DOCSLIB.ORG

The Regulation of Chemical Budgets Over the Course of Terrestrial Ecosystem Succession Author(S): Eville Gorham, Peter M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Regulation of Chemical Budgets Over the Course of Terrestrial Ecosystem Succession Author(S): Eville Gorham, Peter M The Regulation of Chemical Budgets Over the Course of Terrestrial Ecosystem Succession Author(s): Eville Gorham, Peter M. Vitousek and William A. Reiners Source: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, Vol. 10 (1979), pp. 53-84 Published by: Annual Reviews Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2096785 . Accessed: 14/12/2013 10:19 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Annual Reviews is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 66.77.17.54 on Sat, 14 Dec 2013 10:19:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1979. 10:53-84 Copyright 0 1979 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved THE REGULATION *4155 OF CHEMICAL BUDGETS OVER THE COURSE OF TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM SUCCESSION Eville Gorham Department of Ecology and Behavioral Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Peter M. Vitousek Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 William A. Reiners Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 INTRODUCTION Vitousek & Reiners (158) have suggested that change in net ecosystem production is a major determinant of the balance between inputs and out- puts of elements in terrestrial ecosystems. They argued that in the course of primary succession element outputs are initially relatively high (approx- imating inputs), that they then drop to a minimum because of element accumulation in biomass and detritus when net ecosystem production is highest, and that eventually output rates rise again approximately to equal inputs in late succession when net ecosystem production approaches zero (Figure 1). In most cases of secondary succession, net ecosystem production is negative immediately following disturbance, and in such cases output rates can exceed input rates. The probable importance of change in net ecosystem production is supported in particular by observations of higher element outputs from later successional ecosystems (22, 90, 157-159) and 53 0066-4162/79/1120-0053$01.00 This content downloaded from 66.77.17.54 on Sat, 14 Dec 2013 10:19:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 54 GORHAM,VITOUSEK & REINERS also by the recorded increases in element outputs following disturbance (17, 86, 91, 150, 170). Other processes can also affect chemical budgets systematically in the course of terrestrial ecosystem succession. These processes may lessen or obscure the importance of net ecosystem production in particularinstances, or they may cause the level of inputs and outputs, though still in balance, to be higher or lower at the end of succession than at the beginning. The objective of this paper is to identify and discuss the diverse processes that can influence inputs and outputs in the course of terrestrial succession. The processes examined are those that affect element inputs to systems, includ- ing rock and soil weathering, nitrogen fixation, particle impaction, and gas A. - M4RYa / / 0 \ NET / SECONDARY.-'> ECOSYSTEM SUCCESSION ' PRODUCT/ON0 jfB SECONDIRY SUCCESS/ON ELEMENT , 1 INPUT RATE OUTPUT I RATE PRIMARY SUCS/ONV 0 SUCCESSiONALTIME - Figure I A. Patterns of change in net ecosystem production (NEP) during primary and secondary succession of terrestrial ecosystems. The starting time for primary succession is immediately following exposure of a new site; for secondary succession it is immediately following a destructive disturbance. Note the scale break for the pulse of negative NEP following disturbance. This negative pulse may be accentuated by combustion of biomass, accelerated decomposition, removal of forest products, erosion, and other factors. The inte- grated area under a properly scaled negative pulse should approximate the integrated area under the positive NEP part of the curve. See Vitousek & Reiners (158) for further explanation. B. Patterns of output rates for a limiting element in primary and secondary succession, assuming that changes in storage are controlled principally by NEP and that input rates are constant. Note the break in scale for the pulse of high output rates following disturbance in secondary succession. The integrated area under this pulse above the line for input rate should approximate the integrated area for outputs below the line for input rate. This content downloaded from 66.77.17.54 on Sat, 14 Dec 2013 10:19:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions CHEMICALBUDGETS DURING SUCCESSION 55 absorption;those that change with alterations in hydrology, including losses of dissolved substances, erosion, and oxidation-reduction reactions; and those biological processes that directly or indirectly affect the balance be- tween inputs and outputs, including net ecosystem production, element mobilization or immobilization, cation/anion balance, the production of allelochemic substances, and changes in element utilization by the biota. Each of these processes varies systematically in the course of succession, though the magnitude of each change may be difficult to predict in the course of any particular succession. We seek in this review to establish an organizational framework that will stimulate research upon the mechanisms controlling ecosystem inputs and outputs, and thus to facilitate the development of general mechanistic mod- els for biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. We cannot reduce the complexity of nature to simplicity, but we can provide a clearer appreci- ation and understandingof the diverse interacting mechanisms at work over the course of terrestrialsuccession. The new insights that will lead to a fuller understanding of the chemical budgets of ecosystems can come only from further detailed examination of these mechanisms. Before we analyze in detail the processes controlling chemical budgets in ecosystems, we define precisely what types of ecosystems we are considering and explain what we mean by succession and by element inputs and outputs. Succession Succession is a venerable and central concept in ecological thought (21, 26, 27, 50), yet today it is undergoing intense reconsideration (24, 36, 38, 39, 75, 76, 167). Much of this reconsideration addresses the regularity and directionality of processes and the causal mechanisms underlying change in community structure. In this reexamination new generalizations, para- digms, and terminology are being tested as replacements for the old. We wish to examine how some ecosystem properties vary as the biota changes in composition and mass with time. Until a better term is introduced, we shall use the term "succession" to describe ecosystem change following exposure of new sites or disturbance of previously occupied sites. The Watershed-EcosystemApproach For convenience and clarity, we consider as our conceptual model a water- shed ecosystem occupying a self-contained basin not subject to appreciable groundwater input. In such a situation, the only hydrologic transfers of elements into an ecosystem are in precipitation, and the only hydrologic transfers of elements out are loss to groundwater and stream water (10). Under these conditions, hydrologic fluxes of elements can be measured quite rigorously, and the effects of any perturbations of these fluxes can be assessed (10). However, in this paper we are also concerned with other kinds This content downloaded from 66.77.17.54 on Sat, 14 Dec 2013 10:19:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 56 GORHAM, VITOUSEK & REINERS of fluxes, and for some systems and some elements the watershed model is not particularly germane (171). Definition of Inputs By convention, chemical budgets for watersheds or catchment areas are usually recorded as inputs in bulk precipitation minus outputs in stream water (46, 72, 86, 95). Inputs by gaseous absorption and particulate impac- tion are sometimes included, but their treatment is inconsistent. In some cases they are calculated by difference and included as inputs [(98) for sulfur.] In other cases they are calculated by difference but not included in inputs [(11, 98) for nitrogen]. Gaseous outputs (e.g. of nitrogen and sulfur) may also occur and add to hydrologic outputs. Weathering is not usually included as an input because it is generally calculated by difference (85). Consequently, elements derived primarily from weathering will most often have negative budgetary balances. Although it is convenient to calculate element budgets for ecosystems in terms of hydrologic transfers alone, and there is some conceptual justifica- tion for considering weathering as an internal transformation, we believe that this approach can lead to some conceptual and practical problems. First, ions derived from weathering of primary minerals in the solum can represent inputs in the same sense as ions derived from the atmosphere. Weathering of primary minerals is not a form of recycling-by definition (100) there is no chance for elements to return to primary forms within the system. Second, regarding weathering as an input can aid in understanding the processes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Acid Rain Is New
    Book Reviews Rodger W. Bybee Guest Book Review Editor ATMOSPHERE-BIOSPHERE IN- plicitly what cleanliness means in a faucet run and pump the basement; TERACTIONS: TOWARD A BETTER global sense although they are able to some see the leak, but claim it is not UNDERSTANDING OF THE ECO- define pollutantsin a narrowsense. The their problem; and so on. LOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF report of the committee does not give On the weak side, some of the discus- FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION specific solutions to the dilemma of in- sion was sensational. While it held Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/45/4/240/9611/4447687.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 by the Committee on the Atmosphere dustrialprogress and clean air. They do one's interest, there was a feeling that and the Biosphere, Board on say that pollutants must be reduced, very complex issues were being Agriculture and Renewable but they do not say howwe should go presented with a simplicity and tren- Resources, Commission on Natural about achieving those reductions. diness. While on the topic of Resources, National Research Coun- This report probablyis not valuable weaknesses, the diagrams and charts cil. 1981. National Academy Press as a classroombook because it is highly were not very good. Their production (2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., technicaland not meant for laypersons. was poor and several had little or no Washington, DC 20418. The best students should find it a useful explanation. Man is indisputably a geological force starting place for entering the rather Ostmann's orientation is clear from of global proportions.
    [Show full text]
  • A SUMMARY of EVILLE Gorhatvi's SCIENTIFIC CAREER
    THE SCIENTIFIC CAREER OF EVILLE GORHAM* Professor Gorham’s researches over the past 65 years have spanned an unusual range of subjects, including among others such topics as acid rain, air pollution and human health, radioactive fallout, the ecology and biogeochemistry of northern peatlands, fossil pigments in lake sediments, physical limnology, forest litter production, the development of forest humus layers, salmon embryology, weight/density relationships in plants and the history of ecology and biogeochemistry. The following pages detail the major aspects of his research career. ATMOSPHERIC INPUTS TO NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS From the 1950’s through the 1970’s Gorham pioneered the study of atmospheric inputs of both nutrients and toxins to natural ecosystems in his research on the chemistry of rain and snow in the English Lake District (15, 33) and in later studies in Canada and the USA. Such studies have been of vital importance to learning how ecosystems function and how they respond to air pollution, as exemplified by the long-term investigations of terrestrial ecosystems by Gene Likens and his colleagues in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest of New Hampshire and of aquatic ecosystems by David Schindler and his colleagues in the Experimental Lakes Area of NW Ontario. Atmospheric inputs are of critical importance in developing chemical budgets of inputs to, outputs from, and storages in ecosystems, both for nutrient elements such as nitrogen, calcium and potassium, and for toxins such as acids, heavy metals and organic micro-pollutants. Gorham’s early work was the first to demonstrate the importance of such atmospheric inputs of chemical elements to lakes and to bogs, and his widely cited review in 1961 (53) provided a strong stimulus to further research on the topic.
    [Show full text]
  • Directorate of Distance Education UNIVERSITY of JAMMU JAMMU
    Directorate of Distance Education UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU JAMMU REFERENCE / STUDY MATERIAL For M.A. SOCIOLOGY SEMESTER - IInd ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT COURSE NO. : SOC - C - 203 LESSON NO. 1-22 Course Co-ordinator : Teacher Incharge : PROF. ABHA CHAUHAN DR. NEHA VIJ HOD, Deptt. of Sociology P.G. Sociology University of Jammu. Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu http://www.distanceeducationju.in Printed and Published on behalf of the Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu by the Director, DDE, University of Jammu, Jammu. 1 COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS Director Prof. J.R. Panda Professor, Dept. of Sociology, University of Jammu. Prof. Shashi Kant Professor, Dept. of Botany, University of Jammu. Prof. Abha Chauhan HOD, Dept. of Sociology, University of Jammu. Dr. Sanjay Sharma Dept. of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu. Dr. Neharica Subhash DDE, University of Jammu. Experts involved in Script Writing Dr. Sanjay Sharma Dr. Neharica Subhash Dr. Nisha Sharma c Directorate of Distance Education, University of Jammu, Jammu, 2019. • All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the DDE, University of Jammu. • The script writer shall be responsible for the lesson / script submitted to the DDE and any plagiarism shall be his/her entire responsibility. • Printed by : Khajuria Printers / 2019 /800 2 Syllabus of Sociology M.A IInd Semester for the examination to be held in the year May 2019, 2020, 2021 (NON - CBCS) Course No. : SOC-C-203 Title : Environment and Sustainable Development Credits : 6 Maximum Marks : 100 Duration of examination : 2½ hrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Elden Likens
    G. E. Likens – Curriculum Vitae February 2021 CURRICULUM VITAE Gene Elden Likens Founding Director, President Emeritus Distinguished Senior Scientist Emeritus Date of Birth: 6 January 1935 Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies* Place of Birth: Pierceton, Indiana USA Box AB Millbrook, NY 12545 *November 2007, organizational name change: Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies http://www.caryinstitute.org/science-program/our-scientists/dr-gene-e-likens In residence (August – December 2014 – 2020/Virtually January – April 2021) at University of Connecticut, Storrs Distinguished Research Professor (Ecology and Evolutionary Biology) Special Advisor to the UCONN President on Environmental Affairs University of Connecticut -- UCONN Storrs, Connecticut 06268 EMPLOYMENT: Sept. 1957 - Sept. 1961 Graduate Assistant in Zoology, University of Wisconsin Sept. 1961 - Dec. 1961 Instructor in Zoology, Dartmouth College Jan. 1962 - June 1962 Project Assistant in Zoology, University of Wisconsin June 1962 - Nov. 1962 Research Associate in Zoology, University of Wisconsin Nov. 1962 - Feb. 1963 Research Associate in Meteorology, University of Wisconsin Feb. 1963 - Sept. 1963 Instructor in Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College Sept. 1963 - Oct. 1963 Visiting Lecturer in Zoology, University of Wisconsin Sept. 1963 - June 1966 Assistant Professor, Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College July 1966 - June 1969 Associate Professor, Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College Jan. 1968 - March 1968 Visiting Associate Ecologist, Brookhaven National Laboratory July 1969 - June
    [Show full text]
  • And Nutrients JOTARO URABE* and ROBERT W
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 93, pp. 8465-8469, August 1996 Ecology Regulation of herbivore growth by the balance of light and nutrients JOTARO URABE* AND ROBERT W. STERNER Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Communicated by Eville Gorham, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, April 19, 1996 (received for review November 11, 1995) ABSTRACT Experiments using planktonic organisms re- proportional to P supply/algal biomass. This ratio implies that vealed that the balance of radiant energy and available above a certain light intensity where P limitation becomes nutrients regulated herbivore growth rates through their increasingly severe, the algal P/C ratio would start to decline effects on abundance and chemical composition of primary (3, 4). As a result, the algal P/C ratio is expected to reach a low producers. Both algae and herbivores were energy limited at value at high light. low light/nutrient ratios, but both were nutrient limited at Herbivore responses were hypothesized based on ingestion high light/nutrient ratios. Herbivore growth increased with of C and P (Fig. IB). Because algal C content varies only increasing light intensity at low values of the light/nutrient slightly with growth conditions (18), C ingested by the herbi- ratio due to increases in algal biomass, but growth decreased vore per unit time (Ic) would be proportional to the rate of with increasing light at a high light/nutrient ratio due to ingestion of algal cells, which we took to be a rectilinear decreases in algal quality. Herbivore production therefore was functional response (19).
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections on the Life in a Deteriorating World: How Chance Made Me an Environmental Activist Eville Gorham University of Minnesota, [email protected]
    Volume 2 Article 1 10-1-2015 Reflections on the Life in a Deteriorating World: How Chance Made Me an Environmental Activist Eville Gorham University of Minnesota, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://pubs.lib.umn.edu/joie Recommended Citation Gorham, Eville (2015) "Reflections on the Life in a Deteriorating World: How Chance Made Me an Environmental Activist," Journal of Opinions, Ideas, & Essays: Vol. 2 , Article 1. Available at: http://pubs.lib.umn.edu/joie/vol2/iss1/1 The Journal of Opinions, Ideas, & Essays is published by the University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. Authors retain ownership of their articles. Reflections on the Life in a Deteriorating World: How Chance Made Me an Environmental Activist Abstract This memoir describes how I, a young scientist who believed that “applied science" was second-rate science, found myself -- by chance and serendipity -- studying the ecological consequences of acid rain and radioactive fallout, purely as fascinating phenomena and without thought of mitigation. As I continued with their study and taught students about them, I became more and more aware of their significance for society, so that after twenty years -- and again by chance and serendipity – I became an environmental activist. Since then I have testified about environmental deterioration, attended scientific committees and workshops, and advocated for pollution control in both academic and societal settings. This article is available in Journal of Opinions, Ideas, & Essays: http://pubs.lib.umn.edu/joie/vol2/iss1/1 Gorham: Reflection on Life in a Deteriorating World Reflecting on Life in a Deteriorating World: How Chance Made Me an Environmental Activist Eville Gorham ABSTRACT This memoir describes how I, a young scientist who believed that “applied science" was second-rate science, found myself -- by chance and serendipity -- studying the ecological consequences of acid rain and radioactive fallout, purely as fascinating phenomena and without thought of mitigation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Patterned Mires of the Red Lake Peatland, Northern Minnesota: Vegetation, Water Chemistry and Landforms Author(S): Paul H
    The Patterned Mires of the Red Lake Peatland, Northern Minnesota: Vegetation, Water Chemistry and Landforms Author(s): Paul H. Glaser, Gerald A. Wheeler, Eville Gorham, Herbert E. Wright and Jr. Source: Journal of Ecology, Vol. 69, No. 2 (Jul., 1981), pp. 575-599 Published by: British Ecological Society Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2259685 Accessed: 07-01-2019 16:08 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms British Ecological Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Ecology This content downloaded from 199.154.39.70 on Mon, 07 Jan 2019 16:08:35 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms Journal of Ecology (1981), 69, 575-599 THE PATTERNED MIRES OF THE RED LAKE PEATLAND, NORTHERN MINNESOTA: VEGETATION, WATER CHEMISTRY AND LANDFORMS PAUL H. GLASER, GERALD A. WHEELER*, EVILLE GORHAMt AND HERBERT E. WRIGHT JR Limnological Research Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, U.S.A. SUMMARY (1) Red Lake Peatland in northern Minnesota covers an area of about 80 x 15 km which is uninterrupted by streams or uplands and consists of a vast patterned complex of raised bogs and water tracks.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae Jeannine M. Cavender-Bares
    CURRICULUM VITAE JEANNINE M. CAVENDER-BARES Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108 Tel.: (612) 624-6337, Email: [email protected] Lab website: www.cbs.umn.edu/lab/cavender BIOGRAPHICAL DATA Education: 1994-2000 HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Dept. of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Dissertation: Physiological and evolutionary ecology of oaks (Quercus): Plant functional traits in relation to habitat, environmental stress, and global change Ph.D. (June 2000) (Advisor: Fakhri A. Bazzaz) 1990-1992 YALE UNIVERSITY, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Master of Environmental Studies (May 1992) 1986-1990 CORNELL UNIVERSITY, College of Arts and Sciences College Scholar in Environmental Studies Bachelor of Arts (June 1990) magna cum laude, Distinction in All Subjects Professional Appointments: 2017 – pres. PROFESSOR Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior (EEB), University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN; Graduate faculty in Plant and Microbial Biology Program 2017 – pres. DIRECTOR OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences), University of Minnesota 2010 - 2017 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul MN; Graduate faculty in Plant Biological Sciences Program and Conservation Biology 2011 VISITING SCIENTIST Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Autónoma de México (CIEco-UNAM), Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico (1-7/2011); Diversification and ecological
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Management of Glen Canyon Dam and the Colorado
    Downstream- Adaptive Management of Glen Canyon Dam and the Colorado River Ecosystem http //www nap edu/openbook/0309065798/html/RI html copyright , 2000 The National Academy of Sciences, all rights reserved IOMSt ream Adaptive Management of Glen Canyon Dam and the Colorado River Ecosystem Committee on Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Water Science and Technology Board Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources National Research Council National Academy Press Washington, D.C. Downstream- Adaptive Management of Glen Canyon Dam and the Colorado River Ecosystem http //www nap edu/openbook/0309065798/html/R2html copyright , 2000 The National Academy of Sciences, all rights reserved NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS - 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. * Washington, DC 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee re- sponsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. Support for this project was provided by the Bureau of Reclamation under Cooperative Agreement # 1425-98-FC-40-22700. Cover: Photo of the Colorado River by David Rubin, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA. Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Downstream- Adaptive Management of Glen Canyon Dam and the Colorado River Ecosystem http //www nap edu/openbook/0309065798/html/R3html copyright , 2000 The National Academy of Sciences, all rights reserved COMMITTEE ON GRAND CANYON MONITORING AND RESEARCH JAMES L.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOLOGICAL OPTIONS by Eville Gorham Department of Ecology & Behavioral Biology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, U.S.A
    BIOLOGICAL OPTIONS by Eville Gorham Department of Ecology & Behavioral Biology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, U.S.A. In my view, three biological options are open to liS in copi ng with the damage done by acid rain to freshwater fisheries. The first two are essentially useful only as palliatives in local areas. The third is the sole option that will allow us to solve the problem. First, we can select from nature organisms that can tolerate acid rain and breed improved strains from them, but we must bear in .\ mind that we may also have to select for tolerance to the heavy metals and organic micropollutants that accompany acid rain. Pro­ grams are already underway, as you have beard, in North America and in Scandinavia, indicating that it is possible to selectively breed strains of trout and other fish that will tolerate quite acid waters. However, ecological considerations suggest that if we go that route, and if hatchery-bred, acid-tolerant strains are to survive the stresses of acidification in nature, then we shall have to develop acid-tolerant food webs and decomposer organisms to accomp~ny them, because a major effect of acid rain upon aquatic ecosyst'ems is to shift the balance away from organisms that are prime fish food and at the same time lessen nutrient recycl ing by decomposers. Now there may be plenty of food for the remaining fish in acidified l~kes , but if we restore a full fishery to these lakes then the altered food chain may be quite insufficient. We do not have good information, but everything we know leads us to suppose that nature knows better than we do.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth and Education 1- University of Dalhousie 2 Early Interest In
    Eville Gorham Youth and education 1- University of Dalhousie 2 early interest in ecology, 1950s 4 University of Upsala 5 study of peat bogs, acid rain 5-6 biogeochemistry 7 cross-discipli nary teaching and research 8-10 University of Minnesota, Biology - 1962 11-24 TV instruction 12 democratic department governance 14-15 department's reputation 15-16 College of Biological Sciences 16- break-up of SLA in CLA 17-20 Ecology Department 20 molecular biology Gorham's research career 24- University of Minnesota's contributions 25 Cross-disciplinary agenda 26 Funding sources 27 Wright, Herbert 27 Teaching strategies 29 active learning 31 Carson, Rachel - Silent Spring 32 political implications 33 Outreach to schools 34-35 AAUP 35-36 Specialization in disciplines 37- University of Minnesota crisis, 1994 39- faculty and administration 40 virtues of University of Minnesota 41- "Golden Era" - 1950-1990 43 Interview with Eville Gorham Interviewed by Professor Clarke A. Chambers University of Minnesota Interviewed on September 15, 1994 Eville Gorham - EG Clarke A. Chambers - CAC CAe: I'm conversing this afternoon with Eville Gorham, Regents professor at the University of Minnesota, who has been here since the early 1960s and has been very active in biological sciences generally, and his own discipline in research and teaching, and in other university-wide affairs. Eville, as I suggested before I turned this machine on, it's very useful to get kind of an intellectual and academic autobiography, not too extensive, but how on earth did you, as a boy, get interested in the range of things that came to be your career? Then, how did you get trained? Then, we're off and running EG: When I was a boy, my family had a small cabin on an island in a lake in Nova Scotia.
    [Show full text]
  • 12. Toxic Surprises
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2017-01 Ice Blink: Navigating Northern Environmental History Bocking, Stephen; Martin, Brad University of Calgary Press http://hdl.handle.net/1880/51791 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca ICE BLINK: NAVIGATING NORTHERN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY Edited by Stephen Bocking and Brad Martin ISBN 978-1-55238-855-6 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence. This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display or perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to its authors and publisher, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form, and that you in no way alter, transform, or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without our express permission.
    [Show full text]