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Long-Term Development of Collembola Communities on a Former Rubble Deposit

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Long-Term Development of Collembola Communities on a Former Rubble Deposit Long-term development of Collembola communities on a former rubble deposit PhD thesis for the attainment of the scientific doctoral degree Dr. rer. nat Submitted to the Department of Biology (FB2) University of Bremen Elaheh Daghighi Masouleh August 2017 “It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change”. Charles Darwin Referees: Prof. Dr. Juliane Filser (General and Theoretical Ecology, University of Bremen, Germany) Prof. Dr. Marco Rohlfs (Population and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Bremen, Germany and Evolutionary Insect-Microbe Ecology, University of Göttingen, Germany) Date and place of the colloquium: 19th of September, 2017 Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Germany Long-term development of Collembola communities on a former rubble deposit Table of contents List of abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 1 Index of tables .............................................................................................................................. 2 Index of figures ............................................................................................................................. 5 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................................................... 11 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 14 1.1 Collembola ...................................................................................................................... 14 1.1.1 Systematics .................................................................................................................. 15 1.1.2 Ecology ........................................................................................................................ 18 1.2 Succession ....................................................................................................................... 18 1.3 Long-term dynamics in relation to environmental variables .......................................... 19 1.4 Objectives, structure of the thesis and hypotheses .......................................................... 24 1.5 Author contributions ....................................................................................................... 26 2 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................ 28 2.1 Study area ........................................................................................................................ 28 2.2 Techniques for clearing and mounting Collembola from old ethanol collections .......... 30 3 Long-term succession of Collembola communities in relation to climate change and vegetation .................................................................................................................................... 41 4 Collembola and Gamasina in a 20 years secondary succession with different management ................................................................................................................................ 63 5 General discussion ................................................................................................................... 88 5.1 Preconditions in long-term studies: preservation and preparation of specimens for a precise species determination ............................................................................................... 88 5.2 Collembola succession at the Siedenburg dump site ...................................................... 88 5.3 Recognizing key elements of successional development ............................................... 93 5.4 Long-term studies in soil ecology ................................................................................... 95 5.5 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 96 5.6 Future perspectives ......................................................................................................... 97 6 References ................................................................................................................................ 99 7 Appendix ................................................................................................................................ 116 Curriculum vitae ...................................................................................................................... 147 List of publications ................................................................................................................... 148 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... 149 Declaration ................................................................................................................................ 150 Long-term development of Collembola communities on a former rubble deposit List of abbreviations SUC (s): the experimental plot left for natural secondary succession REC (r): the experimental plot recultivated with rotary tilling, sowing of grass and mowing PAO: postantennal organ PVA: Polyvinyl lactophenol CCA: Canonical Correspondence Analysis DCA: Detrended Correspondence Analysis CA: Correspondence Analysis RDA: Redundancy Analysis Shan: Shannon-Weaver diversity index Simp: Simpson diversity index Sp. turnover rate: Species turnover rate Ren: Renkonen similarity index Soe: Soerensen similarity index ST: soil temperature R: pH reaction (Ellenberg’s indicator value) F: soil humidity (Ellenberg’s indicator value) SB: Siedenburg Bremen BCM: brown coal mine eastern Germany DF: deposits of a chemical factory G: grassland CF: coniferous forest NGF: Norwegian glacier foreland PL: post-mining landscape of lower Lusatia Germany BF: boreal forest UGC: urban green components (street lawns and park lawns) 1 Long-term development of Collembola communities on a former rubble deposit Index of tables Table 1.1. Collembola taxonomic hierarchy (Bellinger et al. 1996-2017) and identified species of Collembola in this study…………………………………………………………………………16 Table 1.2. Studies about the effect of climate warming on soil microarthopods………………..22 Table 2.1. Pretreatment methods in the optimization experiment………………………………32 Table 2.2. Materials used in the optimization experiment (recipes given in Dunger and Fiedler 1997, Sambrook and Russell 2001)……………………………………………………………...33 Table 2.3. Results of pretreatment (see methods in Table 2.1) before permanent mounting (see details in Table 2.2; microphotographs were taken after 72 hours; see examples in Figs 2.2- 2.4)…............................................................................................................................................36 Table 2.4. Condition of Collembola after pretreatment in 10% NaOH at different temperatures and subsequent mounting in Marc André 2 at 65 ± 5 °C for 48 hours. Scores: 1= excellent, 2= very good, 3= good, 4= bad, 5= very bad……………………………………………….………..37 Table 2.5. Details and results of permanent mounting without pretreatment. Clearing time = time between mounting and taking photos…………………………………………………………….37 Table 3.1. Linear model with autoregressive residuals for the first principle coordinate from CA of the Collembola abundances. The model accounts for first principle coordinate (vegetation) from CA of the vegetation data, as well as for experimental conditions (SUC; the plot left for natural secondary succession and REC; the plot recultivated with rotary tilling), period (time) and precipitation……………………………………………………………………………………...51 Table 3.2. Groups (Collembola abundance data) revealed from average linkage clustering in correlation with soil temperature at 10 cm depth (average, minimum and maximum). Throughout daily data for Oct-Sep of the respective years from German Weather Service; www.dwd.de………………………………………………………............………………….…53 Table 3.3. Linear model with autoregressive residuals for the first principle coordinate from CA of the Collembola abundances. The model accounts for first principle coordinate (vegetation) from CA of the vegetation data, as well as for experimental condition (SUC; the plot left for natural secondary succession and REC; the plot recultivated with rotary tilling), soil temperature and precipitation……………………………………………………………………………………...54 Table 3.4. Linear model with autoregressive residuals for the first principle coordinate from CA of the Collembola abundances. The model accounts for first principle coordinate (vegetation) from CA of the vegetation data, as well as for experimental condition (SUC; the plot left for natural secondary succession and REC; the plot recultivated with rotary tilling), air temperature and precipitation……………………………………………………………………………………...55 Table 3A1. List of identified Collembola species and plant species of this study and their occurrence on SUC (the plot left for natural secondary succession) and REC (the plot recultivated with rotary tilling)………………………………………………………………………………..60 2 Long-term development of Collembola communities on a former rubble deposit Table 3A2. Ordination scores
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