DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolutionary Trends Volume I

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolutionary Trends Volume I I Skeletal Biominerali zation: Patterns, Processes. and Evolutionary Trends Volume I Joseph G. Carter, Editor @ vAN N.STRAND Rt^lll9lf Chapter 8 cephalopod shell structure and General Mechanisms of shell Formation Klaus Bandcl Gcolosisch-Paläontologisches Institut und Muscum, Univcrsität Hamburg, Bundcssrassc 55' Di0O0 Hamburg 13, Fedcral Republic of Gcrmany (Gr€goirc, 1987) produccd by sPccialized Contents shccts and fibcn cells within thc pcrioiEacal goovc. Thc shaPc of these deoosits is detcrmined by thc muscular mantlc sdjaccnt to the L lntroduction. sräovc. Mineralized s[cll consisting of nacre and various in the fossil record. II. Preservation irismatic structurcs is added to the pariostracum by thc shell III.---' Structure of the embryonic sh€ll. 'nrantlc- lies bchind thc pcriosu'acum gland zonc' of thl organic primary shcll p 99^^ which Ä. r'rincr"tirarion Manv ceohalooods with an inGrnalized shcll also add covering thc primary shcu' p' lm B. Biomineralizatcs material of a variety of structures exterior of first scptum. p. 100 mineiraizäd shiu C. Mineralization pcriostracum using the muscular mantlc. IV. Microstructur€ ol the adult shcll. to the Ceihaloood shclls consist of thc primary shcll, which is A. Nacreous and associated sructurcs. p. 102 mineräizc{i inside the protection of the egg-capsulc, and the B. Lamello-fibrillar structure' p. 104 sccondary shell, which'is mincralizrd aftcr the primary shell C. Scotal structurcs. p' 106 The sccondary shclt is sccreted largcly after thc tube s-tructures. p. 107 has formäd. D. Siihuncular from thc cgg. Thc primary shcll is initiauy exterior to the shcll walls. snima.l hatchcs V. Mineräliz:tion attachcd to thc manüc 8nd ii beromcs mincralizcd only after function. 108 A. Rostrum P. rhc mantlc margin dcuchcs from thc shclt margin (Bandel Aulacoceratid rostra. 109 B. P. 1982). Thc sec-ondary shcll, in cons'ast' is sccrcted without rostra. 109 C. Bclcmnitc P. anachmcnt betwecn dic mandc and shcll margins. in thc scpiid cuttlebonc, ctc' D. Rostrum honrologi Durine evolution somc ceDhalopods abandoncd thc ances- o. ll2 tral miniralizcd chambcrcd shcll för a non-mincralizcd shcll, ond siphuncular VI. Shelideposits rvithin the chambers ss in modem'squids. Olhcr ccphalopods, likc Jurassic tube. Trachyreuthis (vainpyromorph octopod) (Figürc l; Bandcl A. Inu-acameral deposits. P. ll3 and cxtant sePiids continucd to p. and Gich, 1986) and Tcniary B lntrasiohuncular deDosits. l14 the cxtcrior ponion of thcir shcll. The jarvs, snd statoliths' mincralizc onlv vII.--'Ä. Niiniralized brood chämbcrs Lowcr Dcvoniän palacotcuthoirorph gcncn Boletz§a and of Nautilrr and aptychi' p' I l5 Mincratizeä iaws NaeJireurhis (Figie 2) possibly rcpresent intermcdiatc forms, B. Brood chamür of Argomuta. P. ll5 sccrcdne mincralizld shclls whcn young but later searetlng C. Statoliths. P. 115 oreanicihells onlv (Bandcl c, al. 1983). Äccordine to Bänäcl and Hcmlcbcn (1975) sccrcdon by thc shcll mantlä rcsults in 'mlc' biomincralizates such as nasre I. Inroduction in ."t ict tt c stt crural arangemcnt is vcry closcly controlled Prismatiö sructures, usually with basic carbonatc bv thc orpanism. Ccohalopod shclls arc consructcd of thc calcium in width, are also produced by thc shcll association with ii"..nrs d.2 -ic-ns at"eonitc and calcitc in closc (Bandel, contrast, biomincralizates pro- ""iräomtä their mantlc 1979). In äisänic inatcriall Likc all molluscs, ccphalopods usc to be lcss subjcct to various oüer duccd bv thc muscular mantlc appear mätlc o sccrctc thcir shcll. HowCver, bioloeicäl control, and thcv rcsemblc pattcms of inorganic jaws, statoliths,^oPqrculum hardDarts. such as thc radula' Similar pörly organizcd shcll smrctures are (aonichi) tissues othcr mineial erowth. and brood chafobers, src sccretcd by by noi'mandc cpithclia, such as thc mantlc ponions, thc somctimis also formcd iträn' Oi manttc. Tkec diffdrnt arm folds in thc casc of thc Ärg onauta shell' and thc lips in mantlc, thc periosracal gland zonc-and thc shell muscular thc case of thc Ncnrr'lus bcak mantle. are rcsoonsibli for thc sccrction of diffcrcnt pans of ttre sncit. St eti acposition begins at the mantlc cdgc-with thc in thc Fossil Rccord iormition of the p^criosuacuä, I hyer consisting of organic II. Prescwation gcncrally aragonitic composition' fossil Sk letal Bioninanlizalio : Potl.rns, Proccsras oad EtolttbnÜtTrcndt' Becausc of thcir ccphalopods 8rc commonly sltercd by a varicty ot dtagcncuc votunt t . togph G. c-t ttt, cdito,. vsn No§tnd Rcinhold' Ncw Yorl' 97 CEPHALOPODS .'.1r.. '. l-..:,:jl' ,i . ,:.-.J;.,;";,ri.'l.i , ... :' .: : , "r,i.;;;,.,:, ' ,:tn.., r,11!!rßrl3l§t,tttt!fl|!'§?L'i!r.!i+r:Jj i:: ]:1i: : 'ri... : -1";f.r: i...ij.ji.lj ilra -Ii $ ällijl ilä,ir,#ji#?#$itff ,:i:ffi 'r/#ffii"*ljTll:1Tü,:#klFiä:äffi Leich (1986, Fig.20). stäü:"t*il:1'Ti'"ä:iü,,iTHä,:}i{,"tr:d""xil ffi t3äf ,iHt'#lr;"ä,T'tdäffiiffiüäj*,"+ iäää äi,jv una", diagcnctic conditions' Nacre-can ot"^ t'a Eansformcd"cnaiir rnto calcrtc rods and nccdlcs which ä',:#i";ää;;;;ä lamellar sructurc in ürin section f, iffi **fälf*firt+lli'ft :u',rrffi raandel and Dullo, 1988' Text-fig. 9)' *"$:i:"f.{i '"fiää"iäri ääialinlsis-an*gäm"nt of alägonitic prismatic structures i*:r*ti"tllgliin'*x**xtff a.i,ää"äi"äJ' i#-anä öf thc crystal.-lites' yJä,'nx iBääi;rH:', t",:m:t',t''**,ffi1 #:ü! kiß"t+1",1"""'t.fH:J#§ixj;r"i'ffi""J"::l'll{-ü m**ä-tli:*ll*"i"+;.Tii,Fri:*;il:":ä"'H during-Tü! diagencsis' Jiri.nt,i. pothways leading from thc oriSinal shell lo must Dc ,r," lotiii ä" som'etimcs'very diffrcult to trace' but cephalopods' *tr[ffi1ffi**tr***H,r whe'n analvzing fossil ä#;,;;;ffi;iü oncs' üä iil".,üiL -Forstucrures can be mismken for Primary ;ä''rä"r;;;;. cxample, marinc aragonitic ccmens' ä'ffiä,*,".,',ll*"ffi,'?,lt"d*ll,ääl,"s,ii'iJTll; iüi.üä utraty necdlc'lilic and commonly grow syntaxl' oricntation as crystallites in the pnsmatrc air-*irft tnc sanic frgm äJ.':';i"";"-ä;;iv- äin'cutt to'disrinsuish. 11^91, Hff ::?lu"'i im:f.,ojtti,iir'l'-.$?li,,i'l"n;::ff*t'i"t' färmcd whilc thc ffiä,§#;ffir"flt """-"'*t f,r#;$]F*#"*ft*[g'l:ä'mffi ääiä.,;; ü;b"d bv Bandcl.and stanlev.(1988) In somc growth continusd under mannc :üii;:-tä.iti; ccmerit ii""."ir"üitf iq'?r.-lfi""l,i*:L:1,,::,*:':1"'1"{,gf*ä.i#j;"äL; *ri uoay su-rrounding it' The thc animal's death' --fi"-Ä-*tiondiüons after i'ttc ä'ää':ä;'äütinää-iäai*i'"ttl$^.d'::"§^3Yf I or aiugenetic strucrures can rcPlace nacre' äi liä-J""'i'e i: oic oit) rcctc in Pseudoriluccras ftom.rhe li";#ä'il;l'ä "!i' -i:i^* ""ir-näiäuctt $i*'#"}iix**:"1*i9""i",.[,9e-rncarrBundenbach'From Bandcl 8nd l#üitrji$.|iffi1'J,td'*öj,1TäxTi'"".i§li,ää1,1 Ge"r-Y. BANDEL 99 all well-Drescrvcd Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous ammonitci so far sodicd (Birkclund, 1967; Bükclund and Hanscn, 1968; Drushchits and Khiami, 1969, Etbc et al' 1968; -Kulicki, 1979; Bandcl et al., 1982i Bandel' 1982' Khiini. 1986). A §imilar pattcm is found in thc cmbryonic shcll of bclcmnitcs and auläcoccradds (Bandel, 1985; Bandel et al., 19841Bandcl 8nd Kuticki, 1988), and this probably also @curs in bacridds and onhoccratids, which havc cmbryonic shells likc bclcmnidds in gcncral. Äs in Spirzla, the first chamber within thc ammonite ammonitelli is sphcrical, ovoid or lenticular (spindlc-shapcd) and it probably- surrounds the embryonic inncr yolk src. Sccretidn of thi cntirc ammonitclla was completed in contact wirh thc manüc epithclium to mineralization, bccause Fis. Skctch of the cut and polished cnd of thc -arc Prior 3. polottcd the ammonitellac dcvoiä of growth lincs, and thc frrst ohiaemoconc and rosEum of Belemnoteuthis their outer walls (Figurcs 4 and 5; was traclureo mineralizaiton affects only ?uidälc Jurassic, Poland). Thc phragmocone jB: mincralization of inner walls, of üc hcalcd rostrum 5A: first mincralization, iu;np lifc but thcn hcalcd. Ponions bcforc construction of telcoconch). This frst (arrows). Chambcrs closc to the 5C: shcil .-n-ä*"rüii^riirii" ttt iture as necdlc-shapcd crysta.llitcs aranged dcposits' From Bandel mineralization appcars äär #"räü-fiirea-ui siconoar! in sliehtlv sohcäilitic oricntations growing from thc inside an^d Kuliclii (1988, Fig.9). ourrrüds. tvhcn a sculpturc of tuberculcs is prcscnt' thc crystallites show thcir lpherulitic orientation bcst within devcloo which rcflccr thc ultrastuctural pattcrn of thc these ubercules, orsaniä shctl containcd in thc mineral marix (Bandcl 8nd Intcrcsdngly, s.rchacogastroPods initially mincralizc their iii"i"r, issS). About six costulcs arc pre-scnt.in €ach orsanic cmbrvonic shcll in a manner similar to ammonltes millini,crcr of Arthroplryllwt shell with thls lond oI anä such ceohalopods that havc an cmbryonic shcll similar in äi;ä;;i;, -d th"t.'feätures can bc uscd for taxonomic size to amrionitejlae. The Cambrian ancestors of ccPhalo- ;ffisä. ;iti-s;A reason, whcn thcir origin is takcn ino pods and gasropods alikc may havc dcveloped this mode of äccäunt It has-o bc undcrstood rhal lhc finc costulcs wcre ihell mincralization in response to a changc troq,-nce iJää u" üii"t"rion of thc minenl pans of thc shell, so i*r.r"ing, non-fecding larvac rcquiring 8 tight. shclt to ihcv rcpriscnt nothing that would bc visiblc on 8lrcsh shcll.' benüic iuvcniles in nccd of protecuon through mrncrarlza' ;;'iih;ili;;; äi grä**', omamcnt, nor microstructural tion. ihc vcry rapid growth of nccdlcs 0.2 microns in morphology. äiuä"r"r into rtic oieani; shcll may rrPrcscnt s primordial modc of initial mincralization in conchifcran molluscs. III. Structurc ofthc Embryonic Shcll' A. Mincralization of the Organic Primary Shcll' As in manv othcr molluscs thc structurc and morphology of thc cmbryonic ccphalopod shcU arc rclatcd to thc amount of ,irlr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CEPHALOPODS 688 Cephalopods
    click for previous page CEPHALOPODS 688 Cephalopods Introduction and GeneralINTRODUCTION Remarks AND GENERAL REMARKS by M.C. Dunning, M.D. Norman, and A.L. Reid iving cephalopods include nautiluses, bobtail and bottle squids, pygmy cuttlefishes, cuttlefishes, Lsquids, and octopuses. While they may not be as diverse a group as other molluscs or as the bony fishes in terms of number of species (about 600 cephalopod species described worldwide), they are very abundant and some reach large sizes. Hence they are of considerable ecological and commercial fisheries importance globally and in the Western Central Pacific. Remarks on MajorREMARKS Groups of CommercialON MAJOR Importance GROUPS OF COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE Nautiluses (Family Nautilidae) Nautiluses are the only living cephalopods with an external shell throughout their life cycle. This shell is divided into chambers by a large number of septae and provides buoyancy to the animal. The animal is housed in the newest chamber. A muscular hood on the dorsal side helps close the aperture when the animal is withdrawn into the shell. Nautiluses have primitive eyes filled with seawater and without lenses. They have arms that are whip-like tentacles arranged in a double crown surrounding the mouth. Although they have no suckers on these arms, mucus associated with them is adherent. Nautiluses are restricted to deeper continental shelf and slope waters of the Indo-West Pacific and are caught by artisanal fishers using baited traps set on the bottom. The flesh is used for food and the shell for the souvenir trade. Specimens are also caught for live export for use in home aquaria and for research purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • First Three-Dimensionally Preserved in Situ Record of an Aptychophoran Ammonite Jaw Apparatus in the Jurassic and Discussion of the Function of Aptychi
    Berliner paläobiologische Abhandlungen 10 321-330 Berlin 2009-11-11 First three-dimensionally preserved in situ record of an aptychophoran ammonite jaw apparatus in the Jurassic and discussion of the function of aptychi Günter Schweigert Abstract: A unique specimen of the microconch ammonite Lingulaticeras planulatum Berckhemer in Ziegler, 1958 comes from a tempestite bed within the Upper Jurassic lithographic limestones of Scham- haupten in Franconia (Painten Formation, uppermost Kimmeridgian). The shell is unique because it retains the complete jaw apparatus in the body chamber. The articulation of the Lamellaptychus and the corresponding upper beak are well preserved. The function of the aptychus is discussed in general, and an operculum function is thought to be unlikely. The formation of strongly calcified aptychi in aspidoceratids and some oppeliid ammonoids is interpreted as an added ballast weight to stabilize the conch for swimming in the water column. Keywords: Ammonites, aptychus, preservation, functional morphology, Upper Jurassic, lithographic lime- stones, Franconia, Germany Zusammenfassung: Ein einzigartig erhaltenes Exemplar des mikroconchen Ammoniten Lingulaticeras planulatum Berckhemer in Ziegler, 1958 aus einer Tempestitlage des oberjurassischen Plattenkalks von Schamhaupten in Franken (Painten-Formation, oberstes Kimmeridgium) enthält noch den vollständigen Kieferapparat in seiner Wohnkammer.Es zeigt die perfekte Artikualation des Lamellaptychus mit dem dazu- gehörenden Oberkiefer. Die Funktion des Aptychus wird allgemein diskutiert und eine Deckelfunktion für unwahrscheinlich gehalten. Die Ausbildung stark verkalkter Aptychen wie in Aspidoceraten und manchen Oppeliiden wird als zusätzliches Tariergewicht gedeutet, um das Gehäuse in starker bewegtem Wasser zu stabilisieren. Schlüsselwörter: Ammoniten, Aptychus, Erhaltung, Plattenkalke, Funktionsmorphologie, Oberjura, Franken, Deutschland Address of the author: Dr. Günter Schweigert, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Rosenstein 1, D-70191 Stuttgart.
    [Show full text]
  • Siphuncular Structure in the Extant Spirula and in Other Coleoids (Cephalopoda)
    GFF ISSN: 1103-5897 (Print) 2000-0863 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/sgff20 Siphuncular Structure in the Extant Spirula and in Other Coleoids (Cephalopoda) Harry Mutvei To cite this article: Harry Mutvei (2016): Siphuncular Structure in the Extant Spirula and in Other Coleoids (Cephalopoda), GFF, DOI: 10.1080/11035897.2016.1227364 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2016.1227364 Published online: 21 Sep 2016. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=sgff20 Download by: [Dr Harry Mutvei] Date: 21 September 2016, At: 11:07 GFF, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2016.1227364 Siphuncular Structure in the Extant Spirula and in Other Coleoids (Cephalopoda) Harry Mutvei Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The shell wall in Spirula is composed of prismatic layers, whereas the septa consist of lamello-fibrillar nacre. Received 13 May 2016 The septal neck is holochoanitic and consists of two calcareous layers: the outer lamello-fibrillar nacreous Accepted 23 June 2016 layer that continues from the septum, and the inner pillar layer that covers the inner surface of the septal KEYWORDS neck. The pillar layer probably is a structurally modified simple prisma layer that covers the inner surface of Siphuncular structures; the septal neck in Nautilus. The pillars have a complicated crystalline structure and contain high amount of connecting rings; Spirula; chitinous substance.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuttlebone: Characterization and Applications
    Cuttlebone: Characterization and Applications By: Safieh Momeni Cuttlebone Cuttlebone signifies a special class of ultra-lightweight, high stiffness and high permeability cellular biomaterials, providing the cuttlefish with an efficient means of maintaining neutral buoyancy at considerable habitation depths. In addition, this rigid cellular material provides the structural backbone of the body and plays a key role in the protection of vital organs. Cuttlebone The cuttlebone has two main components: Dorsal shield Lamellar matrix The dorsal shield is very tough and dense, providing a rigid substrate for protection, structure and the development of the lamellar matrix of cuttlebone. The lamellar matrix of cuttlebone has an extreme porosity (up to 90%), but also manages to withstand very high hydrostatic pressure. Lamellar matrix The lamellar matrix consists primarily of aragonite (a crystallised form of calcium carbonate, CaCO3), enveloped in a layer of organic material composed primary of β-chitin. The organic layer entirely envelopes the inorganic ceramic, and is thought to initiate, organise and inhibit the mineralisation of the inorganic material. From a mechanical perspective, the organic layer is also thought to provide a certain toughening effect to the material Applications Due to the unique physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics of this natural cellular material, a range of novel applications for the material have recently been investigated. Preparation of highly porous hydroxyapatite from cuttlefish bone Hydroxyapatite structures for tissue engineering applications have been produced by hydrothermal (HT) treatment of aragonite in the form of cuttlefish bone at 200 ̊C. Aragonite (CaCO3) monoliths were completely transformed into hydroxyapatite after 48 h of HT treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • New Data on the Jaw Apparatus of Fossil Cephalopods
    New dataon the jaw apparatus of fossil cephalopods YURI D. ZAKHAROV AND TAMAZ A. LOMINADZE \ Zakharov, Yuri D. & Lominadze, Tamaz A. 19830115: New data on the jaw apparatus of fossil LETHAIA cephalopods. Lethaia, Vol. 16, pp. 67-78. Oslo. ISSN 0024-1164. A newly discovered fossil cephalopod jaw apparatus that may belong to Permian representatives of the Endocochlia is described. Permorhynchus dentatus n. gen. n. sp. is established on the basis of this ~ apparatus. The asymmetry of jaws in the Ectocochlia may be connected with the double function of the ventral jaw apparatus, and the well-developed, relatively large frontal plate of the ventral jaw should be regarded as a feature common to all representatives of ectocochlian cephalopods evolved from early Palaeozoic stock. Distinct features seen in the jaw apparatus of Upper Pcrmian cndocochlians include the pronounced beak form of both jaws and the presence of oblong wings on the ventral mandible. o Cephalopoda. jaw. operculum. aptychus, anaptychus, Permorhynchus n.gen.• evolution. Permian. Yuri D. Zakharov llOpllll Ilscumpueeu« Gaxapoe], Institute of Biology and Pedology, Far-Eastern Scientific Centre. USSR Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, USSR (EUOJl020-n9~BnlHbliiuucmu­ my m Ilaot.neeocmo-cnoro Ha."~H020 uenmpav Axaoeuuu 'HayK CCCP, Bnaoueocmo« 690022, CCCP); Tamaz A. Lominadze ITa.'W3 Apl.j1L10BUl.j Jlouunaoee), Institute of Palaeobiology of Georgian SSR Academy of Science. Tbilisi 380004. USSR (Hncmumvm naJle06UOJl02UU Atcaoeuuu naytc TpY3UHUjKOii CCP. T6'LJUCU 380004. CCP; 19th August. 1980 (revised 1982 06 28). The jaw apparatus of Recent cephalopods is re­ Turek 1978, Fig. 7, but not the reconstruction in presented by two jaw elements (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Cuttlefish (Sepia Sp.) Ink Extract As Antibacterial Activity Against Aeromonas Hydrophila
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 Cuttlefish (Sepia Sp.) Ink Extract As Antibacterial Activity Against Aeromonas Hydrophila Faizal Zakaria, Mohamad Fadjar, Uun Yanuhar Abstract: Aeromonas hydrophila is a gram negative opportunist bacterium associated with aquatic animal disease. Cephalopod ink has shown potential antiretroviral activity. The ink extracts of cuttlefish showed antibacterial effect. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of the ink of cuttlefish (Sepia sp.) against Aeromonas hydrophilla. The shadedried ink sample from approximately 30g ink sacs obtained from 15 animals were immersed separately in methanol (1:3 w/v) solvents for overnight. Dried extract was used for the experiments. Isolate of Aeromonas hydrophila was originated from Jepara Brackishwater Aquaculture Center. The average yield percentage of cuttlefish tintan extract obtained was 4.86%. The results of the MIC test in table 5. show that the highest average absorbance value was obtained at a concentration of 50 ppm which was equal to 1,716 nm and the lowest absorbance was obtained at a treatment dose of 300 ppm at 0.841 nm while the Mc Farland tube was 0.933 nm. The results of antibacterial test on table 2 showed antibacterial activity of cuttlefish ink extract at concentration negative control showed diameter zone of 5 ± 1.2 mm, at positive control showed diameter zone of 31 ± 1.2 mm, at 250 ppm result 19 ± 0.9 mm, at 300 ppm result 22 ± 1.4 mm, at 350 ppm result 31 ± 1.2 mm. Index Terms: Antibacterial; Cuttlefish Ink; Extract;Sepia sp.;Aeromonas hydrophila —————————— —————————— 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomical and Morphometric Studies on Sepia Pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831(Cephalopoda: Sepioidea) from the Suez Gulf (Red Sea), Egypt
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (IJESE) Vol. 7: 11- 22 (2016) http://www.pvamu.edu/research/activeresearch/researchcenters/texged/ international-journal Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA Taxonomical and morphometric studies on Sepia pharaonis Ehrenberg, 1831(Cephalopoda: Sepioidea) from the Suez Gulf (Red Sea), Egypt. Rafik Riad1; Manal Atta2; Youssef Halim2 and Noha Elebiary1 1- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria branch, Egypt. 2- Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History Morphometric characters of male and female Sepia pharaonis Received: Feb.2016 were investigated for samples obtained from commercial trawling Accepted: April, 2016 vessels of Suez Gulf, Egypt. Samples were collected (850 Available online: Jan. 2017 individuals) between winter 2014 to autumn 2014.Measurements for _________________ the smallest and largest male and female specimens, mean and Keywords: Taxonomy number of parts showed negative allometric growth (slope less than Morphology 1). Generally, the coefficient of determination R for MW, HL, HW, Sepia pharaonis FL, FW, FU.L, FU.W, AL and TL (0.9766, 0.9551, 0.9767, 0.9965, Suez Gulf 0.9453, 0.9779, 0.9712, 0.9580, 0.9685), respectively, were high for Red Sea most measurements. Egypt The present study reported some additional characters for this species that were not recorded before from other previous descriptions 1. INTRODUCTION Cephalopods are characterized by their activity, intelligent carnivorous creatures with highly advanced visual and nervous system (Boyle and Rodhouse, 2005) .They are soft- bodied bilaterally symmetrical animals with a well-developed head and body that consists of the muscular undivided mantle, mantle cavity houses the internal organs and also houses the external fins when present.
    [Show full text]
  • Upper Cretaceous Deposits in the Northwest of Saratov Region, Part 2: Problems of Chronostratigraphy and Regional Geological History A
    ISSN 0869-5938, Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 2008, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 267–294. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2008. Original Russian Text © A.G. Olfer’ev, V.N. Beniamovski, V.S. Vishnevskaya, A.V. Ivanov, L.F. Kopaevich, M.N. Ovechkina, E.M. Pervushov, V.B. Sel’tser, E.M. Tesakova, V.M. Kharitonov, E.A. Shcherbinina, 2008, published in Stratigrafiya. Geologicheskaya Korrelyatsiya, 2008, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 47–74. Upper Cretaceous Deposits in the Northwest of Saratov Region, Part 2: Problems of Chronostratigraphy and Regional Geological History A. G. Olfer’eva, V. N. Beniamovskib, V. S. Vishnevskayab, A. V. Ivanovc, L. F. Kopaevichd, M. N. Ovechkinaa, E. M. Pervushovc, V. B. Sel’tserc, E. M. Tesakovad, V. M. Kharitonovc, and E. A. Shcherbininab a Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya ul. 123, Moscow, 117997 Russia b Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevskii per. 7, Moscow, 119017 Russia c Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya ul., 83, Saratov, 410012 Russia d Moscow State University, Vorob’evy Gory, Moscow, 119991 Russia Received November 7, 2006; in final form, March 21, 2007 Abstract—Problems of geochronological correlation are considered for the formations established in the study region with due account for data on the Mezino-Lapshinovka, Lokh and Teplovka sections studied earlier on the northwest of the Saratov region. New paleontological data are used to define more precisely stratigraphic ranges of some stratigraphic subdivisions, to consider correlation between standard and local zones established for different groups of fossils, and to suggest how the Upper Cretaceous regional scale of the East European platform can be improved.
    [Show full text]
  • Xiphias Gladius Stomach Content Analysis Is an in Zones a and B, Fish Were Stored Linnaeus, 1758, Is a Mesopelagic Important Tool in Ecological and in Ice
    The diet of the swordfish tained from a longline vessel between 1 and 15th March 1991 by using Xiphias gbdius Linnaeus, mackerel, Scomber spp., as bait. 1 758, in the central east Atlantic, Zone C Gulf of Guinea (3O09'- 0°36'N and 26O27'-4O17'W). Fifteen with emphasis on the role of swordfish (standard length [SL] between 140-209 cm) were selected cephalopods on the basis of the presence of cephalopods in their stomachs. Vicente Hernández-García These were taken from catches Dpto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar made by a longliner between May Univ. de Las Palmas de G. Canaria and July of 1991 by using mackerel C P 350 1 7, Canary Islands, Spain and squid, Illex sp., as bait. Stomach preservation and analysis The swordfish Xiphias gladius Stomach content analysis is an In zones A and B, fish were stored Linnaeus, 1758, is a mesopelagic important tool in ecological and in ice. After landing, fish were mea- teleost with a cosmopolitan distri- fisheries biology studies. Oceanic sured from the tip of the lower jaw bution between 45"N anci 45"s iati- vertebrates are often more efficient to the fork of the taii (S¿). During tude. It is an opportunistic preda- collectors of cephalopods than any commercial operations the internal tor feeding mainly on pelagic ver- available sampling gear (Bouxin organs were removed before the tebrates and invertebrates (Palko and Legendre, 1936; Clarke, 1966). fish were weighed. The stomach et al., 1981). The diet. of the sword- The p'irpose nf thir st11dy was to rnntents nf earh fish, incli~dingal1 fish has been studied mainly in the expand knowledge of the diet of the hard parts found in the stomach western Atlantic Ocean (Tibbo et swordfish from the central east At- wall folds (otoliths, very small al., 1961; Scott and Tibbo, 1968, lantic Ocean, with special emphasis beaks, and lenses), were weighed 1974; Toll and Hess, 1981; Stillwell on the role of cephalopod species.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstruction of Belemnite Evolution Using Formal Concept Analysis
    Reconstruction of Belemnite Evolution Using Formal Concept Analysis Radim Belohlavek,1,2∗ Martin Koˇst’´ak3†, and Petr Osicka2 1State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY [email protected] 2Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic 3Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Abstract The paper presents results on using for- mal concept analysis in the problem of identification of taxa and reconstructing evolution from paleontological data. We present results of experiments performed with belemnites—a group of extinct marine cephalophods which seems particularly suit- Figure 1: Schematic sketch of belemnite body with able for such a purpose. We demonstrate position of the internal shell. Apical grey part repre- that the methods of formal concept analysis sents the rostrum. are capable of revealing taxa and relation- ships among them which are relevant from a paleobiological point of view. Coleoid cephalopods played an important role in the Cretaceous ecosystem in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Inside this diverse group, es- 1 Introduction and Problem Setting pecially belemnites were a common part of nectonic An important system-theoretic concept is that of a assemblages in marine shallower water ecosystems. taxonomy, i.e. a classification scheme arranged in They belong to coleoids with internal shell. The ex- a hierarchical structure. Biological taxonomies and ternal morphology of belemnites resembles partly Re- the methods of devising them are perhaps the best cent squids and their behavior—larger sets of spec- known and most widely studied. There exist sev- imens concentrated probably during spawning acts. eral approaches to biological classification, with phy- However, the internal shell characteristic is strongly logenetics (cladistics) and phenetics (numerical taxon- different in both, non related cephalopod groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Study on Radula of Nine Cephalopods in the Coastal Waters of China
    第 26 卷第 5 期 水 产 学 报 Vol .26, No.5 2002 年 10 月 JOURNAL OF FISHERIES OF CHINA Oct ., 2002 文章编号 :1000 -0615(2002)05 -0417 -06 Morphological study on radula of nine cephalopods in the coastal waters of China ZHENG Xiao-dong , WANG Ru-cai (The Key Lab of Mariculture Certificated by the Ministry of Education , Ocean University of Qingdao , Qingdao 266003 , China) Abstract :The radula of nine cephalopods are compared on the basis of scanning electron microscopic observation and morphological measurements .Results indicate that all of them consist of 7 longitudinal rows of teeth :a median tooth and the 1st , 2nd , and 3rd lateral or lateral , inner marginal , and outer marginal teeth .The formula of radula is 3·1·3 .Sepioidea (Sepia robsoni , S .esculenta , S .pharaonis , S .latimanus , S .aculeata , Sepiella maindroni , Euprymna berryi)has only one cusp in the median tooth , and a marginal plate is absent .The median tooth has 3 and/or 5 cusps and marginal plates are found in the two species of Octopus ocellatus and O .variabilis .Other differences in the radula structure among the nine species are illustrated in detail .The relationships of radula of the cuttlefishes , octopuses and squids are discussed .It is suggested that radula should be thought in the cuttlefish taxonomy . Key words:cephalopods ;cuttlefish ;radula ;morphology ;scanning electron microscope(SEM) CLC number :S917 ;Q954 Document code :A 1 Introduction Anatomical characters have traditionally been used in fisheries biology to describe geographic variation in some exploited species of cephalopods[ 1-4] .Unlike molecular genetic markers , it is obvious that phenotypic variation is influenced by environmental factors , and the genetic component of such variance is uncertain[ 5] .
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying Morphological Variability Through the Latest Ontogeny Of
    QUANTIFYING MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY THROUGH THE LATEST ONTOGENY OF HOPLOSCAPHITES (JELETZKYTES) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS WESTERN INTERIOR USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AS A MORPHOMETRIC TOOL Mathew J. Knauss A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 2013 Committee: Margaret M. Yacobucci, Advisor Enrique Gomezdelcampo Sheila Roberts © 2013 Mathew J. Knauss All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Margaret M. Yacobucci, Advisor Ammonoids are known for their intraspecific and interspecific morphological variation through ontogeny, particularly in shell shape and ornamentation. Many shell features covary and individual shell elements (e.g., tubercles, ribs, etc.) are difficult to homologize, which make qualitative descriptions and widely-used morphometric tools inappropriate for quantifying these complex morphologies. However, spatial analyses such as those applied in geographic information systems (GIS) allow for quantification and visualization of global shell form. Here, I present a GIS-based methodology in which the variability of complex shell features is assessed in order to evaluate evolutionary patterns in a Cretaceous ammonoid clade. I applied GIS-based techniques to sister species from the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway: the ancestral and more variable Hoploscaphites spedeni, and descendant and less variable H. nebrascensis. I created digital models exhibiting the shells’ lateral surfaces using photogrammetric software and imported the reconstructions into a GIS environment. I used the number of discrete aspect patches and the 3D to 2D area ratios of the lateral surface as terrain roughness indices. These 3D analyses exposed the overlapping morphological ranges of H. spedeni and H.
    [Show full text]