DOCSLIB.ORG

The Gregory Rift

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Gregory Rift EASTERN AFRICA Les poissons sont abondants et le stock d'espèces est très proche de celui du lac Abaya. Les espèces dominantes sont Lates niloticus et Bagrus docmac. Les crocodiles sont très nombreux, les hippopotames plus rares. Actuellement, l'exploitation du lac se limite à la pêche artisanale de la Perche du Nil. La productivité du lac en poissons n'a pas été estimée mais il est probable qu'elle est suffisamment élevée pour que la pêche commercialisée soit envisageable. 6.2 THE GREGORY RIFT by Mary J. SURGIS and K.K. KAVUTI The eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley continues South through Kenya and Tanzania as the Gregory Rift. In contrast to the Western Rift, whose lakes drain either to the Nile or to the Zaïre, the lakes of the Gregory Rift are almost all endorheic and many of them are highly saline. Apart from Lake Turkana, which is not considered here, the most intensively studied are the freshwater Lake Naivasha and the saline L. Nakuru: they are treated separately. Information available on the other major lakes is swmiarised in section 6.2.c. Geolo~y and Geography: The formation of the Rift Valleys and the history of the present lake basins is thought to have started towards the end of the Kiocene, some twenty million years ago. The Rift Valleys eut through the crystalline Precambrian rocks of the central African tableland which, over rnuch of the region, are overlain by shallow Cenozoic volcanics and other sedimentary deposits. The escarpments are sti 11 very obvious and the Valley floor lies Up to 500m belOW the general level Of the plateaux on either si de. In places the elevation of the escarpments is increased by the associated mountain ranges such as the Aberdares in Kenya and the Crater Highlands of Tanzania. There is much evidence of past volcanic activity: numerous extinct volcanoes are evident both in and along the edges of the Rift Valley while many of the lakes receive water from hot soda springs. 6. 2 • a. L.llE NAIVASHA Lake Naivasha <Fig. 6.6) is unusual among the lakes of the Gregory Rift in that, despite the fact that it lies in a closed basin, its water is fresh. It bas been intensively studied over the years by a number of limnologists and the information presented here cornes primarily from Li tterick et al <1979) whic~ summarises information from an extensive li terature but particularly from Kelack <1976, 1979) and the papers of Gaudet Ceg. 1977, 1978b), Gaudet and Kelack (1981), Mavuti and Litterick (1981) and Mavuti (1983). 1. Geography and Morphology Location: In the Central Rift Valley Province of Kenya c80krn by road from Nairobi; 0°4S'N, 36°20'E. Alt!._tude: 1889m asl; lake level variable± O.Sm annually. 331 AFRIQUE ORIENTALE 36' 15' 36' 30' 0'15' N \ 2840m coniour Bathymetflc contour (metresi 0 kilometres 20 0'30' 0'30' 3908m (F45· 36'1 s· 36•30' Fig. 6.6 Map of Lake Naivasha and its catchment area <redrawn after Gaudet and Melack 1981). 332 EASTERN AFRICA Landscapes: To the E. the Aberdare Range and the Kinangop Plateau; to the W. the Mau Escarpment; the Eburu Hills to the N. partially separate Naivasha from the Nakuru and Elmenteita basins. The Rift Valley floor in this region is still volcanically active and Mount Longonot, with several smaller volcanoes, forms a partial barrier to the S. which is breached by the Njorowa Gorge. Morphometry: The Naivasha basin contains four morphometrically distinct water bodies: the main lake comprises >90~ of the total, Cresent Island Crater Cthe rim of an extinct volcano> and Oloidien Lake are contiguous with the main lake but the distinctiveness of the latter depends on the level of the main lake. Lake Sonachi is a small, isolated crater lake close to the western shore of the main lake. Area of the drainage basin 2378 km2 Area of the system Cincluding Oloidien and Cresent Island craters> cl50km2 but very variable as shown in the table. Area km2 Maximum depth m Mean depth m 1973 1979 1973 1979 1973 1979 open water Haivasha Cmain lake) 115 150 7.3 10.0 4.6 6.5 Cresent Is. Crater 2.1 2.1 17 17 11.1 11.0 Oloidien 5.5 5.6 8.4 9.0 4.8 5.6 Depth: The depth is also very variable and undergoes seasonal fluctuations of c+-0.Sm and much longer term fluctuations of up to Sm CFig.6.7>. The lake is thought to have dried up completely at least once in the last 300 years. 2. Geology The geological history of the L. Naivasha basin has been discussed by Richardson and Richardson (1972). Lakes Naivasha, Elmenteita and Nakuru were all once part of a much larger lake which, from about 12,800 BP to 5,700 BP filled the basin and overflowed via Njorowa Gorge. After this the lake levels fell abruptly and about 4,200 BP reached their present levels. Before this there was at least one totally dry period of about 100 years and the lake may now be at its highest level for the last 3000 years. 3. Climate ~ Bsfb Koppen Total solar radiation: Monthly means varied from 568.5 x 104Jtm2/d to 2608.3 x 104J/m2/d with the maximum in January - February and minimum in July - August. Wind: Light breezes in the morning CS. 5km/h at 0900h); stronger in the afternoon; 11 -15km/h typical; not much seasonal variation; prevailing direction usually South. ~ainfall: The pattern of rainfall at Naivasha is shown in the climatic diagram CFig. 6. 8 >. There are two wet and two dry seasons 333 AFRIQUE ORIENTALE 1894 LAKE NAIVASHA WATER LEVELS 1892 <Il l'tl 1890 Vl LU 0:: f- LU 1888 :L 1886 1884+-~~-..-~~-.-~~--..--~~-.--~~--~~- 192 5 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1778 LAKE ELMENTEITA WATER LEVELS 1777 Vl LW 0:: 1- 1.!.J L: 1776 1775.,_~~~~~-.-~~-.-~~--r~~---,.--~--. 1925 19 35 1945 1955 19 65 1975 1985 400 LAKE NAKURU WATER LEVELS E u 300 Vl -' LW > 200 LU _J LU ::.::: 100 <( _,J 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 Fig. 6.7 Water level changes in Lake Naivasba (annual means redrawn fron Litterick et al 1979 plus data from the Kenya Hinistry of Water), Lake Elmenteita <redrawn from Melack 1979; no recent data avaiable> and Lake Nakuru <redrawn from Vareschi 1982). The gap for 1976 in the Lake Naivasha record indicates uncertainty about the annual mean at a time of low water level. 334 EASTERN AFRICA 200mm 60' NAKU~U 11836 "') 181' 877 33 9• l 14,37) 29 2' so· NAIVASHA (1900m) [ 100mm 50' m: [18.31.J 17.4' 588 1 40' 80mm 40' 30' GO mm 30' 1 :1 -155' -16 3' li 20. h1111lœ!Illl1fJlllJJlllh,l".""""'-flllW1U.llliJJllilll 40mm 20' 10• 20mm 10' 11.4' 8.8' 0 2.r ' J A s 0 N 0 J F M A M J Omm 33P' J A S 0 N D J F M A KISUMU (1149ml 233' l 71 50' AGADI SODA CO. 100mm 50' [1,47) 369' 376' 31.1' 40' eomm 40' 80mm 30' 60mm 30' 60mm •11.9" -122· 20' 40mm 20' 40mm 10• · 20mm 10' 20mm 20.3' 161' o•==........ ~~~~~~~~.J. Omm 0 Omm 12.4' ' J A S 0 N D J F M AM 200mm 200mm !1313 m) 2\0' 10% m: [14,0) 100mm "T'""50' 100mm 80mm 40' 80mm 30' 60mm 30' 60mm -124' 20· 4Qmm / 40mm 10' 20mm 17.1' ,__ ........ ~~~~~~~~_,__Jf :::m 14.2 O' J F M A M J J A S 0 N D Omm DA S 0 N J MF M A J KASESE, UGANDA 23 3'998 lDOmm 60' [4,4) :91S5ml 36 o· 28 9' w 100mm l. 40' ~80mm 30' f GO mm -l 3 s· 1--f-llJJ.UJ.:J.lJ.lUW.ilillJ.JjllllliJUJllillillillLr 20* · J..:)rnm 1 se· ! 1w o· .!FMt.~-MJJ A.~s··oN-oorr·m Fig. 6.8 Climatic diagrams for representative stations in Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda. Redrawn after Walter and Lieth Cl960 - 67) with the exception of those for Magadi and Kasese which have been constructed from records of the East African Meteorological Department in the library of the U.K. Meteorological Office 335 AFRIQUE ORIENTALE per year with maximum rainfall usually in April and minimum in January. The mean annual total is higher in the catchment than on the lake eg. 693-836mm (1973-75) in the Kalewa watershed. Evaporation: monthly means of relative humidity at lSOOh range from 22~ in January to 107~ in April. Air temperature: Monthly means vary from 15.9 - 18.5°C (Fig. 6.8); July bas the coolest means and the least range; January and February have the warmest means but the greatest range of temperatures. Daytime temperatures can reach 30°C. 4. Hydrograpby and Hydrology The Malewa River with a catchment area of 1730 km2 provides 9~ of the inflow; the Gilgil Ccatchment area 420 km2) is frequently dry before reaching the lake its flow having been diverted for irrigation etc. Both these rivers enter the lake tbrough the North Swamp. Flow in the Karati only reaches the lake during December to February. Groundwater seepage along the NE and NW shores provided 13 - 16~ of the inflow in 1973 - 75. Water balance for Naivasha main lake from Gaudet and Melack Cl981) m3 X 106 1973 1974 1975 Surface run-off 0.6 o. 7 0." River discharge 90.8 204.0 260.5 Rainfall 106.l 114.2 77 .l See page in 37.0 42.3 50.8 Total input 234.5 361.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Silica-Rich Deposits and Hydrated Minerals at Gusev Crater, Mars: Vis-NIR Spectral Characterization and Regional Mapping
    Icarus 205 (2010) 375–395 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Icarus journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/icarus Silica-rich deposits and hydrated minerals at Gusev Crater, Mars: Vis-NIR spectral characterization and regional mapping M.S. Rice a,*, J.F. Bell III a, E.A. Cloutis b, A. Wang c, S.W. Ruff d, M.A. Craig e, D.T. Bailey b, J.R. Johnson f, P.A. de Souza Jr. g, W.H. Farrand h a Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA b Department of Geography, University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Ave., Winnipeg, Man., Canada R3B 2E9 c Department of Earth and Planetary Science and McDonnell Center for Space Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA d School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA e Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. Louis, Ont., Canada N6A 5B7 f Astrogeology Team, United States Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA g Tasmanian ICT Center, CSIRO, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia h Space Science Institute, 4750 Walnut Street, Suite 205, Boulder, CO 80301, USA article info abstract Article history: The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Spirit has discovered surprisingly high concentrations of amorphous Received 7 January 2009 silica in soil and nodular outcrops in the Inner Basin of the Columbia Hills. In Pancam multispectral obser- Revised 24 March 2009 vations, we find that an absorption feature at the longest Pancam wavelength (1009 nm) appears to be Accepted 31 March 2009 characteristic of these silica-rich materials; however, spectral analyses of amorphous silica suggest that Available online 8 May 2009 the 1009 nm spectral feature is not a direct reflection of their silica-rich nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Tectonic and Climatic Control on Evolution of Rift Lakes in the Central Kenya Rift, East Africa
    Quaternary Science Reviews 28 (2009) 2804–2816 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev Tectonic and climatic control on evolution of rift lakes in the Central Kenya Rift, East Africa A.G.N. Bergner a,*, M.R. Strecker a, M.H. Trauth a, A. Deino b, F. Gasse c, P. Blisniuk d,M.Du¨ hnforth e a Institut fu¨r Geowissenschaften, Universita¨t Potsdam, K.-Liebknecht-Sr. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany b Berkeley Geochronology Center, Berkeley, USA c Centre Europe´en de Recherche et d’Enseignement de Ge´osciences de l’Environement (CEREGE), Aix en Provence, France d School of Earth Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA e Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA article info abstract Article history: The long-term histories of the neighboring Nakuru–Elmenteita and Naivasha lake basins in the Central Received 29 June 2007 Kenya Rift illustrate the relative importance of tectonic versus climatic effects on rift-lake evolution and Received in revised form the formation of disparate sedimentary environments. Although modern climate conditions in the 26 June 2009 Central Kenya Rift are very similar for these basins, hydrology and hydrochemistry of present-day lakes Accepted 9 July 2009 Nakuru, Elmenteita and Naivasha contrast dramatically due to tectonically controlled differences in basin geometries, catchment size, and fluvial processes. In this study, we use eighteen 14Cand40Ar/39Ar dated fluvio-lacustrine sedimentary sections to unravel the spatiotemporal evolution of the lake basins in response to tectonic and climatic influences. We reconstruct paleoclimatic and ecological trends recor- ded in these basins based on fossil diatom assemblages and geologic field mapping.
    [Show full text]
  • Nakuru County
    Kenya County Climate Risk Profile Nakuru County Map Book Contents Agro-Ecological Zones Baseline Map ………………….…………………………………………………………... 1 Baseline Map ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………... 2 Elevation Map ...…………………….……………………………………………………………………………………..... 3 Farming Systems Map ……………….…….…………………………………………………………………………...... 4 Land Cover Map …………...……………………………………………………………………………………………...... 5 Livestock Production Systems Map ..…………………………………………………………………………......... 6 Mean Precipitation Map ……………….……………………………………………………………………………....... 7 Mean Temperature Map ……………………………………………………………………………………………....... 8 Population Density Map .………………………………………………………………………….…………………...... 9 Satellite Map .……………………………………………………………..………………………………………………... 10 Soil Classes Map ..……………………………………………………………………………………………..………...... 11 Travel Time Map ……………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…...... 12 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES a i o p ! ! i ! g ! ! ! k ! n i ! i ! ! ! ! r ! ! ! a ! ! a L ! ! !! ! ! ! ! B ! ! Solai ! ! ! ! Subukia ! ! ! ! ! ! Athinai ! ! ! ! Moto ! ! Bahati ! ! Rongai Kabarak N ! ! ! Menengai ! ! ! ! y Molo ! ! Dondori ! Turi ! a ! Nakuru ! ! ! Keusa Lanet Kio ! Elburgon ! ! ! Sasamua ! ! Chesingele Njoro n ! ! ! d N a k u r u ! ! ! ! Keringet ! a Kiriri ! Kariandusi ! Mukuki ! ! Elmentaita r Kabsege ! Gilgil ! ! Likia ! u East Mau ! ! ! a Olenguruone Mau ! ! F Cheptwech ! Narok ! ! ! Ambusket ! ! ! Morendat ! ! ! ! Naivasha ! ! Marangishu ! ! ! ! Ngunyumu Kangoni ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Longonot ! ! ! u ! ! ! b Akira Mai ! ! ! Legend ! Mahiu N a r o k ! m ! Town ! Agro-ecological
    [Show full text]
  • Lates Niloticus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary
    U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) Ecological Risk Screening Summary Web Version – September 2014 Photo: © Biopix: N Sloth 1 Native Range, and Status in the United States Native Range From Schofield (2011): “Much of central, western and eastern Africa: Nile River (below Murchison Falls), as well as the Congo, Niger, Volga, Senegal rivers and lakes Chad and Turkana (Greenwood 1966 [cited by Schofield (2011) but not accessed for this report]). Also present in the brackish Lake Mariot near Alexandria, Egypt.” Lates niloticus Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – Web Version - 8/14/2012 Status in the United States From Schofield (2011): “Scientists from Texas traveled to Tanzania in 1974-1975 to investigate the introduction potential of Lates spp. into Texas reservoirs (Thompson et al. 1977 [cited by Schofield (2011) but not accessed for this report]). Temperature tolerance and trophic dynamics were studied for three species (L. angustifrons, L. microlepis and L. mariae). Subsequently, several individuals of these three species were shipped to Heart of the Hills Research Station (HOHRS) in Ingram, Texas in 1975 (Rutledge and Lyons 1976 [cited by Schofield (2011) but not accessed for this report]). Also in 1975, Nile perch (L. niloticus) were transferred from Lake Turkana, Kenya, to HOHRS. All fishes were held in indoor, closed-circulating systems (Rutledge and Lyons 1976).” “From 1978 to 1985, Lates spp. was released into various Texas reservoirs (Howells and Garrett 1992 [cited by Schofield (2011) but not accessed for this report]). Almost 70,000 Lates spp. larvae were stocked into Victor Braunig (Bexar Co.), Coleto Creek (Goliad Co.) and Fairfield (Freestone Co.) reservoirs between 1978 and 1984.
    [Show full text]
  • Conserving Wildlife in African Landscapes Kenya’S Ewaso Ecosystem
    Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to zoology • number 632 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press AConserving Chronology Wildlife of Middlein African Missouri Landscapes Plains Kenya’sVillage Ewaso SitesEcosystem Edited by NicholasBy Craig J. M. Georgiadis Johnson with contributions by Stanley A. Ahler, Herbert Haas, and Georges Bonani SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on the research and collections of its various museums and bureaus. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institu- tions throughout the world. Manuscripts submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press from authors with direct affilia- tion with the various Smithsonian museums or bureaus and are subject to peer review and review for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines.
    [Show full text]
  • Orpower 4 Inc Environmental Impact Assessment Olkaria Iii Geothermal
    0 ORPOWER 4 INC Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OLKARIA III GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared by Prof. Mwakio P. Tole and Colleagues School of Environmental Studies Moi University Public Disclosure Authorized P. O. Box 3900 Eldoret, KENYA August, 2000 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page Number 0.0 Executive Summary 5 1.0 Introduction 25 2.0 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 26 3.0 Description of the Proposed Project 28 4.0 Baseline Data 39 5.0 Significant Environmental Impacts 83 6.0 Assessment of Alternatives 100 6.0 Mitigation Measures 105 7.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 114 8.0 Bibliography 115 9.0 Appendices 122 2 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. Table 1 Noise levels at selected areas around Olkaria West 47 Table 2 Effects of CO2 on Human Health 50 Table 3 Effects of H2S on Human Health 52 Table 4 H2S concentration Frequencies around the Olkaria I field 55 Table 5 Mean Concentrations of Brine in Olkaria Field 60 Table 6 Permissible levels of some heavy metals in drinking water 60 Table 7 Biological impacts of selected metals on human health 61 Table 8. Radiation Exposure Sources in Britain 63 Table 9 Chemical composition of Lake Naivasha waters 65 Table 10 Mammal Census at the Hell’s Gate National Park 72 Table 11 Traffic on Olkaria West–KWS road 84 Table 12 Expected releases of Non-condensable gases into the atmosphere 88 Table 13 Concentrations of H2S in wells at Olkaria III 90 3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Volcanism and the State of Stress in the East African Rift System
    Historical volcanism and the state of stress in the East African Rift System Article Accepted Version Open Access Wadge, G., Biggs, J., Lloyd, R. and Kendall, J.-M. (2016) Historical volcanism and the state of stress in the East African Rift System. Frontiers in Earth Science, 4. 86. ISSN 2296- 6463 doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00086 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/66786/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00086 Publisher: Frontiers media All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online 1 Historical volcanism and the state of stress in the East African 2 Rift System 3 4 5 G. Wadge1*, J. Biggs2, R. Lloyd2, J-M. Kendall2 6 7 8 1.COMET, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK 9 2.COMET, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK 10 11 * [email protected] 12 13 14 Keywords: crustal stress, historical eruptions, East African Rift, oblique motion, 15 eruption dynamics 16 17 18 19 20 21 Abstract 22 23 Crustal extension at the East African Rift System (EARS) should, as a tectonic ideal, 24 involve a stress field in which the direction of minimum horizontal stress is 25 perpendicular to the rift.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the 16Th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies
    www.svt.ntnu.no/ices16/ Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies Conference of the 16th International Proceedings Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies Volume 1 Volume 1 Volume Edited by Svein Ege, Harald Aspen, Birhanu Teferra and Shiferaw Bekele ISBN 978-82-90817-27-0 (printed) Det skapende universitet Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies Volume 1 Edited by Svein Ege, Harald Aspen, Birhanu Teferra and Shiferaw Bekele Department of Social Anthropology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 2009 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, ed. by Svein Ege, Harald Aspen, Birhanu Teferra and Shiferaw Bekele ISBN 978-82-90817-27-0 (printed) Vol. 1-4 http://www.svt.ntnu.no/ices16/ Printed in Norway by NTNU-trykk, Trondheim 2009 © The authors Table of contents Author index xv Preface xix Archaeology The Temple of Yeha: Geo-Environmental Implications on its Site Selection 1 and Preservation Asfawossen Asrat The Archaeology of Islam in North East Shoa 11 Kassaye Begashaw History A Miracle of the Archangel Uriel Worked for Abba Giyorgis of Gasəcca 23 Getatchew Haile Ras Wäsän Säggäd, a Pre-Eminent Lord of Early 16th-Century Ethiopia 37 Michael Kleiner T.aytu’s Foremothers. Queen Əleni, Queen Säblä Wängel and Bati Dəl 51 Wämbära Rita Pankhurst Ase Iyasu I (1682-1706) and the synod of Yébaba 65 Verena Böll Performance and Ritual in Nineteenth-Century Ethiopian Political Culture 75 Izabela Orlowska Shäwa, Ethiopia's Prussia. Its Expansion, Disappearance and Partition 85 Alain Gascon Imprints of the Time : a Study of the hundred Ethiopian Seals of the Boucoiran 99 collection Serge Tornay and Estelle Sohier The Hall Family and Ethiopia.
    [Show full text]
  • 469880Esw0whit10cities0rep
    Report No. 46988 Public Disclosure Authorized &,7,(62)+23(" GOVERNANCE, ECONOMIC AND HUMAN CHALLENGES OF KENYA’S FIVE LARGEST CITIES Public Disclosure Authorized December 2008 Water and Urban Unit 1 Africa Region Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank __________________________ This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without written authorization from the World Bank. ii PREFACE The objective of this sector work is to fill existing gaps in the knowledge of Kenya’s five largest cities, to provide data and analysis that will help inform the evolving urban agenda in Kenya, and to provide inputs into the preparation of the Kenya Municipal Program (KMP). This overview report is first report among a set of six reports comprising of the overview report and five city-specific reports for Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru and Eldoret. The study was undertaken by a team comprising of Balakrishnan Menon Parameswaran (Team Leader, World Bank); James Mutero (Consultant Team Leader), Simon Macharia, Margaret Ng’ayu, Makheti Barasa and Susan Kagondu (Consultants). Matthew Glasser, Sumila Gulyani, James Karuiru, Carolyn Winter, Zara Inga Sarzin and Judy Baker (World Bank) provided support and feedback during the entire course of work. The work was undertaken collaboratively with UN Habitat, represented by David Kithkaye and Kerstin Sommers in Nairobi. The team worked under the guidance of Colin Bruce (Country Director, Kenya) and Jamie Biderman (Sector Manager, AFTU1). The team also wishes to thank Abha Joshi-Ghani (Sector Manager, FEU-Urban), Junaid Kamal Ahmad (Sector Manager, SASDU), Mila Freire (Sr.
    [Show full text]
  • The East African Rift System in the Light of KRISP 90
    ELSEVIER Tectonophysics 236 (1994) 465-483 The East African rift system in the light of KRISP 90 G.R. Keller a, C. Prodehl b, J. Mechie b,l, K. Fuchs b, M.A. Khan ‘, P.K.H. Maguire ‘, W.D. Mooney d, U. Achauer e, P.M. Davis f, R.P. Meyer g, L.W. Braile h, 1.0. Nyambok i, G.A. Thompson J a Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0555, USA b Geophysikalisches Institut, Universitdt Karlwuhe, Hertzstrasse 16, D-76187Karlsruhe, Germany ’ Department of Geology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LEl 7RH, UK d U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Earthquake Research, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA ’ Institut de Physique du Globe, Universite’ de Strasbourg, 5 Rue Ret& Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France ‘Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA ’ Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wuconsin at Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA h Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA i Department of Geology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 14576, Nairobi, Kenya ’ Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Received 21 September 1992; accepted 8 November 1993 Abstract On the basis of a test experiment in 1985 (KRISP 85) an integrated seismic-refraction/ teleseismic survey (KRISP 90) was undertaken to study the deep structure beneath the Kenya rift down to depths of NO-150 km. This paper summarizes the highlights of KRISP 90 as reported in this volume and discusses their broad implications as well as the structure of the Kenya rift in the general framework of other continental rifts.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish, Various Invertebrates
    Zambezi Basin Wetlands Volume II : Chapters 7 - 11 - Contents i Back to links page CONTENTS VOLUME II Technical Reviews Page CHAPTER 7 : FRESHWATER FISHES .............................. 393 7.1 Introduction .................................................................... 393 7.2 The origin and zoogeography of Zambezian fishes ....... 393 7.3 Ichthyological regions of the Zambezi .......................... 404 7.4 Threats to biodiversity ................................................... 416 7.5 Wetlands of special interest .......................................... 432 7.6 Conservation and future directions ............................... 440 7.7 References ..................................................................... 443 TABLE 7.2: The fishes of the Zambezi River system .............. 449 APPENDIX 7.1 : Zambezi Delta Survey .................................. 461 CHAPTER 8 : FRESHWATER MOLLUSCS ................... 487 8.1 Introduction ................................................................. 487 8.2 Literature review ......................................................... 488 8.3 The Zambezi River basin ............................................ 489 8.4 The Molluscan fauna .................................................. 491 8.5 Biogeography ............................................................... 508 8.6 Biomphalaria, Bulinis and Schistosomiasis ................ 515 8.7 Conservation ................................................................ 516 8.8 Further investigations .................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Turkana and the Lower Omo the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands Account for 50% of Kenya’S Livestock Production (Snyder, 2006)
    Lake Turkana & the Lower Omo: Hydrological Impacts of Major Dam & Irrigation Development REPORT African Studies Centre Sean Avery (BSc., PhD., C.Eng., C. Env.) © Antonella865 | Dreamstime © Antonella865 Consultant’s email: [email protected] Web: www.watres.com LAKE TURKANA & THE LOWER OMO: HYDROLOGICAL IMPACTS OF MAJOR DAM & IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENTS CONTENTS – VOLUME I REPORT Chapter Description Page EXECUTIVE(SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................1! 1! INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 12! 1.1! THE(CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................................ 12! 1.2! THE(ASSIGNMENT .................................................................................................................................. 14! 1.3! METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................................... 15! 2! DEVELOPMENT(PLANNING(IN(THE(OMO(BASIN ......................................................................... 18! 2.1! INTRODUCTION(AND(SUMMARY(OVERVIEW(OF(FINDINGS................................................................... 18! 2.2! OMO?GIBE(BASIN(MASTER(PLAN(STUDY,(DECEMBER(1996..............................................................19! 2.2.1! OMO'GIBE!BASIN!MASTER!PLAN!'!TERMS!OF!REFERENCE...........................................................................19!
    [Show full text]