Chapter 6: the World of Islam, 600-1500
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Islamic Civilization Experienced a Golden Age Under the Abbasid Dynasty, Which Ruled from the Mid 8Th Century Until the Mid 13Th Century
Included lands & peoples from parts of three continents (Europe, Africa, & Asia) Preserved, blended, & spread Greek, Roman, Indian, Persian & other civilizations. Enjoyed a prosperous golden age with advances in art, literature, mathematics, and science. Spread new learning to Christian Europe. A period of great prosperity or achievement, especially in the arts Islam began in the Arabian Peninsula in the early 7th century CE. It quickly spread throughout the Middle East before moving across North Africa, and into Spain and Sicily. By the 13th century, Islam had spread across India and Southeast Asia. The reasons for the success of Islam, and the expansion of its empire, can be attributed to the strength of the Arab armies, the use of a common language, and fair treatment of conquered peoples Arab armies were able to quickly conquer territory through the use of advanced tactics and the employment of horse and camel cavalry. Islamic rulers were very tolerant of conquered peoples, and welcomed conversion to the Islamic faith. All Muslims must learn Arabic, so they can read the Qur'an, the Islamic holy book. This common language helped to unite many different ethnic groups within the Islamic empire. It also made possible the easy exchange of knowledge and ideas. Islamic civilization experienced a golden age under the Abbasid Dynasty, which ruled from the mid 8th century until the mid 13th century. Under the Abbasids, Islamic culture became a blending of Arab, Persian, Egyptian, and European traditions. The result was an era of stunning -
Islam and Women's Literature in Europe
Islam and Women’s Literature in Europe Reading Leila Aboulela and Ingy Mubiayi Renata Pepicelli Contrary to the perception that Islam is against women and against the European way of life, some Muslim women based in Europe write novels and short stories in which Islam is described as instrument of empowerment in the life of their female characters. No more or not only an element of oppression, religion is portrayed as an element of a new identity for Muslim women who live in Europe. The Translator1 and Minaret2 by Leila Aboulela (Sudan/United Kingdom) and “Concorso”3 by Ingy Mubiayi (Egypt/Italy) are three works that demonstrate how the re-positioning of religion functions in women’s lives and struggles. I will first analyze the two novels written in English by Aboulela, followed by the short story written in Italian by Mubiayi. In The Translator (1999), Aboulela tells the story of Sammar, a young Sudanese woman who follewed her husband, a promising medical student, to Scotland. After her husband dies in a car accident, Sammar is alone in this foreign country. In Aberdeen she spends several painful and lonely years, far from her home and son who, after the terrible accident, lives in Khartoum with her aunt/mother-in-low. During this time, religion, day by day, becomes her only relief. Suddenly she finds work as an Arabic to English translator for an Islamic scholar, Rae, at a Scottish University, and she falls in love with him. Though her love is reciprocated, they have a problem. Rae is not Muslim, and for Sammar, Islam shapes and affects all aspects of life. -
The Concept of Ministry in the Arabic Political Tradition Its Origin, Development, and Linguistic Reflection
The Concept of Ministry in the Arabic Political Tradition Its origin, development, and linguistic reflection IVAN V. SIVKOV Abstract The paper presents the results of an analysis of the term “ministry” (wizāra) as one of the pivotal concepts in the Arabic/Islamic political tradition. The ministry as key political/administrative institution in the Arabic/Islamic traditional state machinery is researched from a historical/institutional perspective. The concept of ministry is treated from the point of its origin and historical development, as well as its changeable role and meaning in the variable Arabic political system. The paper is primarily dedicated to the investigation of the realization of the concept of ministry and its different types and branches in the Arabic language through the etymological and semantic examination of the terms used to denote this institution during the long period of administrative development of the Arabic world from its establishment as such and during the inception of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate to its usage in administrative apparatus of modern Arab states. The paper is based on Arabic narrative sources such as historical chronicles, collections of the official documents of modern Arabic states, and the lists of its chief magistrates (with special reference to government composition and structure). Keywords: term, terminology, concept, semantic, etymology, value, derivation Introduction The term wazīr is traditionally used to denote the position of vizier who was the state secretary, the aide, helper and councilor of the caliph/sultan of the highest rank in the administrative apparatus of ʿAbbāsid Caliphate and its successor states (e.g., Būyids, Fāṭimids, Ayyūbids and Salǧūqs). -
A Study of Muslim Economic Thinking in the 11Th A.H
Munich Personal RePEc Archive A study of Muslim economic thinking in the 11th A.H. / 17th C.E. century Islahi, Abdul Azim Islamic Economics Institute, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA 2009 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/75431/ MPRA Paper No. 75431, posted 06 Dec 2016 02:55 UTC Abdul Azim Islahi Islamic Economics Research Center King Abdulaziz University Scientific Publising Centre King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah, 21589 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia FOREWORD There are numerous works on the history of Islamic economic thought. But almost all researches come to an end in 9th AH/15th CE century. We hardly find a reference to the economic ideas of Muslim scholars who lived in the 16th or 17th century, in works dealing with the history of Islamic economic thought. The period after the 9th/15th century remained largely unexplored. Dr. Islahi has ventured to investigate the periods after the 9th/15th century. He has already completed a study on Muslim economic thinking and institutions in the 10th/16th century (2009). In the mean time, he carried out the study on Muslim economic thinking during the 11th/17th century, which is now in your hand. As the author would like to note, it is only a sketch of the economic ideas in the period under study and a research initiative. It covers the sources available in Arabic, with a focus on the heartland of Islam. There is a need to explore Muslim economic ideas in works written in Persian, Turkish and other languages, as the importance of these languages increased in later periods. -
Volume 7: Shaping Global Islamic Discourses : the Role of Al-Azhar, Al-Medina and Al-Mustafa Masooda Bano Editor
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by eCommons@AKU eCommons@AKU Exploring Muslim Contexts ISMC Series 3-2015 Volume 7: Shaping Global Islamic Discourses : The Role of al-Azhar, al-Medina and al-Mustafa Masooda Bano Editor Keiko Sakurai Editor Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/uk_ismc_series_emc Recommended Citation Bano, M. , Sakurai, K. (Eds.). (2015). Volume 7: Shaping Global Islamic Discourses : The Role of al-Azhar, al-Medina and al-Mustafa Vol. 7, p. 242. Available at: https://ecommons.aku.edu/uk_ismc_series_emc/9 Shaping Global Islamic Discourses Exploring Muslim Contexts Series Editor: Farouk Topan Books in the series include Development Models in Muslim Contexts: Chinese, “Islamic” and Neo-liberal Alternatives Edited by Robert Springborg The Challenge of Pluralism: Paradigms from Muslim Contexts Edited by Abdou Filali-Ansary and Sikeena Karmali Ahmed Ethnographies of Islam: Ritual Performances and Everyday Practices Edited by Badouin Dupret, Thomas Pierret, Paulo Pinto and Kathryn Spellman-Poots Cosmopolitanisms in Muslim Contexts: Perspectives from the Past Edited by Derryl MacLean and Sikeena Karmali Ahmed Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past Edited by Sarah Bowen Savant and Helena de Felipe Contemporary Islamic Law in Indonesia: Shariah and Legal Pluralism Arskal Salim Shaping Global Islamic Discourses: The Role of al-Azhar, al-Medina and al-Mustafa Edited by Masooda Bano and Keiko Sakurai www.euppublishing.com/series/ecmc -
Computers Math. Applic. Vol. 17, No. 4~, Pp. 751-789, 1989 0097-4943/89 $3.00+0.00 Printed in Great Britain. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1989 Pergamon Press Pie
Computers Math. Applic. Vol. 17, No. 4~, pp. 751-789, 1989 0097-4943/89 $3.00+0.00 Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved Copyright © 1989 Pergamon Press pie IN THE TOWER OF BABEL: BEYOND SYMMETRY IN ISLAMIC DESIGN W. K. CHORBACHI Harvard University, Dudley House, Cambridge, MA 02138, U.S.A. Abstract--A personal account of an interdisciplinary inquiry into the study of Islamic geometric design and architectural decoration touching on the fields of History, History of Science, Scientific Theory of Symmetry and History of Art. The study stresses the necessity of the use of a common scientific language of Symmetry Notation in order to discuss and communicate in a precise manner about Islamic geometric pattern. To understand Islamic geometric design, it is necessary to move beyond the symmetry issues, to the step-by-step process of design. This is based on primary sources of scientific manuscripts of practical geometry written specifically for the Muslim artisans. The research demonstrates not only a direct meeting but a collaborative work between science and art in Islamic civilization. The story of arrogant men building the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11) reads as follows: "Now the whole earth had one language and few words. And as men migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shin/i.r and settled there. And they said to one another, 'Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly.' And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar. Then they said, 'Come, let us build ourselves a city, and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth.' And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the sons of men had built. -
Arabian Nights
1 Arabian Nights Oh I come from a land, from a faraway place Where the caravan camels roam it's all flat and immense And the heat is intense It's a furnace, but hey, it's home When the wind's from the east And the sun's from the west And the sand in the glass is right Come on down Stop on by Hop a carpet and fly To another Arabian night Arabian nights Like Arabian days More often than not Are hotter than hot In a lot of good ways Part 2 Arabian nights Like Arabian days More often than not Are hotter than hot In a lot of good ways Part 3 Oh I come from a land Where intrigue is in style And adventure is status quo Where a Daughter must wed Hold her head up and smile It‟s the law, did I make it? No! Part 7 When the wind's from the east And the sun's from the west And the sand in the glass is right Come on down Stop on by Hop a carpet and fly To another Arabian night Arabian nights Like Arabian days More often than not Are hotter than hot In a lot of good ways Arabian nights „neath Arabian moons A fool off his guard Could fall and fall hard out there On the dunes.... 2 One Jump Ahead Aladdin: One jump ahead of the breadline One swing ahead of the sword I steal only what I can't afford ( That's Everything! ) One jump ahead of the lawmen That's all, and that's no joke These guys don't appreciate I'm broke [Crowd:] Riffraff! Street rat! Scoundrel! Take that! Aladdin: Just a little snack, guys [Crowd:] Rip him open, take it back, guys Aladdin: I can take a hint, gotta face the facts Now you see what I go through, ooh! [Ladies:] Ooh! [Ladies:] -
Reza T. Ahmadi, 'Symbolism in Persian Rugs'
Rezu T. Ahmudi SYMBOLISM IN PERSIAN RUGS It is a common mistaketo assumethat Oriental rugs can be The above analysissuggests that form, as well as the most identihedby their designsor synbols alone.While it is true basic organization of the rug, is influenced early on by that certain symbols are ciosely associatedwith specific lo- theme. calities or weaving groups, it would take an exceptionally One of the most common themes in Persianrugs is confidentperson to identify a rug without confirming their Floral. The image of a lush gardenis one that is deeply opinion by carefully checking the weave, materials, and rooted in both the religious and cultural heritage of the dyes. This is especially true today, due to a substantial Persiandesign. In a region of the world where water is a number of high-quality Persian copies coming onto the precious commodity, it is perhapsnot surprising that the market from India, Pakistan,and the Balkan countries.This garden,with an abundanceof flora and fauna, is the Mus- article attempts to discussthe most common design ele- lim symbol of paradise.The weaverswere fufther inspired ments and symbols used in Persianrugs, their meanings, by their belief in the Islamic afterlife[3], which promises and the region of the origin. This discussionof themesand that the faithful will dwell in paradise.Floral themes are symbolswill hopefully serve as an aid in the identihcation generally divided into three categoriesof All over floral, ofPersianrugs. Garden, and Panelleddesign [4]. All over floral designs The symbols and designsof the rug do give informa- feature floral forms without the addition of a medallion, tion about its weaver. -
Digital Quran Computing: Review, Classification, and Trend Analysis
Arab J Sci Eng DOI 10.1007/s13369-017-2415-4 REVIEW ARTICLE - COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE Digital Quran Computing: Review, Classification, and Trend Analysis Mohammed Zakariah1 · Muhammad Khurram Khan2 · Omar Tayan3,4 · Khaled Salah5 Received: 18 July 2016 / Accepted: 9 January 2017 © King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2017 Abstract The proliferation of online digital multimedia categorization based on the topical trends from recent con- content has enabled the rapid digitization of printed ferences and symposia related to DQC. Second, a review is manuscripts, resulting in faster and more effective dissem- given for papers under each theme with a discussion of their ination of digital publications. This scenario is also found key features, limitations, and research directions. Finally, a in the context of digital Quran content, which has recently number of research hot spots that identify open challenges gained significant traction from the research and scientific and primary areas in DQC for future work are outlined. communities with related discussions and studies covering a range of IT subject domains under the generic topic of Digital Keywords Holy Quran · Digital Quran Computing · Quran Computing (DQC). In the past few years, a number of Multimedia · Arabic digitization · Mobile applications · international conferences and symposia have been dedicated WorldWideWeb to the concept of DQC. This paper surveys and reports on the developmental trends and research hotspots in DQC, provid- ing up-to-date theme categories and an analysis of published 1 Introduction articles in the literature. First, the study provides a theme The Holy Quran is the book of divine guidance and direc- B Khaled Salah tion for humanity. -
Joseph in Egypt: Fifth of Six Parts
Bible and Spade 16.2 (2003). Copyright © 2003 by Bible and Spade, cited with permission. Joseph in Egypt Fifth of Six Parts By Charles Aling The specific Egyptian titles granted to Joseph by Pharaoh have been discussed at great length by modem scholars. The key verse is Genesis 45:8, which mentions three titles held by Joseph. The Hebrew text of course does not give the Egyptian form of these three titles. Hence, years of scholarly debate have arisen over the exact Egyptian renditions of the Hebrew words or phrases. Of the three titles that Joseph held, let us begin with the one obvious title, and then move on to the two more complex and problematical titles. Lord of Pharaoh's House Genesis 45:8 states that Joseph was made Lord of all of Pharaoh's House. This title has an exact Egyptian counterpart, which is normally translated into English as "Chief Steward of the King." The main job of the Chief Steward was the detailed supervision of the King's personal agricultural estates, the number of which would have been vast. This fits well with Joseph's advice regarding the coming years of plenty and the following years of famine. As Chief Steward, Joseph would be well placed to prepare for the coming famine during the years of more abundant production. It is interesting to observe that another specific responsibility of the Chief Steward was to take charge of the royal granaries, where the agricultural wealth of the nation was stored. As the person in charge of these great storehouses, Joseph was ideally placed for carrying out his suggestion to store food during the good years for the bad. -
The Interface of Religious and Political Conflict in Egyptian Theatre
The Interface of Religious and Political Conflict in Egyptian Theatre Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Amany Youssef Seleem, Stage Directing Diploma Graduate Program in Theatre The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Lesley Ferris, Advisor Nena Couch Beth Kattelman Copyright by Amany Seleem 2013 Abstract Using religion to achieve political power is a thematic subject used by a number of Egyptian playwrights. This dissertation documents and analyzes eleven plays by five prominent Egyptian playwrights: Tawfiq Al-Hakim (1898- 1987), Ali Ahmed Bakathir (1910- 1969), Samir Sarhan (1938- 2006), Mohamed Abul Ela Al-Salamouni (1941- ), and Mohamed Salmawi (1945- ). Through their plays they call attention to the dangers of blind obedience. The primary methodological approach will be a close literary analysis grounded in historical considerations underscored by a chronology of Egyptian leadership. Thus the interface of religious conflict and politics is linked to the four heads of government under which the playwrights wrote their works: the eras of King Farouk I (1920-1965), President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970), President Anwar Sadat (1918-1981), and President Hosni Mubarak (1928- ). While this study ends with Mubarak’s regime, it briefly considers the way in which such conflict ended in the recent reunion between religion and politics with the election of Mohamed Morsi, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, as president following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. This research also investigates how these scripts were written— particularly in terms of their adaptation from existing canonical work or historical events and the use of metaphor—and how they were staged. -
Google Vizier: a Service for Black-Box Optimization
Google Vizier: A Service for Black-Box Optimization Daniel Golovin, Benjamin Solnik, Subhodeep Moitra, Greg Kochanski, John Karro, D. Sculley fdgg, bsolnik, smoitra, gpk, karro, [email protected] Google Research Pittsburgh, PA, USA ABSTRACT In this paper we discuss a state-of-the-art system for black{ Any sufficiently complex system acts as a black box when box optimization developed within Google, called Google it becomes easier to experiment with than to understand. Vizier, named after a high official who offers advice to rulers. Hence, black-box optimization has become increasingly im- It is a service for black-box optimization that supports several portant as systems have become more complex. In this paper advanced algorithms. The system has a convenient Remote we describe Google Vizier, a Google-internal service for per- Procedure Call (RPC) interface, along with a dashboard and forming black-box optimization that has become the de facto analysis tools. Google Vizier is a research project, parts of parameter tuning engine at Google. Google Vizier is used which supply core capabilities to our Cloud Machine Learning 1 to optimize many of our machine learning models and other HyperTune subsystem. We discuss the architecture of the systems, and also provides core capabilities to Google's Cloud system, design choices, and some of the algorithms used. Machine Learning HyperTune subsystem. We discuss our re- quirements, infrastructure design, underlying algorithms, and 1.1 Related Work advanced features such as transfer learning and