Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume 123, 1989 229

THE CONSERVATION OF ORIGINAL VEGETATION REMNANTS IN THE MIDLANDS, TASMANIA

by R, J, Fensham and J. B. Kirkpatrick

(with two tables, three text-figures and an appendix)

FENSHAM, R.J. & KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1989 (31:x): The conservation of original vegetation remnants in the Midlands, Tasmania. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 123: 229-246. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.123.229 ISSN 0080-4703. Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Australia 7001. Following 180 years of agricultural settlement, the Midlands area of Tasmania has been drastically transformed and 83% of the original area of native vegetation has been replaced. By comparing information from two recent intensive floristic surveys with historical botanical records, it was determined that 11.8% of the higher plant flora has vanished. With current rates of change and land tenure, it is probable that further extinctions will occur in this environment. Grazing was found to increase significantly native species richness on loams and clays, although the same relationship was not evident on sandy soils. The management of grassy remnants should include regular burning and/or grazing as a means of intermittently depleting the grass sward. Many herbaceous exotics are habitat specific, and it is suggested that their passive spread is not an immediate threat to native vegetation on well-drained land. The long-term viability of native vegetation may, however, necessitate the implementation of simple management programs designed to maintain native species diversity and to minimise the spread of the more vigorous woody exotics. Key Words: grassy vegetation, species richness, grazing, burning, exotics, Tasmanian Midlands, conservation, extinction.

THE CURRENT STATUS OF MIDLANDS Eucalyptus amygdalina forest, E. viminalis VEGETATION woodland, E. pauciflora woodland, E. ovata woodland and Poa labillardieri tussock grassland. The Midlands area of Tasmania (fig. 1) was one of Specht ( 1981) identified the savannah woodlands the first areas developed for agriculture in Australia of temperate southeasternAustralia as one of seven and, since the early part of last century, the area has major plant formations virtually absent from been radically transformed (Kirkpatrick et al. 1988: Australia's reserve network. Surveys of Tasmania's 17-21), Today, a vast expanse of cultivated ground dry forests and grassy ecosystems (Duncan & extends to the base of the surrounding escarpments. Brown 1985, Kirkpatrick et al. 1988) have found Plant communities and species that were restricted all of the major dryland Midlands communities, to these agriculturally desirable habitats are now with the exception of E. viminalis woodlands, to be confined to scattered refugia that have accidentally poorly reserved or unreserved. avoided destruction. In the period from European Most of the Midlands consisted of sparsely settlement to 1985, native vegetation was reduced wooded plains dominated by E. pauciflora and/or to 16.9% of its original area (fig. 2). With current E. ovata. These formation survive only in very rates of change, virtually all of the remaining small areas and are extremely vulnerable to further vegetation of the Midlands could be destroyed by landscape change. Many roadside remnants forestry and agricultural exploitation; 99.3% of continue to be damaged or destroyed by road land is privately owned. widening, rerouting and herbicide spraying. In The Midlands form a natural landscape unit, 1985, the Campbell Town cemetery was in defined by its mountainous borders, low altitudes, excellent native condition and represented one of dry climate, broad fertile river valleys and plains. the last woodland remnants on basalt soils. As well as prime agricultural land, it contains However, recent "clean up" attempts have excised dissected dolerite hills and ancient lateritised half of its area into the adjoining paddock, surfaces. Fensham (1989) identified 14 terrestrial poisoned much of the remainder and disturbed the plant communities that are derived from five gross ground, destroying one of the three known formations, identifiable by their structure or populations of one of Australia's rarest plant overstorey dominants. These formations are species Colobanthus aff. strictus. 230 R J. Fensham and J. B. Kirkpatrick

o 5 10km I I ! ...N

FIG. 1 - Locality map. Conservation of original vegetation remnants in the Midlands, Jasmania 231

FIG. 2 - Native vegetation remnants, including regenerated clear/ell coupes and native pasture with depleted overstoreys; c. 1988. 232 fl. r. Fensham and J. B. Kirkpatrick

Eucalyplus amygdalina forest covered large areas from Penquite - now a part of suburban of the Mi~lands on poorer soils. However, in recent Launceston (Gunn 1842). Some ephemeral species, decades it has been rapidly cleared (fig. 2). The particularly orchids, may still be present in the grasslands of the river flats have all been culti­ Midlands. Herbarium collections marked with the vated, with the exception of a small area on the general locality "Launceston" were not included, as Macquarie River surrounded by steep rocky banks, they may have occurred outside the study area. and a feVi fragments heavily invaded by exotics. Based on this estimate, 59 of the 499 higher native The number of extinct Midlands plant species that plant species recorded from the Midlands are were known only from such habitats (appendix) extinct. Full details of these historical records can suggests iliat the full range of these communities be found in Fensham (1985). has not survived. Apart from the Orchidaceae, most of the extinct The riparian shrub communities are still rela­ species were associated with riverine habitats - an tively intact on the edges of the study area at the indication of the degree of native vegetation Macquarie and Elizabeth Rivers and Cataract displacement in these environments. Deyeuxia Gorge. Apart from these peripheral areas riparian lawrencii, Goodenia amplexans, Isoetes communities have virtually disappeared, with the drummondii, Myriophyllum glomeratum, exception of a few small fragments in moderately Prostanthera cuneata and Senecio macrocarpus grazed or rocky situations. The riparian habitat may now be extinct in Tasmania, although the seems particularly susceptible to invasion by record for the Goodenia amplexans may refer to a woody weeds, especially gorse (Ulex europaeus) collection in the Melbourne Herbarium marked and willows (Salix alba), and the native "Nile Rivulet", which could be a mainland locality. communities have probably been eliminated by Temporary displacement of aquatic species has grazing. been documented for both lentic (Holmes & The aquatic communities still have apparently Whitton 1977) and lotic water (Millar 1973) and, original complements of native plants as well as given that not all waters were thoroughly surveyed, many exotic taxa. There is no evidence of the it is probable that the aquatic species Trithuria eutrophication that has so seriously affected submersa and Utricularia australis still occur in waterways of intensively cultivated areas in other the Midlands. Chenopodium pumilio and Euphrasia parts of the world. scabra have been germinated recently from soil Thirty-four per cent of the area under wetlands collected near Ross (L. Gilfedder, pers. comm. has been drained, while a further 23% has been 1988), although these annuals have not been affected by artificial changes of water level (fig. 3). observed in the field. Most of the wetlands have suffered from drainage It is unlikely that the full range of plant attempts, although Smiths Lagoon (wetland no.3D) communities in the Midlands has survived. has been impounded and Bar Lagoon (wetland Dimmock & Loveday (1953) described a no.42) has deepened as a result of increased runoff hummocky complex north of Campbell Town as following clearance and gravel scraping in nearby a "complex of low mounds and self-mulching Verwood Forest (G. Dowling, pers. comm. 1986). depressions". This is physically comparable to the Of the remaining wetlands, the infrequently gilgai complex described by Leeper (1952). The inundated margins are susceptible to exotic mainland gilgai complexes have been documented invasion following disturbance by introduced as having particular plant associations grazing animals. Many of these communities have corresponding to their micro relief features depleted native species complements and are (Williams 1955). The former extent of these forma­ dominated by the exotic herb Plantago coronopus. tions is unknown. The "hummocky" complexes in A search of botanical records and herbarium the Campbell Town area have nearly all been collections (see appendix for these references) cultivated and none were located in the study area revealed the native species that have been recorded with native plant cover. from the Midlands; those not found at these localities in the course of the surveys of Fensham (1989) and Kirkpatrick & Harwood (I983a,b) are indicated. Where possible, the localities of old records were checked for evidence of the existence of a plant species. However, most old records refer to localities where the chances of finding native species is slight, such as R.C. Gunn's collections Conservation of original vegetation remnants in the Midlands, Tasmania 233 A 2 t c N

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o 54. o ,/'3 ·55 058 52. -57 5 kms drained 1I~8 partly drained _ relatively Intact FIG. 3 - (A) Distribution of wetlands in the Midlands showing areas covered by (B), (C) and (D); (B) status of wetlands in area 1; (C) status of wetlands in area 2; (D) status of wetlands in area 3. 234 /I. .J. Fensham and.J. B. Kirkpatrick

STRATEGIES FOR CONSERVATION includes another unreserved endemic Epacris exserta and the unreserved Pimelea pauciflora. While mnservation of major structural formations Cataract Gorge in Launceston provides another is desirable, detailed botanical surveys allow for opportunity of protecting vulnerable species. The the determination of areas that most efficiently presence of the unreserved species Anogramma conserve the maximum number of species. This leptophylla, Doodia media, Helichrysum aff. survey discovered several species not previously semipapposum, Micrantheum hexandrum and the known from Tasmania, which indicates the impor­ unreserved endemic species Callitris ohlonga and tance of survey work in endangered habitats. The Epacris exserta make this area of public land appendi, shows the Midlands species that are extremely suitable for reservation. unreserved in Tasmania. The species reservation The wetlands in the study were not identified as status was established from herbarium and high priority areas for plant species conservation literature searches and discussion with M. Brown, by Kirkpatrick & Harwood (1983b) but since their E DunciW and L. Gilfedder. work the endemic species Ranunculus prasinus has Reservation of areas of Epping Forest would been described (Menadue & Crowden 1985). This preserve Eucalyptus amygdalina forest and could species is only known from Near Lagoon (wetland include the unreserved species Amphibromus no.49) and White Lagoon (wetland no.50). Near macrorhinus, A. neesii, Aphelia gracilis, Lagoon has a population of Bolhoschoenus A. pumilio, Brunonia australis, Caesia parvifolia caldwellii and both lagoons have populations of var. vittata, Caladenia clavigera, Calochilus Schoenoplectus validus and extensive herbfields imberbis, Centipeda minima, Cyperus tenellus, dominated by Wi/sonia rotundifolia, all of which Eragrostis benthamii, Glycine latrobeana, are unreserved in the State. A recent analysis of Haloragis aspera, Helipterum australe, significant wetlands of Tasmania includes Near H. demissum, Hypoxis vaginata, Lomandra nana, Lagoon (Kirkpatrick & Tyler 1988). Ophioglossum lusitanicum, Pilularia novae­ Other unreserved species of isolated occurrence hollandiae, Poa hookeri, P. pratermissa, Ptilotus on private land or small refuge areas in the spathulatus, Pultenaea humilis, P. prostrata and Midlands may require protection. While control by Schoenus latelaminatus. Reservation of an the appropriate government body is the most appropriate area of grassy native vegetation in the desirable means of protecting valuable natural Tunbridge area would preserve Eucalyptus areas, private ownership is not necessarily pauciflora woodland and could include the incompatible with nature conservation. A private unreserved species Asperula scoparia, trust fund, for purchasing private land for nature Brachyscome rigidula, Calocephalus lacteus, conservation, has been established by the Craspedia sp. "Tunbridge", Cryptandra amara, Tasmanian Conservation Trust. However, the Danthonia carphoides var. angustior, Dianella owners of valuable Midlands regions have proven longifolia, Isoetopsis graminifolia, Lomandra reluctant to relinquish even the smallest areas nana, Poa hookeri, Prasophyllum odoratum, (D. Watts, pers. comm. 1987). The reluctance of Pterostylis biseta, Scleranthus diander, Stipa governments to purchase, and private owners to scabra, Pultenaea prostrata, Velleia paradoxa, part with land suggests alternative means of Vittadinia cuneata, V. gracilis, V. muelleri, Wi/sonia protection may be necessary. The introduction of rotundifolia and the endemic species Stackhousia legislation such as in South Australia, Victoria and gunnii. The Tunbridge tip site is on Crown Land New South Wales, where private landholders and most of it has recently been informally receive incentives to protect and preserve natural declared a refuge area. The area has been subject to environments and are required to abide by a some bulldozing and is probably less desirable for suitable management plan (Leigh et al. 1984), reservation than some of the private paddocks in would be extremely appropriate for an area like the the area. The case for a reserve in Epping Forest is Midlands. Several landowners have indicated their strengthened by its unusually high concentrations interest, given some financial incentive, in of the restricted endemic marsupial Bettongia protecting native vegetation on their land. One gaimardi (Taylor 1988). small area of land of a sympathetic landowner is The Elizabeth River gorge has already been inhabited by three rare plant species; it could be identified as an area of high priority for plant simply protected by a relatively short fence. conservation because of its large healthy populations of the rare endemic species Acacia axillaris (Brown et al. 1983). The area also Conservation of original vegetation remnants in the Midlands, Tasmania 235

VIABILITY AND MANAGEMENT OF was tested for the Midlands quadrat data set SMALL RESERVES IN GRASSY (Fensham 1989) on substrates with a range of VEGETATION fertilities. Quadrats were placed into three broad groups, using the soil textural classes of McDonald Problems et al. (1984): those on dolerite with loams or heavier soils, those on depositional material with The viability of small reserves has been the subject light sandy clay loams or lighter soils, and a third of international debate (e.g. Diamond 1975, intermediate group containing quadrats that could Simberloff & Abele 1976, Higgs 1981, Brown & not be defined by these criteria. The Cressy Hopkins 1983). Whatever the theoretical impli­ Research Fann and all private property with the cations of this discussion, it is certain that the exception of two areas not subjected to grazing for suitability of a particular area as a nature reserve several years (as confirmed by the owners) will be idiosyncratic, depending on its significance, constituted the grazing group. In addition to these the availability of alternatives, the size and shape two areas the ungrazed group comprised the road of the area, the behaviour of the particular and rail reserves, cemeteries, ungrazed Crown Land vegetation type in the face of surrounding land-use, and city parks. Native species richness was management problems and the aims of the determined for each of the 180 lOx 1 m quadrats. conservation effort. The percentage frequencies of the individual One of the most serious problems affecting native species were compared between the grazed and vegetation in small reserves in agricultural districts ungrazed plots using Student's t-test. is the edge effect of management practices on The abundances of grasses, sedges, annual herbs, adjacent land. The use of herbicides is particularly perennial herbs and shrubs were each compared hazardous; other practices may have less dramatic between grazed and ungrazed sites. Only species effects, but nonetheless be deleterious. Drift from with a percentage frequency of more than 10% in fertiliser application has the most serious effect on anyone comparison were included in the following native vegetation on infertile substrates analysis. Each 20% difference between the grazed (Kirkpatrick 1977), particularly where aerial and the ungrazed groups was regarded as a unit. spreading techniques are employed. Thus, a viable Thus, if a species had a frequency of 75% in the reserve on relatively infertile substrates, such as ungrazed group and 30% in the grazed group, the those supporting Eucalyptus amygdalina forest in abundance of that species in the ungrazed groups the Midlands, would need to be larger than one on was 250% greater than the grazed group and the fertile substrates. However, few remnants on any species received a score of 12. Where a species was substrate were observed adjacent to improved absent from a group it was given a percentage pasture. Specht & Cleland (1961) suggest that frequency equivalent to it occurring in one quadrat. buffer zones should be established to absorb the The units for all species in each life-form were effects of adjacent land-use patterns. totalled for both the grazed and the ungrazed Mechanical ground disturbance and herbicide treatment. If the importance of grazing did not vary spraying seriously affect all native vegetation in the between life-fonns, it would be expected that the Midlands, particularly grassy vegetation on fertile proportions of units in each treatment for a substrates. The prevention of such incursions particular life-form would be equal to the should ensure the viability of even the smallest proportion of units in each treatment for the total remnants, such as roadside and rail verges, for the number of species. The significance of the immediate future, until more adequate reserves are deviation from the expected value was tested using established or plant species relocated to safer the chi-squared test. habitats. The comparison between mean native species richness on grazed and ungrazed sites revealed different effects on different soil types and differing Species Richness life-fonn groups. It appears that native species richness is increased by grazing on fertile dolerite The maintenance of species richness in grassy soils (t = 5.8, P < 0.001) and other clays and loams vegetation on fertile soils in southeastern Australia (t = 2.5, P < 0.02), but not on infertile sandy soils. seems to require some mechanism for regularly While grazing does not dramatically affect reducing the biomass of the perennial grasses species richness in the grassy heath understoreys (Stuwe & Parsons 1977, Kirkpatrick 1986, on infertile ground, it can influence community Dickinson & Kirkpatrick 1986). This hypothesis composition. Leucopogon virRatus has been 236 R.i. Fensham and 1. B. Kirkpatrick

virtually excluded from some areas of forest, P < 0.001 and chi-squared = 3.3, P < 0.1 respec­ leaving Ribbertia riparia as the single dominant tively) in the absence of grazing. The larger shrub. When a fence separates an area of forest (Helichrysum apiculatum, Dianella spp.) or where grazing has been less intense, Leucopogon twining (Asperula conferta, Convolvulus virgatus IS a codominant member of the under­ erubescens) growth-forms may allow some storey. herbaceous species to compete successfully in the The percentage frequencies of species of the ungrazed grass sward. understorey that were most affected by grazing on Grasses showed varying responses, with fertile soil (all sites except those on sandy soils) are Deyeuxia quadriseta and most of the shorter shown in table 1. Small annual herbs and geophytes grasses such as Agrostis aemula, Danthonia laevis, decline most significantly (chi-squared = 16, D. tenuior, D. carphoides var. angustior and

TABLE 1

Percentage Frequency of Species in Ungrazed and Grazed Treatment Groups* for Quadrats Located on Fertile Ground

Ungrazed Grazed Ungrazed Grazed

Grasses D. revoluta 15.9 5.9 Dichelacnne crinita 50 29.4 Helichrysum apiculatum 50 17.6 Elymus scabrus 88.6 64.7 Vittadinia muelleri 18.2 0 Stipa mol/is 18.2 8.8 Acaena echinata 36.4 82.4 S. semibarbata 36.4 17.7 Arthropodium milleflorum 6.8 14.7 S. stuposa 84.1 61.8 Dichondra repens 18.2 82.4 Agrostis aemula 18.2 38.2 Galium gaudichaudii 4.6 14.7 Danthonia carphoides 36.2 56.2 Glycine latrobeana 0 11.8 D. laevis 40.9 70.6 Gnaphalium collinum 25 61.8 D. tenuior 2.3 26.5 Gonocarpus tetragynus 34.1 55.9 Ehrharta stipoides 43.2 94.1 Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides 2.3 14.7 Pentapogon quadrifidus 34.1 73.5 Hypericum gramineum 18.2 67.7 Hypoxis hygrometrica 2.3 11.8 Sedges and rushes Leptorhynchos squamatus 52.3 76.5 Centrolepis aristata 2.3 11.8 Lomandra longifolia 27.3 64.7 Schoenus apogon 61.4 88.2 Ptilotus spathulatus 11.5 23 Juncus capitatus 2.3 17.7 Solenogyne dominii 13.6 38.2 J. subsecundus 0 20.6 S. gunnii 15.9 35.3 Veronica calycina 6.8 14.7 Annual herbs V. gracilis 9.1 26.5 Senecio quadridentatus 31.8 8.8 Viola hederacea 0 11.8 Daucus glochidiatus 11.4 38.2 Wurmbea dioicia 6.8 14.7 Poranthera microphylla 11.4 41.2 Wahlenbergia gracilis 13.6 38.2 Trees and shrubs W. gymnoclada 4.6 20.6 Bossiaea riparia 15.9 0 W. multicaulis 4.6 44.1 Eucalyptus pauciflora 20.5 5.9 W. stricta 15.9 35.3 Exocarpos cupressiformis 15.9 5.9 Acacia mearnsii 6.8 20.6 Perennial herbs Banksia marginata 4.6 11.8 Acaena ovina 59.1 26.5 Bursaria spinosa 40.9 73.5 Asperula conferta 43.2 20.6 Eucalyptus viminalis 27.3 73.5 Caesia vittata 18.2 2.9 Hibbertia hirsuta 25 61.8 Convolvulus erubescens 77.3 47.1 Lissanthe strigosa 36.4 70.6 Dianel/a longifolia 20.5 2.9 n = 44 n = 34

._~------_.,~_.- ._---- * Only species occurring in greater than 10% of either treatment group, where the difference between treatments is more than double or greater than 20%, are included. Conservation original vegetation remnants in the Midlands, Tasmania 237

Ehrharta stipoides being favoured by grazing. Some exotic species occur in a wide range of Themeda triandra declined from 100% to 82.4%, Midlands environments. Particularly widespread suggesting a cause for the disappearance of this are the grasses Aira caryophyllea, Briza minor, species on extremely heavily grazed native Holcus lanatus and Vulpia hromoides, and the pastures. All relatively common shrub species of herbs Centaurium erythraea, Hypochaeris radicata fertile environments were more common in grazed and Trifolium dubium. However, many of the areas, with the exception of Bossiaea riparia, exotic species seem to have strict environmental which occurs in paddocks but was not recorded in preferences. For example, Briza maxima prefers an ungrazed area. well-drained non-clayey substrates and The maintenance of species richness on the fertile Hypochaeris glabra is widespread but apparently remnants requires some mechanism for inter­ less frequent in the groups of low-lying habitats. mittently depleting the grass sward. Grazing by By contrast, funcus articulatus and Lotus tenuis marsupial herbivores may be the most suitable occur in those communities associated with method (Kirkpatrick 1986) though, given the depressions, while Lysimachia nummularia was animosity towards native animals in agricultural only seen growing by streams, where it is particu­ areas, the use of fire may be an appropriate tool for larly prolific. Agrostis capillaris, Anthoxanthum periodically opening the grass canopy. Stuwe & odoratum and Fi/ago gaWca did not occur in any Parsons (1977) have suggested that exotic species of the quadrats that comprise groups 8, 9 and 10. richness is greater in native grassland that is These groups are associated with the lowest rainfall regularly burnt than in the same vegetation type zones, and these three species are probably limited subject to different treatments. However, there is by the frequency of drought in the most extreme animosity to burning in agricultural areas and, if Midlands environments. this practice is not possible, moderate grazing by There are virtually no areas in the Midlands sheep may be an alternative, though less desirable. without some naturalised exotic species. While the Scarlett & Parsons (1982) have pointed out that the factors that influence most such species are only timing and interactions of grazing and firing may poorly understood (Weir 1977 cf. Gleadow 1982, be critical to the survival of rare legumes in Gleadow & Ashton 1981, Gleadow & Rowan 1982, analogous vegetation in Victoria. Current research Gleadow et al. 1983 for Pittosporum undulatum), being conducted on Tasmanian grassland species the ubiquity of exotic species throughout the may provide information on their survival Midlands probably reflects the dissected nature of requirements (L. Gilfedder and J. Whinam, pers. the remnant vegetation and the ready transport of comm. 1979). disseminules by a variety of herbivores and machinery. When the imposed conditions are not detrimental EXOTIC SPECIES to native vegetation, most exotic species seem to co-exist without causing declines in native species Exotic plant species in the Midlands were recorded richness (Fensham 1989). This is so for non-woody from each quadrat during a recent survey of species in well-drained fertile habitats (Kirkpatrick patterns of native vegetation (Fensham 1989); their 1986) and probably also in well-drained infertile percentage frequencies, in the classificatory groups substrates in the Midlands, where herbaceous established from the native vegetation (Fensham exotic populations appear to be relatively stable. In 1989), are shown in table 2. In some instances favourable environments, woody weeds, such as different levels of invasion reflect the site selection gorse (Ulex europaeus) and blackberries (Rubus procedure. Less common environments were fruticosus) may be capable of invading native sampled with higher exotic complements than vegetation where disturbance phenomena are would have been tolerated for the more frequent restricted to those that can be assumed for pre­ environments. This is the case for the heavily European conditions. Once established, their ability exploited Eucalyptus pauciflora woodlands to form dense thickets excludes native vegetation. (groups 8, 9 and 10), where the frequencies of The control of these species in the early stages of exotics are high. Exotic species abundance may their invasion is of paramount importance in also be a reflection of how recently, or rapidly, they maintaining the effectiveness of areas of native have spread from dispersal centres. vegetation for long-term nature conservation. 238 R. J. Fensham and J. B. Kirkpatrick

TABLE 2

Percentage Frequencies of Exotic Species in the Classificatory Groups* of Fensham (1988)

-~---_.. Species'" Community*

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ----_.._--- -~ -----~-_._--_._---_...~-~ ------~._._,--~------"--._'--"---- ]uncus articulatus 50 57 Anthoxanthum odoratum 50 57 7 iO 21 Agrostis capillaris 14 13 29 7 22 Cynosurus cristatus 14 II Filago gallica 27 10 II Sriza maxima 57 17 iO 14 83 11 Aira caryophyllea 67 50 71 78 83 86 79 80 83 83 85 67 Anagallis arvensis 43 22 14 14 iO 7 22 Centaurium erythraea 50 100 43 56 47 74 57 25 67 61 56 78 Vulpia bromoides 67 50 43 27 52 29 65 50 39 70 78 Leontodon taraxacoides - 100 iO 45 35 II 30 44 67 100 Trifolium glomeratum 29 10 75 11 30 Hypochaeris glabra 33 27 35 55 39 33 Romulea rosea 29 iO 11 Hypochaeris radicata 67 iOO 43 56 57 69 86 75 50 100 70 78 67 iOO Sriza minor iOO 57 53 76 36 45 72 74 56 67 Poa annua 14 10 67 Cerastium fontanum 33 13 33 26 22 Cirsium arvense 67 14 13 14 14 II 30 56 100 Trifolium dubium 33 50 57 22 iO 31 70 83 39 57 78 100 Rosa rubiginosa 14 15 II 7 Ulex europaeus 14 II Rubus fruticosus 14 17 II Trifolium subterraneum 7 20 17 19 Cynosurus echinatus 14 21 50 17 11 Holcus lanatus 50 iOO 57 7 10 21 50 33 19 78 100 Taraxacum ojficinale 29 22 67 100 Agrostis stolonifera 50 29 4 33 Linum trigynum 22 7 Hordeum murinum iO Dactylis glomerata iO Geranium dissectum iO Vicia sativa 10 Erodium cicutarium 20 Lolium perenne 30 44 Plantago lanceolata 35 22 7 Sonchus asper 20 33 7 Plantago coronopus 25 14 33 Rumex acetosella 50 33 19 Sromus hordeaceus 17 90 50 33 30 33 67 Lotus tenuis 14 22 - iOO Petrorhagia prolifera 50 19 Silene gallica 11 Sromus sterilis 40 22 11 Carduus tenuiflorus 15 50 15 Myosotis discolor II Tragopogon porrifolius 7 - 67 Lysimachia nummularia - 100 Conservation of original vegetation remnants in the Midlands, Tasmania 239

Notes to Table 2 * Only species with>10% in any group are included. t Species nomenclature follows Buchanan et al. (1989). + (I) Eucalyptus amygdalina open forest on dolerite hills. (2) E. ovata woodlands on infertile sandy depressions. (3) Grasslands on moderately fertile sandy depressions. (4) E. amygdalina open forest on flat sandy ground. (5) E. amygdalina forest on infertile sands. (6) E. amygdalina forest on mixed substrates with moderate rainfall. (7) E. amygdalina forest on mixed substrates with high rainfall. (8) E. pauciflora woodland on doleritic clay loams. (9) E. pauciflora woodland on basaltic loams. (10) E. pauciflora woodland on sand. (II) E. viminalis woodland on dolerite hills. (12) E. ovata woodlands on clayey depressions. (13) Grasslands on clayey depressions. (14) Grasslands on riverine flats.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FENSHAM, R.J., 1985: The pre-European vegetation of the Midlands in Tasmania. Unpubl. B.Sc. (Hons) thesis, We thank Chris Harwood and Steve Harris who Geog. Dep., Univ. Tasm. conducted much of the field work in the wetlands FENSHAM, R.I., 1989: The pre-European vegetation of the Midlands, Tasmania: a floristic and historical anal­ and Louise Gilfedder and Fiona Coates for a large ysis of vegetation patterns. 1. Biogeogr. 16: 29--45. part of the herbarium searching and for checking a GLEADOW, R.M., 1982: Invasion by Pittosporum draft of this manuscript. Alex Buchanan, Winifred undulatum of the forests of central Victoria. II ­ Curtis, Mary Cameron, Dennis Morris and Tony Dispersal, germination and establishment. Aust. 1. Orchard drew our attention to important botanical Bot. 30: 185-198. records. GLEADOW, R.M. & ASHTON, D.H., 1981: Invasion by Pittosporum undulatum of the forests of central Victoria. I - Invasion patterns and plant morphology. Aust. J. Bot. 29: 705-720. GLEADOW, R.M. & ROWAN, K.S., 1982: Invasion by REFERENCES Pittosporum undulatum of the forest of Central Victoria. HI - Effects of temperature and light on BELCHER, R.O., 1983: New Australian species of growth and drought resistance. Aust. 1. Bot. 30: Erecthioid Senecio (Asteraceae). Muelleria 5: 347-357. 119-122. GLEADOW, R.M., ROWAN, K.S. & ASHTON, D.H., 1983: BROWN, J.M. & HOPKINS, A.J.M., 1983: The Kwongan Invasion by Pittosporum undulatum of the forests of (sclerophyllous shrublands) of Tuttanning nature central Victoria. IV - Shade tolerance. Aust. 1. Bot. reserve, W.A. Aust. 1. Ecol. 8: 63-73. 31: 151-160. BROWN, M.J., KIRKPATRICK, J.B. & MOSCAL, A., 1983: GUNN, R.C., 1842: Remarks on the indigenous vegetable AN ATLAS OF TASMANIA'S ENDEMIC FLORA. productions available as food for man. Tasm. 1. Nat. Tasmanian Conservation Trust, Hobart. Sci. I: 35-52. BUCHANAN, A.M., MCGEARy-BROWN, A. & ORCHARD, HEWSON, H.I., 1982: Brassicaceae. In George, A.S. (Ed.): A.E., 1989: A census of the vascular plants of FLORA OF AUSTRALIA. Vo1.8. AGPS, Canberra: Tasmania. Tasm. Herbarium Occ. Pub. No.2. 231-357. DIAMOND, J.M., 1975: The island dilemma: lessons of HIGGS, A.I., 1981: Island biogeography theory and nature modem biogeographic studies for the design of reserve design. 1. Biogeogr. 8: 117-124. nature reserves. Bioi. Cons. 7: 129-146. HOLMES, N.T.H. & WHITTON, B.A., 1977: The DICKINSON, K.1.M. & KIRKPATRICK, 1.B., 1986: The macrophytic vegetation of the River Tees in 1975: impact of grazing in clearfelled, burned and observed and predicted changes. Freshw. Bioi. 7: undisturbed eucalypt forest. Vegetatio 66: 133-136. 43-60. DIM MOCK, G.M. & LOVEDAY, 1., 1953: A survey of the KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1977: THE DISAPPEARING HEATH. basaltic soils near Campbell Town, Tasmania. Tasmanian Conservation Trust, Hobart. CSIRO Tech. Mem. 3/53. KIRKPATRICK, J.B., 1986: The viability of bush in cities DUNCAN, F. & BROWN, M.I., 1985: Dry sclerophyll - Ten years of change in an urban grassy woodland. vegetation in Tasmania, extent and conservation Aust. 1. Bot. 34: 691-708. status of the communities. Wildl. Div. Tech. KIRKPATRICK, J.B. & HARWOOD, C.E., 1983a: Plant Rep. 85/1. National Parks and Wildlife Service, communities of Tasmanian wetlands. Aust. 1. Bot. Tasmania. 31: 437--451. 240 R.1. Fensham and 1. B. Kirkpatrick

KIRKPATRICK, I.B. & HARWOOD, C.E., 1983b: SIMBERLOFF, D.S. & ABELE, L.G., 1976: Island Conservation of Tasmanian macrophytic wetland biogeography theory and conservation practice. ve,getation. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 117: 5-20. Science 191: 285-286. KIRKPATRICK, J.B. & TYLER, P.A., 1988: Conservation SPECHT, R.L., 1981: Conservation of vegetation types. In of Tasmanian wetlands. In McComb, A. & Lake, Groves, R.H. (Ed.): AUSTRALIAN VEGETATION. P.S. (Eds): WETLAND CONSERVATION IN Cambridge University Press. AUSTRALIA. World Wildlife Fund, Sydney. SPECHT, R.L. & CLELAND, J.B., 1961: Flora conservation KIRKPATRICK, I.B., GILFEDDER, L. & FENSHAM, RJ., in South Australia. I- The preservation of plant 1988: CITY PARK AND CEMETERIES: formations and associations recorded in South TASMANIA'S REMNANT GRASSLANDS AND Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 85: 177-197. GRASSY WOODLANDS. Tasmanian Conservation SPICER, W.W., 1878: A HANDBOOK OF THE PLANTS Trust, Hobart. OF TASMANIA. J. Walch & Sons, Hobart. LEEPEF., G.W., 1952: INTRODUCTION TO SOIL STUWE, J. & PARSONS, R.F., 1977: Themeda australis SCIENCE. Melbourne University Press. grasslands on the Basalt Plains, Victoria: floristics LEIGH, J., BODEN, R. & BRIGGS, J., 1984: EXTINCT AND and management effects. Aust. J. Eco!. 2: 467-476. ENDANGERED PLANTS OF AUSTRALIA. TAYLOR, RJ., 1988: Ecology and conservation of the McMillan, Melbourne. Tasmanian bettong (Bettongia gaimardi). Unpub!. McDoNALD, R.C., ISBELL, R.F., SPEIGHT, J.G., WALKER, rep. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service. J. & HOPKINS, M.S., 1984: AUSTRALIAN SOIL AND WEIR, J.S., 1977: Exotics: Past, present and future. In LAND SURVEY. FIELD BOOK. Inkata Press, Anderson D. (Ed.): EXOTIC SPECIES IN Adelaide. AUSTRALIA - THEIR ESTABLISHMENT AND MENADUE, Y. & CROWDEN, R.K., 1985: Three new SUCCESS. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust. 10: 4-14. species of Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae) from WILLIAMS, O.B., 1955: Studies in the ecology of the Tasmania. Brunonia 8: 373-380. Riverine Plain. I- The gilgai microrelief and MILLAR, J.B., 1973: Vegetation changes in shallow marsh associated flora. Aust. J. Bot. 3: 99-112. wetlands under improving moisture regime. Can. J. Bot. 51: 1443-1457. RODWAY, L., 1903: THE TASMANIAN FLORA. Government Printer, Hobart. SCARLETT, N.H. & PARSONS, R.F., 1982: Rare plants of the Victorian plains. In Groves, R.H. & Ride, W.D.L. (Eds): SPECIES AT RISK: RESEARCH IN AUSTRALIA. Australian Academy of Science, (accepted 18 August 1989) Canberra. Conservation of original vegetation remnants in the Midlands, Tasmania 241

APPENDIX

List of Known Midlands Higher Plant Species, showing those presumed to be extinct in the region (*), those unreserved in Tasmania (t)

Numbers refer to references confirming the previous existence of an extinct species. (1) Spicer (1878) (2) Rodway (1903) (3) Hewson (1982) (4) Belcher (1983) (5) Leigh et al. (1984) (6) Tasmanian Herbarium (7) Queen Victoria Museum, Herbarium (8) Melbourne Herbarium (9) D. Morris, pers. comm. 1986 (specimen .held at Kew Herbarium, London) (10) A. Buchanan, pers. comm. 1989 (specimen held at N.S.W. Herbarium). Nomenclature follows Buchanan et al. 1989.

PTERIDOPHYTA A. pumilio F. Muel!. ex Sonder t ADIANTACEAE Centrolepis aristata (R.Br.) Roem & Schult. Adiantum aethopicum L. C. glabra (F. Muel!.) Hieron. * 2 ASPIDIACEAE C. strigosa (R. Br.) Roem. & Schult. Polystichum proliferum (R.BL) C. Pres!' CYPERACEAE ASPLENIACEAE Baumea arthrophylla (Nees) Boeck. Asplenium flabellifolium Cay. B. gunnii (Hook. f.) S.T. Blake t * 1,2 AZOLLACEAE Bolboschoenus caldwellii (V. Cook) Sojak Azalia filiculoides Lam. Carex appressa R. Br. BLECHNACEAE C. bichenoviana Boott t * 6 Doodia media R. Br. t C. breviculmis R. Br. DENNSTAEDTIACEAE C. chlorantha R. Br. * 1,6 Anogramma leptophylla (L.) Link t C. fascicularis Soland. ex Boott Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia Quirk & Chambers C. gaudichaudiana Kunth. Hypolepis rugosula (Labill.) J. Smith * 6 C. inversa R. Br. t Pteridium esculentum (Forst. f.) Nakai C. iynx E. Nelmes DICKSONIACEAE C. tasmanica Kuk. t * 6 Dicksonia antarctica Labill. C. tereticaulis F. MueH. ISOETACEAE Chorizandra cymbaria R. Br. lsoetes drummondii A. Braun t * 6 Cyperus gunnii Hook f. I. elatior F. MueH. t C. lucidus R. Br. t I. muelleri A. Braun t * 6 C. sanguinolentus Vahl t MARSILEACEAE C. tene/lus L. t Pilularia novae-hollandiae A.Br. t Eleocharis acuta R. Br. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE E. pusilla R. Br. Botrychium lunaria (L.) Swartz t * 6 E. sphacelata R. Br. Ophioglossum lusitanicum L. Gahnia filum (Labil!.) F. MueH. ssp. coriaceum (cunn) Glausen t G. grandis S.T. Blake SELAGINELLACEAE I. cernua (Vah!.) Roem. & Schult. Selaginella uliginosa (Labil!.) Spring I. crassiuscula Hook. f. I. fluitans (L.) R. Br. I. hookeriana Boeck GYMNOSPERMAE I. inundata R. Br. CUPRESSACEAE I. marginata (Thunb.) A. Dietr. Callitris oblonga A. & L.c. Rich t I. montivaga (S.T. Blake) K.L. Wilson I. nodosa (Rottb.) R. Br. ANGIOSPERMAE - MONOCOTYLEDONAE I. platycarpa (S.T. Blake) Sojak ALISMATACEAE I. stellata (C.B. Clarke) K.L. Wilson t * 6 Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Lepidosperma concavum R. Br. CENTROLEPIDACEAE L. filiforme LabU!. * I Aphelia gracilis Sonder t L. laterale R. Br. 242 R. J. Fensham and 1. B. Kirkpatrick

L. lineare R. Br. Tricoryne elatior R. Br. L. 10 ngitudinale Labill. Wurmbea dioica (R. Br.) F. Muel!. Schoen~plectus pungens (Vahl) Palla ORCHIDACEAE S. validus (Vahl) A. & D. Love t Caladenia catenata (Sm.) Druce Schoenlls apogon Roem. & Schult. C. caudata W.H. Nicholls S. fluitans L. C. clavigera A. Cunn ex Lindley t S. la telaminatus Kuekenth. t C. cucullata FitzG. S. maschalinus Roem. & Schult. C. pattersonii R. Br. S. ni tellS (R.Br.) Poir. Calochilus imberbis R.S. Rogers t S. tesqllorum J.M. Black C. gunnii Lindley * 6 HYDATELLACEAE C. reflexa (Labil!.) Druce * 6 Trithuria submersa Hook. f. t * 2,6 Corybas incurvus D. Jones & M. Clements t * 6 HYDROCHARITACEAE Dipodium punctatum (Smith) R. Br. Vallisneria gigantea Graebner Diurus maculata Smith HYPOXIDACEAE D. sulphurea R. Br. * 6 Hypoxis hygrometrica Labill. Eriochilus cucullatus (Labil!.) Reichb. f. H. vaginata Schld!. t Glossodia major R. Br. IRIDACEAE Microtis unifolia (Forst. f.) Reichb. f. Diplarrena moraea Labill. Prasophyllum odoratum R.S. Rogers t * 6 JUNCACEAE Pterosylis biseta J.A. Blackmore & Clemesha t ]uncus amabilis Edgar t P. curta R. Br. 1. australis Hook. f. P. furcata Lindley * 6 1. bufonius L. P. mutica R. Br. * 6 1. capitatus Weig. P. pedunculata R. Br. 1. filicaulis Buch. P. rufa R. Br. 1. holoschoenus R. Br. Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames * 1 1. kraussii Hochst. Thelymitra aristata Lindley * 6 1. pallidus R. Br. T. carnea R. Br. 1. pauciflorus R. Br. T. megcalyptra R.D. FitzG. 1. planifolius R. Br. T. pauciflora R. Br. 1. procerus E. Mey. POACEAE 1. sarophorus L.A.S. Johnson Agrostis aemula R. Br. 1. subsecundus N.A. Wakefield A. avenacea J.F. Gme!. Luzula spp. A. billardieri R. Br. JUNCAGINACEAE A. venusta Trin. Triglochin procera R. Br. Amphibromus archeri (J.D. Hook.) P.F. Morris T. striata Ruiz. & Pav. A. macrorhinus S.W.L. Jacobs & L. LapinpuTO t LEMNACEAE A. neesii Steud. t Lemna disperma Hegelm A. recurvatus Swallen L. trisulca L. A. sinuatus S.W.L. Jacobs & L. Lapinpuro t Wolffia australiana (Benth.) Hartog and Plas. t Danthonia caespitosa Gaudich. LILIACEAE D. carphoides F. Muel!. ex Benth. Arthropodium milleflorum (DC.) Macbride var. angustior Vickery t A. minus R. Br. D. dimidiata Vickery Bulbine glauca (Raf.) E.M. Watson D. laevis J.W. Vickery Burchardia umbellata R. Br. D. penicillata (Labill.) P. Beauv. Caesia parviflora R. Br. D. pilosa R. Br. var. parviflora D. popinensis OJ. Morris t var. vittata (R. Br.) R. Henderson t D. procera Vickery t Chaemaescilla corymbosa (R. Br.) F. Muel!. ex D. racemosa R. Br. Benth. D. semiannularis (Labil!.) R. Br. Dianella longifolia R. Br. t D. setacea R. Br. D. tasmanica Hook. f. D. tenuior (Steudel) Conert Dichopogon strictus (R. Br.) Baker Deyeuxia lawrencii Vickery t * 9 Thysanotus patersonii R. Br. D. quadriseta Benth. Conservation of original vegetation remnants in the Midlands, Tasmania 243

Dichelachne crinita Hook. ANGIOSPERMAE - DICOTYLEDONS D. rara (R. Br.) Vickery AMARANTHACEAE Distichlis distichophylla (Labil!.) Fassett Alternanthera denticulata R. Br. t * 7 Echinopogon ovatus (G. Foster) P. Beauv. Ptilotus spathulatus (R. Br.) Poir. t Elymus scabrus (Labil!.) A. Love APIACEAE Eragrostis molybdea Vic. t Apium prostratum Labil!. ex Vent. Ehrharta acuminata (R. Br.) Sprengel * I Centella cordifolia (Hook. f. ) Nannfeldt E. distichophylla Labil!. Daucus glochidiatus (Labil!.) Fisch. et a!. E. stipoides Labil!. Eryngium vesiculosum Labil!. Festuca plebeia R. Br. Hydrocotyle callicarpa Bunge F. hookeriana F. Muel!. ex J.D. Hook. * I H. muscosa R. Br. Glyceria australis C.E. Hubb H. sibthorpioides Lamk. Hemarthria uncinata R. Br. Lilaeopsis polyantha (Gand.) H. Eichler Pentapogon quadrifidus Bail!. Trachymene humilis (Hook. f.) Benth. t Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel ASTERACEAE Poa hookeri Vick. t Angianthus preissianus (Steetz) Benth. P. labil/ardieri Steud. Bedfordia salicina (Labill.) DC. P. mollis Vick. t Brachyscome aculeata (Labil!.) Less. P. pratermissa D.l. Morris t B. angustifolia A. Cunn. ex DC. * 6 P. rodwayi Vickery B. cardiocarpa F. Muel!. ex Benth. P. sieberiana Spreng. B. decipiens Hook. f. * 6 Puccinellia stricta (Hook. f.) C. Blom B. radicans Steetz in Lehm. t Stipa bigeniculata Hughes B. rigidula (DC.) G.L. Davis t S. mollis R. Br. B. spathulata Gaud. S. nodosa S.T. Blake Calocephalus lacteus Lessing t S. pubinodis Trinius & Rupecht Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. & Aschers. S. rudis Sprengel Cotula australis (Sieber ex Spreng.) Hook. f. * 6 ssp. australis J. Everett & S. Jacobs C. coronopifolia L. S. scabra Lindley t C. reptans (Benth.) Benth. S. semibarbata R. Br. Craspedia glauca (Labil!.) Spreng. S. stuposa D.K. Hughes Craspedia sp. "Tunbridge" t Themeda triandra Forsskal Cymbonotus lawsonianus Gaudich. Zoysia macrantha Desv. Gnaphalium collinum Labill. POTAMOGETONACEAE G. involucratum Forst. f. Potamogeton australiensis A. Bennett G. purpureum L. P. crispus L. Helichrysum apiculatum (Labil!.) D. Don. P. ochreatus Raoul t H. bicolor Lind!. P. pectinatus L. t H. dendroideum N.A. Wakefield P. perfoliatus L. t H. scorpioides Labil!. P. tricarinatus F. Muel!. & A. Bennett ex A. H. semipapposum (Labil!.) DC. Bennett H. aff. semipapposum "Launceston" t RESTIONACEAE H. thyrsoideum (DC) P. Morris & J.H. Willis * 6 Leptocarpus brownii Hook. f. Helipterum albicans (A. Gunn) DC. Lepyrodia muelleri Benth. var. incanum (Hook.) P.G. Wilson t RUPPIACEAE H. anthemioides (Sieber ex Spreng.) DC. t * 6 Ruppia maritima L. H. australe (A. Gray) Druce t TYPHACEAE H. demissum (A. Gray) Druce t Typha domingensis Pers. Isoetopsis graminifolia Trucz. t T. latifolia L. Lagenifera huegelii Benth. * 9 XANTHORRHOEACEAE L. stipitata (Labill.) Druce Lomandra nana (A. Lee) A. Lee t Leptorhynchos elongatus DC. * t 2,6 L. longifoiia Labil!. L. linearis Lessing ZANNICHELLIACEAE L. squamatus (Labil!.) Lessing Lepilaena cylindrocarpa (Komicke) Benth. Microseris lanceolata (Walp.) Schultz-Bip. L. preissii (Lehm.) F. Muel!. t * 2 Mil/otia tenuifolia Casso = 244 R J. Fensham and 1. B. Kirkpatrick

Olearia argophylla (Labill.) Benth. CHENOPODIACEAE O. ciliata (Benth.) F. Muell. ex Benth. * I Chenopodium glaucum L. O. jlol'ibunda (Hook. f.) Benth. C. pumilio R. Br. t * 6 O. Talfiulosa (Labill.) Benth. Einadia nutans (R. Br.) A.J. Scott O. stdlulata (Labill.) DC. CLUSIACEAE O. viscosa (Labill.) Benth. Hypericum gramineum Forst. f. Podohpis jaceoides (Sims) Voss H. japonicum Thunb. Pseud~gnaphalium luteo-album (L.) Hilliard & B.L. CONVOLVULACEAE Burtt. Convolvulus erubescens Sims Senecio glomeratus Desf. ex Poir. Dichondra repens Forst. & Forst. f. S. hispidulus A. Rich. Wilsonia rotundifolia Hook. t S. macrocarpus Belcher t * 4 CRASSULACEAE S. quadridentatus Labill. Crassula helmsii (Kirk) Cockayne So{enogyne dominii L. Adams C. peduncularis (SMith) Meigen * 6 S. gunnii (Hook. f.) Carbrera C. sieberana (Schult. & Schult. f.) Druce Vittadinia cuneata DC. t DILLENIACEAE V. gracilis (Hook. f.) N. Bmb. t Hibbertia hirsuta (Hook.) Benth. V. muelleri N. Bmb. t H. prostrata Hook BORAGINACEAE H. riparia (R. Br. ex DC.) Hoogl. Cynoglossum australe R. Br. H. serpyllifolia R. Br. ex DC. C. suaveolens R. Br. DROSERACEAE Myosotis australis R. Br. Drossera peltata Thunb. BRASSICACEAE ssp. auriculata (Backh. ex Planchon) Conn Barbarea australis J.D. Hook. t * 3 ssp. peltata Cardamine tenuifolia Hook. D. pygmaea DC. Hymenolobus procumbens (L.) Nutt. ex Schinz. & ELATINACEAE Theil. * I Elatine gratioloides A. Cunn. Lepidium pseudotasmanicum Theil. t EPACRIDACEAE Rorippa dictyosperma (Hook.) L. Johnson Acrotriche serrulata (Labill.) R. Br. BRUNONIACEAE Astroloma humifusum (Cav.) R. Br. Brunonia australis Smith ex R. Br. t Brachyloma ciliatum (R. Br.) Benth. CALLITRICHACEAE Cyathodes parvifolia Callitriche umbonata Hegelm. t Epacris excerta R. Br. t CAMPANULACEAE E. impressa Labill. lsotoma fluviatilis (R. Br.) F. Muell. ex Benth. * Leucopogon collinus (Labill.) R. Br. Lobelia alata Labill. L. virgatus (Labill.) R. Br. L. gibbosa Labill. Lissanthe strigosa (Sm.) R. Br. L. pratioides Benth. t * 1,6 Styphelia adscendens R. Br. L. rhombifolia deVriese t * 5 EUPHORBIACEAE Pratia pedunculata (R. Br.) Benth. t Amperea xiphoclada (Sieber ex Spreng.) Druce Wahlenbergia gracilenta N. Lothian Bertya rosmarinifolia Planch. t * 1,2 W. gracilis (Forst. f.) Schrader Beyeria viscosa (Labill.) Miq. W. gymnoclada N. Lothian Micrantheum hexandrum Hook. f. t W. multicaulis Benth. Phyllanthus australis Hook. f. W. stricta Sweet Poranthera microphylla Brongn. CARYOPHYLLACEAE FABACEAE Colobanthus apetalus (Labill.) Druce * 8 Acacia axil/aris Benth. t C. aff. strictus A. dealbata Link Scleranthus biflorus (Forst. & Forst. f.) Hook. f. A. genistifolia Link S. diander R. Br. t A. gunnii Benth. Spergularia media (L.) Cyrillo A. mearnsi De Wild Stellaria flaccida Hook. A. melanoxylon R. Br. CASUARINACEAE A. mucronata Willd. ex Wendl. Allocasuarina littoralis (Salisb.) L. Johnson A. siculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. * I A. verticillata (Lam.) L. Johnson A. verticil/ata (L'Herit.) Willd. Conservation of original vegetation remnants in the Midlands, Tasmania 245

Aotus ericoides (Vent.) Go Don Uo dichotoma Labill. Bossiaea cinerea Ro BL U. monanthos Hook. f. Bo prostrata Ro BL LAURACEAE Bo riparia A Cunno ex Bentho Cassytha pubescens R. Br. Daviesia latifolia Ro BL LINACEAE Do ulicifolia AndL Linum marginale A. Cunn. ex Planchon Desmodium varians vaL gunnii (Hooko f) Bentho t LYTHRACEAE * 6 Lythrum hyssopifolia L. Dillwynia cinerascens Ro BL MALVACEAE Glycine latrobeana (Meissno) Bentho Asterotrichion discolor (Hook.) Melville Gompholobium huegelii Bentho Lawrencia spicata Hook. Hovea lanceolata Sims MENYANTHACEAE H. linearis (Smith) Ro BL Villarsia reniformis R. Br. Indigofera australis Willdo MYRTACEAE Kennedia prostrata Ro BL Baeckea ramosissima A Cunn. Platylobium obtusangulum Hooko Callistemon pallidus (Bonpl.) DC. Pultenaea fasciculata Benth. C viridiflorus (Sims) Sweet Po humilis Bentho ex Hooko f. t Calytrix tetragona Labill. Po juniperina Labill. Eucalyptus amygdalina Labill. Po prostrata Benth. ex Hooko f. t £. obliqua Labill. GENTIANACEAE £. ovata Labill. Sebaea ovata (Labill.) R. Br. E. pauciflora Sieber ex Spreng. GERANIACEAE £. rodwayi R.T. Bak. & H.T. Smith Geranium sessiliflorum Cav. £. rubida H. Deane & Maiden t ssp. brevicaule (Hook. f.) R.C. Carolin £. viminalis Labill. Go solanderi R.C. Carolin Leptospermum lanigerum (Ait.) Sm. Pelargonium australe Willd. L scoparium Forst. & Forst. f. GOODENEACEAE Melaleuca ericifolia Sm. Goodenia amplexans F. Muell. t * 2,8 Mo gibbosa Labill. G. elongata Labill. OLEACEAE G. humilis R. Br. Notelaea ligustrina Vent. G. lanata R. Br. ONAGRACEAE G. ovata Sm. Epilobium billardierianum SeL ex DC. Selliera radicans Cav. OXALIDACEAE Velleia paradoxa R. Br. t Oxalis perennans Haw. HALORAGACEAE PlTTOSPORACEAE Gonocarpus micranthus Thunb. Billardiera procumbens (Hook.) E. Bennett G. tetragynus Labill. Bo scandens Sm. Haloragis aspera Lindley t Bursaria spinosa Cav. Myriophyllum glomeratum Schindler t * 8 Pittosporum bicolor Hook. M. integrifolium (Hook. f.) Hook. f. PLANTAGINACEAE Mo pedunculatum Hook. f. Plantago antarctica Dcne. t Mo salsugineum Orch. Po varia Ro Br. Mo simulans Orch. POLYGALACEAE M. variifolium Hook. f. Comesperma volubile Labill. LAMIACEAE POLYGONACEAE Ajuga australis R. Br. Muehlenbeckia axillaris (Hook. f.) Walpo Mentha diemenica Spreng. Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Opiz. Prostanthera cuneata Benth. * 2,6,7 Polygonum decipiens R. BL t * 6 P. rotundifolia R. Br. Rumex brownii Campd. Prunella vulgaris L. R. dumosis A. Cunn. ex Meissn. t Teucrium corymbosum R. Br. PORTULACACEAE Westringia rubiaefolia R. Br. Montia australasica (Hook. f.) Pax & Hoffmo LENTIBULARIACEAE PRIMULACEAE Utricularia australis R. BL * Sarno Ius repens (Forst. & Forst. f.) Pers. 246 R J. Fensham and 1. B. Kirkpatrick

PROTEl"CEAE Phebalium squameum (Labill.) Engl. Banksia marginata Cav. ssp. retusum (Hook.) P.G. Wilson t Grevillea australis R. Br. SANTALACEAE Hakea lissosperma R. Br. Exocarpos curpessiformis Labill. H. microcarpa R. Br. E. strictus R. Br. Lomatia tinctoria (Labill.) R. Br. Leptomeria drupacea (Labill.) Druce Persoonia juniperina Labill. SAPINDACEAE RANUNCULACEAE Dodonaea fillformis Link Clematis aristata R. Br. D. viscosa (L.) N.J. Jacq. C. gentianoides DC. SCROPHULARIACEAE C. microphylla DC. Euphrasia scabra R. Br. t * 5 Ranunculus decurvus (Hook. f.) Melville * 6 Glossostigma elantinoides (Benth.) ex Hook. f. * 2 R. glaIJrifolius Hook. Gratiola latifolia R. Br. * 6 R. lappaceus Sm. G. nana Benth. R. pirnpinellifolius Hook. * 6 Limosella australis R. Br. R. pra~inus (Menadue & Crowden) t Mazus pumilio R. Br. R. trichophyllus Chaix Mimulus repens R. Br. RHAMNACEAE Parahebe derwentiana (Andrews) B. Briggs & Cryptandra amara Sm. t Ehrend. t * 6 Discaria pubescens (Brongn.) Druce t * 6 Veronica calycina R. Br. Pomaderris elliptica sens. Ewart V. formosa R. Br. Spyridium ulicinum (Hook.) Benth. V. gracilis R. Br. S. vexilliferum (Hook.) Reiss. V. scutellata L. t Stenanthemum pimeleoides (Hook. f.) Benth. SOLANACEAE ROSACEAE Solanum nigrum L. Acaena agnipila Gand. STACKHOUSIACEAE var. tenuiscarpa (Bitt.) Orch. t Stackhousia gunnii Hook. f. t A. echinata Nees S. monogyna Labill. A. novae-zelandiae Kirk STYLIDIACEAE A. ovina A. Cunn. Stylidium graminifolium Rich. Rubus parvifolius L. THYMELEACEAE RUBIACEAE Pimelea curviflora R. Br. t Asperula conferta Hook. f. P. glauca R. Br. A. scoparia Hook. f. t * 6 P. humilis R. Br. A. subsimplex Hook. f. t * 6 P. nivea Labill. Coprosma quadrifida (Labill.) Robinson P. pauciflora R. Br. t Galium australe DC. TREMANDRACEAE G. ciliare Hook. f. Tetratheca pilosa Labill. * 6 G. gaudichaudii DC. T. procumbens Gunn ex Hook. f. Opercularia ovata Hook. f. VIOLACEAE O. varia Hook. f. Hymenanthera dentata R. Br. ex DC. RUTACEAE Viola betonicifolia Sm. Eriostemon verrucosus A. Rich. V. hederacea Labill.