La Nascita Dell'eroe

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La Nascita Dell'eroe Il cinema italoamericano: dalla Nuova Hollywood ai Sopranos e Quentin Tarantino Orario delle lezioni Mart. 10/12 T19 Aula Cinema Gio. 10-12 T19 Aula Cinema Ricevimento IV° PIANO Stanza 26 Martedì ore 12-13 Giovedì ore 12-13 Cose Importanti da ricordare come premessa al corso (1) - La nostra metodologia sarà in gran parte mutuata dai cosiddetti “Culture Studies” la cui data di nascita è tradizionalmente fissata alla fine degli anni Cinquanta con l’uscita dei lavori di Raymond Williams (Culture and society, 1958) e Richard Hoggart (The Uses of Literacy, 1957) e poi con la nascita del “Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS)” all’Università di Birmingham, fondato dallo stesso Hoggart nel 1968. In questa ottica i cultural studies studiano le strutture e i processi con cui le istituzioni della comunicazione di massa permettono la stabilità sociale e culturale. In pratica essi si applicano ad analizzare come la produzione dei mass media (e quindi anche del cinema) diventa parte di un sistema di pratiche per l’elaborazione della cultura (e viceversa). Cose Importanti da ricordare come premessa al corso (2) - Il che ci obbligherà a indagare alcune questione che apparentemente non hanno nulla a che fare con il cinema, per esempio sulla questioni dell’emigrazione italiana negli Usa che è alla base del cinema degli italoamericani. - Il rapporto cinema letteratura come premessa al genere del cosiddetto “gangster movie” - Il fatto che il gangster movie è diventato il genere in cui i registi di origine italiana spesso hanno dato il meglio di se stessi. Il problema dell’hyphen (o dash) - Il trattino corrisponde ad un approccio “multiculturale”, tipico degli anni Settanta che trasforma gran parte degli abitanti degli Stati Uniti in “ifenati”: ispano-americani, afro-americani, e quindi anche italo-americani. - Se l’ortografia rappresenta graficamente la storia culturale, esistono allora 5 modi diversi di scrivere questo aggettivo, che corrispondono a cinque diverse fasi di assimilazione dell’emigrazione italiana negli Stati Uniti: italo americani (1870-1920), italo-americani (1930-1942), americani (1942-1960), italoamericani (1960-1990), americanitaliani (oggi) Gli Italo americani - In origine i due termini sono staccati: italo americani. - I meno dei sei milioni di italiani che emigrano in Nord America (nel periodo di esodo massimo, il primo decennio del Novecento, sono stati 2.394.000) sono portatori di un’identità nazionale debole, discriminati in patria da una parte consistente della classe dirigente italiana, sia per il pregiudizio antimeridionalista che scorre sotterraneo a tutta questa vicenda. Esso si nutre di quello razziale, sviluppatosi all’epoca all’interno del positivismo italiano, che vuole i settentrionali di razza bianca, mentre nei meridionali dalla pelle scura si sospetta la mescolanza di sangue africano. - Un sospetto che all’epoca gli uffici americani dell’immigrazione avevano fatto proprio, rilasciando alle due comunità due visti diversi, separandoli in origine e destinandoli gli uni a una rapida assimilazione, gli altri all’esclusione. Questo intrecciarsi di una questione razziale con quella etnico-culturale segna pesantemente la storia dell’immigrazione italiana negli Stati Uniti. - Per favorire una legislazione restrittiva dell’immigrazione, facendo leva su questi pregiudizi, la stampa e l’editoria popolare americane (e subito dopo il cinema) creano delle leggende mediatiche intorno all’immigrato meridionale, dipingendolo come istintivo, passionale, violento, e mafioso. In generale tale processo viene imputato alla xenofobia dell’americano bianco, legata alla prima grande ondata migratoria, ma l’emigrazione italiana viene discriminata e demonizzata perché all’epoca non ha MAI trovato in patria istituzioni o intellettuali pronti a schierarsi in sua difesa all’inizio del Novecento. Alcune cifre e date dell’emigrazione italiana Tra il 1861 e il 1985, gli italiani che hanno lasciato il proprio Paese sono stati circa 29 milioni: di questi, 10.275.000 sono successivamente tornati in Italia (il 35%), mentre 18.725.000 si sono definitivamente stabiliti all'estero (65%) senza farvi più ritorno. Se considerate che secondo il primo censimento fatto nel 1861 la popolazione italiana totalizzava circa 22 milioni di persone, possiamo constatare l’enormità di questa cifra. Si è trattato di un esodo che tocca tutte le regioni italiane. Tra il 1876 e il 1900 ha interessato prevalentemente le regioni settentrionali con tre regioni che fornirono da sole il 47 per cento dell’intero contingente migratorio: il Veneto (17,9), il Friuli-Venezia Giulia (16,1 per cento) ed il Piemonte (12,5 per cento). Nei due decenni successivi il primato è andato alle regioni meridionali: con quasi tre milioni emigrati soltanto da Calabria, Campania e Sicilia. Si può distinguere l’emigrazione italiana in due grandi periodi: quello della “Grande emigrazione” tra la fine del XIX secolo e gli anni trenta del XX secolo (dove appunto fu preponderante in America, Nord e Sud) e quello successivo dell’emigrazione in Europa, iniziato a partire dagli anni Cinquanta soprattutto in Germania occidentale e Francia. Un capitolo finale è costituito dall’emigrazione interna seguita al boom economico degli anni Sessanta il Nord Italia. Alcune caratteristiche di tale immigrazione -La non assimilazione per lungo tempo - La cultura ancestrale e domestica conservata come nelle tombe - Vi sono implicazioni molto positive: gli emigrati per esempio danno vita a un ambiente dello spettacolo vivace e variegato, mantenendo le tradizioni dello teatro popolare italiano, dalla sceneggiata alla macchietta, dai classici al verismo, anche perché le autorità dell’immigrazione consentono accesso illimitato a quegli italiani che si dichiarino musicisti e attori – riconoscendo loro una legittimazione mai venuta meno. - Si tratta quindi di quella realtà e/o leggenda dell’Italia come di un paese di artisti e di portatore del bello. Cosa accade nel cinema (e nell’arte? (1) Questa storia dell’emigrazione è scandita in cinque generazioni cinematografiche. La prima è quella passata sotto silenzio di attori che vanno dal quartiere newyorkese di Little Italy a Hollywood, come Cesare Gravina o Frank Puglia, e di registi come Robert Vignola e Frank Borzage, ma soprattutto di Rodolfo Valentino - un fenomeno divistico che sembra contraddire il sentimento antitaliano negli Stati Uniti degli anni Venti (il caso Sacco e Vanzetti). Il culto di Valentino incarna il rapporto di amore e odio che gli americani nutrono verso gli italiani, apprezzati quando ricordano loro il Bel Paese delle arti, della musica e dello spettacolo, ma odiati quando li invadono in masse maleodoranti. La contraddizione riaffiora nelle vicende sia del celebre tenore Enrico Caruso che dello stesso Valentino, emigrati di grande successo, coinvolti entrambi in accuse di omosessualità dalla stampa americana. Cosa accade nel cinema (e nell’arte? (2) . La seconda generazione cinematografica italo-americana è quella “ifenata” degli anni Trenta che ha creato una propria industria culturale che va dal Quotidiano alla radio, alla produzione discografica e filmica. All’avvento del sonoro la comunità non assimilata viene messa in crisi da una Hollywood che parla solo inglese e da un cinema italiano ancora balbettante ma, facendo tesoro dell’esperienza del teatro immigrato e della radio italo-americana, avvia la produzione di film italo-americani, filmando il famoso macchiettista Farfariello (Edoardo Migliaccio, 1880- 1946) o la sceneggiata Santa Lucia Luntana, ambientata a New York e una ventina di altri titoli tra sonorizzazioni di film napoletani, corti musicali e sceneggiate autoctone. Questa produzione testimonia un balzo in avanti della cultura emigrata, che non è mai stato registrato e studiato in modo approfondito, nonostante il nostro sia il secondo cinema etnico, dopo quello yiddish, per numero di pellicole prodotte negli Stati Uniti. Negli stessi anni anche la letteratura italoamericana, fino ad allora scritta in italiano, adotta l’inglese e affronta a muso duro la cultura yankee, e nel caso di John Fante (il maggior scrittore italo-americano) arriva fino a Hollywood. Cosa accade nel cinema (e nell’arte? (3) . Nel momento in cui inizia a emergere una cultura italo-americana moderna, la guerra interrompe violentemente questo ciclo virtuoso: l’italiano diventa un nemico, per cui smette di parlare la sua lingua e americanizza il cognome, gettando via o meglio nascondendo le tracce dei propri gusti culturali, come dischi e libri in italiano. Per una generazione, a cavallo della seconda guerra mondiale e fino agli anni Sessanta, l’italianità viene soppressa a favore di un’assimilazione quasi integrale, con la compensazione del successo di Frank Sinatra. Nel dopoguerra però l’attore di origine italiana viene riscattato dall’affermarsi del Neorealismo e talvolta compare in imitazioni d’importazione come Marty - (1955) di Delbert Mann. In questo celebre film, oltre all’italo-americano Ernest Borgnine che ne diventa il protagonista, lavora Esther Minciotti, che proviene dal teatro immigrato. Da questo momento è infatti l’affermazione del cinema italiano nel mondo con il suo impegno sociale e la sua densità artistico- culturale, a far scattare un meccanismo di cooptazione verso la comunità. I RAPPORTI TRA LA LETTERATURA E IL CINEMA POLIZIESCO Hollywood nel corso della sua storia ha creato due fondamentali figure simboliche contrapposte: . Il Gangster . Il Private-eye (il detective privato), derivato dalla letteratura hard-boiled. Tale espressione
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