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Titiçih, Gender, Religion, and Medicine in Central Mexico, 1535-1650

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Titiçih, Gender, Religion, and Medicine in Central Mexico, 1535-1650 The Devil’s Midwives: Titiçih, Gender, Religion, and Medicine in Central Mexico, 1535-1650 Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Polanco, Edward Anthony Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 15:34:46 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/628485 THE DEVIL’S MIDWIVES: TITIÇIH, GENDER, RELIGION, AND MEDICINE IN CENTRAL MEXICO, 1535-1650 by Edward Anthony Polanco __________________________ Copyright © Edward Anthony Polanco 2018 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2018 2 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Edward Anthony Polanco 4 Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without the help of countless individuals in Tucson, AZ; Mexico City, Mexico; Puebla, Mexico; and Seville, Spain. I would like to begin by thanking Martha B. Few. Her support of my work began before I arrived in Tucson as her student at the University of Arizona. Without Martha’s dedication, I would not have achieved my goals. It was in the final stages of my graduate studies that I fully realize the burden all the letters, edits, and comments I requested must have been. I am much obliged for all her help. Kevin Gosner has also guided me through the life changing process of my doctoral studies. People have often described him as, “the nicest person ever.” I cannot disagree with that assessment. Kevin has been a voice of reason, and always challenged me to develop my understanding of the human condition. Michael Brescia’s backing has been instrumental in my success, from letters of support, to comments on my work. I have always been able to count on him, and I could never fully express my gratitude for that. Jadwiga Pieper-Mooney is a wonderful scholar and mentor that has challenged me in the classroom, and in comprehensive and oral exams. Thanks to her, I feel confident in my abilities to face tough questions and critical discussion. Nancy Parezo’s knowledge about indigenous people in North America, and her grant writing savy were a great benefit to me. She always supported my work, and pushed me to improve it. I cannot express in words how grateful I am for Erika Pérez. Her assistance with grant proposals and the job market was always full of compassion and sincere advice. Though I was never Erika’s official student, her door was always open. She, like Kevin, Martha, Michael, Nancy, and Jadwiga, are inspirations for the scholar that I hope to become. Lastly, Victoria Parker and Elena Chabolla Stauffer made my time in the history department pleasant and enjoyable. Thank you for all your help. 5 I must also thank individuals at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. I would like to extend a sincere thank you to my good friend and mentor Alfredo López Austin. From the first day we met, he was always very generous and supportive of my work. Leopoldo Valiñas Coalla was also very welcoming and opened up his Nahuatl classroom for me. Both Alfredo and Polo made me feel welcome in Ciudad Universitaria and enriched my understanding of Mexico in ways that I would have never been able to predict. Gracias amigos queridos. Tucson community members also facilitated my graduate studies and my ability to travel to and from Tucson. William M. Weiss and Roberta E. Weiss are among the rare gems on this planet that truly show an appreciation for education. Penny John, a fantastic friend and person, made me feel like a Tucsonan. Thank you all for making the “old pueblo” home. Generous funding from the University of Arizona and various other institutions allowed me to conduct ample fieldwork, enhance my skills, and complete my degree in a timely manner. At the University of Arizona, I am deeply indebted to the Social and Behavioral Sciences Research Institute (SBSRI) for the pre-dissertation and dissertation grants that they awarded me. A María Teresa Velez Graduate Diversity Fellowship, from the Graduate College allowed me to complete my final year of writing. Various small grants from the Department of History helped me get to Mexico and Spain to conduct archival research. A Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) academic year fellowship permitted me to study Kachikel at the University of Arizona. A FLAS summer fellowship funded a six-week intensive Nahuatl course at Yale University in 2013. Lastly, a Fulbright García-Robles student research grant made ten months of fieldwork possible in Mexico City from 2015 to 2016. I was fortunate to receive other grants that I am also deeply grateful for. 6 I would like to show my deep appreciation for all the kind staff and personnel at various archives in Spain and Mexico where I conducted my dissertation research. At the Archivo General de la Nación in Mexico City, I want to pay special thanks to Daniela Méndez Cano, Luis Fernando Tolentino Parrilla, Adrián Ortiz Martínez, Juan Bolaños Morales, Rubén Guzmán Rosales, and Jessica Victoria Ortiz Ortega. Most notably to Antonio Augusto de Paz Palacio, who has become a wonderful friend due to our shared passion for tacos and Mexico’s Colonial period. At the Biblioteca Nacional de Antropología e Historia, I must express my deep gratitude to María de Guadalupe Suarez Castro. In Puebla, Mexico, at the Archivo Historico Judicial, I have no other option but to thank Jesús Joel Pena for his undying support and help with my research on the dioceses of Tlaxcala. In Seville, Spain, at the Archivo General de Indias, Pedro Vidal de Torres was my informant on Andaluz culture, and the AGI’s lay of the land. Lastly, throughout the years of my graduate studies I have grown and developed professionally in large part because of the help and support I received in the personal realm of my life. My wife, Dominique Elise Polanco, a wonderful person and a fantastic scholar of Colonial Mexico, has provided much needed strength, love, and foundation in my times of joy and defeat on the rollercoaster of graduate studies. During my lows and highs, she was always there to help me celebrate, or recuperate for the next battle. I will also attempt to thank my mother, Linda, whose lifelong support for me as a person and scholar has never wavered. She believed I could do things I never imagined. She put her life on the line by crossing three borders and arriving in the United States with little knowledge of the English language. She worked hard to create opportunities for my siblings and me. If anything, I am proud that I could capitalize on those opportunities and do exactly what she told us, “estudien para que no tengan que trabajar como burros.” All I can say is, muchísimas gracias mama. Lastly, to my unborn daughter, Zaida: 7 thank you for pushing me to finish and be a better human. Preparing for your arrival as I completed my dissertation has added a different perspective to my study, particularly regarding gestation and delivery. I love you, and I cannot wait to meet you. 8 Dedication Para mi madre y Dominique 9 Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 13 List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 14 List of Maps ...................................................................................................................... 15 List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 16 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 17 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 18 Titiçih, Tiçiyotl, and the Ç ............................................................................................ 21 Ritual Language, Nahuallatolli, and Nahualtocaitl ....................................................... 23 Why not use the term midwife or physician? ............................................................... 26 Medicina ................................................................................................................... 27 Sourcing Nahua History ................................................................................................ 30 Rethinking Titiçih and Tiçiyotl ....................................................................................
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