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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 I 77-2522 UPTON, James Nathaniel, 1945- URBAN VIOLENCE: a CASE STUDY of THREE CITIES

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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 I 77-2522 UPTON, James Nathaniel, 1945- URBAN VIOLENCE: a CASE STUDY of THREE CITIES INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)” . If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 I 77-2522 UPTON, James Nathaniel, 1945- URBAN VIOLENCE: A CASE STUDY OF THREE CITIES. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 Political Science, general Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 (c) Copyright by James Nathaniel Upton 1976 URBAN VIOLENCE: A CASE STUDY OF THREE CITIES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By James Nathaniel Upton, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee: Approved by William E. Nelson, Jr. Randall B. Ripley 4= ^ Aage R. Clausen Adviser Department of Political Science This dissertation is dedicated to my Father and Mother: Jodie Franklin and Voyace Ruth Upton ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express his deep appreciation to the following persons who have contributed so much to this dissertation: To his adviser, Dr. William E. Nelson, Jr., who provided astute guidance, constant encouragement and unfaltering patience; To Dr. Randall B. Ripley, who deserves special thanks for all that he has offered toward the development of my professional career; To Dr. Aage Clausen, for his counsel and helpful advice; To Rebecca Howe, I owe a special thanks for the difficult and exacting task of typing this dissertation; To my wife, Mary Margaret Fonow, the simultaneous happening of two dissertations in the same household provided my wife and myself not only the opportunity to exchange ideas and necessary criticisms but also to give expression to our mutual understanding and love of one another; To my colleagues and friends at the Center for Afro-American Studies, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, for their support, encourage­ ment, and professional confidence in my abilities; iii Most importantly, to the community of Afro-Americans who struggle daily against oppression so that the promise of justice and equality might become more than a dream. It is the struggle against race and class oppression rooted in the bold resistance of our insurrectionist brothers and sisters - Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner, to Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat in the front of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama - that enables the writer to echo the words of the great Paul Robeson, "Here We Stand;" To those courageous freedom fighters who risked their lives march' ing in the streets of Montgomery and Selma and battling the police in Cleveland, I am deeply indebted. Without their struggle this small victory would not be possible. VITA July 12, 1945 ............. Born - Sweetwater, Tennessee 1 9 7 1 . ............... .. B.A., Political Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1974........................ M.A., Political Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1971-1974 ................. Graduate Teaching Associateship, Department of Political Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1974-1975 ................. Graduate Research Associateship, Department of Political Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1975-1976 ................. Assistant Professor, Center for Afro- American Studies, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: American Government Studies in Urban Politics: Professor William E. Nelson, Jr. Studies in Executive and Bureaucratic Politics: Professor Donald S. Van Meter Studies in Legislative Politics: Professor Aage R. Clausen Minor Field: Political Theory Studies in Concepts and Explanations: Professor John R. Champlin v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................. iii VITA.............................................................. v LIST OF TABLES. ...................................viii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................... xi INTRODUCTION...................................................... 1 Chapter I. RACIAL VIOLENCE IN AMERICA: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE . 4 Racial Violence in the 20th Century................ 6 Racial Violence and Black Victimization.............. 8 Race R i o t s ........................................... 21 Communal Riots ....................................... 23 Commodity Riots............ .. ....................... 25 Conclusion........................................... 37 II. TOWARD A DEFINITION OF VIOLENCE AS A POLITICAL CONCEPT. 45 Pseudo-Theories....................................... 57 The Criminality (Riff-Raff) Theory ................ 58 The Police Brutality Theory.......................... 63 The Under or Lower Class Theory..................... 66 The Recent Migrant Theory............................ 68 The Teenage Rebellion (Youth) Theory ................ 70 Conspiracy Theories........ .. ....................... 70 Middle-Range Theories................................ 72 Conclusion........................................... 76 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Page III. THEORY AND METHODOLOGY.....................................84 Purpose ............................................. 87 Hypotheses............................................... 91 Background............................................... 95 Demographic and Economic Factors........................ 97 Methodology and Data Source ........................... 104 Findings, Discussion and Analysis of Data, and Interpretations....................................109 Cincinnati............ 109 Pittsburgh.................................... 131 C l e v e l a n d.............................................. 149 Conclusion.............................................. 168 IV. VIOLENCE AS A FORM OF POLITICAL PROTEST ................ 188 Relevance of Violence ................................ 188 The Inevitability of C h a n g e ........................... 190 Violence as a Form of Political P r o t e s t .............. 197 The Politics of Violence............................... 205 Conclusion.............................................. 212 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................... 221 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Black as Percent of Overall Population: Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, 1950-1970............ 97 2. Housing Conditions for Blacks and Whites: Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, 1970 ............... 98-9 3. Index of Residential Segregation: Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, 1940-1970........... 100 4. Median School Year Completed by Persons 14 Years and Over by Race: Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, 1960-1970....................... 100 5. Median Income of Blacks and Whites: Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, Cleveland ..................... 101 6. Riot Severity: Cincinnati............................... 123-4 7. Black Representation on City Police Department: Cincinnati ................................ 125 8. Black Representation on City Fire Department: Cincinnati............................................... 126 9. Black Representation on City Council: Cincinnati............................. .................127 10. Black Representation on Board of Education: Cincinnati............................................... 128 11. Black Representation in Political Party Organization (Democratic Party) - Precinct Executive Committee: Cincinnati....................... 129 12. Black Representation in Political Party Organization (Democratic Party) - Ward Chairperson: Cincinnati................................ 130 viii LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table Page 13. Labor Force by Race and Sex for the City of Pittsburgh in the Years: 1960,1970, and 1974. 134 14. Riot Severity: Pittsburgh............................. 141-2 15. Black Representation on City Police Department:
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