A Facinating Lucas Electrical Course Document
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TECHNICAL SERVICE OVERSEAS TECHNICAL CORRESPONDENCE COURSE GENERAL INFORMATION Introduction to the Course has been designed to teach the Trade how to render a more complete service by increasing their technical knowledge of Lucas equipment. It aims to improve the ability of the service engineer in a review of basic principles, C normal maintenance sew. :e and upto-date testing procedure. It aims to improve the status of the stores operator, the salesman, the representative and all the others essential to a service organisation, whether administrative or not, by promoting a means whereby they can gain technical knowledge, which is the principal function of all service operations. Apart from its practical application, the education provided is the same as given to hundreds of traders, service managers, supervisors, electricians and garage hands who have passed through our Schools in Britain. The ,,urse, produced and printed in the English language only, is limited to whole- time Motor Trade personnel, for as the accompanying syllabus will show - it is directed solely to assisting the Trade towards a simple and practical anproach to everyday service problems. -4 All rights reserved. NO part qf this piiblication may be produced C, without permission. I JOSEPH LUCAS (SALES & SERVICE) LTD., BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND. I How the Coursk is Administered ON ACCEPTANCE FOR ENROLMENT- I. The student will first receive Sections I and 2 of the Course. Question papers, wifh separate answer forms will be included wifh mch sec~on. 2. After studying the fiat Section the student will give his answers to the question papers on the forms provided and return them for marking. 3. The corrected paper will then be returned to the student, together with Section 3, This procedure will be followed throughout the Course. Students who wish to raise any queries - which must be on subjects in the Course -should write them clearly and concisely on the form pro~ided. Add7e~s,,'.................................. ..'-- ,._._._".,,....._.l._....-..--- .^.._..._ ......... ....-.. -.--..-- Serial No: $jmEN'I"S QUERY PAPER. lEAD/ACID BATI'~ES the liEsdjAcid BattW PaPu 'bey may be sueris a~hg If you .have . c0nneckd you= entered on tbs ShWt- audu caef~l\ythat part of the $~~~~~~~thave not any relevant POI^^. query, Query No. 1 Fac-simile of Query Paper. The Correspondence Course Syllabus SECTIONS 1 to 9 BATTERIES Working principles of the Lead/Acid battery. Battery types, construction and application. Putting batteries into service. Batteries in service and storage. The result of ill-treatment. STARTERS Principles of operation. Types of Starter Motors and their characteristics. Starter Drives. Starter Switches and Starter Circuits. Test procedure for the vehicle starting system. COIL Ignition Coils - various types, their construction and function. IGNITION Distributors, their function, construction and application. Auto- Advance mechanism. Maintenance and Service. Fault-finding on the vehicle. Principles of operation. Types and application. Testing of the machine on the vehicle. Service testing of generators. GENEliATOR The control of generator output. The compensated voItage regulator. OUTPUT Co~ltrol Boxes, types and application. Test procedure for the CONTROL vehicle charging system. CurrentlVoltage control. VEHICLE Wiring systems -positive and negative earth. Cables, their size WIRING and application. The Lucas " Colour Code." The Starter and CIRCUITS Battery circuit. Lighting and Auxiliary circuits. The complete vehicle wiring circuit. Lighting Circuits, lamps and the dipping system. Testing the circuits on the vehicle. ACCESSORIES Windscreen wipers, horns, trafficators, four lamp direction indicators and interior light circuits. Service resting and fault-finding: ELECTRICALLY Overdrive - mechanical operation and control. Electrical corn- - CONTROLLED poneats. Test procedure,. , OVERDRIW Page 4 4 For Prospective Students GENERAIL NOTES 1. When you receive Sections 1 and 2, you should read through the whole of the first Section in order to gain a general idea of the subject matter. Not more than one hour's study at a time should be undertaken. 2. Then study the whole section again carefuLly, making sure you fully understand each part before proceeding to the next. 3. Answer the questions applicable to each Section. You are strongly advised to write your answers out first in pencil, in case you wish to revise them later. 4. Read through the whole Section again and then reconsider your answers. 5. When you are satisfied with the result, send in your completed answer paper ex- cluding the Question Paper which you retain. 6. The paper will then be corrected and returned to you, recommending, when necessary, further study - together with the next Sectio,n of the Course. 7. While you are waiting for your examiner to return the corrected paper proceed with the study of the next Section ; you will thus always have one Section in hand. 8. You are urged not to undertake the Course unless you are determined to finish it ; otherwise you are wasting YOUR TIME AND OURS. 9. If, after full consideration of the time and effort which the Course will require, you decide to undertake it, please complete and send in the application form which you will find overleaf. 10. Upon completion of the " Full Course " a Certificate will be awarded to students who have attained the required standard. 11. All Sections of the Course remain the property of Joseph Lucas Ltd., until the Student completes his final Section. Should you for any reason fail to complete the full Course, all Sections must be returned to Joseph Lucas (Sales and Service) Ltd., Service Bulletin Department, Great Hampton Street, Birmingham, England. TECHNICAL SERVICE -3 OVERSEAS TECHNICAL CORRESPONDENCE COURSE Section I LEAD ACID BATTERIES INTRODUCTION Batteries in one form or another are household commodities to all of us. They are divided into two basic types, known as primary and secondary batteries. The principal difference between them is, that a primary cell is expendable, in other words, once it is dis- charged its useful life is finished. Whereas a secondary cell can be recharged, and for obvious reasons this is the type that we use in connection with motor vehicles, and will be the one in which we are mainly interested. Before going into the constructional and technical details of the battery, let us consider the application of this unit from an overall point of view as it affects all branches of the trade, including commercial, technical and service aspects. These secondary batteries generally follow highly developed basic techniques: but there are a few exceptional ones such as where both the plates and the electrolyte are basically different. It is quite natural that in the highly commercialised world in which we live the most intensive development has been of those types which use common basic materials and are sus- ceptible to high quantity production methods, in order that they may be produced at a cost in keeping with that of the equipment of \vliich they form part, and th.is is particularly important in the vehicle field with which we are most intimately concerned. The part played by the Battery on a vehicle has become an increasingly large and important one, until today vehicles without batteries are practically non-existent and without the battery most vehicles are wholly or at least partly immobilised. Under these conditions the battery is a large revenue earning component in all sections of the vehicle manufacturing and distributive business. From the manufacturer, through the wholesaler, down to the wayside garage who finally fixes it to someone's vehicle, the battery plays just as important a part in the economic structure of a business as any other component that is sold. In fact, by virtue of its cost a good deal more important part than many others. Therefore, if for no other reason, it is worthy of some close attention and a reasonable degree of understanding. Fortunately for most of us it is not necessary to be a chemist, or even to know anything much about the chemical technology of a battery to be able to manipulate it successfully in every-day service. However, some sort of knowledge of the "How and Why" is of course both desirable and useful. Basically, what is miscellaneously known as the Secondary Battery, the Accumulator or just plain "Battery" is a box full of "Chemical Energy", which upon being connected to such components as Lamps, Starters, Ignition Coils and the like, causes an electric current to flow and so energise them to carry out their particular function. In the following pages we shall go more deeply into the theory, construction and operation of lead-acid batteries in service, for it is felt that only by clearly understanding bow a unit is made, will the operator have confidence to give the degree of service which is essential to obtain a long effective Life and the purchasers satisfaction. COPYRIGHT All rights reset-ved. No parf of [his p~rblication may be ~-epi,on'uced ivitholrt permission. JOSEPH LUCAS (SALES & SERVICE) LTD., BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND. Page 2 CONTENTS PART 1. Working Principles of the Lead Acid Battery. Charged and discharged state - a brief explanation of the chemical change. The measurement of electrolyte density or Specific Gravity. The composilion of the Modern boftery - grids, plates, separators, ceIl groups and container. PART 2. Battery Types and Construction. Factors which govern the selection of a battery for a given purpose - plate thickness, capacity. Engine starting - the effects of temperature on battery output. Volt-Ampere curves. Battery Symbols. PART 3. Putting Batteries into Service. The significance of the initial charge. A brief survey of the chemical changes before the initial charge. Breaking down of the acid -Temperature correction. Filling - single and two stage operations. Soaking. Charging Systems it7 biqiej- The constant current and constant voltage methods. hifial Charging - Rate and duration of charge. The ' Dry-Charged ' bar re^,,^ - Why initial charging is unnecessary.