C (Ed.). Living Planet Report 2008. Huchard, E., Weill, M., Cowlishaw, G., Raymond, M. Gland, Switzerland: WWF. Safi, K. (2008) Social bats: the males' perspective. & Knapp, L.A. (2008) Polymorphism, haplotype Journal of Mammalogy 89: 1342–1350. composition, and selection in the Mhc-DRB of wild Lopez-Fernandez, C., Fernandez, J.L., Gosalbez, A., baboons. Immunogenetics 60: 585–598. Arroyo, F.,Vazquez, J.M., Holt, W.V. & Gosalvez, J. Sainsbury, A.W. (2008) Disease hazards of exotic (2008) Dynamics of sperm DNA fragmentation in species introductions. In Proceedings of the Huchard, E., Benavides, J.A., Setchell, J.M., domestic animals – III. Ram. Theriogenology 70: Veterinary Association for Wildlife Management Charpentier, M.J.E., Alvergne, A., King, A.J., Knapp, 898–908. Symposium on Wildlife Diseases and Zoonotic L.A., Cowlishaw, G. & Raymond, M. (2009) Studying Infections,The Royal Society of Medicine, London, shape in sexual signals: the case of primate sexual Wednesday, November 19, 2008: 5. Chieveley, swellings. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 63: Newbury: Veterinary Association for Wildlife 1231–1242. Management.

Publications 39 Sainsbury, A.W., Deaville, R., Lawson, B., Cooley, Sutherland, W.J., Adams, W.M., Aronson, R.B., Woodroffe, R., Donnelly, C.A., Wei, G., Cox, D.R., W.A., Farelly, S.S.J., Stack, M.J., Duff, P., McInnes, Aveling, R., Blackburn,T.M., Broad, S., Ceballos, G., Bourne, F.J., Burke,T., Butlin, R.K., Cheeseman, C.L., C.J., Gurnell, J., Russell, P.H., Rushton, S.P., Pfeiffer, Cote, I.M., Cowling, R.M., Da Fonseca, G.A.B., Gettinby, G., Gilks, P., Hedges, S., Jenkins, H.E., D.U., Nettleton, P. & Lurz, P.W.W. (2008) Poxviral Dinerstein, E., Ferraro, P.J., Fleishman, E., Gascon, Johnston, W.T., McInerney, J.P., Morrison, W.I. & disease in red squirrels Sciurus vulgaris in the UK: C., Hunter, M., Hutton, J., Kareiva, P., Kuria, A., Pope, L.C. (2009) Social group size affects spatial and temporal trends of an emerging threat. MacDonald, D.W., MacKinnon, K., Madgwick, F.J., Mycobacterium bovis infection in European badgers EcoHealth 5: 305–316. Mascia, M.B., McNeely, J., Milner-Gulland, E.J., (Meles meles). Journal of Animal Ecology 78: Moon, S., Morley, C.G., Nelson, S., Osborn, D., Pai, 818–827. Salafsky, N., Butchart, S.H.M., Salzer, D., M., Parsons, E.C.M., Peck, L.S., Possingham, H., Stattersfield, A.J., Neugarten, R., Hilton-Taylor, C., Prior, S.V., Pullin, A.S., Rands, M.R.W., Ranganathan, Xiujiang, Z., Barlow, J.,Taylor, B.L., Pitman, R.L., Collen, B., Master, L.L., O'Connor, S. & Wilkie, D. J., Redford, K.H., Rodriguez, J.P., Seymour, F., Sobel, Kexiong, W., Zhuo, W., Stewart, B.S.,Turvey, S.T., (2009) Pragmatism and practice in classifying J., Sodhi, N.S., Stott, A., Vance-Borland, K. & Akamatsu,T., Reeves, R.R. & Ding, W. (2008) threats: reply to Balmford et al. Conservation Watkinson, A.R. (2009) One hundred questions of Abundance and conservation status of theYangtze Biology 23: 488–493. importance to the conservation of global biological finless porpoise in theYangtze River, China. diversity. Conservation Biology 23: 557–567. Biological Conservation 141: 3006–3018. Santure, A.W. & Wang, J. (2009)The joint effects of selection and dominance on the Q(ST)-F-ST Swarts, H.M., Crooks, K.R., Willits, N. & Woodroffe, Yeates, S.E., Einum, S., Fleming, I.A., Megens, H.J., contrast. Genetics 181: 259–276. R. (2009) Possible contemporary evolution in an Stet, R.J.M., Hindar, K., Holt, W.V., Van Look, K.J.W. endangered species, the Santa Cruz Island fox. & Gage, M.J.G. (2009) Atlantic salmon eggs favour Satake, N., Johnston, S.D. & Holt, W.V. (2009) Sperm Animal Conservation 12: 120–127. sperm in competition that have similar major subpopulations in the Koala (Phascolarctos histocompatibility alleles. Proceedings of the Royal cinereus) ejaculate. Reproduction, Fertility and Teacher, A.G.F., Garner,T.W.J. & Nichols, R.A. (2009) Society B 276: 559–566. Development 21: 213–214. European phylogeography of the common frog (Rana temporaria): routes of postglacial colonization Yeste, M., Lloyd, R.E., Badia, E., Briz, M., Bonet, S. & Schipper, J., Chanson, J.S., Chiozza, F., Cox, N.A., into the British Isles, and evidence for an Irish Holt, W.V. (2009) Direct contact between boar Hoffmann, M., Katariya, V., Lamoreux, J., Rodrigues, glacial refugium. Heredity 102: 490–496. spermatozoa and porcine oviductal epithelial cell A.S.L., Stuart, S.N.,Temple, H.J., Baillie, J., Boitani, (OEC) cultures is needed for optimal sperm survival L., Lacher Jr,T.E., Mittermeier, R.A., Smith, A.T., Teacher, A.G.F., Garner,T.W.J. & Nichols, R.A. (2009) in vitro. Animal Reproduction Science 113: 263–278. Absolon, D., Aguiar, J.M., Amori, G., Bakkour, N., Evidence for directional selection at a novel major Baldi, R., Berridge, R.J., Bielby, J., Black, P.A., Blanc, histocompatibility class I marker in wild common Zaki, S.A.H., Jordan, W.C., Reichard, M., Przybylski, J.J., Brooks,T.M., Burton, J.A., Butynski,T.M., frogs (Rana temporaria) exposed to a viral pathogen M. & Smith, C. (2008) A morphological and genetic Catullo, G., Chapman, R., Cokeliss, Z., Collen, B., (Ranavirus). PLoS One 4(2): e4616. DOI: analysis of the European bitterling species complex. Conroy, J., Cooke, J.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B., 10.1371/journal.pone.0004616. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 95: Derocher, A.E., Dublin, H.T., Duckworth, J. W., 337–347. Emmons, L., Emslie, R.H., Festa-Bianchet, M., Foster, Thorogood, R., Kilner, R.M., Karadas, F. & Ewen, J.G. M., Foster, S., Garshelis, D.L., Gates, C., Gimenez- (2008) Spectral mouth colour of nestlings changes Zampolla,T., Zhang,T., Holt, W.V. & Rawson, D.M. Dixon, M., Gonzalez, S., Gonzalez-Maya, J.F., Good, with carotenoid availability. Functional Ecology 22: (2009) Distributional arrangement of mitochondria T.C., Hammerson, G., Hammond, P.S., Happold, D., 1044–1051. in the granulosa cells surrounding stage III zebrafish Happold, M., Hare, J., Harris, R.B., Hawkins, C.E., (Danio rerio) oocytes. Theriogenology 72: 111–119. Haywood, M., Heaney, L.R., Hedges, S., Helgen, Tittensor, D.P., Baco, A.R., Brewin, P.E., Clark, M.R., K.M., Hilton-Taylor, C., Hussain, S.A., Ishii, N., Consalvey, M., Hall-Spencer, J., Rowden, A.A., Zee,Y.P., Holt, W.V., Nicolson, V., Pyne, M. & Jefferson,T.A., Jenkins, R.K.B., Johnston, C.H., Keith, Schlacher,T., Stocks, K.I. & Rogers, A.D. (2009) Johnston, S.D. (2009) Individual variability in post- M., Kingdon, J., Knox, D.H., Kovacs, K.M., Predicting global habitat suitability for stony corals thaw sperm survival in a captive koala population. Langhammer, P., Leus, K., Lewison, R., Lichtenstein, on seamounts. Journal of Biogeography 36: Cryobiology 59: 69–74. G., Lowry, L.F., Macavoy, Z., Mace, G.M., Mallon, 1111–1128. D.P., Masi, M., McKnight, M.W., Medellín, R.A., Zee,Y.P., Lopez-Fernandez, C.P.,Arroyo, F., Johnston, Medici, P., Mills, G., Moehlman, P.D., Molur, S., Turvey, S.T. (2008) Witness to Extinction: How We S.D., Holt, W.V. & Gosalvez, J. (2009) Evidence that Mora, A., Nowell, K., Oates, J.F., Olech, W., Oliver, Failed to Save theYangtze River Dolphin. Oxford: single-stranded DNA breaks are a normal feature of W.R.L., Oprea, M., Patterson, B.D., Perrin, W.F., Oxford University Press. koala sperm chromatin, while double-stranded DNA Polidoro, B.A., Pollock, C., Powel, A., Protas,Y., breaks are indicative of DNA damage. Reproduction Racey, P., Ragle, J., Ramani, P., Rathbun, G., Reeves, Turvey, S.T. & Cheke, A.S. (2008) Dead as a dodo: 138: 267–278. R.R., Reilly, S.B., Reynolds III, J.E., Rondinini, C., the fortuitous rise to fame of an extinction icon. Rosell-Ambal, R.G., Rulli, M., Rylands, A.B., Savini, Historical Biology 20: 149–163. Zee,Y.P., Lopez-Fernandez, C., Gosalvez, J., Holt, W.V. S., Schank, C.J., Sechrest, W., Self-Sullivan, C., & Johnston, S.D. (2009) DNA fragmentation Shoemaker, A., Sillero-Zubiri, C., De Silva, N., Smith, Turvey, S.T., Meredith, H.M.R. & Scofield, R.P. (2008) dynamics of koala spermatozoa. Reproduction, D.E., Srinivasulu, C., Stephenson, P.J., van Strien, N., Continued survival of Hispaniolan solenodon Fertility and Development 21: 141–142. Talukdar, B.K.,Taylor, B.L.,Timmins, R.,Tirira, D.G., Solenodon paradoxus in Haiti. Oryx 42: 611–614. Tognelli, M.F.,Tsytsulina, K., Veiga, L.M., Vié, J.-C., Williamson, E.A., Wyatt, S.A., Xie,Y. &Young, B.E. Van Valkenburgh, B., Maddox,T., Funston, P.J., Mills, (2008)The status of the world's land and marine M.G.L., Grether, G.F. & Carbone, C. (2009) Sociality mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge. Science in Rancho La Brea Smilodon: arguments favour 322: 225–230. 'evidence' over 'coincidence'. Biology Letters 5: 563–564. Schlosser, J.A., Dubach, J.M., Garner,T.W.J., Araya, B., Bernal, M., Simeone, A., Smith, K.A. & Wallace, Vargas, F.H., Barlow, S., Hart,T., Jimenez-Uzcategui, R.S. (2009) Evidence for gene flow differs from G., Chavez, J., Naranjo, S. & Macdonald, D.W. (2008) observed dispersal patterns in the Humboldt Effects of climate variation on the abundance and penguin, Spheniscus humboldti. Conservation distribution of flamingos in the Galapagos Islands. Genetics 10: 839–849. Journal of Zoology 276: 252–265.

Schnitzler, J.G.G., Siebert, U., Jepson, P.D., Beineke, Vasquez, C.A.V., Macgregor, S.K., Rowcliffe, J.M. & A., Jauniaux,T., Bouquegneau, J.-M. & Das, K. Jepson, P.D. (2008) Occurrence of a monophasic (2008) Harbour porpoise thyroids: histological strain of Salmonella group B isolated from investigations and potential interactions with cetaceans in England and Wales between 1990 and environmental factors. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2002. Environmental Microbiology 10: 2462–2468. 44: 888–901. Walker, S.F., Bosch, J., James,T.Y., Litvintseva, A.P., Simpson, V.R.,Tomlinson, A.J. & Molenaar, F.M. Valls, J.A.O., Pina, S., Garcia, G., Rosa, G.A., (2009) Prevalence, distribution and pathological Cunningham, A.A., Hole, S., Griffiths, R. & Fisher, significance of the bile fluke Pseudamphistomum M.C. (2008) Invasive pathogens threaten species truncatum in Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) in Great recovery programs. Current Biology 18: R853–R854. Britain. Veterinary Record 164: 397–401. Wang, J. (2009) A new method for estimating Smith, K.F.,Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. & Pedersen, effective population sizes from a single sample of A.B. (2009)The role of infectious diseases in multilocus genotypes. Molecular Ecology 18: biological conservation. Animal Conservation 12: 2148–2164. 1–12. Wang, Z.,Yuan, L.H., Rossiter, S.J., Zuo, X.G., Ru, Soto-Azat, C., Clarke, B.T., Fisher, M.C., Walker, S.F. & B.H., Zhong, H., Han, N.J., Jones, G., Jepson, P.D. & Cunningham, A.A. (2009) Non-invasive sampling Zhang, S.Y. (2009) Adaptive evolution of 5'HoxD methods for the detection of Batrachochytrium genes in the origin and diversification of the dendrobatidis in archived amphibians. Diseases of cetacean flipper. Molecular Biology and Evolution Aquatic Organisms 84: 163–166. 26: 613–622.

Strugnell, J.M., Rogers, A.D., Prodohl, P.A., Collins, White, C.R.,Terblanche, J.S., Kabat, A.P., Blackburn, M.A. & Allcock, A.L. (2008)The thermohaline T.M., Chown, S.L. & Butler, P.J. (2008) Allometric expressway: the Southern Ocean as a centre of scaling of maximum metabolic rate: the influence of origin for deep-sea octopuses. Cladistics 24: temperature. Functional Ecology 22: 616–623. 853–860. Woodroffe, R., Donnelly, C.A., Cox, D.R., Gilks, P., Jenkins, H.E., Johnston, W.T., Le Fevre, A.M., Gourne, F.J., Cheeseman, C.L., Clifton-Hadley, R.S., Gettinby, G., Hewinson, R.G., McInerney, J.P., Mitchel, A.P., Morrison, W.I. & Watkins, G.H. (2009) Bovine tuberculosis in cattle and badgers in localized culling areas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45: 128–143.

40 Student publications

PhDTheses Kumar, K. (2008) Neonatal mortality in antelope. For further information about the Acosta-Jamett, G. (2009) Implications of dog-wildlife Pennington, L. (2008) Are there more fish in the sea? Institute of Zoology please contact: co-existence for conservation and public health. An investigation into reported population increase Tim Blackburn University of Edinburgh, UK. of Entelurus aequoreus , the snake pipefish, in the Thames Estuary. Director of the Institute of Zoology Allebone-Webb, S. (2008) Evaluating dependence on wildlife products in rural Equatorial Guinea. Imperial Taylor, S. (2008) An assessment of the effectiveness College London, UK. of ambassador cheetahs in DeWildt Cheetah Institute of Zoology Research Centres Outreach Education Programme. Brekke, P. (2009) Conservation genetics of an island The Zoological Society of London endemic bird, the hihi Notiomystis cincta . Imperial Webber, L. (2008) Human –Elephant Conflict in Regent’s Park College London, UK. Cambodia: Investigation on frequency, hotspots and crop choice. London NW1 4RY Brown, R. (2008) Molecular ecology of petrels (Pterodroma spp. ) from the Indian Ocean and NE Webber, L. (2008)The Amphibian Decline:The Atlantic, and implications for their conservation Significance of Data Deficiency. Telephone +44 (0)20 7449 6610 management. University of London, Queen Mary, UK . Williamson, M. (2008) Respiratory pathogens in enquiries @ioz.ac.uk Cooper, N. (2009) Phylogenetic approaches for three Mediterranean dolphin species ( Delphinus www.zsl.org studying competition in mammals. Imperial College delphis, Stenella coeruleoalba,Tursiops truncates ). London, UK. Wombwell, E. (2008)The AmphibianTrade: A Dickman, A. (2008) Key determinants of conflict Conservation Concern? between people and wildlife, particularly large carnivores, around Ruaha National Park,Tanzania. University College London, UK. MScTheses – Wild Animal Health Fitzherbert, E. (2009) Ecology, economics and Awarded by University of London, UK conservation in oil palm. University of East Anglia, UK. Aalto, N. (2008) Investigation of the reproductive health of the Baltic grey seals ( Halichoerus grypus ). King, A. (2008) Leadership, coordinated behaviour, and information use in a social primate. University Aghazadeh, M. (2008) Molecular detection and College London, UK. preliminary characterization of a herpesvirus infecting Kalahari tent tortoises ( Psammobates Msuha, M. (2009) Human impacts on carnivore oculiferus ). biodiversity inside and outside protected areas in Tanzania. University College London, UK. Bapodra, P. (2008) Determination of the usefulness of transpalpebral ultrasonography to assess the Payan Garrido, C. E. (2009) Hunting sustainability, adult captive Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ) species richness and carnivore conservation in eye. Colombian Amazonia. University College London, UK. Chaber, A.L. (2008) Analysis of the illegal bushmeat Smith, J. (2009) Mammalian diversity and trade coming through France. distribution in human altered tropical landscapes. Imperial College London, UK. Fernandez Loras, A. (2008) Preliminary health screening and possible pathogen determination in a Teacher, A. (2009) Population and Bufo bufo population. immunocompetent genetic variation: a field-based study. University of London, Queen Mary, UK. Jones, M. (2008) An analysis of UK Cetacean strandings data 1989–2007 for stranding trends and Significant Stranding Events.

MScTheses – Wild Animal Biology Khanna, R. (2008)The use of thermographic imaging Awarded by University of London, UK to determine relationships between surface body temperatures and ambient temperature in wild © 2009 The Zoological Society of London. Bonnin, L. (2008) Wild prey selection and livestock animals. Registered charity no. 208728 predation by tigers in lowland Nepal. Lee, K. (2008) Fecal glucocorticoid metabolites Edited by Linda DaVolls Dowson, D. (2008)Temporal and spatial patterns of analysis in hooded pitta ( Pitta sordid mulleri ). Design by newlevel.co.uk mute swan ( Cygnus olor ) mortality due to lead poisoning. Roelandt, S. (2008) Comparison of dry swabs and viral transport media swabs for the detection of All rights are reserved, no part of this Fuste, E. (2008) Growth rates and survival in hand- avian influenza viruses. publication may be reproduced, stored in reared swifts ( Apus apus ) in a wildlife rehabilitation a retrieval system or transmitted, in any centre. Wood, P. (2008) General anaesthesia in the Pacific form or by any means, electronic, walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus divergens ) with George, K. (2008)The potential of using faecal medetomidine and Zoletil®. photocopying, recording or otherwise, hormone analyses as a management tool for captive without prior permission of the publisher. western lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla ) at ZSL London Zoo.

Gray, A. (2008) Skin lesions and Amphibiocystidium spp in palmate newts on the Isle of Rum, Scotland. Print conforms to ISO 14001. Cover stock certified by Forest Stewardship Council Harrison, N. (2008) A comparative study of three (FSC).Text pages 1–32 produced using anaesthetic agents on a group of Bennett’s wallabies 75% recovered fibre certified by FSC. (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus ) at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo.

Ieronymidou, C. (2008) Habitat preferences of the Cyprus scops owl ( Otus scops cyprius ) and implications for farmland management.