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Libertà Di Stabilimento E Concorrenza Sleale Tra Stati Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza Cattedra di European Business Law Libertà di stabilimento e concorrenza sleale tra Stati Prof. Nicola de Luca Prof. Ugo Patroni Griffi Matr. 136053 Anno Accademico 2019/2020 1 2 LIBERTÀ DI STABILIMENTO E CONCORRENZA SLEALE TRA STATI 3 4 INDICE INDICE ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduzione ....................................................................................................................................... 13 CAPITOLO I...................................................................................................................................... 19 1. Le dimensioni del fenomeno: “Le inchieste di fiume di denaro” .................................................. 19 2. I criteri internazionali di ripartizione dei diritti impositivi ............................................................ 29 2.1 Stabile organizzazione e prezzi di trasferimento: la genesi storica ed i principi generali ........ 29 2.2 Il progetto “BEPS” ................................................................................................................... 34 2.3 L’economia digitale .................................................................................................................. 39 3. Il quadro europeo ........................................................................................................................... 44 3.1 L’evoluzione comunitaria in materia di “ravvicinamento” delle discipline nazionali sulla tassazione diretta ............................................................................................................................ 44 3.2 I progetti circa la “CCTB” e la “CCCTB”; le direttive “DAC” e “ATAD” ............................ 52 3.3 La risoluzione del Parlamento EU “sulle decisioni anticipate in materia fiscale ed altre misure analoghe per misura e per effetto” ................................................................................................. 59 CAPITOLO II .................................................................................................................................... 71 Introduzione ....................................................................................................................................... 71 1. La libertà di stabilimento: profili generali ..................................................................................... 72 2. Le sentenze della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea riguardanti i rinvii pregiudiziali sul tema della libertà di stabilimento ................................................................................................................ 75 2.1 Il caso Daily Mail ..................................................................................................................... 75 2.2 Il caso Centros .......................................................................................................................... 77 2.3 Il caso Uberseering ................................................................................................................... 79 2.4 Il caso Inspire Art ..................................................................................................................... 80 2.5 Il caso Cadbury-Schweppes: uno strumento per combattere l’abuso del diritto ..................... 86 2.6 Il caso Polbud ........................................................................................................................... 90 3. Il diritto europeo della concorrenza: gli aiuti di Stato ................................................................... 93 3.1 Il diritto della concorrenza: cenni introduttivi .......................................................................... 93 3.2 Il caso Apple ............................................................................................................................. 98 3.3 Il caso Amazon ....................................................................................................................... 106 3.4 Il caso Fiat Finance and Trade ............................................................................................... 114 3.5 Il caso Starbucks ..................................................................................................................... 118 5 4. Evoluzioni recenti ........................................................................................................................ 119 CAPITOLO III ................................................................................................................................. 120 1. I contorni sfumati della libertà di stabilimento ............................................................................ 120 2. L’appropriatezza della disciplina sugli aiuti di Stato ................................................................... 122 3. Un diritto europeo della concorrenza tra Stati ............................................................................. 131 4. Il superamento dell’attuale concetto di stabile organizzazione e la necessità di maggiore integrazione in Europa ..................................................................................................................... 134 5. Conclusioni .................................................................................................................................. 144 RIFERIMENTI BIBLIOGRAFICI .................................................................................................. 149 6 RIGHT OF ESTABLISHMENT AND UNFAIR COMPETITION BETWEEN STATES Resuming introduction Since its first “models” widely recognized among States were arranged about one hundred years ago, the principles concerning the international direct taxation have always resulted in tensions between divergent interests and application’s troubles, not being able at the same time to completely remove the presence of huge misalignments between the various Countries’ fiscal regulations. Moreover, for what concerns the taxation of capitals and enterprises, which are the more movable manifestations of the ability to pay, international taxation has always represented a stimulus for the States to put themselves in mutual competition with the aim to attract as much wealth as possible: among these, those who have distinguished themselves by having an aggressiveness (or rather attractiveness) over the range, have been named “tax heavens”. The only two existing criteria1 that identify which Nation has the right to tax a certain wealth producer are the residence criterion and, subsequently, the location where the entity eventually produces, trough branches, subsidiaries, secondary offices, agents, exc., a part of the total earnings abroad from the jurisdiction where its headquarter is located: the so-called “permanent establishment”. Moreover, in order to economically quantify the share of the total earnings attributable to this “branch”, the “arm’s length principle” was theorized. This principle is also used to estimate the real value (or the “market price”) of the related party transactions2, trough the transfer pricing guidelines. Precisely the artificial exploitation of the related party transactions allows to transfer the incomes from where them are actually produced to jurisdictions that ensures the betters fiscal’s treatments. The “digital revolution” in process has however created a generalized dematerialization of assets; additionally, the basically monopolistic 1 Namely the international direct taxation’s principles, theorized by the same “models” quoted, referable to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OCED) and the United Nations. 2 Or the transactions concluded by formally (legally) separate entities but substantially composing an “unitary entity” witch nowadays is commonly called “group”. These entities, however, clearly doesn’t concludes operations as two strangers will and as these principle theorizes, but instead as two “brothers”. 7 position recently reached by some multinational enterprises in the market, especially of those belonging to the so called “Big tech”, has often made these assets unique. Tax agencies are therefore struggling in properly evaluating companies’ internal transactions. Interestingly, even economists (as often the same actors of these operations), are indeed not able to exactly quantify it; uniqueness, in addition, precludes any type of comparison by definition. In essence, the current principles were predisposed for an economy that was way distant from the actual one, which is certainly characterized by more “materiality”, an attribute that, because of digitalization, is about to disappear, or rather become of marginal relevance. The economical and political strength of the Unites States of America and the European Union along with their significant influence on the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), as well as the enormous potentialities offered by the new technologies, allowed, especially during the second part of the last decade, to reach very important goals in terms of fighting tax’s elusion and evasion. An emblematic example is certainly the Switzerland’s case: as a matter of fact, this Country, which is the historically preferred place for specifically
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