Algemeen Ambtsbericht Somalië

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Somalië Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië Datum December 2014 1 Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië 2014 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Cluster Ambtsberichten en Terugkeer 2 Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië Colofon ......................................................................................................2 Inleiding 5 1 Landeninformatie .................................................................6 1.1 Basisgegevens ........................................................................6 1.1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen Somalië ...............................................6 1.1.2 Gebied onder controle van het Somali Federal Government ............ 9 1.1.3 Humanitaire situatie............................................................... 13 1.1.4 Al-Shabaab .......................................................................... 14 1.2 Veiligheidssituatie.................................................................. 22 1.2.1 Mogadishu............................................................................ 22 1.2.2 Federalisatieproces ................................................................ 29 1.2.3 Zuid-en Zuidwest Somalië....................................................... 30 1.2.4 Centraal Somalië................................................................... 36 1.2.5 Noord Somalië ...................................................................... 39 1.3 Documenten ......................................................................... 43 2 Mensenrechten...................................................................47 2.1 Juridische context.................................................................. 47 2.1.1 Verdragen en protocollen........................................................ 47 2.1.2 Grondwet............................................................................. 47 2.1.3 Overige nationale wetgeving ................................................... 47 2.2 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming ................................................ 48 2.2.1 Aangiftemogelijkheden ........................................................... 48 2.3 Naleving en schendingen ........................................................ 48 2.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting...................................................... 48 2.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering ..................................... 50 2.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst .......................................................... 51 2.3.4 Bewegingsvrijheid ................................................................. 52 2.4 Rechtsgang .......................................................................... 54 2.4.1 Arrestaties en detentie ........................................................... 56 2.4.2 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden ................................. 57 2.4.3 Doodstraf............................................................................. 57 2.5 Positie van specifieke groepen ................................................. 58 2.5.1 Leden van oppositiepartijen / politieke activisten ........................ 58 2.5.2 Etnische minderheden, beroepsgroepen en specifieke clans.......... 58 2.5.3 Beroepsgroepen .................................................................... 59 2.5.4 Vrouwen .............................................................................. 59 2.5.5 LHBT’s/Homoseksuelen .......................................................... 63 2.5.6 Minderjarigen ....................................................................... 64 3 Vluchtelingen en ontheemden.............................................68 3.1 Vluchtelingen........................................................................ 68 3.1.1 Ontheemdenstromen (zie ook kaart op Bijlage III)...................... 68 3.1.2 Kampen ............................................................................... 68 3.2 Opvang in de regio (zie ook kaart in bijlage IV) .......................... 69 3.3 Activiteiten van internationale organisaties ................................ 70 3.3.1 Activiteiten ........................................................................... 70 3.3.2 Standpunt UNHCR ................................................................. 70 3 Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië 3.4 Terugkeer ............................................................................ 71 3.4.1 Vrijwillige terugkeer............................................................... 71 3.4.2 Gedwongen terugkeer ............................................................ 73 Bijlage I Landkaart Somalië.............................................................74 Bijlage II: Invloedssferen in Somalië (Ngo Safety Programme, oktober 2014) ...............................................................................75 Bijlage III.Ontheemden in Somalië per regio (UNHCR augustus 2014) ..........................................................................................76 Bijlage IV Somalische vluchtelingen in de regio (UNHCR, augustus 2014) ...............................................................................77 Bijlage V Literatuurlijst ................................................................78 Bijlage VI............................................................................... Geraadpleegde websites ..........................................................................................80 Bijlage VII................................................................................................ Afkortingenlijst ..........................................................................................81 4 Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië Inleiding In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in Somalië beschreven, voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit Somalië en voor de besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Somalische asielzoekers. Dit algemeen ambtsbericht is een actualisering van eerdere ambtsberichten over de situatie in Somalië. Het laatste algemeen ambtsbericht verscheen in december 2013. Dit algemeen ambtsbericht beslaat de periode december 2013 tot en met november 2014. Dit algemeen ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie uit openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende organisaties van de Verenigde Naties, niet-gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Ook wordt de interne wekelijkse update van nieuwsfeiten van de ambassade Nairobi vaak gebruikt. Deze nieuwsberichten geven als zodanig niet de mening van de ambassade weer. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Daarnaast wordt de tekst in veel gevallen ondersteund door informatie die op vertrouwelijke basis is ingewonnen (aangemerkt met ‘vertrouwelijke bronnen). Omdat er in Somalië geen vertrouwenspersonen aanwezig zijn die konden worden geraadpleegd over de actuele lokale situatie, wordt in dit ambtsbericht ook veelvuldig gebruikgemaakt van berichten van lokale radiostations. Deze bronnen worden ook gebruikt in de media-overzichten van AMISOM. De informatievoorziening van AMISOM wordt door de Somalië-unit van ambassade Nairobi over het algemeen betrouwbaar geacht. Het ambtsbericht opent met een korte beschrijving van land en bevolking. Een uitgebreid overzicht van de geschiedenis en de positie van de verschillende clans is opgenomen in de ambtsberichten van november 2012 en december 2013. In het eerste hoofdstuk wordt ingegaan op recente ontwikkelingen op politiek en veiligheidsgebied. Elke regio is van een lijst van incidenten voorzien. Deze lijsten zijn niet uitputtend en beschrijven alleen de bekend geworden gebeurtenissen. In hoofdstuk twee wordt de mensenrechtensituatie in Somalië geschetst, gevolgd door de beschrijving van de naleving dan wel schending van enkele klassieke mensenrechten. Ook wordt in dit hoofdstuk de positie van specifieke groepen belicht, zoals die van minderheden, vrouwen en minderjarigen. In hoofdstuk drie komen de omvang en opvang van de vluchtelingen- en ontheemdenstroom en de activiteiten van internationale organisaties aan de orde, evenals de positie van de vluchtelingenorganisatie van de Verenigde Naties -UNHCR. 5 Algemeen ambtsbericht Somalië 1 Landeninformatie 1.1 Basisgegevens De Republiek Somalië ligt in de Hoorn van Afrika en grenst in het oosten aan de Indische Oceaan en in het noorden aan de Golf van Aden. In het westen grenst het land aan Ethiopië, in het noordwesten aan Djibouti en in het zuidwesten en zuiden aan Kenia. Met de term ‘Somalië’ wordt in dit ambtsbericht het grondgebied van de Republiek Somalië aangeduid, inclusief Somaliland en Puntland. Somalië heeft een bevolkingsomvang van ruim 10,4 miljoen inwoners.1 De belangrijkste steden zijn de hoofdstad Mogadishu, die vrijwel de gehele regio Benadir beslaat, Galkayo (in de centrale regio Mudug), Baidoa, de havensteden Kismayo (in de zuidelijke regio Lower Juba), Berbera (in Somaliland) en Bossasso (in Puntland) en de hoofdsteden van Somaliland en Puntland, respectievelijk Hargeisa en Garowe. Het grootste deel van de bevolking behoort tot de etnische groep van de Somali (ongeveer 85%). De overige vijftien procent bestaat uit onder meer Bantu en personen van (gedeeltelijk) Arabische afkomst.2 De Somali zijn onder te verdelen in twee groepen: de Samaal-groep en de Saab-groep. Deze groepen zijn verder onderverdeeld in vijf clanfamilies.3 Het overgrote deel van de Somaliërs belijdt de soennitische islam.4 De invloed
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