Topic 5: The Cold War

Title and Author of Packet: Glasnost and Perestroika – Robert Service

Major Theme: Origins of the Cold War

Ideological Differences Mutual Suspicion and Fear From Wartime Allies to Post-War Enemies Historiography

Major Theme: Nature of the Cold War

Ideological Opposition Superpowers and Spheres of Influence Alliances and Diplomacy in the Cold War Historiography

Major Theme: Development and Impact of the Cold War

Global Spread of the Cold War from its European Origins Cold War Policies of Containment, Brinkmanship, Peaceful Coexistence, Détente Role of the United Nations and the Non-Aligned Movement Role and Significance of Leaders Arms Race, Proliferation and Limitation Social, Cultural, and Economic Impact Historiography

Major Theme: End of the Cold War

Break-Up of Soviet Union: Internal Problems and External • Glasnost = ‘openness’, ‘a voicing’, ‘a making public’ – does not mean freedom of Pressures information • Most comm. Officials wanted only minimal reforms and were horrified at the thought of changing their methods of rule; Gorbachev turned for help to the intelligentsia • Gorbachev focused on political and ideological measures; he believed that substantial progress on the economic front would be impeded until he had reformed politics and ideology • Gorbachev described the USSR’s condition as ‘socialism in the process of self- development’ AKA socialism hadn’t yet been built in the USSR • Gorbachev called for the correction of history in textbooks • Khrushchev’s reforms had been too timid to be effective • Gorbachev instituted election rather than appointment of party committee secretaries; the holding of multi-candidate elections to the Soviets; the assignation of nonparty members to high public office • Gorbachev aimed at political as well as industrial democratization • The reintroduction of a mixed economy was projected, but there would still be a predominance of state ownership and regulation in the economy • Comm. Intellectuals were attracted to the Gen. Sec., comm. Party functionaries were not • Gorbachev didn’t really clarify the details of strategy, tactics, and policies; he had set out a stall of general objectives • Gorbachev’s comprehension of economic principles was rudimentary in the extreme • New incumbents of office made little effort to alter local practices • Gorbachev called for a strict functional separation between the party and the soviets. The party was being dropped as the vanguard of perestroika. Instead Gorbachev wished to rule through a congress of people’s deputies elected by the people. The USSR remained a one-party state, but the party as such had abruptly lost much of its power • As the hidden dimensions of the USSR’s domestic problems became apparent to Gorbachev, so did his need for a drastic reduction in military expenditure. The Cold War was gradually being ended. He said that global peace transcended support for class struggle Breakdown of Soviet Control Over Central and Eastern Europe • Gorbachev didn’t take cognizance of the role of the USSR as an imperial power both within its own boundaries and across Eastern Europe • Gorbachev asserted that the USSR’s foreign policy throughout the world should be based on ‘common human values’, which clashed with Leninist tradition. He had misconceived his idol • The degree of autonomy demanded by Lithuania and Estonia rose • The USSR contained many inter-ethnic rivalries which did not predominantly involve Russians • In all three Baltic Soviet republics, ‘interfronts’ were being formed that consisted mainly of Russian inhabitants who felt menaced by the local nationalisms and who were committed to the maintenance of the USSR • Gorbachev continued to uphold his promise to not interfere in the affairs of Warsaw Pact states • The common feeling of Soviet political leaders was that the USSR’s affairs should have priority of attention. Gorbachev’s working assumption was that the comm. Leaderships of each country in the region had to find their own most suitable mode of political and economic transformation • In April 1988 the USSR announced its intention to make a complete withdrawal from Afghanistan Historiography • “It would not be enough to merely replace Brezhnev’s personnel with younger, more energetic officials. The attitudes and practices of the Communist Party of the USSR needed changing.” • Gorbachev was freeing the debate in the USSR o an extent that no Soviet leader had attempted, not even Khrushchev and Lenin • “Gorbachev felt that until there was comprehension of the past, little could be done by him in the present” • Gorbachev’s argument was that the country was in a ‘pre-crisis’ condition, and that over-centralized methods of planning and management had to be abandoned • Gorbachev still aimed to preserve the USSR and the one party state. He failed to understand that his actions were strengthening the very phenomena that he was trying to eliminate. Glasnost and perestroika were undermining the political and economic foundations of soviet order