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Article Is Available On- Observation Supports Previous Studies That Found the Expres- Line At Biogeosciences, 17, 2897–2922, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2897-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Shell chemistry of the boreal Campanian bivalve Rastellum diluvianum (Linnaeus, 1767) reveals temperature seasonality, growth rates and life cycle of an extinct Cretaceous oyster Niels J. de Winter1,a, Clemens V. Ullmann2, Anne M. Sørensen3, Nicolas Thibault4, Steven Goderis1, Stijn J. M. Van Malderen5, Christophe Snoeck1,6, Stijn Goolaerts7, Frank Vanhaecke5, and Philippe Claeys1 1AMGC research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium 2Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK 3Trap Danmark, Agem All 13, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark 4Department of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark 5A&MS research unit, Ghent University, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281, Building S12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 6G-Time Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium 7Directorate of Earth and History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium anow at: Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands Correspondence: Niels J. de Winter ([email protected]) Received: 1 March 2019 – Discussion started: 25 September 2019 Revised: 20 April 2020 – Accepted: 28 April 2020 – Published: 3 June 2020 Abstract. The Campanian age (Late Cretaceous) is charac- fluences in an effort to refine paleoseasonality reconstruc- terized by a warm greenhouse climate with limited land-ice tions of Late Cretaceous greenhouse climates. Growth mod- volume. This makes this period an ideal target for studying els based on stable oxygen isotope records yield information climate dynamics during greenhouse periods, which are es- on the mode of life, circadian rhythm and reproductive cy- sential for predictions of future climate change due to an- cle of these extinct oysters. This multi-proxy study reveals thropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Well-preserved fos- that mean annual temperatures in the Campanian higher mid- sil shells from the Campanian ( ± 78 Ma) high mid-latitude latitudes were 17 to 19 ◦C, with winter minima of ∼ 13 ◦C (50◦ N) coastal faunas of the Kristianstad Basin (southern and summer maxima of 26 ◦C, assuming a Late Cretaceous Sweden) offer a unique snapshot of short-term climate and seawater oxygen isotope composition of −1 ‰ VSMOW environmental variability, which complements existing long- (Vienna standard mean ocean water). These results yield term climate reconstructions. In this study, we apply a com- smaller latitudinal differences in temperature seasonality in bination of high-resolution spatially resolved trace element the Campanian compared to today. Latitudinal temperature analyses (micro-X-ray fluorescence – µXRF – and laser ab- gradients were similar to the present, contrasting with previ- lation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry – LA- ous notions of “equable climate” during the Late Cretaceous. ICP-MS), stable isotope analyses (IRMS) and growth model- Our results also demonstrate that species-specific differences ing to study short-term (seasonal) variations recorded in the and uncertainties in the composition of Late Cretaceous sea- oyster species Rastellum diluvianum from the Ivö Klack lo- water prevent trace element proxies (Mg=Ca, Sr=Ca, Mg=Li cality. Geochemical records through 12 specimens shed light and Sr=Li) from being used as reliable temperature proxies on the influence of specimen-specific and ontogenetic effects for fossil oyster shells. However, trace element profiles can on the expression of seasonal variations in shell chemistry serve as a quick tool for diagenesis screening and investigat- and allow disentangling vital effects from environmental in- ing seasonal growth patterns in ancient shells. Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 2898 N. J. de Winter et al.: Shell chemistry of the boreal Campanian bivalve Rastellum diluvianum 1 Introduction 2 Background The Late Cretaceous was marked by a long cooling trend 2.1 Geological setting that brought global mean annual temperatures (MATs) down ◦ from the mid-Cretaceous climate maximum (±28 C sur- The Kristianstad Basin, our study site, is located on the face ocean temperatures) in the Cenomanian and Turonian southeastern Baltic Sea coast of the southern Swedish ◦ (±95 Ma) to slightly cooler temperatures (±22 C surface province of Scania, which is presently located at 56◦20 N, ocean temperatures) around the Campanian–Maastrichtian 14◦90 E (see Fig. 1), somewhat higher than its Campanian boundary (±72:1 Ma; Clarke and Jenkyns, 1999; Pearson et paleolatitude, which is estimated at 50◦ N (van Hinsbergen et al., 2001; Huber et al., 2002; Friedrich et al., 2012; Scotese, al., 2015). The uppermost lower Campanian shallow-marine 2016). This cooling trend was likely caused by a change in sediments deposited at Ivö Klack consist of sandy and silty ocean circulation, initiated by the opening of the Equatorial nearshore deposits containing carbonate gravel (Christensen, Atlantic Gateway that separated the proto-North and proto- 1975, 1984; Surlyk and Sørensen, 2010; Sørensen et al., South Atlantic Ocean basins (Friedrich et al., 2009). The 2015). The depositional setting is described as a rocky coast- cooling trend is well documented in stable oxygen isotope line that was inundated during the maximum extent of the records from the white-chalk successions of the Chalk Sea, Late Cretaceous transgression (Kominz et al., 2008; Csiki- which covered large portions of northwestern Europe during Sava et al., 2015). Since the region has remained tectoni- the Late Cretaceous period (Reid, 1973; Jenkyns et al., 1994; cally quiet since the Campanian, the deposits of Kristianstad Jarvis et al., 2002; Voigt et al., 2010). The connection of the Basin localities remain at roughly the same altitude as when Chalk Sea to the (proto-)North Atlantic Ocean makes it an they were deposited and have been subject to limited burial interesting area of study to constrain Late Cretaceous paleo- (Christensen, 1984; Surlyk and Sørensen, 2010). geography and climate. These chalk successions are featured The rocky-shore deposits of Ivö Klack are characterized in various paleoclimate studies because they are accessible in by a diverse shelly fauna, consisting of well-preserved fos- good outcrops and consist predominantly of calcareous nan- sils and fragments of brachiopods, belemnites, echinoids and nofossils which were thought to faithfully record sea surface asteroids, polychaete worms, gastropods, corals, ammonites, conditions (e.g., Jenkyns et al., 1994). However, recent stud- and thick-shelled oysters, with a total of almost 200 dif- ies (e.g., O’Brien et al., 2017; Tagliavento et al., 2019) have ferent recognized species (Surlyk and Sørensen, 2010). In shown that diagenetic overprinting likely biases these records this diverse rocky-shore ecosystem, various habitat zones can towards cooler temperatures, resulting in the apparent cool be distinguished, each with their distinct suite of organisms tropics paradox (Pearson et al., 2001). Even though sea level adapted to local conditions of varying amounts of sunlight, changes seem to indicate possible small changes in land-ice sedimentation and turbulence (Surlyk and Christensen, 1974; volume during the Late Cretaceous, warm high-latitude pa- Sørensen et al., 2012). This unique combination of marine leotemperatures likely rule out the possibility of extensive biodiversity and preservation of original calcite shell mate- polar ice sheets comparable in volume to modern ice caps rial makes the localities in the Kristianstad Basin ideal for (Barrera and Johnson, 1999; Huber et al., 2002; Jenkyns et studying sub-annual variability in shell chemistry and recon- al., 2004; Miller et al., 2005; Thibault et al., 2016). structing paleoseasonality and environmental change in the Given its warm, essentially land-ice-free conditions, the Campanian (Sørensen et al., 2015). Campanian serves as an interesting analogue for Earth’s cli- mate in the future, should anthropogenic and natural emis- 2.2 Bivalve shells sions continue to contribute to the rise in global temperatures and decrease in global ice volume on Earth (IPCC, 2013; Fossil bivalve shells offer a valuable archive for studying Donnadieu et al., 2016). However, most Late Cretaceous cli- past climates on a seasonal scale. Incremental measurements mate reconstructions focus on reconstructing and modeling of shell chemistry in the growth direction (sclerochronol- long-term evolutions of humid or arid conditions on land or ogy studies) potentially yield records of seasonal changes past atmospheric and oceanic temperatures (DeConto et al., in the environment (Mook, 1971; Jones, 1983; Klein et al., 1999; Thibault et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2018). Data on the ex- 1996a; Schöne and Gillikin, 2013). Their distribution allows tent of seasonal variability from this time period, especially paleoseasonality reconstructions from bivalves across a wide outside the tropics, are scarce, although seasonality consti- range of latitudes (Roy et al., 2000; Jablonski et al., 2017), tutes a fundamental component of the climate system (Steu- and the preservation potential of calcitic shell structures (es- ber, 1999; Steuber et al., 2005; Burgener et al., 2018).
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