Automobile Multifunction Stalk Controls : Literature, Hardware and Human Factors Review
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UM-HSRI-79 -78 AUTOMOBILE MULTIFUNCTION STALK CONTROLS : LITERATURE, HARDWARE AND HUMAN FACTORS REVIEW FINAL REPORT DECEMBER 1979 toclicol Rqort Doamontoti'& Paqe 7 ' I. RaqutMc 2. C...mmc Accmaaiom No. 3. Rmcipamt'r Catdoq lio. UM-HSRI-79-78 1. Titlr ad Subfitlo 5. R.oott OOI~ December 1979 / Automobile Mu1 ti function Stalk Controls: 6. Prhminq OI0.nia.tim Col. Literature, Hardware & Human Factors Review , 361913 ,I. Priaing Oqaiadom RW No. 1 '* A"w"Paul Green 9. Pl(wriaq Orqaiadm M ad Adhas 10. W& Unit No. Highway Safety Research Ins titute University of Michigan 11. brrwm or GatNO. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (USA) 13- TIP. 04 R.porc p.riod ~o-.d 12. +uei y Wrwad AYma* Final Report Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Inc. July 1979 - Dec. 1979 320 Mew Center Bui 1ding Detroi t , Mi chi gan 48202 (USA) 14. .%mawing Ap.ncy Cod. IS. bppl-t~ Notor 1'6. Abamcc This report considers several topics related to the design of automobile mu1 ti function stalk- mounted controls. (The most comnon example is the turn signal 1 ever, which when pulled or qushed, switches the headlamps from high to low beam, or vice versa.) In the first section a taxonomy for controls is presented. Four basic concepts--dedication, combination, directional ity , and integration--are described, and exampl es of these concepts are i ncl uded . In the literature section roughly 20 major documents concerned with staik control design are described in detai 1 and critical 1y reviewed. Topics covered included: design stereotypes (hardware reviews) , human factors analyses, problem surveys, accident data, driver ~references, driver perfomnce, ana previous 1 i terature reviews. Abstracts of those documents aopear in the appendix of this report. Those studies do not support a general recommendation favoring either panel -mounted or stal k-inaunted controls. Panel -mounted controls are expected 5y American drivers whereas movements to stal k controls are quicker because they are closer. Research comparing a1 temative stalk designs is almost absent. Also lacking are studies of stalk direction-of-motion stereotypes. However, in all cases the 1 iterature provides considerable guidance as to now these studies should be conducted. Current regulations for autombile controls (issued by the U.S. Oept. of Transportation and :he International Standards Organization, among others) are described. It appears that mre , restrictive reaulations will be drafted in the mid-1 980's. The types of mult~functionstalk controls in 1977-1979 model year can are tabulated. I American can of that period tended to use panel-mounted controls, while stalk controls were j prevalent on foreign cars. The most comn stalk ccnfigurations were one left stalk and a left plus a right stalk. Also observed were 3 other configurations: 2 left stalks, 2 left plus 1 right, and 1 left plus 2 right. Related types of controls ("Pod" and other novel designs) were found on the Citruen CX, Vfsa, and GSA. Human Factors principles reyardi nq the design of stalk controls are presented and basic 1 guidelines are suggested. 3ased on these principles, Hick's Law, Fittt' Law, ind oredetermined ::me systems, a relationship for ~redictinothe complexi:~ of and time to use controls is out1 ined. i Finally , based on the information described above, 1 imi ted design reconnendatipns are / offered favo"ng either a single left stalk or a one left plus one right stalk pair. - 17. KqWuda Controls, Stalk Controls, 18~Dia*i~n~s'*""' Mu1 ti functi on Controls , Combination, Directionality, Integration, Column- Mounted Control s, Instrument Panel s, Human Factors, Gedi c~tion 19. hrityCfnsif. (of duia -1 I a. Sreuric). Clearif. (of *a r.ol) 1 21. NO. ol Popes 1 22. Price I unclassified unclassified 29 7 THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THIS REPORT ARE SOLELY THOSE OF PAUL GREEN, THE AUTHOR, AND NOT NECESSARILY THOSE OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE MANU- FACTURERS ASSOCIATI ON. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .......................... v LIST OF TABLES ..........................vii FOREWORD ............................. ix INTRODUCTION ........................... 1 The Nature of the Problem .................. 1 A Taxonomy for Controls ................... 1 LITERATURE REV IEN ......................... 11 Approach ........................... 11 Previous Literature Review .................. 11 Accident Data ........................13 Driver Performance ...................... 15 Expectancy .......................... 36 Problem Surveys ....................... 48 Preference Studies ...................... 65 Human Factors Analyses .................... 69 Conclusions Regarding the Literature ............. 85 HARDWARE REVIEW (DESIGN STEREOTYPES) ............... 89 Previous Hardware Reviews .................. 89 Design of 1977-1979 Automobi 1es ............... 94 STANDARDS FOR CONTROLS ......................111 International ........................111 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) ............115 Manufacturers and Oistri butors ................115 U .S . Government .......................116 RESPONSE TIME INDEX ........................125 Estimating Accident Frequency ................125 Response Time Model Overview .................126 Reaction Time ........................127 MovernentTime ........................131 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Actuation Time ........................137 Previous Models .......................139 HUMAN FACTORS SUGGESTIONS .....................141 General Pri nci pl es ......................141 Suggested Configurations ...................143 PROPOSED RESEARCH .........................161 General Information Requirements ...............161 Experiment 1 . Population Stereotypes ............162 Experiment 2 .Movement Time .................163 Experiment 3 . Final Test ..................164 REFERENCES ............................167 APPENDICES Abstracts ........................185 Tabular Summary of the Literature and Hardware Reviews . 2Q9 Head1 ight Switch Eva1 uation Criteria of Mortimer and Post (1973) .................229 Hardware Review Detai 1s .................233 Organizations Interested in Motor Vehicle Safety Standards .........................261 IS0 Standard 4040 ....................267 SAE 31138 ........................275 SAE 51139 ........................279 FMVSS 101 ........................283 LIST OF FIGURES Aircraft Switch Logic ..................... 3 Hewlett-Packard HP-41C Calculator ............... 6 Automobile Switch Logic .................... 5 Measurement Systems Model 1505-2 Control Grip ......... 6 Studies of Malone. Krumm. Shenk. and Kao (1972) Appendix C ........................... 17 Mean Response Time for Two Mu1 tifunction Stalk Controls Reported by IS0 (1975) .................... 25 Summary of Studies of the Anacapa Program ........... 26 Histograms of Time and Errors to Locate Headlamp and Wiper Controls Reported in Anacapa Sciences (1976) ......... 28 Mean Time to Locate the Headlight Switch as a Function of the Distance between the Expected and Actual Locations .... 30 Mean Time to Locate the Wiper/Washer Switch as a Function of the Distance between the Expected and Actual Locations ... 31 Interaction Between Expected and Actual Locations of the Wiper/Washer Switch in the Toyota ............... 31 Controls Compared by Mourant et a1 . (1977) ..........33 Control Problems vs . Number of Functions/Stal k Reported in Burger. Smith. Queen. and Slack (1976) ........... 52 Stalk Operation Difficulties Reported in Krumm (1974) ..... 56 Mean Ease of Operation for Stalk Functions Reported in IS0 (.19.75) ..........................67 Man Factors Panel .......................68 Drawing of Essex Car Panel ..................74 Proposed Controls Location Standard of Black. Woodson. and Selby (1977) .......................80 One Left Plus One Right Stalk Configuration in Volvo Products . 100 Left Stalk of 1979 Corolla ((11. 1R) Design) .........101 (1L) Stalk in Mercedes (Old Design) ..............102 1978-1979 Chevrolet Chevette (Single Left Stalk) .......103 Fiat: One Right Plus Two Left Stalk Design ..........104 1977-1979 Ford Fiesta ......................105 Ford 2 Left Stalk Design ...................106 Some Cruise Controls Sold by Sears ..............107 LIST OF FIGURES 27 . Citroen CX Controls ......................108 28 . Citroen GSA Controls .....................109 29 . Citroen Visa Controls .....................110 30 . Push Button Design Suggestions of Black. Woodson. and Selby (1977).......................... 129 31 . Labeling of Stalks that Twist .................123 32 . Intervals Comprising the Time to Use a Control ........127 LIST OF TABLES Documents Applicable to Automobile Mu1 tifunction Controls Design . 12 Hand Control Problems found by Perel (1974) . 14 Response Times and Errors for Dimmer Controls in Malone, Krumm, Shank, and Kao (1972) . 16 Response Times for Three-Beam Switches in Middendorf, Dineen and Habsburg (1974) . 20 Time to Sound the Horn Reported by Krumm (1974) . 22 Response Times Reported by Faust-Adams and Nagel (1975) . 23 Expectancies for Control Location (%) Reported by McGrath (1974) . , . 38 Expectancies for Control Location Reported in Anacapa Sciences (1976). (Third Study) . , . , . 41 Control Expectancies of Black, Woodson, and Selby (1977) . 43 Control Use Errors Reported by Elsholz and Bortfeld (1978) . 46 Factors Contributing to Near Accidents Reported by Burger et al. (1977) . , . 50 Problems of Finding, Reaching, and Operating Controls Reported by Burger et al. (1977) . 51 Finding and Operating Problems for the Horn Reported by Burger et al. (1977)