WARS B ETWEEN THE DAN ES AND G ERMAN S

IN F LE FOR TH E POSSESS O O SCH SWIG .

IR T P ART F S .

’ On feint d ignorer que le Slesvig est une ancienne partie intégrante de la M onarchi e Danoise dont ’ l union indi ssoluble avec la couronne de D anemarc est consacrée par les garanties solennelles de s ’ an es Pui ssance s de l Eur o e et oh la an e et la ationali anoises e i s e de ui sl es em s l gr d p , l gu n té D x t nt p t p es ‘ - mem e et au m on e en ie u une n us ecu s. On ou r ai se cache asc i a e artie de l l r lé v d t r d t r, q gr d p a popu I ' l ‘ pa i on du esvi es e a tach e a ec un e fide hte mébranlable aux iens on amen a nissan le t Sl g r t t é , v , l f d t ux u t a s a ec le D anemarc e t ue ce e o ul ation a cons amme o es de l a mani ére la us éner p y v , q tt p p t nt pr t té pl ’ i ue con r e une inco o a io ans la confederation G e mani ue inco o a io on en m g q t rp r t n d r q , rp r t n qu prét d édi er n ommes — emi - ci al article moyenna t une armée de cinquante mill e h l S qfi .

TH E ic the e t political question with regard to the nation blind to vidences of his ory, relations of the duchies of Schleswig and faith, and justice . D enmark which n - t Holstein to the kingdom of , The Da o Germanic contes is still at the present time has excited so great a going on ' Denmark cannot yield ; she has e alread lost t t mov ment in the North , and called the yj so much tha she canno submit n to - Scandinavian ations arms in self defence to any more losses for the future . The issue against Germanic aggression , is not one of a of this contest is of vital importance to her ; i s recent date . This dispute has for centuries she already fighting for her existence . t w h let n been the cause of des ructive feuds, and Nor ill her Nort ern brethren her si k, R during later years the subject of public nor ussia, who has pledged her guaranty no t discussions and violent debates , only for the integrity of the Danish monarchy, m in rm a ong the parties more immediately pe it its further dismemberment . On terested , but in the public and private as the final settlement of this war may per semblies in E Germany, and in a flood of haps depend the peace of urope . And publications , all breathing hostility against yet it has excited but very little attention e D nmark, and showing both a want of and sympathy in this country . The duchy of knowledge as to the points in dispute , and Schleswig has generally been supposed a scornful disregard of the just rights of to stand in the same relation to Denmark t its that injured coun ry . This old quarrel has as that of Holstein , and inhabitants to

“ no w be - n , by the general agitation in Europe , true bor Germans, who were impa suddenly taken its ancient form of a c asus tiently waiting for the moment when they belli , by the open rebellion of Holstein , might break loose from the small peaceful k and the invasion of Denmark by the army ingdom in the North , and join the glo t un of the Germanic Confederation . The ille rions destinies of the grea ited German lit ' a v Fatherland . g y, injustice , and iolence of these pro It has been said and t e ceedin s se eated g are obvious to every ob rver p that , since the late revolution in o f who , without prejudice , has followed the France , the voice the people has be am — course of events . And yet have the come the voice of God , that it has torn bitious authors of the sedition and the to shreds the worm - eaten scrolls of feudal i t attack, attempted to envelope themselves r ghts and treaties , and freely permi ted the w r in an out ard show of ight ; the secret different tribes , German, Slavonic , and r sp ings which moved the whole machinery Italian , to group , form , and constitute

- were left in the back ground , but still made themselves without any regard to kings their appearance now and then amidst the and cabinets . Let this principle be carried presumptuous confessions and boastful out where foreign governments have impos prognostications which , all at once, have ed oppressive laws upon conquered nations , n l i toxicated the forty mil ions of Germans whose history, development, and prosper with hopes of conquest on land and sea, ity they have disregarded , and whose na ional tics t i . and thus made that pensive and philosoph they have crushed Such may,

VOL . 11 . N O . . N EW SE RIE S 3 0 v . 2 Wars bet een the anes and G er ans w D m ,

“ ' th e t more or less , have been conduct of essay with a picture of the presen war,

R . r ussia in Poland , and of Austria in Italy faithfully drawn up from authentic sou ces,

But with regard to Denmark, her relations and direct communications both from Den f n e . n to the duchies hav been entirely dif ere t mark and Germa y . Her paternal rule had ever truly respected the nationalities and rights of her subjects . t - m Her presen liberal minded onarch , on s his uccession to the throne, had given a The peninsula of Jutland, known by R m C free constitution, and such had been his the ancient o ans as the hersonesws w vi Cimbri ca desire to allo equal pri leges to every , is bounded on the east by the t t t part of his dominions , that he had pro Ka tega , the little Bel , and the Baltic to on ' , and . posed to give Schleswig and Holstein i the west by the North Sea It is u b E der tho gh the smaller population , the same divided from Germany y the river y , representation and advantages which he and extending northward for two hundred

his . , conceded to Danish people _ The con and seventy miles terminates at the low cessions freely granted by the enlightened headland of Skagen ' Its breadth from v a t t to ni sovereign , from his own con iction, in the e st to wes is from thir y nety miles . t h midst of profound peace, and without a sign The middle par of t is low peninsula, l of disorder, had been hailed with universal nearly in its fu l length, consists of dreary i o satisfact on and afterwards , when violent heaths and mo rs, intermixed here and

s s ' commotion began to hake all Europe, there with some patches of arable lands nd a the general vertigo reached Holstein, and good pastures for cattle and flocks of

‘ the majority of the people in Schleswig, sheep and goats . The northwestern coasts who had ever been sincerely attached to are low, sandy, and full of dangerous shoals . - t their mother country, ins antly stood for The violent west wind , sweeping across t ward , and in the most energetic manner hat inhospitable region , impedes the n t t protested against the separatio , and the grow h of forest rees, and renders the dreaded union with Germany . climate damp , cold , and disagreeable ~ u the t L . ooking from a distance pon rapid throughou the year Farther south , in of t he course events , and the steadfast opposi Schleswig , western coast consists of _ n w ff tion of all Scandinavia, united , with one meadow la ds, hich o er t heart and hand , agains the attacks and rich pastures, and are defended by dikes

’ “ pedantic boastings of the German Parlia against the swell of the North Sea . Q uite the v f o ment, we may, through dim ista of dif erent is the character f the eastern o r The futurity, with c nfidence proclaim the vic pa t of the country . shores of the tory of the righteous side ; and in the Baltic and Kattegat are high and often mean time historically and impartially prove covered with fine forests . They sometimes that the cause of the Danes is as good as present romantic and picturesque scen ery — t the m their swords hat rebellion in Holstein from the any deep indentations of the sea, u the o ds was bro ght about, not by the desire of called fj r , or friths, which for miles run w mass of the people in the duchies, but by into the land , here they expand into exten a l the ambition of few ring eaders, directly sive sheets of water, and are bordered by supported by Friederich Wilhelm IV . , the beautiful oak and beech woods ascending - f 0 . hare brained King o Prussia, who by gradually to the t ps of the hills . The of - means of kindling the flame war in the largest frith is the Liim Fjord , running a North , and of promising the Germans a cross the whole breadth of Jutland from t a m flag and a flee , flattered himself to vert the Kattegat to the North Sea , and aking from his own guilty head the revenge of the northern part of it an Its his exasperated subjects for the horrible banks are bleak and dreary ; th e dark c t slaughters in his own apital . forests which in the ten h and eleventh the c We shall now carry our readers to enturies covered that hilly region , now h m s ores of the Baltic , and going back to the only remain in Salling Land , a s all , beau t u h l remo e ages of fe dality and c iva ry , trace The N or h Sea ro e h ou h the low san the origin and progress of the protracted t b k t r g , dy coast near L em vi a few ea s a o and nite g, y r g , u d ru Scandina st ggle between German and wi h the Liim -F o a each h ou h whi ch t jrd by br , t r g “ a ll esse s an ass vian nation lity, and then terminate this now snta v l c p . '

For the ossess on Sc es . 3 . P i q hl wig

tiful tract, well cultivated , and inhabited Iother Northmen , on their prancing sea b . y a rich and laborious yeomanry The horses , made the shores of Germany, lands on the eastern coast are very fertile France and England tremble at their ap

in . for several miles the interior, and pro proach They are still a brave , but a duce an abundance of rye , wheat, barley , peaceful and quiet people ; they are labo - n w oats, beans, pease, rape seed, and excellent rions and perseveri g, but extremely slo

‘ i awkvvard pulse and fru ts . In many parts the and somewhat in their manners . heaths are broken up and converted into They are hospitable and cheerful with their en ' arable lands , agriculture being highly countrymen , but cold and retired towards coura ed . g by the Danish government Still foreigners, with whom they have but little the raising of cattle and horses supplies intercourse in their far - off and dreary

i . the princ pal revenue of Jutland . The country They are more fond of ease than huge oxen are driven to the rich meadow of show and consequently the people in r lands of Holstein , where they are fattened Jutland are more comfo table than the and afterwards sold in Hamburg and Ber careless inhabitants of the sunny south . lin . In later years large exportations They are accustomed to substantial food , of oxen are made by sea to France and and make five meals a day ; they are more

. c n England The horses of Jutland and Hol economi al than industrious , and do ot n - stei are strong , large, well formed , and know or regret the refinements of foreign eminently fitted for war . countries . They are judicious observers

Jutland is , by the small rivers Skod and profound thinkers . They speak very - aa - aa borg and Konge , divided into North slowly, with a harsh and inharmonious pro J nunciation utland , containing square miles , and , and are by their countrymen

South Jutland , or Schleswig , square on the Danish islands considered cunning n miles . The latter province is more fertile in calculati g their own profit ; the prover “ ' eest and better cultivated . Here the g or is , as sharp as a Jute . They are en -u arable lands from the broken p heaths dued with imagination , and possess tender 7 0 0 amount to square miles, the meadow and beautiful national songs in their own

3 20 1 1 2 224 . lands , the forests , the moors , dialect Though they are patient and 4 0 5 . and the barren heaths North Jut enduring , they can be roused to the high land has twelve more or less considerable est pitch of enthusiasm . They are strongly ob towns , and inhabitants . S les attached to their king and country, but ' i wig possesses six towns , among which are care nothing about pol tics or newspapers ,

- the beautiful and well built Schleswig , having been for centuries accustomed to standing in a pleasant and picturesque sit the dull calm of an absolute government and nation on the Schley, and the lively com yet they possess an independent feel mercial town of Flensborg ; the province ing of their own, and will not submit to containing inhabitants . Schleswig harsh or arbitrary treatment from their sn ri ors is bounded on the south by the German pe . The country people are generally

— - duchy of Holstein , extending seventy middle sized , short, fair haired , of a gentle a miles from the Baltic to the North Sea, and and greeable physiognomy ; their women - E der forty eight miles from the y on the are pretty, with blue eyes and rosy cheeks , h north , to the Elbe and the duchy of Lau but as clumsy as their elpmates, clatter m o e borg on the south . It contains ing along on wo den shoes .

. an the square miles , with inhabitants This short sketch gives idea of peo Holstein is thus of smaller extent than ple and country in times past ; the eventful t Schleswig , but more productive and bet er movements of late years have of course, in t d cul ivate , and has a larger population . some degree , exerted their influence even as

utlander - The J and the Schleswiger are far as the distant shores of the Liim Fjord . an both of Scandinavian origin , and the mass In South Jutland , both the Danish d of the people have nearly the same gene Low German (Plat - tydske) dialects are in 1 8 3 7 ral character, manners , and customs , ex use . In , Danish was spoken unmix in 1 1 6 inh ~ cept the greater liveliness and elasticity, ed parishes , with abi. which the Schleswiger has acquired by his tants in these districts Danish is the intercourse and intermixture wi th the language used not only in common inter

. utlanders u Germans The J are no longer course , but both in the ch rches and the who . 3 6 bold and daring rovers , with the schools In parishes, with in W s bet een the anes . and G er ans 4 ar w D m ,

t . . 8 1 0 habitants , that language is generally ime , A D , occupied in the conver spoken , but the German is employed in sion and subjugation of the Saxons . The th e churches and schools . Danish is like Frankish emperor being continually har '

' ken r and armed wise spo and unde stood in Tondern, assed by the fleets bands of

ns or the s . of Fle b g, and dioceses of Gottorp the Northmen on the coast Friesland , a d Bredsted t n , with souls so that and at the mou h of the Elbe, founded the Danish is still the mother tongue for strong castle of H amaburg (H ambm g) on Schleswi ers g among the its northern bank, and afterwards concluded u “ r which inhabit the d chy, thus forming a a treaty with the successo of Godfred, E der . o decided majority Hemming, acc rding to which the y Q uite different is the deportment and should form the boundary between Den

. r character of the Holsteiner He is tall mark and the F ankish empire, and the

. i and handsome , with auburn hair He is Danes abandon all the r conquests south

economical and industrious, like the Hol of that river . and n ~ lander ; active dexterous , ambitious Towards the close of the ni th cen '

. a tur the at and quarrelsome He is arbitr ry and y Danish king, Gorm the Old ,

imperious ; witty, lively, but proud and last succeeded in uniting the small inde

his . of n overbearing toward inferiors He is pendent states the islands , and the mai ' f Skaane in full o talent and capacity, but boastful, land of Jutland and Scania, ( , ) The w grandiloquent and selfish . Holstein Southern S eden , into a powerful king R n cultivators own their lands and are a dom . He crossed the yder ; but e ter

l . t ordalbin ia n of laborious , brave and intelligent peop e ing in o N g , then a provi ce n the h Their farms are exceedi gly well kept, and duc y of Saxony, his career of con v comfort and wealth are seen e erywhere . quest was arrested . The German king, eu The Holstein mariner is clever, bold and Henry I . the Fowler, with his German ' u t the d ring , and sings his national German songs chivalry, defea ed wild Northmen and a with the liveliness and spirit of n Italian . established the march or margraviate of ' of t he E der the Such is the character the soil and Schleswig , between y and t — limes D ani cus the inhabitants of these three interes Schley the , as it is called

in i of the a . g prov nces Danish mon rchy by the chroniclers, which now for nearly a century remained the battle - gr ound of the hostile Danish and Saxon borderers “a T t t devastatin fora s he whole peninsula was in the remo est during their con inual g y . d B ut times of the mid le ages inhabited by Canute the Great, during his inter Jutes , Angles and Saxons . After the view with the German emperor Conrad a R 1 0 27 oh m ritime expeditions of the two latter the Salian , in ome , in the year ,

t , tained ribes to Britain towards the middle of the the cession of this district, and thus and fifth century of our era, Jutes Frisians the limits of D enmark were restored such began to settle in the abandoned districts as they had ‘ been in the time of Charle

, e of Angeln or South Jutland north of the magn t The Saxon march, once more der r Ey while la ge swarms of Vendes, Obotrites , and other western tribes of the

v t , man s eme t e o the E Sla onic nation, occupied the eas ern This G er ettl n b y nd yder

N ordalbin ia the is er ou u . om e chroni c e s asc i e it to coasts of g or Holstein , v y d btf l S l r r b Cha em a ne o he s i h m o e o a ili to rl g , t r w t r pr b b ty se at of the Saxons on the Elbe . In the the Saxon He ry the Fow e ( 9 1 9 Hara d e not n l r l ighth century Denmark did yet form Kl a a ) e in of o h J an h ad ee ' — k, tty k g S ut utl d, b n . f n o e edto hris i ani so ear as A. . 826 a united kingdom dif erent sea ki gs c nv rt C t ty ly D . ' h . B alti i h or h Ansch t e c . The int e i miss o a of t e N arius ruled on the islands of God r p d n ry t , , - ui the fi s chur ch i n ch es i at ha im e R G othland ut S g , fred , the king of eit or J b lt r t l w t t t and sow e the fir s see of Chris ian ie and on E der e be d t d t p ty land , advanced the y , wher o e amo g the i d o shippe s of Odi and t l v n w l w r r n erec ed the celebrated wall or mound of a Frey . D annevirke earth and stones called the t The existence of thi s treaty between the R0 across the peninsula from the bay of the river man Emperor and the King of Denm ar k 1 s con ’ me vei - ancien insc i ion ' E idora S has -w k Schleswi westward fir d by a y t r pt Schley, ( y or g, ) ' Roman s termi nu s cm ert i whi ch for cen ries p , tu to E der, the North y to protect his Scan the Old o stein G a e of Rends o stood over H l t b rg. dinavian dominions from the inroads of the Thi s town mas at that time the bord er fortress of a at t e mar who oss ss all the ol s and ies conquering Franks of Charlem gne, hat D n k, p e ed t l dut or o ses o o F the P s si n f Schleswig.

ut incorporated with the rest of South J Holland were invited into the country, a ai in Lii beck land , rem ned immediate dependence bishopric was established in , and upon the crown of Denmark . In this the brave duke proclaimed king of the O tr e whole period we find that the South Jutes bo it s. Yet this sudden accession of S chleswi ers had or g their language , laws , power kindled the jealousy of King Niels enter ris and customs in common with their north of Denmark , who considered the p ern s brethren , the Islanders and the i ko ing duke of the border province a danger

nin ers . g or Danish inhabitants of Scania ous competitor for the c rown . He ordered The ancient division of the provinces into Knud L avard to his court at Roeskilde in H err eder ' districts or shires , called and ealand , where that excellent and nusus S sler ectin y , and the genuine Scandinavian p g chief was waylaid in a wood by t n i names of owns , villages and natural Mag us , the prince royal, and assass nated , the 1 1 29 . scenery, down to very banks of the in the year E der a y , give the most evident proof of the During the following reigns of Valdem r

I. Lavard . Danish nationality of the South Jutes . , the son of Knud , and Knud VI , Yet the wars with the Slavonic and the Danish power became formidable and

e . Germanic tribes , r ndered it necessary for threatening to all their neighbors King the kings of Denmark to place a powerful Valdemar II . , the Victorious , conquered commander in the border province, who , the county of Holstein, which by a treaty, 1 21 4 possessed of more independence and a in , with the German Emperor Frie deri h a t c . strong army, migh better secure the II , of Hohenstaufen , was incorpor s Danish frontier towards Saxony . The ted with Denmark . He extended his - L avard noble minded Knud , the son of feudal possessions in Pomerania, and even

King Erik the Good , was thus proclaimed attacked the distant Esthonia, where the t dust B ertu the the firs duke ( or g) of South Danish crusaders, with the cross and in 1 1 0 2 u his Jutland , and took p resi sword , introduced Christianity among the t e dence in Hedeby (Schleswig) on the Slavonians, and swept h Baltic with their n r Schley, which had been erected into an numerous fleets . Duri g this pe iod of th e E der 1 1 7—1 227 . 5 episcopal see Crossing y , Duke seventy years ( ) of victories the Knud , in many arduous expeditions , van and conquests, external dominion of qui sh ed and converted the heathen Vagri Denmark was raised to a higher splendor Obotrites h e t n . ans, , and Vendes ex ended than it had ever attai ed since the reign his conquests as far as Pomerania, and of Canute the Great . The Danes were forced the German Dukes of Saxony and the ruling nation of the North but their olstein to recognize his rights over Vend chivalrous conquests were soon to be lost F rt n and . by one of those sudden turns of fo u e H olzatia (woody S axony) formed a part which are characteristic of those turhu

of . of the duchy of Saxony, belonging to lent times the middle ages King Val Billun en t the warlike house of g , and con demar, while hun ing with his son on the i Stormarn L o e w as sisted of Holste n Proper, and island of y , taken prisoner by his D itma sk rs w an d r e . the western district of the vassal , Count Henry of Sch erin , _ 1 1 0 6 In the year , after the extinction of confined in a castle in Mecklenburg , until that family, the Emperor Lothaire erected he by treaty ceded all the conquered ter in ritories E der Holstein into a county, with which he between the Elbe and the y , of Schauenbor Va rien vested Count Adolph g, a including the county of Holstein, g ,

fief and . castle on the Weser, as a dependent on the whole duchy of Pomerania The imm edi . r the German Empire The Holstein counts king, on his retu n to Denmark, now assisted Knud L avard in the reduction ately assembled a large army and cros sed w r of the ild Slavonic tri bes on the eastern the Eyde . But a powerful confederacy i coast ; new settlers from Germany and had been formed aga nst him, between the

counts of Holstein and Schwerin , the free on th ri Re s u and e e . In th e fo e e h centur v r urt nt y, nd cities of Hamburg and L beck , the w h e n or o as ce e to the Cou s of Sc au b . b rg d d nt g pri mate of Bremen . In the bloody battle The La in ins cri ion w as ta e ow om the ’ t pt k n d n fr B ornhii ved at , near Segeberg in Holstein a e in 1 806 on the i sso ution of th e G erman g , d t l 22d 1 22 7 Em ire and is now e osi e in the Ro a A i on the of June , , King Valdemar p , d p t d y l rt l e A se a of the fo ess ff t , to l ry r n l rtr . su ered a otal defeat and was forced 6 Wars bet een the anes and G er ans w D m , give up all his pretensions to the countries ambitious Holsteiner administrator of the

R e . south of the yd r kingdom , during the minority of the 1 24 1 su se b . f Valdemar II . died , and the prince In return for these good o fices d who at quent civil war, which broke out among of his powerful uncle, Val emar, , r the pretende s to the crown , brought that time, was only twelve years w Denmark to the very brink of destruction . of age , besto ed the whole duchy of

a. This principal cause of such _ rapid de South Jutland upon Count Gerhard as a i fief n cl ne, was not only to be ascribed to the hereditary , and , accordi g to the Hol n n in haughty bearing and da gerous influence stei historians , signed an important act Lii beck of the rich and proud Catholic clergy and , by which he declared Schleswig l ni feudal nobi ity , mostly of German origin, and Holstein to be eternally u ted, and fiefs u who had received in the kingdom, bo nd himself never to reclaim the duchy, t but particularly to the pernicious practice or reuni e it with the crown of Denmark . t r at that ime , of investing the royal princes , Thus we have a rived at the first union tw o 1 3 26 or other relatives of the kings , with the of these provinces, in the year . duc atus f a tte v duchy of South Jutland , ( n) But it is fully evident from whatsoe er fi f v e . as a dependent on the Danish crown point we iew the subject, that this act was Abel, the younger son of Valdemar, who without legality , and did not create

had been invested with the duchy of those rights , which the haughty counts of r n Schleswig, laid claim to this province, Holstein inferred f om it . The guardia as a free and independent patrimonial in could not lawfully accept a grant of his

heritance against his elder brother, King own ward under age, the validity of which h n n Plou e ni . f a Erich g p g Abel was defeat he had to confirm himsel . Nor could

‘ ed and , forced to receive the investiture prince, chosen by a party of dissatisfied fief not n a n the of the duchy as a personal , heredi obles, dispose of integral part of n o r l i tary ; but he took reve ge against his kingdom, quite c ntra y to the capitu a r H aand cestnin brother, by the assassination of the latter tion of ights ( f g) which his

1 25 0 . on the Schley in The civil dissen guardian had signed in his name, and sions between the Kings of Denmark and without consent of the general elective l — D ne an ho . their powerfu vassals, the Dukes of South Diet of the kingdom the f V Jutland, who contended either for inde Duke aldemar was never crowned king or k ot pendent dominion hereditary tenure, of Denmar ; he is n numbered among u continued nearly without interr ption ; but the monarchs of that country, and was though they often received aid from the shor ly afterwards forced to give up all

n to . German cou ts of Holstein , beyond the his pretensions and retire Schleswig E der t y , hey never succeeded in aecom The Holstein historians pretend that s t — ma na cha ta pli hing their object . this documen this g r of “ The - most distinguished of all the Hol Schleswig Holstein , which they call R Constituti o Valdemariana stein counts , Gerhard the Great , of ends the , forms the

‘ borg, assumed , on the death of Duke very basis in the dispute between the h n sub Eric of South Jutland , the guardianship ki gs of Denmark and their German ects in of his young son Valdemar, in opposition j the duchies , by the guaranty

’ C to in to the demands of his uncle, King hristo which it is supposed give to the

two . pher II . of Denmark, who laid claim to separability of the provinces But it t that right . The king , at the head of a is a highly remarkable fact that the exis br r s c t r n illiant feudal army, ente ed the duchy ence of thi do umen neve has bee and occupied the castle of Schleswig ; but proved ; no c opy of it has ever be en t ff nd r he shor ly afterward su ered a signal de found , a it may, the efore , with good ou B a ocr feat by the Holstein count the este ground, be considered as altogether p y

berg ; in consequence of which the Danes phal . No mention whatever is made of evacuated the duchy and retreated to it in the original capitulation of Prince f fl . eo ment North Jutland The nobility of the king Valdemar, nor in the letter of , 1 3 26 dom , being disgusted with Christopher, which Count Gerhard received in , m n expelled him fro the country, and, yield by which the Da ish Council of State Ri sraad ing to the intrigues of Count Gerhard, ( g ) confirmed the investiture of utland i - fief called his ward , the young Valdemar South J as a s mple banner to th F e n e the anel h the D n s . Erikson, throne, and elected ( ) of a i h crown Suppos ossess on o c es For the P i f S hl wig.

ing even that such a document had existed , routed in every battle . Otho , the prince yet it remained without any influence on royal , defeated near Viborg , was carried a the relations of the kingdom ; no reference prisoner to the gloomy castle of Segeberg

' was ever made to it by the Holstein in Holstein . Valdemar, his younger bro n w Counts duri g their disputes ith Den ther, lived an exile at the court of Bran

a t that time denbur . mark , and the dukes of South g The cruelty and exactions of Jutland continued to recognize t he kings the foreign soldiery no w became insup

- - of Denmark as their lawful liege lords . portable ; even the good natured J utes at t Yet we shall presently see an attempt of last were roused to resistance , when Coun re - the Holsteiners to establish this imagi Gerhard , at the head of ten thousand Ger t of M nary consti ution Valdemar the inor, mans , began devastating that unhappy in the concessions of Count Christian of country with fire and sword . But . the hour d Oldenbor . g, to his uncle , Count A olph of of retribution had arrived The Danish 1 448 N orreriis Holstein , in , on which they , at the knight, Niels Ebbesen of , on the 1 8 1 340 present day , build all their pretensions to h of March , , with sixty daring fol ' “ - lo w ers n . e tered R their right of a Schleswig Holstein union f the castle of anders, and i 111 re Chr stopher II the mean time, slew the count in the midst of his numer n tur ed from his retreat in Mecklenburg, ous mercenaries . Prince Valdemar Chris the w t0 herson and Danes flocked round him ith p now returned from Germany,

s O . hope to escape from German ppression and succeeded by his prudence , persever re He regained his crown , and young Valde ance, and eminent political talents, in an m mar Erikson , renouncing his ephemeral deeming nearly all the alienated d ort di o gnity, returned to his duchy of S uth gaged provinces of the kingdom . He was t to Ju land , which Count Gerhard surrender less successful in his exertions recover ’ ed to him . But the weak and despicable South Jutland . The male line of Abel s 1 37 Christopher IL , encompassed by enemies descendants became extinct in 5 . had on all sides , not only recognized the suc The old wary King Valdemar III . Schauenbor to t cession of the Counts of g foreseen this importan event, and a Dan - fief the Danish banner of South Jutland , ish army immediately entered the duchy i in case of the death of Valdemar w thout and occupied its principal towns . But

- male heirs , but, in his pecuniary distress , the Holstein Count, Iron Henry, the chival mortgaged the whole of North Jutland to rous son of the great Gerhard , was still

Count Gerhard for a sum of money, and more prompt . He took possession of the the islands to Count John of Itzehoe . castle of Gottorp and was attacking the h th e w T ese chieftains immediately occupied Danes , when the ne s of the death of e 'ea Danish provinces thus surr ndered to King Valdemar, at Vordingborg in

t . them , wi h their wild bands of German land , again suspended the war His noble

h . irelings and adventurers Poor, dis minded daughter, Margaretha , the Semira m tracted Denmark had never found herself mis of the North , governed the kingdo s n in in greater distress . Her prelates and of De mark and Norway the name of n - Cluf H akonson nobles faw ed on the high plumed foreign her son , and being pressed ers ; her industrious citizens and brave by a disastrous war with the overbearing and th e yeomanry were alike oppressed by their Hanseatic confederation , desiring

countrymen and enemies, and treated as aid of the Counts of Holstein, she, at

if they were serfs . Her nationality seem an assembly of the Danish nobility, at on e n t 1 3 86 e the ed the point of p rishi g benea h that Nyborg , in , b stowed upon li Rendsbor t e so o f of the Germans ; her po tical power was Count Gerhard of g, h n - r of on the eve of a total dissolution. King Iron Hen y, the much disputed duchy - - flef Christopher died broken hearted on the South Jutland , as a banner of the Dan 1 3 3 3 ish n in Island of Falster in the province of crow , to remain indivisible the

Scania rose in arms , slaughtered the Ger hands of only one of the counts , who, as ndottieri c o t . man , and uni ed with Sweden a Danish vassal, had to perform the usual w - Yet the Holsteiners , ith their active and feudal military service to his liege lord .

ambitious chief, Count Gerhard , one of the The act did not expressly state whether fief greatest warriors of . the age, still possess the was personal or hereditary ; and at n ur ed all the mainland . Attempts i s the Danish kings demanded the re p etition of

rection were made, but the Danes were the oath of allegiance at every succession . ‘ 8 Wa s bet een the anes and G er ans y w D m ,

This sacrifice of the most beautiful It is very interesting to observe the same n had n n province of the ki gdom bee forced uncertai ty, about the relations between th e and on queen by the internal distraction the duchies Denmark, in the writings e of and political weakn ss of Denmark ; and of the historians the fifteenth century , al though she afterwards succeeded in as among the diplomatists and politicians r candina placing the crowns of the th ee S of the present day . It appears , never v t e t theless ian nations on her head by h celebra ed , that the principal point in dispute m 1 39 6 h t Calmaria union in , yet the favorite on the part of the vassals at t a time scheme of her life was the reunion of the was their refusal to render feudal homage t t e an m - duchy of South Jutland wi h h kingdom d ilitary aid to their liege lord . How m k . . t of Denmar Circumstances see ed in ever this might have been , cer ain it is, h her . favor The warlike Duke Ger ard , the that when the imperial umpire demanded first who assumed the title of Duke of the production of all the former documents ' feoflment Schleswig, had perished in battle against and acts of , setting forth the

D itmarskers 1 404 . the , in His sons Henry, claims of the Counts of Holstein to the o Schauenbor o nl Ad lph and Gerhard , were minors, and duchy, Henry of g could y

the youngest still unborn . refer to the vague expressions of the act of 1 3 86 Q ueen Margaretha, by her consummate and point to his good sword for the

skill in employing persuasion and force rest of the evidence . The imperial sen

alternatel . mi ht 28th n y, g perhaps have seen her tence was pronounced on the of Ju e, exertions crowned u s her 1 424 with s cces ; but , according to which the emperor, as in 1 4 1 2 a d s death , and the violence n indi the chosen umpire of both parties , having t cretion of her unworthy nephew, Erik of consulted the prela es, knights , professors

i R re e Pomeran a, who inherited her triple crown , and lawyers of the oman Empire, kindled a most bloody and untoward solved 5 that the whole of South Jutland ’ w ears w ar he a t enty y with the young dukes, with t city of Schleswig , the c stle of ' ul which fill the most disgracef pages in Gottorp and other towns , the Danish h Wold th of t e e . D anisch e annals of D nmark Though Erik wood ( , ) island Als , the t t e i disposed of united armies and flee s of and the coast dis rict of the Fri sians, w th t the whole north , tha dastard and indolent all rights and privileges , had ever belonged king was foiled 1n every attempt to repos to the king and kingdom of Denmark ; 4 2 s . 1 0 ess himself of Schleswig In , a likewise that the Counts Henry, Adolph D G erhard neither anish army of nearly a hundred thou and , had possessed nor did m s an d men suffered a terrible defeat at I possess any hereditary right to the duchy . mervad ; and Flensborg, the only city still By that sentence , the constitution of Duke 1 3 26 occupied by the king , was on the point of Valdemar of , if ever it had ex isted surrendering to the gallant Duke Henry, , was then declared invalid , and nd his n a urte a Hanseatic allies , when both the Schleswig was pronou ced an pp i e . n cont nding parties were invited to appear nance of the Danish realm Henry, before the throne of the German Emperor dignant at the apparent injustice of the f tum ire t Sigismund , who o fered himself as p imperial decision, solemnly protes ed , and V i . . . , n this odious dispute King Erik , at appealed to the Pope But Martin f be once accepted the invitation, and departed feeling himself in a di ficult position of Constanz for Germany . The young Counts of Hol tween the council and the

stein, on the contrary, preferred the prose Emperor, and intimidated by a missive Cution of the war, until at last Henry, from the latter, in which he advised him to e f r yielding to the xhortations of the clergy, confine his attention to ecclesiastical af ai s , e n m pr se ted himself at the I perial Court contented himself with _ exhorting the 4 an 42 . d at Buda in Hungary, in 1 Here he Counts of Holstein to pious submission ,

found a splendid assembly of German to peace with Denmark . to princes and Madjar magnates , as assessors, Both parties then returned the north , o attending on the decisi n of the emperor . and the war in Schleswig was carried on ' 42 u . 1 7 King Erik and his Danish nobles, sure of with renewed strength In , Co nt gaining their cause, had already left Hun Henry fell before Flensborg; but his warlike t e gary, and under aken a pilgrimage to the brother Adolph continu d the contest with

r . Holy Land . ext aordinary energy and success Ham ~ For the ossess on ( c es P i f S hl wig.

Lfibeck u m - Rendsbor and burg, and other powerf l Hanseatic e borg g became extinct, the n cities, supporti g Holstein with their fleets, duchy of Schleswig of course escheated to ru n e th e i desolated the coasts of Denmark, and the crow of D nmark, which k ng di ssat o l ined her commerce . The greatest ught immediate y to have taken possession

‘ isfaction . u th e with the incapacity of the king of The co nty of Holstein, on con trar m fief prevailed throughout the kingdoms of the y, being a Ger an , apparently a an i and the nate Calm ri . a union Er k was deposed , devolved on nearest g heirs of e Schauenbor - i th first act of his succe ssor, Christopher the lateral line of g P nneberg, 1 3 9 6 the Bavarian , was the recognition of the who already, in the year , by a treaty, r had heredita y rights of the house of Schauen secured its succession . The princes ' Oldenbor borg to the duchy of Schleswig . At the of the family of g, however, 1 43 9 Danish diet in Colding , in , the Duke were more nearly related to the defunct

Adolph , kneeling down before his liege Count of Holstein than the house of Schau

- enbor c o nates. lord , on his throne, surrounded by the g Pinneberg , but only as g ’ u l dire t co rt and nobi ity, took the oath of alle Some historians , in defence of such c i ance the ri hts g , and received from the hand of g of King Christian to the succession u king the banner of investit re . of Holstein , mention that several instances

‘ Calmarian i l t but it r the m The un on sti l exis ed , were on ecord in Ger an states of had become a mere phantom the arro that time , where the merely cognate heirs chroni gance of the prelates and nobles, the sub inherited . Thus a contemporary ection and t j of the people, the total wan of cler of Lubec , who continues the chronicle O D etm ar 1 4 0 1 1 4 7 2 political liberty and public pinion in that of from to , and whose n ot age of ignorance and oppression , did work, even by the historians of Holstein e permit the developm nt of a confederacy themselves , is pronounced to be of the i “ t among the Scandinavian nations, wh ch highest authority, says , hat the nobles

“ otherwise would have promoted their civ of Holstein rejected altogether this plea ilization , happiness , and power . Denmark of a family compact between the two lines Schauenbor n had not gained by her doubtful union with of the house of g, as the cou Sweden she felt the more deeply her re cil of the land h ad never sanctioned or it i in cent loss, and all her efforts tended towards confirmed ; and w th regard to the the r of fief recovery of her alienated possessions he itance the Holstein , they recog

n . l nized o the main land The Danish nobi ity, in that King Christian and his brothers i nearer to compl ance with this feeling, after the were in respect the succession , sudden death of King Christopher the B a than the more distant Westphalian branch 1 4 48 the Schauenbor - varian , in , sent a deputation to Duke of house of g Pinneberg, ’ - ff Adolph of Schleswig Holstein, to o er as they were sister s children; of Count i him the crown of Denmark . The Duke Adolph , and in their land , the female l ne was at the time only forty - five years of (Spindle - side) might inherit as well as - distinc n t . age ; but bei g withou children , and pre the male line (Sword side) A ferring the quiet retirement of his present tion seems thus to have existed in the suc and -fiefs position , to the cares vicissitudes cession between the great or banner , him r euda c er illi Fanelehn awaiting on the throne of the war ing ( f , , ) and the minor i i ff n r k ngdoms , he decl ned the pro ered honor, efs of the German Empi e inasmuch but directed the attention of the Danes to as in the former the inheritance was limit ’ male heirs e his young sister s son, Count Christian of ed to , while in the latter the f

Oldenbor ma le li ne . g, whom he himself had educated partook of the same right Hol i fief . ao and tenderly loved Count Christian ste n , being originally a dependent of c e ted eadum p the crown , and became the founder the duchy of Saxony, and not a f vexi lli direc t ri ht of the present dynasty of Denmark , in the of the Empire, the g of 1 4 4 year 8 . King Christian to the succession of this t 1 45 9 m Eleven years after this even , , duchy ight have been justly insisted - Adolph of Schleswig Holstein died . His upon at the time which goes directly m n o elder brother , Henry , had lived un arried , agai st the late asserti n of Prussia with “ ri r h t and pe shed in his thi tieth year ; the regard to both duc ies, tha only the '

i . younger, Gerhard , died suddenly on the agnates were admitted to the nheritance R 1 4 3 3 t u n hine, in , wi ho t legitimate issue . The great questio , however, as to whe the t l i t m t Thus the house of Counts of Schau her Sch esw g, an ancien and i portan Wa s bet een the anes and G er ans 10 r w D m ,

at in . st n province of Denmark, should be last the votes In this manner King Chri ia c or orated p with the kingdom and separated gained his object , but not without great n from Holstein , or again become united with sacrifices, which through his whole reig n the latter, by a new investiture of the ki g, pressed hard on the kingdom of Denmark . was now to be determined But a new He settled his patrimonial counties of Cl difficulty had unexpectedly been created denborg and Delmenhorst on his younger fl rins o . by the fact that the Duke Adolph , brother, with forty thousand The a moved perhaps by. his old rancor towards Counts of Schauenborg received n indem nifi' c ation Denmark, against whom he had spent his of four hundred and thirty thou florins youth in hard fighting, and still more by sand , the county of Pinneberg, his natural desire to preserve the close and several other possessions . The pre i t r union of his two beaut ful sta es , had per lates and nobles secured thei most exten s uaded e his young neph w, Christian of sive privileges, throwing all the burdens of Oldenbor th o g, when e crown of Denmark the comm nwealth on the more numerous

“ ff 1 448 to was o ered to him in , renounce his and industrious classes of the citizens and right to Schleswig, and to promise that, peasants . On his actual election to the a constitutio Valdemariana h ccording to the , duchies he declared by a c arter of rights i H a and oestni n 5 the duchy of Schleswig and the k ngdom of ( f g) dated the th of March , un 1 4 6 0 is Denmark never should be ited again under , which the Holstein h torians con t Valdemarian the same sceptre, and tha the duchy of sider as a renewal of the Con - t m stitution Schleswig Hols ein should re ain forever , that the estates of Schleswig and — and ever undivided ewich tosammend Holstein were to remain inseparable that

un edelt. g they had of their own free will, without

' This curious Low German document of any regard to his being King of Denmark, Oldenbor 8 th n t Count Christian of g is dated 2 chose him for their Duke and Count, tha 1 448 e of June, , more than a year before his th y likewise after his death were entitled coronation at Copenhagen as King of Den to elect his success or from among his chil ou 2 h 44 8 t 1 9 . mark the October, It had no dren , or in case of his having no issue , from ri validity, because Count Ch stian could not among his lawful heirs, and that ifhe should give away any territory or rights of th e leave but one son to succeed him on the w t kingdom of Denmark, the cro n of which throne of Denmark , the esta es should have h e even ‘ do did not wear nay, he could not the right to choose some other chief, pro k vided so after he had been crowned ing, except only he were of the kin and lineage with the consent of the states in a general of the deceased . da nneho f or diet . This renunciation and The future position of Schleswig for promise of the young Count may therefore several centuries was now decided . A few 1 4 74 d be considered null and void . years later, in , Holstein was erecte said that t u We Christian , as a cogna e into a duchy , and tho gh Schleswig remain ‘ f M t to a fief n t e heir, had righ the succession in Hol ed Danish , which did not belo g to h in 1 45 9 in stein . His ambition however empire , it now entered by its relation to Hol cited him to go any length in order to stein into a more intimate intercourse with . u . the acq ire both the estates , Holstein as well Germany The mass of people still i w as Schleswig, and to un te both ith the spoke Danish , as they do to this day, but the

- kingdom in spite of his own renunciation all powerful nobility , by intermarriages in 1 4 4 8 . of Instead , therefore, of drawing the sister duchy, and the clergy, by the fief and in be ~ in the escheated of Schleswig, great spiritual movement in the south , c or oratin t w ar i hh Dm m k he id m er . n p g i , d not came more and ore G manized With enforce that right, but simply offered him half a century, the diet in Schleswig began a L w- In self as candidate for the free election of to be held in the o German dialect . R the Schleswig and Holstein nobility . Thus the times of the eformation, the Lutheran ' ' he placed himself on a level with the indi translation of the B ible in the High - Ger of Schauenbor - unintelli i gent counts g Pinneberg, well man language was still nearly g ' ' knowing that the large sums he had by ble to the great majority of the common i underhand means distributed among the people, both in Holstein and Schlesw g, c avaricious prelates and nobles , and the yet by the mighty influen e of the Ger t R ci i , powerful influence of the family of ant man vil za ion from ‘ the south and the r him f the Oldenbor zau, would procu e the majority of indi ference of g kings, who o c 1 For the Possession f S hleswig. 1

themselves spoke the German at the court dynasty, quite contrary to the spirit of the 1 0 of Copenhagen , the Danish lost g und , principle of unity expressed in the act of 1 4 6 0 s and the High German at last gaining the , which in thi manner was abolished n de acto victory, became the la guage of the pul f by the Schleswig and Holstein

of . pit, the bar, and of the national assem states themselves

. 44 1 . 1 blies The university of Kiel was erected in Christian I died in , and left two 1 6 6 5 n Schleswi ers — , and the you g g as well sons by his Q ueen Dorothea Hans , who as c d the Holsteiners, having received their was elected King of Denmark, and Fred ucation s at that in titution , extended their erik, at that time only ten years of age . t ravels to Germany, in order to finish their The ambitious queen dowager , desiring studies and bring German literature and her younger son , Prince Frederik, to be science back to their native countries . elected in the duchies , succeeded by her Nor were the commercial relations with intrigues in delaying the final decision of o i in the Hanseatic confederati n less nfluential the states for nine years, when at last,

Schleswi ers 1 4 9 0 , the ro al in alienating the g from their both y y brothers were elect

Danish brethren . The naval establish ed , and a very remarkable division of the S t r s vne ments ( y i ha ) of the victorious Val two provinces took place . Instead of de clarin n demars, who with their Danish fleets g Ki g Hans of Denmark Duke of i subjected all the southern coasts of the Schleswig , and his brother Freder k Duke

Baltic , and extended their feudal dominion of Holstein and vassal of the Germanic ni R both over Estho a , Pomerania and ugen , had Empire, the states now divided duch i the il both gone to ru n during civ wars of the ies between the princes . King Hans centu 1 h - five fourteenth y . The eig ty cities obtained the northern district of Haders H ausa of the rich and powerful had for leben , the city of Flensborg, the island of r nearly two centu ies possessed the entire Als , as belonging to Schleswig , and the c ommerce of the Baltic and northern seas, western and southern parts of Holstein, i rivile Rends r G lii ckstad and by the r exclusive rights and p with g, , Itzehoe, Sege n s ges , kept the Scandinavian ki gs in the mo t berg , Oldesloe and the promontory of aristo c - abject bondage to a commercial Heiligenhafen, which all formed the pos R racy . No wonder, then , that Hamburg , sessions of the oyal or Segeberg line of ii k L bec . , and Bremen had become the succession His younger brother Frederik 1 schools and places of gene al resort of the united the Schleswig districts of Gottorp , w active mariners of Schleswig and Holstein . Tondern and Apenrade, ith Kiel, the O n r . lde bo King Christian I of g, having eastern parts of Holstein and the island of t s 1 4 6 0 b Femern hu , m , been elected Duke of So les , and thus established the Ducal wi i n g and Holstein , it might have been sup or Gottorp l ne . In this man er the Sege posed that the great question about the berg line possessed six diflerent districts i hi i ermin led duch es had at last been solved , but most of both duc es inclosed or gt g unhappily for the tranquillity aii d welfare with the four portions belo ngnig to that ' of the Danish monarchy, new divisions of Gottorp This most untoward sub followed thirty years later ( 1 4 9 0 ) which division o f the two Danish and German cen fiefs at different periods , for nearly two , afterwards gave rise to the fatal de ar th e d a duch o S chleswi t ies and a half, were causes of y nomination of y f g ' H o lstein olitical nul nastic dissensions , foreign invasions , and , which . although a p i l r lil ncalcu able dist ess and misery in the y, has nevertheless been the cause of e whole monarchy . Although the crown interminable complications and diss nsions , o f Denmark continued elective for two and mainly contributed to the present — hundred years ( 1 46 0 1 6 6 0 ) after the unjust and iniquitous invasion of Denmark

I . accession of Christian . , it descended by the Germanic confederation Disputes nevertheless as regularly from father to soo n arose between the brothers ; the if in son , as it had been hereditary . But in ambitious Frederik laid claims to the l Ritte fiefs the duchies, where the nobi ity ( r vestiture of in Denmark and Norway, scha t w who f , which ere refused by the diet, de ) alone formed the, states this oli garchy simultaneously elected different clared that Denmark was a free and indi

Oldenbor . a descendants of the house of g, visible elective kingdom Such refusal and the lands thus became divisible and exasperated the duke in the highest de t subdivisible among distinct lines of the gree. He united with the Hanseatic ci ies 12 Wars bet een the anes and G er ans w D m ,

a in t his t the t t ga s brother, and taking advan age promised king tha he would ake Dit the of marsk to heaven itself of unruly spirit the Swedes , he even even if it was chained . attempted by flattery and promises to be Thus the best appointed army Denmark n t elected their king . A civil war would no had ever sent forth , co sisting of thir y doubt have broken out with King Hans , if thousand combatants, advanced through a feud against the D itmarskers m Holstein the low marshes against the six thousand

to e r , had not caused the brothers unite their arm d he dsmen, who in vain had de

m mand d . he e t . forces against the com on enemy . the aid of the cities on Elbe D itmarskers 1 3th o ccu The , a people of Saxon de On the of February, the Danes s a t t cent inhabiting small fer ile district pied the open own of Meldorf, which had n E der the betwee the Elbe and the y , in that been abandoned, and only the aged and part of Holstein which faces the Western defenceless fell victims to the wild soldiery t the o e l . c an , had during severa cen uries lived of time But their cruelty and pre

n m et t . i perfect independence . They formed a sumption with thejus est chastisement c n t des air 'and ommonwealth , which was gover ed by Anima ed by p , resolved to perish ' bailifls and l aldermen , and united by the in the cause of their liberty, this handfu l ove of freedom , they had maintained of people, led on by the heroic Wolf Ise th m t s t e selves in hi situation agains all brand , occupied a small fort situated on a ggression . At the conquest of Holstein an eminence between Meldorf and Hem in st d to on e . by King Valdemar the Victorious, they g The royal army had pass f in ollowed the Danish banner but during a narrow and swampy road , hemmed

o 1 227 . the bloody battle of Bornh ved in , on both sides by ditches and marshes t the hey; by treacherously attacking the Danes While Saxon infantry advanced, they in h t mthe t eir rear, caused their total overthrow . were received by a destruc ive fire fro t t This reachery was rewarded by the counts bat eries on the hill . They lost their com

' o f fallin back n Holstein with perfect independence, and mander, and g in disorder upo a t at lthough Coun Gerhard afterwards the Danish chivalry, they were furiously t d to t k - empte subdue them , they defea ed attac ed on all sides by the light armed and w t in D itmarskers s sle him, foiled all subsequen , who, on their long pears , vasions t the s , and ob ained from German with dexterity jumped over the ditche Emperor the privilege of being placed be and began an indiscriminate slaughter on neath the protection of the archiepiscopal the defenceless flanks of the crowded col m see . u n of Bremen Nor would those poor . Three hundred and sixty nobles of and brave herdsmen and fishermen have the most distinguished families in Den e in t m the n b en disturbed their ranquillity, if they ark and duchies, and more tha not t 0 0 the had , like the Swiss on the Alps, rely thousand r ps , perished on t - field in . g on their victories , become roublesome battle The king himself escaped

a . . o ggressors on their neighbors King Chris with difficulty The old Dannebr g, the ha a rea n the t . d l d ian I y resolved their reduction, Danish ban er from the times of Valde and n having represented them to the Em mars, was lost together with all the can on, D it eror d II. . p Frie erich I as a set of lawless arms, and an immense baggage The and m arskers unruly rovers, he received permission , pursuing the retreating army,

to make the conquest of their territory . made devastating incursions into Holstein, his the t But he died , and sons would perhaps which forced the king , by media ion of ~ D itmarskers in have left the to themselves, if the Hanseatic cities , to recognize their t i hey had not taken an active part n the dependence . e 1 5 1 3 dispute between Duke Fred rik and the King Hans died in , and was suc Liibeck ceeded v Hanseatic cities of and Hamburg, by his spirited, but iolent and who l e o . and destroyed the ducal d p ts and cus cruel son, Christian II , immediate y tom - n s houses on the island of Helgola d . on his accession called together the state The king and the duke now resolved the of Schl eswig and Holstein to a general

war . The brilliant feudal array of Den diet in Flensborg , in order to be elected

mark and the duchies assembled in Hol duke of the royal share in the duchies . 1 5 0 0 stein during the winter of , and was The states assembled but before they a strengthened by six thous nd mercenary swore allegiance to the king, they demand - the l s Saxon lance knechts, commanded by the ed confirmation of all their privi ege t condottiere u Slents r t t t e haugh y J nker , who and igh s, and cer ain resti utions to Duk 1 For the Possession of Schleswig. 3

i 1 5 03 i . his Frederik, wh ch King Hans, in , had d sastrous division The king, and

n hi s . e gaged to make to brother The brothers Hans and Adolph , received dif ' n lnn n - ferent you g g, nourishi g a deep rooted districts both of Schleswig and Hol i hatred against the powerful nobil ty, stein, with their castles, convents and i n whom he, as a crown pr nce, had already tow s , which were denominated after the ’ with the axe and the sword almost annihi principal residences . The king s share in u lated Norway, and whose exorbitant was called that of Sonderborg . D ke rivile es n g he intended to circumscribe in Ha s obtained Hadersleben, and Adolph ,

D u . n enmark, ref sed the demands of the Gottorp The you ger brother Frederik u i now H ildersheim 1 1 . states . Serio s d scussions arose ; became bishop of in 5 5 and both prelates and nobles declared that The ducal claims to the possession of if the king did not confirm all their rights Hamburg and the territory of the Dit i marsk ers and claims , they would immed ately elect , and many privileges and taxes, his uncle Frederik as their only sovereign remained in common ; for every one o f

u . d ke . Christian II , knowing the ambition the dukes possessed the full sovereignty i i l of that prince, and fear ng the general dis in his own pr ncipa ity, though he recog i in nized his - for sat sfaction Sweden , yielded at the time ; the emperor as liege lord be i . r deferred his ntended reforms, acknow Holstein Yet the royal brothers, on thei re ledged the rights of the oligarchy, and presenting their homage to the king , received their h omage as Duke of Sobles fused to perform the usual military service i e n - fief wig and Holste n . Yet the enmity b for Schleswig as a Danish ban er act t n i l ween the two pri ces cont nued , and was ing upon the il egal pretension of the old e fomented by the disloyal and tr acherous dukes of South Jutland , that the duchy

~ conduct of Christian towards his un cle . was a frank fee exempted from every feo

The horri ble slaughter of the Swedish dary duty . Years passed on in violent 8 nobility in Stockholm on the th of No disputes, and at last, when the ceremony vember 1 5 20 , , and the subsequent rebel of investiture was to take place at the of 1 5 23 1 5 4 7 lion the Danish nobles in , decided general assembly at Colding, m , in h i the fate of C r stian the Tyrant . He fled the presence of the king , the dukes on a to rede1i k l Germany, and F , being called to sudden refused ; a tumu t arose, the cere n d the Da ish throne , immediately took pos mony was suspen ed, and the princes, of the u 1n session all the royal castles in duch mounting their horses, h rried off dis

w . ies, hich thus were united a second time . gust But King Christian did not yield , They remained un divided till the year and though he lived nearly m the same 1 544 ; during which period King Chris dissensions with his brothers as the nu — I. n tian III . , the son of Frederik , had gov happy Erik Plough penni g had done, u n i erned them in the name of his yo nger three hu dred years before, he still vind cated brothers, Hans , Adolph , and Frederik . the right of the Danish crown .

Another favorable opportunity had thus Adolph of Holstein Gottorp , a prince of h presented itself to the Danis Council for a bot and impetuous temper, again turned reclaimi ng the ancient Danish province of his arms against the courageous D itmarsk l it South Jut and , and by uniting with ers , who, ever since the terrible defeat of w K n uninten u ted Denmark , to establish ane the old Scan i g Hans , had enjoyed p dinavian E der - n i or . frontier of the y at least , possessio of their independence Chr s

u . u by adopting the advice of the disting ished tian III , however, who wished to r le in R succ r eded general, John de antzau, at once to de tranquillity over his dominions, rimo en tu e 1 9 clare the right of p g i r in the in preserving peace till his death in 5 5 .

e . duchies . This principle had at that time But his son and successor, Fred rik II , already been introduced with success into was more willing to enter into the designs - ri Bavaria and Mark Brandenburg . But the of his uncle , being afraid of his conque ng n Da ish oligarchs, says a native historian , the whole territory and keeping it to him

i . t were more intent upon fortify ng their self The king , wi h his Danish army, di ’ castles and exten ng their farms, on buy therefore joined the duke s , and better i now ing and selling the r poor serfs , who were care was taken to insure success . i the no better than slaves , than on secur ng The conflict was long and bloody but the l i i D itmarskers we fare of the r king and country . The ntrepidity of the could not Council cons ented to another still more prevail against the military knowledge and 14 Wars bet een the anes and er ns w D G ma ,

T . he Odensee discipline of their enemies Danes The decision of , though not

were commanded by the old Count John satisfactory to Denmark, did at least settle R antzau , the head of one of the noblest two important points ' the obligation on families of Holstein , to whose military tal the part of the dukes to renew the fin Oldenbor in ents the house of g was highly vestiture, and the recognition of the mili

e . v hi insi debted for its victories and grand ur tary ser ice , w ch though in itself g nificant forni ed Adolph too was a prince of uncommon , still the strong link between

braver and skill, who fought in the hot the duchy of Schleswig and the kingdom . t 0 t Th est the battle , and hrice rallied his e ceremony took place on the 3 d of ' tr u 1 5 80 o ps , whom the desperate valor of the May, , on the large square of Oden

v . n enemy had forced to gi e ground After see , where the royal thro e had been erect a vi olent struggle the victory declared for ed . The three dukes at the same time laid th e ; Danes it was as complete and de their hands on the banner of Dannebrog , oisive as they could wish . All the towns and swore the usual allegiance to their

- and forts surrendered the vanquished sued liege lord as faithful vassals . A few months t , . e for peace which was granted hem They later, the Had rsleben line became ex h to paid omage the King of Denmark as tinct by the death of Duke Hans the elder . their lawful sovereign , and took the oath All the possessions were now equally of perpetual fidelity to him and his succes divided between Duke Adolph of Holstein

° s . the subdivis ors They paid the expenses of the war, Gottorp and the King, while ‘ and delivered up the standards and mili ions which entailed so many evils on the

t . 1 6 0 8 ary trophies taken from King Hans duchies were put a stop to , in , when Though the victors in apparent concord the right of primogeniture was established

, 1 6 5 0 e divided the conquered territory yet the in the ducal part, and, in , extend d the i the dispute about investiture of Schlesw g to royal province .

s . till continued As no party would yield , Christian IV . reigned with a strong the decision of that odious question was hand , and taught the dukes to respect r r the t efe red to Elec or of Saxony, the the feudal rights of Denmark ; but tre e , mendous hi Landgrave of H sse and the Duke of events were forthcoming , w ch

. 1 M , , 5 7 9 , the ecklenburg as umpires In May once more overturned old relations, the the sentence was given at Congress of and at; last subjected them to the de

O densee . cision 1 6 1 8 ter Schleswig was to be considered of the sword . In the as fief ’ a hereditary military of Denmark, y e . rible thirty ears war brok out between with which the king was bound to invest the Protestant and Catholic parties in Oldenbor . The the dukes of the g family Germany, and King Christian IV . , as

o - king was to consult the dukes ab ut ques chief of the Low Saxon circle , entered ' , w . the tions of war and peace “ and they then Germany ith his Danish army By pledged themselves to render him military treachery of his Saxon allies he was de - ort service as their liege lord , withf y knights feated in the bloody battle of Lutter am - ei ht ' B arember 1 626 and g y foot soldiers This ridiculous g, in , and the imperial the leni otentia a t act was then signed by p p General W llens ein , pursuing the retreat

, the ries of the foreign princes vassals , and , the ’ ing king overran the duchies and all

u D . the sagacio s Council of enmark The mainland of Denmark with his wild bands . states in the duchies showed far more res The Duke of Holstein - Gottorp then broke lution o and perseverance in the mainte his allegiance and declared against the

n t . ance of their righ s They refused in king , and though he lost all his possessions ‘ 1 56 3 to e war l o recognize 'the sovereignty of the in the cours of the , they were

, Lii beck Duke Hans the younger brother of King stored to him by the treaty of , in

F . , 1 6 29 rederik II on whom he settled the prin , between the Emperor and the King t ’ ci ali , the p y of Sonderborg on the island of of Denmark . The hatred between did , h ome Als nor the descendants of this line reigning lines ad bec inveterate . The “

ever succeed in obtaining the recognition of Duke again united with Sweden , and Carl ' . ri that dignity to this day G ustav, crossing the belt on the ice , du ng

1 6 5 8 . the winter, , forced Frederik III , the The ese t u e of o e o -Au u t n pr n D k S nd rb rg g s e the son and successor of Christian IV . , in or and hi s o he P ince N oer who ha e ta en b g, br t r r , v k t Roeskilde and s a ains heir cousi Kin F e e i I trea ies of Copenhagen, the a m V I. of r g t t n, g r d r k he enmar are the irec o fs in of ha ami , to to t D k, d t f pr g t t f ly. same year concede Duke and

Wars bet een the anes and G er ans 16 w D m ,

the t to t mark had to carry on contes for more ceded it in re urn by, the King of Den

. of than fifty years . The threatening storm mark The completeness the cession w — i R came no longer from S eden which , van of Schleswig on the part of ussia is still uished c her q and weakened during the disas more evident, when ompared with ‘ h ad 'II. D elmen trous wars of Charles , now exchange of the counties of for a time retreated from the great politi horst and Oldenborg for the Gottorp share 4— cal theatre but from the more dangerous of Holstein . According to the former n Russian Empire . The duke Charles Fred treaty, Schleswig is ceded to the Ki g of in erik had taken his residence Kiel , in Denmark and his royal successors , while h an Holstein , where he strenuously protested the latter mentions only King C risti VII e . n against the cession of Schl swig . He soon and his brother, Pri ce Frederik, dau h their male n after married Anne Petrowna, the g with heirs ; thus declari g that R t t on ter of Peter the Great, and became thus, ussia reserved her righ s o Holstein ' R fo rmidable enem t o supported by ussia, a y the ex inction of the male descendants f t i ' to Denmark . Yet the pruden Christian the reign ng dynasty . th e t t e s VI . , son and successor of Frederik By these treaties and la er se tlem nt IV foun d the means to frustrate the war with the lateral lines of Augustenborg of Oldenbor like schemes the duke , without any and Beck, the house of g came at t t ruptur e with that power . More imminent las in o undisputed possession both of 7 6 2 h t 1 w t e . c seemed the war in , hen , on Schleswig and Hols ein The latter du hy, fief death of the Empress Elizabeth , Peter III . , though a German , was incorporated 1 8 0 6 the son of Charles Frederick , succeeded with the kingdom of Denmark in , on R of the . act in her on the throne of ussia The first the dissolution German empire, of his reign was a declaration of war against consequence of the victories and conquests t h Frederik V . of Denmark . As the head of of the Emperor Napoleon . But at e - e s 1 8 1 5 ai n the house of Holstein Gottorp , he r newed Congres of Vienna in , Holstein ag t ni his claims to the ceded par of Schleswig . entered into connection with the Germa c

n . . as Immense armaments were undertaken in co federation King Frederik VI , D - of- enmark a fine fleet of sixty men war duke of Holstein , obtained a vote in the

“ was e t t s n cruising in the Baltic, and an die of Frankfort, and bound himself to army of seventy thousand combatants was join the federal army with a contingent of R h t advancing upon the ussians in t e cmvi three housand five hundred troops . At 1 8 1 5 the rons of Wismar, when the news of the the general peace in , all f . i revolution at St Petersburg , the violent dif erent nations , which formed the coal ne abdication and murder of Peter, put a sud tion against France , had been the gai rs . i n m den stop to the mil tary demonstratio s . Den ark alone, as the faithful ally of the n Catherine II . , his successor, did not prose Emperor Napoleo , had been almost crush cute the quarrel of her hot - headed hus ed under the weight of accumulated dis ' R band . She recalled the ussian troops asters, and from a flourishing kingdom of t from Mecklenburg and concluded a reaty the second rank , with a numerous army, a n with Denmark , which was confirmed by gallant navy and exte sive commerce, she 1 7 7 3 i n ac her son , the Emperor Paul , in , had then , in her isolated position , dwindled ' cordance with which, the house of Hol down to a small state , of a third or fourth stein - Gottorp forever renounced all claims rank among the victorious nations around upon Schleswig , and by a second treaty of her . Her capital had been burnt ; her n t r the same date, excha ged its possessions flee ca ried off her colonies, credit and — and rights in the duchy of Holstein fer the commerce nearly destroyed and to crown Oldenbor counties of g and Delmenhorst, all, Norway had been surrendered to the t her Swedes, who at that ime were still

’ . i r r Israeli enemies Norway, wh ch for nearly fou M . D M . B sai in his s ee h on th , , d p c e 1 9th of A i as in the o se of Commo her pr l l t, H u ns ' centuries and a half had been united to , Whe Russia was a o to in a e enm a n b ut v d D rk, and the a e h a in a i e to hi s coun hi s im o an ac emons a es ha the l tt r v g ppl d t try, T p rt t f t d tr t t t En an si nifie her inten io to ar out the R ssian em e o as a i ec esce an of the gl d g d t n c ry u p r r, d r t d nd t i s of her uaran - ovis o , and in co se e e es of o s ei G o o has a ea e c aim to pr n g ty n qu nc Duk H l t n tt rp, n r r l o ha io R ssi a f o ific , did not in e Schl es the uch of o s ein ha the and P imc t t n t at n u vad d y H l t , t n Duke r -g n . For the ossess on c es P i Qf S hl wig.

I f and whose people bore in origin , language, Frank ort deputy Welcker has lately had ffi ffi history and manners , the closest a nity to the greatest di culty in persuading the t o u L auenbor ers the Danes, was now violen ly severed fr m q iet and industrious g that

ki . her sister ngdom Denmark received , by these treaties are null and void, and that the way of compensation , but a very imperfect they, as Germans, belonging to com er an one , and on h part very reluctantly, mon glorious fatherland, ought to take up of t t other small slice German terri ory, cut arms against heir Danish liege lord . away with the large carving knife of the Such were the relations between Den ' of V of Congress ienna, from the newly mark and the duchies Schleswig, Hol the L auenbor 1 8 1 5 . liberated people of Germany, in duchy stein and g in There did h not au nbor . r of L e g The ci cumstances w ich at that time exist any party spirit, any n - brought that German duchy u der the Schleswig Holstein separatistic tendencies, t a Danish crown are very remarkable . When which migh have prognosticated ny hos f King Frederik VI . was obliged by the tile conflict between the two dif erent na k m tionaliti i 1 8 1 4 es . treaty ofK el, in , to cede the ingdo of the monarchy t of Norway to the crown of Sweden , the Tha movement began later, and origi t n hi s f nated not i king of tha cou try, on part, of ered as with the people, but w th the — — an indemnity to the King of Denmark and nobility die Ritterschaft and the swarm s w hi successors, the duchy of S edish of German employees , forming a bureau Rii en Pomerania and the principality of g , cracy, who by the ambitious intrigues of -five f with seventy and a hal German square the princes of Augustenborg , were led to miles , and inhabitants . hope that by a final rupture with Denmark, Prussia now stood forward and demand they might deprive her both of Schleswig m n L auenbor ed the cession of these mariti e provi ces , and g, and thus form an inde to i t t of own proposing give Denmark an equ valent penden sta e their , which , by its

did . B ut territory, which it not possess in important maritime position on the Baltic t order to fulfil its promise, Prussia hen per and the North Sea, might, as they said, — the suaded the King of Hanover George III . become handle of the sword , which of Great Britain -to cede the duchy of Saxe Germany was to throw into the scales of

L auenbor n t . g, with ineteen German square fa e on the Northern Seas mi . les, and inhabitants The poor A second article on this interesting sub n or ers ect Laue b g remained six days Prussian j , so little understood in general, will 4th t subjects, and were then, on the of give an account of the recen revolutionary u 1 8 1 5 in i t J ne , perpetuity, w th full movemen s in the duchies, and the events ' — sovereignty and proprietary right trans of the war consequent thereon . ferred to the King of Denmark . The